Pankration - Knowledge (XXG)

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striking and protecting the center line of the body and the option of applying grappling techniques. Thus, the left side of the body is slightly forward than the right side of the body and the left hand is more forward than the right one. Both hands are held high so that the tips of the fingers are at the level of the hairline or just below the top of the head. The hands are partially open, the fingers are relaxed, and the palms are facing naturally forward, down, and slightly toward each other. The front arm is nearly fully extended but not entirely so; the rear arm is more cambered than the front arm, but more extended than a modern-day boxer's rear arm. The back of the athlete is somewhat rounded, but not as much as a wrestler's would be. The body is only slightly leaning forward.

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his own left arm underneath the left elbow of the opponent. The athlete's left hand ends up pressing down on the scapula region of his opponent's back. This position does not permit the opponent to pull out his hand from the athlete's armpit and puts pressure on the left shoulder. The right arm of the athlete is pulling back at the opponent's right wrist (or forearm). In this way, the athlete keeps the right arm of his opponent straightened and tightly pulled against his right hip/lower abdomen area, which results in an arm bar putting pressure on the right elbow. The athlete is in full contact on top of the opponent, with his right leg in front of the right leg of the opponent to block him from escaping by rolling forward.

1063:") between his thumb and his four fingers and squeezes. This type of choke can be applied with the athlete being in front or behind his opponent. Regarding the hand grip to be used with this choke, the web area between the thumb and the index finger is to be quite high up the neck and the thumb is bent inward and downward, "reaching" behind the Adam's apple of the opponent. The main fingers which do much of the squeezing, is the thumb, index and middle finger, with the ring finger putting minimal force and, the pinky having no impact. It is unclear if such a grip would have been considered gouging and thus illegal in the Panhellenic Games. 748: 469: 2938: 1300:, an important element of strategy was to understand if the opponent had a weak or untrained side and to force him to operate on that side and generally take advantage of that weakness. For example, if the athlete recognizes that the opponent is strictly right-handed, he could circle away from the right hand of the opponent and towards the left side of the opponent. Moreover, if the opponent is weak in his left-side throws, the athlete could aim to position himself accordingly. Training in ambidexterity was instrumental in both applying this strategy and not falling victim to it. 983:

left hand to keep the pressure on the opponent's right arm by grabbing and pressing down on it just above the wrist. The right hand of the athlete is pressing down at the (side of) the head of the opponent, thus not permitting him to rotate to his right to relieve the pressure on his shoulder. As the opponent could escape by lowering himself closer to the ground and rolling, the athlete steps with his left leg over the left leg of the opponent and wraps his foot around the ankle of the opponent stepping on his instep, while pushing his body weight on the back of the opponent.

996: 1281: 40: 671:"reserve") in every round containing an odd number of athletes, which could potentially be in every round until the final (but also potentially in none of the rounds, if the number of competitors was a power of 2 and none of the winners quit before fighting their next round, or any other irregularities). The same athlete could be an ephedros more than once, and this could of course be of great advantage to him as the ephedros would be spared the wear and tear of the rounds imposed on his opponent(s). To win a tournament without being an 873:" ("you kick great"). Moreover, in an accolade to the fighting prowess of the pankratiast Glykon from Pergamo, the athlete is described as "wide foot". The characterization comes actually before the reference to his "unbeatable hands", implying at least as crucial a role for strikes with the feet as with the hands in pankration. That proficiency in kicking could carry the pankratiast to victory is indicated in a sarcastic passage of Galen, where he awards the winning prize in pankration to a donkey because of its excellence in kicking. 992:

of the opponent is not on the floor—and is trapping the left foot of the opponent by stepping on it. The athlete uses his left hand to push down on the side/back of the head of the opponent while with his right hand he pulls the opponent's right arm back, against his midsection. This creates an arm bar on the right arm with the pressure now being mostly on the elbow. The fallen opponent cannot relieve it, because his head is being shoved the opposite way by the left hand of the athlete executing the technique.

1416: 713: 704:—who was himself probably a practitioner of pankration—makes a statement that could be an allusion to preliminary contests in which an athlete would participate and then collect his strength before coming forward fresh in the major competition. Therefore, we can assume regional and preliminary contests leading up to the major games could include upwards of hundreds of competitors, of which a select few will qualify to compete in the most important games. 1172:

opponent with his arms and securing a "handshake" grip close to the abdomen of the opponent. He then heaves the opponent back and up, using the muscles of his legs and his back, so that the opponent's feet rise in the air and he ends up inverted, perpendicular to the ground, and facing away from the athlete. The throw finishes with a "pile driver" or, alternatively, with a simple release of the opponent so that he falls to the ground.

