54:
1226:"The complete victory once again covered the troops of the Sovereign Emperor in Central Asia with great glory. The insolence of the Afghans forced me, in order to maintain the honor and dignity of Russia, to attack their heavily fortified positions on both banks of the Kushka River on March 18. The Afghan detachment of regular troops, with a force of 4 thousand people with 8 guns, was defeated and scattered, lost more than 500 people. killed, two banners, all the artillery, the convoy, supplies... The British officers directing the actions of the Afghans asked for our protection; unfortunately, my convoy did not catch up with them: they were probably carried away by the fleeing Afghan cavalry..."
53:
218:
158:
743:
230:
172:
196:
952:
142:
854:
868:
840:
826:
938:
910:
924:
896:
882:
973:
750:
766:
782:
979:
798:
812:
1182:). The Russians thought that the Afghans had done this with British connivance but the Afghans and the British claimed that the people of Panjdeh had always paid tribute to the Afghans or whoever controlled Herat. The Russians claimed that Panjdeh had never been garrisoned and that its people were part of a tribe that had submitted to Russia.
1136:, went south to Serakhs and expelled a Persian garrison on the east side of the Hari-Rud. The Russians then occupied Pul-i-Khatun 40 mi (64 km) south in Afghan territory. Later, they occupied the pass or canyon at Zulfikar and a place called Ak Robat about 50 mi (80 km) to the east. On the east side, the Sarik Turkomans of
1025:), the Russians captured an Afghan border fort, threatening British interests in the area. Seeing this as a threat to India, Britain prepared for war but both sides backed down and the matter was settled diplomatically, with the Russians and Afghans exchanging territories. The incident halted further Russian expansion in Asia, except for the
598:
1262:
by
Christmas, and went into winter quarters. In 1886, the line was run from the Murghab to the Oxus. Some minor problems had to be resolved by diplomats and the final protocol was signed on 22 July 1887. Persia somehow retained the Atak country north-west of Serakhs into which Russian patrols had penetrated.
1197:. Komarov avoided meeting him, claiming he was "occupied with other affairs." In mid-November, Komarov made a move up the Murghab toward Panjdeh and more Afghan troops were shifted up to counter this. The Russians built an advanced post at Sanduk Kuchan (Sandykgachy?) on the Murghab. Alikhanov went to
1261:
replaced
Gladstone, which may have made British threats more credible. By 10 September, it was roughly agreed that Russia would keep Panjdeh, give up Zulfikar, and that the border would be approximately where it is now. The border commissioners started at Zulfikar on 10 November, reached the Murghab
1209:
For a few months there was a lull. Then in
February 1885, the Russians occupied a post 3 mi (4.8 km) south of Sary Yazy. Lumsden advised the Afghans to withdraw further south. Russia next built a fort at Kazyl Tepe (Red Hill) about 2 mi (3.2 km) south of Ak Tepe and a mile south
1294:
set up an agreement in 1887 that established a buffer zone in
Central Asia. Russian diplomacy thereby won grudging British acceptance of its expansionism. In 1886, a new agreement was concluded with the new Afghan emir, according to which the cities of Chardjui and Kerki transmitted to Russia. In
1096:
and spreads out, forming the Merv oasis. Where the
Murghab crosses the current border, the irrigated area of Panjdeh (Five Villages) existed. Badghis was about 100 mi (160 km) wide and 75–150 mi (121–241 km) long from north to south, depending on where the boundaries are set.
586:
1303:. The 1921 Afghan-Soviet Treaty of Friendship was one of the first international agreements made by Soviet Russia. Although "the Soviets agreed to return to Afghanistan, subject to plebiscites, territories in the Panjdeh area ceded under duress by Afghanistan to Russia or
205:
610:
1281:
between Russia and the United
Kingdom, the British very recognized the conquest of Panjdeh by Komarov, and the Russian government made concessions to Afghanistan. The absence of British aid to Afghanistan was seen as a violation of the
626:
1221:
On 30 March 1885, Russians and
Afghans fought, as a result of which the latter were defeated and the Russians occupied Kushka, Komarov himself described his actions as a pre-emptive strike, that's what he reported to St.
