455:
217:
165:
theme have been patented. Some have pointed instead of rounded ends, some have the end of one loop bent slightly to make it easier to insert sheets of paper, and some have wires with undulations or barbs to get a better grip. In addition, purely aesthetic variants have been patented, clips with triangular, star, or round shapes. But the original Gem type has for more than a hundred years proved to be the most practical, and consequently by far the most popular. Its qualities—ease of use, gripping without tearing, and storing without tangling—have been difficult to improve upon. In the
229:
57:
205:
130:
received U.S. patent 64,088 on April 23, 1867. Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today. Another notable paper clip design was also patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright on July 24, 1877, patent #193,389. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening together loose leaves of papers, documents, periodicals, newspapers etc.
439:
193:
241:
327:
428:
patent. A commemorative stamp was issued that year, the first in a series to draw attention to
Norwegian inventiveness. The background shows a facsimile of the German "Patentschrift". However, the figure in the foreground is not the paper clip depicted on that document, but the much better known "Gem". In 2005, the national biographical encyclopedia of Norway (
368:
the inner wire so that it could receive the sheet, but the outer wire was a dead end because it could not exploit the torsion principle. The clip would instead stand out like a keel, perpendicular to the sheet of paper. The impracticality of Vaaler's design may easily be demonstrated by cutting off the last outer loop and one long side from a regular Gem clip.
313:
278:
49:
145:. He refers to an 1883 article about "Gem Paper-Fasteners", praising them for being "better than ordinary pins" for "binding together papers on the same subject, a bundle of letters, or pages of a manuscript". Since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early "Gem", it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name.
403:, were forbidden. Those wearing them did not yet see them as national symbols, as the myth of their Norwegian origin was not commonly known at the time. The clips were meant to denote solidarity and unity ("we are bound together"). The wearing of paper clips was soon prohibited, and people wearing them could risk severe punishment.
260:(1820–1903). Spencer registered a "binding-pin" on 2 September 1846, which was made and sold by Adolphus Ackermann for over a year, advertised as "for holding loose manuscripts, sermons, weekly papers, and all unstitched publications". Spencer's design, approximately 15 cm (5.9 in) unfolded, looked more like a modern
454:
376:
The originator of the
Norwegian paper clip myth was an engineer of the Norwegian national patent agency who visited Germany in the 1920s to register Norwegian patents in that country. He came across Vaaler's patent but failed to detect that it was not the same as the then-common Gem-type clip. In the
350:
Long after Vaaler's death, his countrymen created a national myth based on the false assumption that the paper clip was invented by an unrecognized
Norwegian genius. Norwegian dictionaries since the 1950s have mentioned Vaaler as the inventor of the paper clip, and that myth later found its way into
342:
and in the United States (1901) for a paper clip of similar design, but less functional and practical. Because it was more complicated to insert into the paper, Vaaler probably did not know that a better product was already on the market, although not yet in Norway. His version was never manufactured
129:
According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay in 1867. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together. Fay
148:
The earliest illustration of its current form is in an 1893 advertisement for the "Gem Paper Clip". In 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trademark for the "Gem" name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had been used since March 1, 1892, which may have been the time
367:
Vaaler's patents expired quietly, while the "Gem" was used worldwide, including his own country. The failure of his design was its impracticality. Without the two full loops of the fully developed paper clip, it was difficult to insert sheets of paper into his clip. One could manipulate the end of
164:
on April 27 of that year for a "Machine for making wire paper clips." The drawing clearly shows that the product is a perfect clip of the Gem type. The fact that
Middlebrook did not mention it by name, suggests that it was already well known at the time. Since then countless variations on the same
470:
Wire is versatile in its nature. Thus a paper clip is a useful accessory in many kinds of mechanical work, including computer work: the metal wire can be unfolded with a little force. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is
363:
in 1892 and was later promoted to office manager, a position he held until his death. As the employee of a patent office, he could easily have obtained a patent in Norway. His reasons for applying abroad are not known; it is possible that he wanted to secure the commercial rights internationally.
537:
Another creative use of paper clips is in "paperclip art", where enthusiasts bend and twist paper clips into intricate designs and figures, ranging from simple shapes to detailed sculptures. This form of art showcases the flexibility and adaptability of the paper clip beyond its traditional use.