923:: The athlete sidesteps the oncoming kick to the inside of the opponent's leg. He catches and lifts the heel/foot of the planted leg with his rear hand and with the front arm goes under the knee of the kicking leg, hooks it with the nook of his elbow, and lifts while advancing to throw the opponent backward. The athlete executing the counter has to lean forward to avoid hand strikes by the opponent. This counter is shown on a 3469: 4997: 5007: 931:. In another counter, the athlete sidesteps, but now to the outside of the oncoming kick and grasps the inside of the kicking leg from behind the knee with his front hand (overhand grip) and pulls up, which tends to unbalance the opponent so that he falls backward as the athlete advances. The back hand can be used for striking the opponent while he is preoccupied maintaining his balance. 248: 3581: 3457: 1332:), some of whom had been successful pankration competitors themselves. There are indications that the methods and techniques used by different athletes varied, i.e., there were different styles. While specific styles taught by different teachers, in the mode of Asian martial arts, cannot be excluded, it is very clear (including in Aristotle's 1259:

pankration. However, there are indications that staying on one's feet was generally considered a positive thing, while touching the knee(s) to the ground or being put to the ground was overall considered disadvantageous. It has been suggested that in antiquity, as today, falling to one's knee(s) was

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The rear naked choke (RNC) is a chokehold in martial arts applied from an opponent's back. Depending on the context, the term may refer to one of two variations of the technique, either arm can be used to apply the choke in both cases. The term "rear naked choke" likely originated from the technique

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The weight is virtually all on the back (right) foot with the front (left) foot touching the ground with the ball of the foot. It is a stance in which the athlete is ready at the same time to give a kick with the front leg as well as defend against the opponent's low-level kicks by lifting the front

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was the only place eye gouging and biting were allowed. The contest itself usually continued uninterrupted until one of the combatants submitted, which was often signalled by the submitting contestant raising his index finger. The judges appear, however, to have had the right to stop a contest under

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won the pankration competition at the Olympic Games despite being dead. His opponent had locked him in a chokehold and Arrhichion, desperate to loosen it, broke his opponent's toe (some records say his ankle). The opponent nearly passed out from pain and submitted. As the referee raised Arrhichion's

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to fight in front of Alexander and the troops in armed combat. While Coragus fought with weapons and full armour, Dioxippus showed up armed only with a club and defeated Coragus without killing him, making use of his pankration skills. Later, however, Dioxippus was framed for theft, which led him to

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The choke has two variations. In one version, the attacker's arm encircles the opponent's neck and then grabs his own biceps on the other arm (see below for details); in the second version, the attacker clasps his hands together instead after encircling the opponent's neck. These are very effective

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In this technique, the position of the bodies is very similar to the one described just above. The athlete executing the technique is standing over his opponent's back, while the latter is down on his right knee. The left leg of the athlete is straddling the left thigh of the opponent—the left knee

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The athlete passes to the back of his opponent, secures a regular waist lock, lifts and throws/drops the opponent backwards and sideways. As a result of these moves, the opponent would tend to land on his side or face down. The athlete can follow the opponent to the ground and place himself on his

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A counter to the choke from behind involves the twisting of one of the fingers of the choking arm. This counter is mentioned by Philostratus. In case the choke was set together with a grapevine body lock, another counter was the one applied against that lock; by causing enough pain to the ankle of

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In this technique, the athlete is again behind his opponent, has the left arm of his opponent trapped, and is pulling back on his right arm. The trapped left arm is bent, with the fingers and palm trapped inside the armpit of the athlete. To trap the left arm, the athlete has pushed (from outside)

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The pankratiast faces his opponent with a nearly frontal stance—only slightly turned sideways. This is an intermediate directional positioning, between the wrestler's more frontal positioning and the boxer's more sideways stance, and is consistent with the need to preserve both the option of using

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The opponents are facing in opposite directions with the athlete at a higher level, over the back of his opponent. The athlete can get in this position after making a shallow sprawl to counter a tackle attempt. From here the athlete sets a waist lock by encircling, from the back, the torso of the

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To finish the attack, the athlete has the option of either dropping his opponent head-first to the ground, or driving him into the ground while retaining the hold. To execute the latter option, the athlete bends one of his legs and goes down on that knee while the other leg remains only partially

1139:, "high lifting"). Depending on the torque the athlete imparts, the opponent becomes more or less vertically inverted, facing the body of the athlete. If however the reverse waist lock is set from the back of the opponent, then the latter would face away from the athlete in the inverted position. 982:

The athlete is behind the opponent and has him leaning down, with the right knee of the opponent on the ground. The athlete has the opponent's right arm straightened out and extended maximally backward at the shoulder joint. With the opponent's right arm across his own torso, the athlete uses his

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A sacred silver urn is brought, in which they have put bean-size lots. On two lots an alpha is inscribed, on two a beta, and on another two a gamma, and so on. If there are more athletes, two lots always have the same letter. Each athlete comes forth, prays to Zeus, puts his hand into the urn and

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The mainstream academic view has been that pankration developed in the archaic Greek society of the 7th century BC, whereby, as the need for expression in violent sport increased, pankration filled a niche of "total contest" that neither boxing nor wrestling could. However, some evidence suggests

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As the pankration competitions were held outside and in the afternoon, appropriately positioning one's face in relation to the low sun was a major tactical objective. The pankratiast, as well as the boxer, did not want to have to face the sun, as this would partly blind him to the blows of the

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walks around and looks at the lots of the athletes as they stand in a circle. He then joins the athlete holding the alpha to the other who has drawn the alpha for wrestling or pankration, the one who has the beta to the other with the beta, and the other matching inscribed lots in the same

500:(often referred to as Theagenes of Thasos after the first century AD) are among the most highly recognized names. Their accomplishments defying the odds were some of the most inspiring of ancient Greek athletics and they served as inspiration to the Hellenic world for centuries, as 876: 1408: 829:, respectively, are known to us through depictions on ancient pottery and sculptures, as well as in descriptions in ancient literature. There were also strategies documented in ancient literature that were meant to be used to obtain an advantage over the competitor. 1230:

While this positioning was of paramount importance in boxing, which involved only upright striking (with the eyes facing straight), it was also important in pankration, especially in the beginning of the competition and as long as the athletes remained standing.