308:
562:
1080:
and Merv, the latter being one of the great cities of central Asia. Tejend was much smaller and to the south of Tejend and Merv is a grassy region sometimes called
Badghis which is bounded by the
411:
676:
662:
397:
650:
638:
1848:
1286:. This led the Amir to believe that he could not rely on the British in the face of Russian aggression. Tensions between Russia and Britain eased when the Russian foreign minister
479:
1254:
engaged in talks with the
British. Having no desire to see two foreign armies fighting in his country, when told of Panjdeh, he pretended to regard it as a mere border skirmish.
294:
434:
383:
1201:
with the Ak Tepe commander but was driven away with threats. The
Afghans then sent a detachment to occupy Sary Yazy 10 mi (16 km) south of the Russian outpost.
1299:) at the south end of the new territory and, in 1901, connected Kushka by rail to Merv. Kushka remained the southernmost settlement in the Russian Empire and later the
1734:
1575:
1258:
1276:
1218:
was the most senior British officer present, with only two other Europeans, and they futilely attempted to defuse the situation by talking to the Russian officers.
505:
1863:
1132:
in October but both were delayed. The Russians tried to push the border as far to the south as possible before it became fixed. General Komarov, governor of the
1873:
1833:
344:
356:
1663:
1010:
229:
177:
1823:
1214:. On 25 March, Komarov arrived at Kazyl Tepe with 1,500 men. Two days later, they advanced, apparently trying to provoke the Afghans into firing first.
491:
1858:
1843:
517:
1828:
683:
742:
301:
1389:
541:
1878:
1765:
1746:
1685:
1533:
1506:
1479:
1357:
1104:
At the time of the Panjdeh incident, it was generally agreed that the northern frontier of Afghanistan began from the Persian border at
965:
720:
1326:
1414:
1140:
submitted to the Russians in May 1884 but their kinsmen at Panjdeh refused, saying that they were subjects of the Amir of Kabul.
1018:
318:
41:
1883:
1190:
593:
1112:
at Khoja Sale, an old name for the point where the Oxus now leaves Afghanistan. This border had never been properly defined.
1215:
1143:
The Afghans sent troops to Bala Murghab and in June began building a fort at the north end of Panjdeh at the mouth of the
234:
1818:
1092:
oasis before drying up in the desert. The Murghab flows north through what is now Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, reaches
1154:
1120:
In 1882, Britain and Russia began discussions about the Afghan boundary. In the summer of 1884, they agreed to form an
1088:
to the east. The Hari-Rud flows north along the modern Iranian border, enters Turkmenistan and spreads out forming the
1246:
suggested arbitration and negotiations which the British accepted. The crisis was partly averted by the initiative of
619:
467:
1838:
1121:
708:
455:
120:
1013:
and the Russian Empire regarding the Russian expansion south-eastwards towards the Emirate of Afghanistan and the
555:
390:
1321:
703:
657:
576:
524:
404:
200:
332:
727:
671:
378:
605:
222:
1243:
1231:
570:
449:
442:
427:
1072:
Most of Turkmenistan is desert but irrigation supports a fairly dense population on the north slope of the
715:
339:
1002:
633:
217:
163:
486:
474:
1813:
1712:
1066:
645:
512:
351:
1057:
in Afghanistan, the border was not clearly defined. The British were concerned because the Merv–Herat–
1888:
1868:
1291:
498:
536:
1853:
1271:
1133:
1038:
698:
581:
530:
460:
363:
1304:
1283:
1046:
1498:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]
1471:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]
1761:
1742:
1722:
1700:
1681:
1600:
1529:
1502:
1475:
1410:
1353:
1247:
1239:
1022:
368:
1065:
line was a natural invasion route to India. The Russians had commenced construction of the
1393:
1026:
1716:
1550:
1657:
1006:
693:
373:
195:
147:
45:
1807:
1125:
1085:
59:
1300:
1287:
1050:
286:
96:
1639:
1523:
1496:
1469:
1407:
The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901
1374:
1347:
1230:
The news reached England on 7 April and preparations for war began. On 27 April,
1235:
1211:
1194:
1144:
1014:
87:
1316:
1296:
1251:
1124:, the commissioners including Russian General Zelenoi and British General Sir
1042:
92:
83:
1726:
1349:
Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century
1169:
1156:
1029:, and resulted in the definition of the north-western border of Afghanistan.
1073:
1704:
1081:
1058:
1553:[Campaign against the Afghans and the Battle of Kushka (1885)].
978:
1137:
1129:
1105:
1093:
972:
17:
1108:, running about 270 mi (430 km) east-north-east to meet the
1760:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library.
1198:
1069:
which would allow them to bring men and supplies to Merv and beyond.
1062:
1234:
asked the Commons for a credit of £11 million (£4.5 million for the
1605:
By Frank Clements. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, California 2003. p. 198
1186:
1098:
1089:
1077:
1054:
1270:
The battle became the reason for the beginning of the short-term
1097:
South of Badghis is the important Afghan city and border fort of
1109:
290:
1656:
997:
in older accounts, and known in Russian historiography as the
1695:
An Indian Officer (pseud.) (1894). "Chapters XVIII and XIX".
1640:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation by
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1151:(White Hill; probably the old fort visible from space at
1076:(Geok Tepe and Ashgabat). East of this are the oases of
984:
The Tejend and Merv oases are larger than the above dots
1667:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 679–680.
1739:
William Simpson and the Crisis in Central Asia, 1884-5
1580:
William Simpson and the Crisis in Central Asia, 1884-5
1185:On 8 November, Lumsden arrived at Serakhs with 250
1602:Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia
1788:The final agreement was signed only in July 1887
1009:in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between
969:Panjdeh Incident on a map of modern Turkmenistan
123:delaminates Afghan-Russian border from 1884—1888
1307:in the nineteenth century," this was not done.
1224:
1049:in March 1884, Russia held most of what is now
34:
1614:Raymond Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia"
1373:Nyrop, Richard F.; Seekins, Donald M. (1986).
302:
8:
1551:"Поход на афганцев и бой на Кушке (1885 г.)"
1678:The history of the conquest of Central Asia
1250:, the Amir of Afghanistan, who was then at
1210:of Pul-i-Khishty (Brick Bridge) across the
125:Russia cedes Zu'l Faqar but retains Panjdeh
1591:Kuropatkin, Zavoevanie Turkmenii, page 217
1528:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 102.
1352:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 351.
309:
295:
287:
31:
27:1885 battle between Russia and Afghanistan
1627:
1193:, having crossed little-known country in
1849:Russia–United Kingdom military relations
1455:
1436:
1240:Khartoum had fallen a few months earlier
1781:
1338:
1001:) was an armed engagement between the
1864:Diplomatic crises of the 19th century
1017:(India). After nearly completing the
749:
7:
1874:Russian colonisation in Central Asia
1834:Battles involving the Russian Empire
1699:. London: S. Low, Marston & Co.
937:
1718:The Russians at the Gates of Herat
1522:Runion, Meredith L. (2017-04-24).
1495:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014-12-02).
1468:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014-12-02).
853:
765:
25:
781:
1859:Russian conquest of Central Asia
1844:Military history of Turkmenistan
1053:. To the south of Merv, towards
1019:Russian conquest of Central Asia
977:
971:
951:
950:
936:
922:
909:
908:
894:
880:
867:
866:
852:
838:
824:
810:
796:
780:
764:
748:
741:
320:Russian conquest of Central Asia
228:
216:
194:
170:
156:
140:
52:
42:Russian conquest of Central Asia
1829:Military history of Afghanistan
1758:The history of the Russian Army
1674:История завоевания Средней Азии
923:
895:
839:
797:
1680:] (in Russian). Volume 3.