1744:, but the efforts of Savvidis E. A. Lazaros, founder of modern Pankration Athlima, the technical examination programma, the endyma, the shape of the Palaestra and the terminology of Pankration Athlima, in 2010 the sport was accepted by FILA, known today as 1343:

competitions. These methods included among others the periodization of training; a wealth of regimens for the development of strength, speed-strength, speed, stamina, and endurance; specialized training for the different stages of competition (i.e., for

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draws out a lot. Following him, the other athletes do the same. Whip bearers are standing next to the athletes, holding their hands and not allowing them to read the letter they have drawn. When everyone has drawn a lot, the alytarch, or one of the

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bent; this is presumably to allow for greater mobility in case the "pile driver" does not work. Another approach emphasizes less putting the opponent in an inverted vertical position and more the throw; it is shown in a sculpture in the

1227:, noted that the two opponents struggled a lot, vying to see who would get the sun's rays on his back. In the end, with skill and cunning, Polydeukēs managed so that Amykos' face was struck with sunlight while his own was in the shade. 614:). The pankration event for boys was established at the Olympic Games in 200 BC. In pankration competitions, referees were armed with stout rods or switches to enforce the rules. In fact, there were only two rules regarding combat: no 1021:

Pankratiasts would refer to two different kinds of athletes: "the one who wrestles with the heel" and "the one who wrestles with the ankle", which indicates early knowledge of what is now known as the straight ankle-lock, and the

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knee and blocking. The back leg is bent for stability and power and is facing slightly to the side, to go with the slightly sideways body position. The head and torso are behind the protecting two upper limbs and front leg.

1399:"leather sack") of different sizes and dummies were used for striking practice as well as for the hardening of the body and limbs. Nutrition, massage, and other recovery techniques were used very actively by pankratiasts. 406:

competitions. There is evidence that, although knockouts were common, most pankration competitions were decided on the basis of submission (yielding to a submission or joint lock). Pankratiasts were highly skilled

2371: 578:. He wrote that Leontiscus's technique of wrestling was similar to the pankration of Sostratus the Sicyonian because Leontiscus didn't know how to throw his opponents; he won by bending their fingers instead. 786:– employed a variety of techniques in order to strike their opponent as well as take him to the ground in order to use a submission technique. When the pankratiasts fought standing, the combat was called 1181:

back, where he could strike him or choke him from behind while holding him in the "grapevine" body lock (see above), stretching him face down on the ground. This technique is described by the Roman poet

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The athlete grabs the throat of the opponent with the four fingers on the outside of the throat and the tip of the thumb pressing in and down the hollow of the throat, putting pressure on the trachea.

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The preparation of pankratiasts included a very wide variety of methods, most of which would be immediately recognizable by the trainers of modern high level athletes, including competitors in modern

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was often an athletic event in itself, whereby the athletes would not be permitted to take the fight to the ground but had to remain standing throughout the match (somewhat like modern Thai boxing).

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was an Athenian who had won the Olympic Games in 336 BC, and was serving in Alexander the Great's army in its expedition into Asia. As an admired champion, he naturally became part of the circle of

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are banned in both styles. Targeting any of the following areas of the body is also disallowed: neck, back of the head, throat, knees, elbows, joints, kidneys, groin and along the spine.

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in 479 BC, those of the Greeks who fought best were the Athenians, and the Athenian who fought best was a distinguished pankratiast, Hermolycus, son of Euthynus. Polyaemus describes King

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Pankration competitions were held in tournaments, most being outside of the Olympics. Each tournament began with a ritual which would decide how the tournament would take place.

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However, pankration was more than just an event in the athletic competitions of the ancient Greek world; it was also part of the arsenal of Greek soldiers – including the famous

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A pankratiast quickly takes to the rear side of his opponent. Panathenaic Amphora by the Berlin Painter, inscribed 'TON ATHENETHEN ATHLON' (a prize from Athens), c. 480-470 BC,

2622: 1356:), and methods for learning and engraining techniques. Among the multitude of the latter were also training tools that appear to be very similar to Asian martial arts forms or 2705: 2648: 2585: 1127:

From a reverse waist lock set from the front, and staying with hips close to the opponent, the athlete lifts and rotates his opponent using the strength of his hips and legs (

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Regarding the choice of attacking into the attack of the opponent versus defending and retreating, there are indications, e.g. from boxing, that it was preferable to attack.

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notes that retreat under fear tends to result in even greater injuries, while attacking before the opponent strikes is less injurious and could very well end in victory.

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or "naked strangle". The word "naked" in this context suggests that, unlike other strangulation techniques found in jujutsu/judo, this hold does not require the use of a

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There is evidence that the major Games in Greek antiquity easily had four tournament rounds, that is, a field of sixteen athletes. However, there is clear evidence from

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Strikes delivered with the legs were an integral part of pankration and one of its most characteristic features. Kicking well was a great advantage to the pankratiast.

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There were neither weight divisions nor time limits in pankration competitions. However, there were two or three age groups in the competitions of antiquity. In the

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The feats of the ancient pankratiasts became legendary in the annals of Greek athletics. Stories abound of past champions who were considered invincible beings.

917:, "kicking in the stomach") was apparently a common technique, given the number of depictions of such kicks on vases. This type of kick is mentioned by Lucian. 1336:) that the objective of a teacher of combat sports was to help each of his athletes to develop his personal style that would fit his strengths and weaknesses. 275:

invented pankration as a result of using both wrestling and boxing in their confrontations with opponents. Theseus was said to have used pankration to defeat

939: 423:. In extreme cases a pankration competition could even result in the death of one of the opponents, which was considered a win for the surviving combatant. 3416: 2119: 5041: 2824: 2443: 24: 1817: 751:

Pankration scene: the pankriatiast on the right tries to gouge his opponent's eye; the umpire is about to strike him for this foul. Detail from an

1320:, "physical trainers"), who were in charge of boys' physical education. High level athletes were also trained by special trainers who were called 1729:. Arvanitis continually refined his reconstruction with reference to original sources. His efforts are also considered pioneering in what became 195: 3616: 3421: 2882: 2392: 1977: 355:

that pankration, in both its sporting form and its combative form, may have been practiced in Greece already from the second millennium BC.

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Two athletes competing in the pankration. Panathenaic amphora, made in Athens in 332–331 BC, during the archonship of Niketes. From Capua.

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opponent and make accurate delivery of strikes to specific targets difficult. Theocritus, in his narration of the (boxing) match between

2328: 954:, statues were put up in Rome and other cities to honour remarkable pankratiasts. This statue is a Roman copy of a lost Greek original, 2772: 2464: 1770:"Traditional" (more restrictive, i.e. no punches or kicks to the head, although "controlled round house kicks to the head" are allowed) 747: 5061: 4687: 3651: 2289: 1247:

The decision to remain standing or go to the ground obviously depended on the relative strengths of the athlete, and differed between

2618: 4682: 4536: 4369: 2766: 2694: 2644: 2581: 2322: 2013: 2555: 2526: 2258: 468: 4672: 4655: 4650: 4501: 3694: 2912: 2875: 402:), as well as additional elements, such as the use of strikes with the legs, to create a broad fighting sport similar to today's 5036: 3493: 3431: 3411: 2917: 2353: 1737: 1240: 4239: 5066: 5056: 4635: 3473: 3426: 2739: 2142: 1923: 1902: 1972:. Nektarios Lykiardopoulos, Michael J. Pantelides. Rochester: Inner Traditions International, Limited. pp. chapter 2. 504:, the ancient traveller and writer indicates when he re-tells these stories in his narrative of his travels around Greece. 4645: 4630: 995: 3436: 2414: 1193:

is described to have followed this takedown with a choke while applying the "grapevine" body lock on the prone opponent.

5046: 3878: 1280: 1000: 554:) into their Games. In 393 AD, the pankration, along with gladiatorial combat and all pagan festivals, was abolished by 2214: 1940: 4709: 4640: 2849: 2504: 226: 3609: 3557: 3089: 3084: 2238: 1935: 800:, "upper Pankration"); and when they took the fight to the ground, that stage of pankration competition was called 39: 4714: 3319: 2953: 623:

certain conditions and award the victory to one of the two athletes; they could also declare the contest a tie.

5051: 4737: 3953: 3656: 2115: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1415: 700:, with opponents numbering in the thousands. Moreover, in the first century A.D., the Greco-Jewish philosopher 5010: 4729: 4582: 4161: 3809: 3751: 3704: 3641: 2853: 1547: 2439: 4572: 3562: 3537: 3339: 3134: 2976: 2961: 2135: 1745: 1443: 1438: 565: 501: 493: 154: 3042: 2080: 358:

Pankration, as practiced in historical antiquity, was an athletic event that combined techniques of both

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Ali vs. Inoki: The Forgotten Fight That Inspired Mixed Martial Arts and Launched Sports Entertainment

1473: 1468: 759: 465:, the father of Alexander the Great, practicing with another pankratiast while his soldiers watched. 462: 412: 359: 5031: 5000: 4964: 4872: 4659: 4425: 4291: 4281: 4076: 4066: 4031: 3996: 3761: 3731: 3699: 3394: 3359: 3329: 3299: 3254: 3249: 3239: 1723: 1705: 1639: 1568: 1458: 1428: 1285: 924: 733: 701: 511: 473: 434: 53: 4996: 3022: 3012: 3007: 2388: 712: 209: 4771: 4701: 4448: 4296: 3714: 3389: 3349: 3274: 3234: 3229: 3179: 3119: 3114: 2927: 2187: 1757: 1753: 1730: 1687: 1667: 1598: 1340: 1052: 881: 756: 717: 438: 403: 276: 256: 190: 20: 4521: 3002: 2285: 514:. In that context, he accepted a challenge from one of Alexander's most skilled soldiers named 4562: 4056: 3868: 3861: 3364: 3314: 3224: 3189: 3164: 2762: 2735: 2318: 2195: 2179: 2009: 1983: 1973: 1749: 951: 729: 697: 477: 252: 2312: 3269: 3199: 3184: 3144: 2857: 2756: 2171: 943: 454: 100: 2992: 4677: 4216: 4176: 4098: 4086: 4051: 3794: 3789: 3567: 3542: 3379: 3294: 3259: 3204: 3068: 2966: 2471: 2375: 2357: 2146: 2123: 2038: 1953: 1945: 387: 264: 57: 1507:), who won two victories among the men. A statue of him was made by Nicodamus of Mainalo. 1260:

a metaphor for coming to a disadvantage and putting oneself at risk of losing the fight.

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Arm locks can be performed in many different situations using many different techniques.