1327:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
825:
1:
1697:Russia's March Towards India
1501:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1474:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1295:1890, Russia founded Kushka (
1290:and the ambassador to London
811:
1879:Russian colonisation in Asia
1824:Afghanistan–Russia relations
1376:Afghanistan: A Country Study
1346:Lansford, Tom (2017-02-16).
1242:) and the rest for Russia).
881:
1752:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
468:Russian conquest of Bukhara
1905:
1525:The History of Afghanistan
1379:. The Studies. p. 36.
1122:Afghan Boundary Commission
1084:river on the west and the
333:Russian conquest of Kokand
121:Afghan Boundary Commission
1322:Urtatagai conflict (1913)
422:Russian conquest of Khiva
328:
272:
243:
187:
133:
66:
51:
39:
1753:
1731:(stops at November 1884)
1673:
1642:J. Bruce Amstutz, Pg. 12
1041:in January 1881 and the
74:February — 30 March 1885
1672:Terentyev, M. (2022).
1664:Encyclopædia Britannica
1244:Alexander III of Russia
1128:. They were to meet at
223:Naib Salar Teimour Shah
109:Russian Empire victory
1884:History of colonialism
1713:Marvin, Charles Thomas
1409:. BRILL. p. 463.
1405:Lee, Jonathan (1996).
1228:
1003:Emirate of Afghanistan
188:Commanders and leaders
164:Emirate of Afghanistan
1754:История русской армии
1067:Trans-Caspian Railway
621:Taymanuly's rebellion
278:40 killed and wounded
273:Casualties and losses
1797:9 killed, 22 wounded
1238:in the Sudan (where
1216:Captain Charles Yate
1147:, which they called
966:class=notpageimage|
571:Kenesary's Rebellion
62:depicting the battle
1819:1885 in Afghanistan
1170:36.0371°N 62.7483°E
1166: /
1134:Transcaspian Oblast
1039:Battle of Geok Tepe
976:= Hari-Rud river
1392:2014-08-17 at the
1284:Treaty of Gandamak
704:Alexandrovsky fort
594:Punitive campaigns
557:Datuly's rebellion
1839:Conflicts in 1885
1767:978-5-699-42397-2
1747:978-1-5272-7047-3
1735:Salisbury, Robert
1721:. London: Warne.
1687:978-5-4481-1327-7
1618:19 (1969) 176–183
1576:Salisbury, Robert
1535:978-1-61069-778-1
1508:979-8-216-14105-1
1481:979-8-216-14105-1
1359:978-1-59884-760-4
1248:Abdur Rahman Khan
1232:William Gladstone
1023:Russian Turkestan
736:
735:
285:
284:
201:Aleksandr Komarov
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
1896:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1771:
1730:
1708:
1691:
1668:
1660:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1280:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:36.0371; 62.7483
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
999:Battle of Kushka
991:Panjdeh Incident
981:
975:
954:
953:
940:
939:
926:
925:
912:
911:
898:
897:
884:
883:
870:
869:
856:
855:
842:
841:
828:
827:
814:
813:
800:
799:
784:
783:
768:
767:
752:
751:
745:
724:
699:Rukin detachment
680:
666:
654:
642:
630:
614:
602:
590:
566:
545:
521:
509:
495:
483:
438:
415:
401:
387:
360:
348:
323:
321:
311:
304:
297:
288:
233:
232:
221:
220:
209:
199:
198:
180:
176:
174:
173:
162:
160:
159:
146:
144:
143:
68:
67:
56:
35:Panjdeh Incident
32:
21:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1711:
1694:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1658:"Panjdeh"
1655:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1555:militera.lib.ru
1549:Mikhail Gorny.