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The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece: Modern Fighting Techniques from the Age of Alexander

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Modern pankration has a ruleset resembling amateur MMA, divided into two rulesets:

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in his account of a match between the hero Tydeus of Thebes and an opponent in the

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A single arm, leg hold and heave move, made with the other hand poised to strike.

541:. His body was crowned with the olive wreath and returned to Phigaleia as a hero. 2030: 1722:

in 1969 and later exposed worldwide in 1973 when he was featured on the cover of

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At the time of the revival of the Olympic Games (1896), despite the efforts of

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The athletes engaged in a pankration competition – i.e., the pankratiasts (sg.

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fought with their bare hands and teeth once their swords and spears broke.

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A statue of Agias, son of Acnonius, and winner of the pankration in three

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Pankration uses boxing punches and other ancient boxing hand strikes.

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using pankration. In this context, pankration was also referred to as

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The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia – Tradition, History, Pioneers

1463: 1224: 1190: 928: 631: 619: 548:, the Romans had adopted the Greek combat sport (spelled in Latin as 442: 427: 232: 215: 200: 178: 2159: 1308:

The basic instruction of pankration techniques was conducted by the

1288:, c. 490 BC, possibly by the Kleophrades painter, now housed in the 867:

makes a derogatory reference to a compliment one may give another: "

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This process was apparently repeated every round until the finals.

287:. Heracles too was often depicted in ancient artworks subduing the 4587: 4339: 4131: 4106: 1485: 1414: 1406: 1279: 1239: 1238: 994: 938: 875: 763: 746: 723: 711: 693: 555: 467: 246: 4949: 4904: 4829: 4789: 4041: 4001: 3943: 3886: 3814: 3289: 1359: 1243:

Pankratiasts portrayed on a Roman relief. 2nd or 3rd century AD.

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The straight kick with the bottom of the foot to the stomach (

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Pankratiasts fighting under the eyes of a judge. Side B of a

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Ancient Olympic pankration champions and famous pankratiasts

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codes, as an associated discipline and a "form of modern

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is older, and would later become used less than the term

106: 1276:

Identifying and exploiting the weak side of the opponent

189:, and chokes on the ground, making it similar to modern 590:

specifically there were only two such age groups: men (

411:

and were extremely effective in applying a variety of

19:"Pancratium" redirects here. For the plant genus, see 1708:, pankration was not reinstated as an Olympic event. 999:

Pankratiasts fighting. Greek bronze, 2nd century BC.

522:

In an odd turn of events, a pankration fighter named

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Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders (season 2) § ep21

2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 185:

techniques but also others, such as kicking, holds,

124: 118: 103: 4928: 4883: 4813: 4768: 4698: 4619: 4550: 4482: 4420: 4325: 4267: 4225: 4097: 3982: 3934: 3877: 3760: 3680: 3404: 3102: 3077: 3051: 2985: 2952: 2945: 2905: 1808:, headgear) and fight in a standard wrestling mat. 1682: 1674: 1663: 1655: 1645: 1635: 1615: 112: 81: 71: 49: 2550: 2548: 1423:period, currently held by the Louvre museum, Paris 1114:the opponent, the latter could give up his choke. 689:"non-reserve") was thus an honorable distinction. 537:hand, it was discovered that he had died from the 2440:"Submission History: The Origins of the Heelhook" 2006:Studies in the Terminology of Greek Combat Sport 1714:(modern pankration) was first introduced to the 817:Some of the techniques that would be applied in 636: 2863:International Federation of Pankration Athlima 1357: 1101: 1095: 1089: 716:Pankratiast in fighting stance, Ancient Greek 3610: 3501: 2883: 2490:Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals 2486: 2484: 1235:Remaining standing versus going to the ground 1159:in Athens, where Theseus is depicted heaving 193:. The term comes from the Ancient Greek word 8: 1999: 1997: 1610: 1419:Bronze statuette of a Pankratiast, from the 32: 2619:"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.21.10" 2219:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 1718:community by Greek-American combat athlete 549: 255:. This statue occupies Position III of the 130: 4616: 4605: 3677: 3666: 3617: 3603: 3595: 3508: 3494: 3486: 3106: 2949: 2890: 2876: 2868: 2645:"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.14.2" 2582:"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.21.9" 2243:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1866:However, besides being a stage of combat, 1167:Heave from a waist lock following a sprawl 2556:"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.6.1" 2527:"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.8.4" 2259:"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.4.3" 1756:". Pankration was first contested at the 1484:) of Athens; a statue of him was made by 23:. For the television series episode, see 1818:History of physical training and fitness 2758:The Origins of Martial Arts: Pankration 1884: 1833: 2695:"International Pankration Regulations" 2474:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2446:from the original on 29 September 2020 2236: 2073:"Pankration – An Olympic Combat Sport" 1609: 259:. Height: 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches). 161: 31: 16:Martial art in ancient Greek festivals 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2507:from the original on 25 February 2021 1740:(IOC) does not list pankration among 1039:In executing this choking technique ( 279:in a wrestling match, as well as the 7: 2850:"Pankration" or "Pancration" matches 2775:from the original on 22 October 2021 2265:from the original on 21 October 2020 1905:from the original on 30 January 2016 978:Single shoulder lock (overextension) 582:Structure of the ancient competition 205:), meaning "all of power" (from 2395:from the original on 30 August 2011 1176:Heave from a waist lock from behind 1008:Arm bar – shoulder lock combination 696:, who refers to competitors in the 558:by the Christian Byzantine Emperor 2711:from the original on 20 March 2022 2292:from the original on 31 March 2008 2083:from the original on 22 April 2013 1264:Offensive versus reactive fighting 1075:Choke from behind with the forearm 568:mentions the wrestler Leontiscus ( 177:in 648 BC. The athletes used 14: 4537:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program 2651:from the original on 16 July 2019 2625:from the original on 16 July 2019 2588:from the original on 16 July 2019 2562:from the original on 17 July 2019 2533:from the original on 16 July 2019 2331:from the original on 7 April 2022 2164:The American Journal of Philology 2031:Combat Sport in the Ancient World 634:describes the process in detail: 239: 'strength, might, power'). 85:Introduced in 648 BC in the 33rd 5042:Historical European martial arts 5005: 4995: 4502:Historical European martial arts 3579: 3468: 3467: 3455: 2936: 2913:Archaeological Museum of Olympia 2225:from the original on 1 June 2022 1411:Bronze portrait of a pankratiast 315:), meaning "total combat", from 99: 38: 5006: 2918:Ancient Greek Olympic festivals 2389:"Ancient Pankration Techniques" 2286:"Historical Pankration Project" 1800:Fighters wear protective gear ( 1793:and any kind of striking while 1738:International Olympic Committee 1123:Heave from a reverse waist lock 641: 2761:. Lulu.com. pp. 5–6, 60. 472:Pankratiasts represented on a 267:, it was said that the heroes 1: 2419:Classical Art Research Centre 1781:, elbow strikes to the head, 1296:As indicated by Plato in his 955: 737: 2221:. London. pp. 857‑858. 1868: 1390: 1378: 1366: 1352: 1346: 1322: 1310: 1255: 1249: 1204: 1135: 1067:Tracheal dig using the thumb 1047: 1001:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 913: 907: 889:Straight kick to the stomach 851:Punch and other hand strikes 825: 819: 803: 789: 685: 667: 604: 592: 392: 370: 364: 347: 341: 335: 323: 299: 293: 2415:"Panathenaic prize amphora" 2311:Gross, Josh (9 June 2016). 2004:Poliakoff, Michael (1986). 1696:/world-pankration-committee 1358: 1102: 1096: 1090: 987:Single arm bar (elbow lock) 457:between the Greeks and the 5083: 3085:Herald and Trumpet contest 2213:Schmitz, Leonhard (1875). 2158:Brophy, Robert H. (1978). 