1548:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1443:
1435:
1424:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:Wayback Machine
1388:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1313:
1274:
1268:
1257:In mid-summer,
1207:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1118:
1035:
1027:Pamir Mountains
987:
986:
985:
983:
970:
968:
962:
961:
960:
959:
955:
947:
946:
945:
941:
933:
932:
931:
927:
919:
918:
917:
913:
905:
904:
903:
899:
891:
890:
889:
885:
877:
876:
875:
871:
863:
862:
861:
857:
849:
848:
847:
843:
835:
834:
833:
829:
821:
820:
819:
815:
807:
806:
805:
801:
793:
792:
791:
789:
785:
777:
776:
775:
773:
769:
761:
760:
759:
757:
753:
737:
732:
718:
684:Ural and Turgai
674:
660:
648:
636:
624:
608:
596:
584:
560:
539:
515:
503:
489:
477:
432:
409:
395:
381:
354:
342:
324:
319:
317:
315:
267:
265:
263:
256:
254:
252:
239:
227:
215:
203:
193:
183:
171:
169:
168:
157:
155:
141:
139:
124:
116:
100:
90:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1749:
1732:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1669:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1630:, p. 386.
1628:Terentyev 2022
1620:
1607:
1593:
1584:
1568:
1541:
1534:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1480:
1460:
1458:, p. 351.
1441:
1439:, p. 589.
1422:
1415:
1397:
1382:
1365:
1358:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1292:Baron de Staal
1267:
1264:
1259:Lord Salisbury
1206:
1205:Russian attack
1203:
1191:Bengal Lancers
1117:
1114:
1034:
1031:
1007:Russian Empire
982:=Murghab river
964:
963:
957:
956:
949:
948:
943:
942:
935:
934:
929:
928:
921:
920:
915:
914:
907:
906:
901:
900:
893:
892:
887:
886:
879:
878:
873:
872:
865:
864:
859:
858:
851:
850:
845:
844:
837:
836:
831:
830:
823:
822:
817:
816:
809:
808:
803:
802:
795:
794:
787:
786:
779:
778:
771:
770:
763:
762:
755:
754:
747:
746:
740:
739:
738:
734:
733:
731:
730:
725:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
691:
686:
681:
669:
668:
667:
655:
643:
617:
616:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
552:
551:
547:
546:
534:
527:
522:
510:
496:
484:
471:
470:
464:
463:
458:
453:
446:
439:
424:
423:
419:
418:
417:
416:
388:
376:
371:
366:
361:
349:
336:
335:
329:
326:
325:
316:
314:
313:
306:
299:
291:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
270:
269:
258:
246:
245:
241:
240:
238:
237:
225:
212:
210:
190:
189:
185:
184:
182:
181:
178:United Kingdom
166:
152:
150:
148:Russian Empire
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
118:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
82:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
49:
48:
46:The Great Game
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1901:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:History Today
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:Lansford 2017
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Егоршина 2023
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:9789004103993
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1272:Afghan crisis
1265:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:Peter Lumsden
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Murghab River
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Great Britain
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
980:
974:
967:
744:
729:
726:
722:
717:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
678:
673:
670:
664:
659:
658:Aqbulaq River
656:
652:
647:
644:
640:
635:
632:
631:
628:
623:
622:
618:
612:
607:
606:Lake Balkhash
604:
600:
595:
592:
588:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
568:
564:
559:
558:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
538:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
519:
514:
511:
507:
502:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:2nd Geok Tepe
459:
457:
456:1st Geok Tepe
454:
452:
451:
447:
445:
444:
440:
436:
431:
430:
426:
425:
421:
420:
413:
408:
407:
403:
402:
399:
394:
393:
389:
385:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
358:
353:
350:
346:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
330:
327:
322:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
292:
289:
280:
277:
276:
271:
262:
259:
251:
248:
247:
242:
236:
231:
226:
224:
219:
214:
213:
211:
207:
202:
197:
192:
191:
186:
179:
167:
165:
154:
153:
151:
149:
138:
137:
132:
122:
119:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
98:
94:
91:(present-day
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:Franz Roubaud
55:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1814:1885 in Asia
1793:
1784:
1757:
1738:
1717:
1696:
1677:
1662:
1650:Bibliography
1635:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1557:(in Russian)
1554:
1544:
1524:
1517:
1497:
1490:
1470:
1463:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1375:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1301:Soviet Union
1288:Nikolay Girs
1269:
1256:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1208:
1184:
1148:
1142:
1119:
1103:
1071:
1051:Turkmenistan
1036:
998:
994:
990:
988:
688:
620:
569:
556:
529:
499:
448:
441:
428:
405:
391:
260:
249:
235:Charles Yate
134:Belligerents
108:
97:Turkmenistan
58:Painting by
40:Part of the
29:
1889:Colonialism
1869:Mary Region
1275: [
1236:Mahdist War
1222:Petersburg:
1195:Baluchistan
1173: /
1145:Kushk River
1015:British Raj
944:BalaMurghab
719: [
675: [
661: [
649: [
637: [
634:Khan Ordasy
625: [
609: [
597: [
585: [
561: [
540: [
516: [
504: [
490: [
487:Istaravshan
478: [
433: [
410: [
396: [
382: [
355: [
343: [
340:Itchan Kala
204: [
115:Territorial
88:Afghanistan
1854:Great Game
1808:Categories
1333:References
1317:Great Game
1297:Serhetabat
1252:Rawalpindi
1161:62°44′54″E
1158:36°02′14″N
1043:annexation
1037:After the
1033:Background
860:PuliKhatun
694:Mangyshlak
406:2nd Kokand
392:1st Kokand
281:600 killed
93:Serhetabat
1727:313203325
1561:7 October
1266:Aftermath
1074:Kopet Dag
993:(spelled
577:Akmolinsk
531:Zerabulak
525:Samarkand
475:Sarybulak
450:3rd Khiva
443:2nd Khiva
429:1st Khiva
364:Uzynagash
1737:(2020).
1715:(1885).
1578:(2020).
1390:Archived
1311:See also
1189:and 200
1116:Build-up
1082:Hari-Rud
1059:Kandahar
1005:and the
958:to Herat
916:SaryYazy
874:Zulfikar
672:Orenburg
379:Tashkent
369:Shymkent
268:or 2,000
266:or 4,000
261:Disputed
257:or 4,000
255:or 2.500
250:Disputed
244:Strength
79:Location
1705:4221200
1305:Bukhara
1149:Ak-Tepe
1138:Yoloten
1130:Serakhs
1106:Serakhs
1094:Yoloten
995:Penjdeh
930:Panjdeh
902:Yoloten
846:Serakhs
804:Bukhara
756:Krasno-
728:Andijan
709:Chagrai
689:Panjdeh
646:Tastobe
513:Jizzakh
352:Khujand
117:changes
18:Panjdeh
1764:
1745:
1725:
1703:
1684:
1532:
1505:
1478:
1413:
1356:
1199:parley
1187:Sepoys
1090:Tejend
1078:Tejend
1063:Quetta
832:Tejend
175:
161:
145:
105:Result
84:Kushka
1776:Notes
1756:[
1676:[
1279:]
1212:Kushk
1099:Herat
1055:Herat
818:Khiva
774:gabat
758:vodsk
723:]
679:]
665:]
653:]
641:]
629:]
613:]
601:]
589:]
582:Aktau
565:]
550:Other
544:]
537:Kitab
520:]
508:]
500:Irjar
494:]
482:]
437:]
414:]
400:]
386:]
359:]
347:]
208:]
1762:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1723:OCLC
1701:OCLC
1682:ISBN
1563:2020
1530:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1110:Oxus
1047:Merv
989:The
888:Merv
790:Tepe
788:Geok
772:Ash-
716:Marv
374:Ican
71:Date
44:and
1045:of
264:600
253:500
1810::
1741:.
1661:.
1444:^
1425:^
1277:ru
1101:.
721:ru
677:ru
663:ru
651:ru
639:ru
627:ru
611:ru
599:ru
587:ru
563:ru
542:ru
518:ru
506:ru
492:ru
480:ru
435:ru
412:ru
398:ru
384:ru
357:ru
345:ru
206:ru
95:,
86:,
1770:.
1729:.
1707:.
1690:.
1582:.
1565:.
1538:.
1511:.
1484:.
1419:.
1362:.
1061:–
1021:(
310:e
303:t
296:v
99:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