1925: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1554: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1512: 1503: 1493: 1480: 1395: 1384: 1372: 1328: 1316: 1210: 1151: 1129: 1041: 901: 895: 869: 810: 796: 782: 776: 679: 661: 610: 598: 570: 528: 398: 382: 376: 329: 317: 311: 305: 225: 208: 194: 158: 18: 5062:Mixed martial arts styles 4991: 4615: 4604: 3676: 3665: 3632: 3576: 3523: 3449: 3109: 2934: 2339:– via Google Books. 1966:Dervenis, Kostas (2007). 1748:(UWW), which governs the 1051:), the athlete grabs the 327:, "all-" or "total", and 37: 3586:Olympic Games portal 3462:Olympic Games portal 3370:Tiberius Caesar Augustus 2374:24 December 2020 at the 2217:. In John Murray (ed.). 1628:International Pankration 1304:Preparation and practice 1106:") or training uniform. 222: 'all' and 4734:Former official sports 4162:Northern Praying Mantis 3737:Mainland Southeast Asia 3412:Ancient Olympic victors 2854:Perseus Digital Library 2730:Corcoran, John (1993). 2476:A Greek-English Lexicon 2470:5 February 2017 at the 2317:. BenBella Books, Inc. 2122:6 February 2021 at the 2037:7 February 2022 at the 1952:7 February 2022 at the 1941:A Greek–English Lexicon 1548:Magnesia on the Meander 814:, "lower Pankration"). 673: 5037:Ancient Olympic sports 4573:Professional wrestling 4240:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu 3517:Ancient Olympic sports 3340:Polydamas of Skotoussa 3310:Peisistratos of Athens 3155:Arrhichion of Phigalia 3135:Alexander I of Macedon 2823:. FILA. Archived from 2797:. FILA. Archived from 2755:Italo Morello (2008). 2702:United World Wrestling 2670:Grote, George (1852). 1857:) "rod-ruler, referee" 1746:United World Wrestling 1444:Polydamas of Skotoussa 1424: 1412: 1293: 1244: 1136:anabastasai eis hypsos 1004: 966: 950:. Even as late as the 885: 771: 744: 721: 677:in any of the rounds ( 650: 550: 494:Polydamas of Skotoussa 481: 441:. It is said that the 260: 5067:Obsolete blood sports 5057:European martial arts 4669:Demonstration sports 3375:Timasitheus of Delphi 3345:Pythagoras of Laconia 3125:Agesarchus of Tritaea 2899:Ancient Olympic Games 2356:27 March 2009 at the 2284:Miller, Christopher. 2140:Description of Greece 2071:Georgiou, Andreas V. 1932:Liddell, Henry George 1897:Georgiou, Andreas V. 1823:Hermogenes of Xanthos 1454:Timasitheus of Delphi 1418: 1410: 1283: 1242: 998: 942: 914:laktisma eis gasteran 902:λάκτισμα εἰς γαστέραν 879: 859:Strikes with the legs 750: 727: 715: 588:Ancient Olympic Games 471: 453:mentions that in the 447:Battle of Thermopylae 339:, "matter". The term 250: 163:[paŋkráti.on] 4929:Martial arts at the 4884:Martial arts at the 4814:Martial arts at the 4769:Martial arts at the 4749:Invitational sports 4699:Martial arts at the 4620:Martial arts at the 4542:Pencak Silat Harimau 4380:Pencak Silat Harimau 4312:Submission wrestling 4017:Luta Livre esportiva 3355:Sostratus of Pellene 3325:Philip II of Macedon 3290:Nero Caesar Augustus 3170:Berenice II of Egypt 3150:Archelaus of Macedon 3140:Anaxilas of Messenia 3130:Alcibiades of Athens 2145:23 July 2020 at the 1670:, ancient pankration 1474:Timanthes of Cleonae 1469:Antiochus of Arcadia 1364:, and were known as 1197:Strategy and tactics 1130:ἀναβαστάσαι εἰς ὕψος 1118:Throws and takedowns 170:introduced into the 5047:Hybrid martial arts 4610:International games 4292:Full contact karate 4282:Professional boxing 3997:Brazilian jiu-jitsu 3395:Xenophon of Corinth 3385:Varazdat of Armenia 3360:Theagenes of Thasos 3350:Pythagoras of Samos 3330:Philippus of Croton 3300:Onomastus of Smyrna 3255:Hiero I of Syracuse 3250:Herodorus of Megara 3240:Ergoteles of Himera 3220:Demaratus of Sparta 3043:Tethrippon of polos 2821:"Associated Sports" 2008:. Frankfurt: Hain. 1706:Pierre de Coubertin 1612: 1501:, son of Lochaeus ( 1459:Sostratus of Sicyon 1429:Theagenes of Thasos 1286:Panathenaic amphora 1202:Positioning in the 1035:Tracheal grip choke 925:Panathenaic amphora 846:Striking techniques 762:, 490–480 BC, from 702:Philo of Alexandria 512:Alexander the Great 474:Panathenaic amphora 435:Alexander the Great 34: 4772:Pan American Games 4449:Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu 4360:Jieitaikakutōjutsu 4297:Mixed martial arts 3432:Hellenistic period 3390:Xenophon of Aegium 3305:Orsippus of Megara 3275:Leonidas of Rhodes 3235:Diocles of Corinth 3230:Diagoras of Rhodes 3180:Chaeron of Pellene 3120:Agasias of Arcadia 3115:Acanthus of Sparta 2928:Stadium at Olympia 2734:. Pro-Action Pub. 2442:. 12 August 2020. 2378:on Perseus project 1758:World Combat Games 1731:mixed martial arts 1668:Mixed martial arts 1425: 1413: 1388:). Punching bags ( 1341:mixed martial arts 1334:Nicomachean Ethics 1294: 1245: 1030:Choking techniques 1005: 967: 935:Locking techniques 886: 882:Hood Museum of Art 772: 745: 722: 482: 439:Macedonian phalanx 404:mixed martial arts 277:Cercyon of Eleusis 261: 257:ex voto of Daochos 191:mixed martial arts 21:Pancratium (plant) 5019: 5018: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4563:Martial arts film 3592: 3591: 3483: 3482: 3445: 3444: 3365:Theron of Acragas 3335:Phrynon of Athens 3315:Phanas of Pellene 3225:Desmon of Corinth 3210:Cynisca of Sparta 3190:Chionis of Sparta 3165:Astylos of Croton 3098: 3097: 2827:on 12 August 2012 2673:History of Greece 2501:"Suda, § tau.593" 2239:cite encyclopedia 1979:978-1-59477-740-0 1754:Mixed Martial Art 1750:Olympic wrestling 1702: 1701: 1611:Modern pankration 1606:Modern pankration 952:Early Middle Ages 698:Panhellenic Games 655:There would be a 478:Staatliche Museum 253:Panhellenic Games 166:) was an unarmed 92: 91: 72:Country of origin 5074: 5009: 5008: 4999: 4617: 4606: 3678: 3667: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3596: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3487: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3427:Classical period 3405:Lists of winners 3270:Iccus of Taranto 3200:Coroebus of Elis 3185:Chilon of Patras 3145:Aratus of Sicyon 3107: 3033:Synoris of polos 2998:Chariot of polos 2950: 2940: 2939: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2869: 2858:Tufts University 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2801:on 16 March 2012 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2699: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2479: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2385: 2379: 2366: 2360: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2242: 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519:commit suicide. 455:battle of Mycale 401: 400: 395: 385: 384: 379: 378: 373: 367: 350: 344: 338: 332: 331: 326: 320: 319: 314: 313: 308: 307: 302: 296: 236: 229: 219: 212: 204: 198: 165: 160: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 42: 35: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5052:Sport wrestling 5022: 5021: 5020: 5015: 4979: 4930: 4924: 4885: 4879: 4815: 4809: 4770: 4764: 4700: 4694: 4623:Summer Olympics 4621: 4611: 4592: 4546: 4478: 4416: 4330: 4321: 4272: 4263: 4221: 4217:Yoshukai Karate 4177:Shaolin kung fu 4093: 3978: 3954:Practice weapon 3930: 3873: 3763: 3756: 3682:Regional origin 3672: 3661: 3628: 3623: 3593: 3588: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3519: 3514: 3484: 3479: 3456: 3454: 3441: 3400: 3399: 3380:Troilus of Elis 3320:Philinus of Cos 3295:Oebotas of Dyme 3260:Hypenus of Elis 3205:Cylon of Athens 3094: 3073: 3047: 3018:Perfect chariot 2981: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2901: 2896: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2814: 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1881: 1876: 1865: 1861: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1814: 1686: 1631: 1608: 1558:) of Alexandria 1405: 1353:katō pankration 1306: 1278: 1266: 1237: 1216: 1199: 1178: 1169: 1125: 1120: 1077: 1069: 1037: 1032: 1019: 1010: 989: 980: 972: 958: 937: 891: 861: 853: 848: 835: 833:Fighting stance 826:katō pankration 811:κάτω παγκράτιον 804:Katō pankration 740: 720:amphora, 440 BC 710: 584: 546:Imperial Period 265:Greek mythology 245: 141: 102: 98: 45: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5003: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4932:European Games 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4732: 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3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2972:Hoplitodromos 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2774: 2770: 2768:9781471658617 2764: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2707: 2704:. 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Retrieved 1862: 1836: 1799: 1779:hammer fists 1775:Soccer kicks 1773: 1762: 1735: 1724: 1716:martial arts 1711: 1710: 1703: 1650:Full contact 1569:Stratoniceia 1439:Kleitomachos 1338: 1333: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1267: 1246: 1229: 1217: 1179: 1170: 1157:Hephaisteion 1145: 1141: 1126: 1112: 1108: 1078: 1070: 1061:Adam's apple 1038: 1020: 1011: 990: 981: 973: 961:century BC. 920: 919: 892: 862: 854: 840: 836: 816: 801: 787: 773: 691: 654: 651: 643:Hellanodikai 637: 625: 602:) and boys ( 585: 564: 560:Theodosius I 543: 521: 506: 483: 476:, c.490 BC, 425: 357: 353: 262: 233: 230: 223: 216: 213: 206: 201: 168:combat sport 94: 93: 29: 4817:Asian Games 4702:World Games 4664:Greco-Roman 4484:Battlefield 4444:Chun Kuk Do 4387:Suffrajitsu 4197:Tang Soo Do 4072:Greco-Roman 3825:Knee strike 3742:Philippines 2986:Horse races 2655:21 February 2629:21 February 2592:21 February 2566:21 February 2537:21 February 2465:παιδοτρίβης 2269:21 February 2229:19 February 2113:Herodotus, 2028:Poliakoff, 1791:spine locks 1601:, of Rhodes 1588:Ἀρτεμίδωρος 1576:Νικόστρατος 1537:) of Rhodes 1534:Ἀριστομένης 1494:Ἀνδροσθένης 1421:Hellenistic 1367:cheironomia 1317:παιδοτρίβαι 1311:paedotribae 1290:Rijksmuseum 1091:hadaka jime 965:, Florence. 730:Panathenaic 618:or biting. 616:eye gouging 421:joint locks 289:Nemean lion 187:joint locks 5032:Pankration 5026:Categories 4859:2018 Only 4720:Kickboxing 4474:Qwan Ki Do 4402:To-Shin Do 4332:combatives 4302:Pankration 4287:Kickboxing 4258:Xingyiquan 4246:Baguazhang 4212:Wudangquan 4142:Kickboxing 4037:Shuai jiao 3847:Joint lock 3764:techniques 3558:Pentathlon 3553:Pankration 3245:Euryleonis 3175:Bilistiche 3160:Arsinoe II 3090:Pentathlon 3064:Pankration 3038:Tethrippon 2954:Foot races 2779:26 January 2741:0961512636 2351:Hermotimos 2335:22 October 2087:11 January 1988:1085169623 1926:παγκράτιον 1909:23 January 1879:References 1802:MMA gloves 1783:body slams 1725:Black Belt 1694:/committee 1692:/about-uww 1664:Parenthood 1622:Pankration 1561:Aristeas ( 1543:Πρωτοφάνης 1518:Alexandria 1373:χειρονομία 1221:Polydeukēs 959: 3rd 908:gastrizein 896:γαστρίζειν 757:red-figure 741: 500 718:red-figure 708:Techniques 686:anephedros 628:Grecophone 571:Λεοντίσκος 551:pancratium 524:Arrhichion 486:Arrhichion 348:pankration 300:pammachion 202:pankrátion 196:παγκράτιον 159:παγκράτιον 95:Pankration 33:Pankration 4975:Wrestling 4970:Taekwondo 4920:Wrestling 4915:Taekwondo 4850:Wrestling 4845:Taekwondo 4805:Wrestling 4800:Taekwondo 4743:Taekwondo 4725:Muay Thai 4660:freestyle 4656:Wrestling 4651:Taekwondo 4527:Krav Maga 4439:Angampora 4407:Wing Chun 4365:Krav Maga 4355:Kajukenbo 4317:Vale Tudo 4192:Taekwondo 4157:Muay Thai 4147:Kun Khmer 4077:Mongolian 4067:freestyle 4047:Wrestling 4006:Para judo 3984:Grappling 3837:Grappling 3775:Chokehold 3705:Indonesia 3568:Wrestling 3215:Damarchus 3069:Wrestling 3003:Decapolon 2184:0002-9475 2136:Pausanias 1842:ἀλυτάρχης 1806:shin pads 1760:in 2010. 1528:) of Elis 1478:Callias ( 1449:Dioxippus 1434:Arrichion 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