422:
The post-war years saw a widespread consolidation of the paper clip as a national symbol. Authors of books and articles on the history of
Norwegian technology eagerly seized it to make a thin story more substantial. They chose to overlook the fact that Vaaler's clip was not the same as the fully
553:
can be unfastened using paper clips. There are two approaches. The first one is to unfold the clip in a line and then twist the end in a right angle, trying to imitate a key and using it to lift the lock fixator. The second approach, which is more feasible but needs some practice, is to use the
427:
in honor of Vaaler, ninety years after his invention was patented. But this monument shows a Gem-type clip, not the one patented by Vaaler. The celebration of the alleged
Norwegian origin of the paper clip culminated in 1999, one hundred years after Vaaler submitted his application for a German
406:
The leading
Norwegian encyclopedia mentioned the role of the paper clip as a symbol of resistance in a supplementary volume in 1952 but did not yet proclaim it a Norwegian invention. That information was added in later editions. According to the 1974 edition, the idea of using the paper clip to
92:
between wire and paper. When a moderate number of sheets are inserted between the two "tongues" of the clip, the tongues will be forced apart and cause torsion in the bend of the wire to grip the sheets together. They are usually used to bind papers together for productivity and portability.
354:
Vaaler probably succeeded in having his design patented abroad, despite the previous existence of more useful paper clips, because patent authorities at that time were quite liberal and rewarded any marginal modification of existing inventions. Johan Vaaler began working for
96:
The paper clip's widespread use in various settings, from offices to educational institutions, underscores its functional design and adaptability. While primarily designed for binding papers, its versatility has led to a range of applications, both practical and creative.
377:
report of the first fifty years of the patent agency, he wrote an article in which he proclaimed Vaaler to be the inventor of the common paper clip. This piece of information found its way into some
Norwegian encyclopedias after
1253:
of The
Norwegian Industrial Property Office (Patentstyret) while looking for patents granted to Norwegians in the German patent office. "I made this discovery known to my colleagues", Foss stated in an interview with the weekly
216:
541:
Additionally, paper clips can serve as temporary bookmarks in books or documents. Their slim profile and easy placement make them useful for marking a specific page or section without causing damage or adding bulk.
460:
Postage stamp issued in 1999 to commemorate Vaaler's paper clip. In the background his German "Patenschrift". 1901. The depicted paper clip is not the one he invented, but the successful Gem clip.
105:
Paper clips usually have an oblong shape with straight sides, but may also be triangular or circular, or have more elaborate shapes. The most common material is steel or some other
228:
438:
364:
Also, he may have been aware that a
Norwegian manufacturer would find it difficult to introduce a new invention abroad, starting from the small home market.
411:. A clip worn on a lapel or front pocket could be seen as "deux gaules" (two posts or poles) and be interpreted as a reference to the leader of the French
240:
80:
type introduced in the 1890s or earlier, characterized by the one and a half loops made by the wire. Common to paper clips proper is their utilization of
113:
is also used. Some other kinds of paper clips use a two-piece clamping system. Recent innovations include multi-colored plastic-coated paper clips and
204:
176:, as confirmed below – although falsely – by its celebration as a Norwegian invention in 1899. More convincing is its appropriation as logo of the
1413:
423:
developed Gem-type clip. In 1989, a giant paper clip, almost 7 m (23 ft) high, was erected on the campus of a commercial college near
1181:
Adolphus Ackermann also set up business close by at 15 Beaufort Buildings but committed suicide in 1858 when faced with bankruptcy proceedings
1091:
he often assured beginning graduate students that Herbert Spencer's greatest contribution to humanity had been the invention of the paper clip
1046:
924:
890:
1571:
192:
740:
156:
Definite proof that the modern type of paper clip was well known in 1899 at the latest, is the patent granted to William Middlebrook of
1397:
638:
by collecting 6,000,000 (and more) physical objects, deciding to collect paperclips because of their small size and easy availability
1494:
1475:
1423:
1351:
1291:
384:
Events of that war contributed greatly to the mythical status of the paper clip. Patriots wore them in their lapels as a symbol of
1162:; see Spencer (1904) p.354 "Mr. Ackermann who was a bad man of business, and who, failing not long afterwards, shot himself"; and
766:
72:) is a tool used to hold sheets of paper together, usually made of steel wire bent to a looped shape (though some are covered in
1365:
982:
141:
in the early 1870s by "The Gem Manufacturing Company", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor
1387:
412:
882:
The Evolution of Useful Things: How Everyday Artifacts-From Forks and Pins to Paper Clips and Zippers-Came to be as They are
385:
1556:
634:– project where a small town American school wished to understand the grand scale of 6,000,000 Jews murdered during the
31:
488:
499:
pointing devices using a paper clip as the key to the bezel. A paper clip bent into a "U" can be used to start an
1566:
222:
Middlebrook 1899 patent for a paper clip machine showing that the Gem was already in common use (top and bottom)
554:
semi-unfolded clip kink for lifting when the clip is inserted through the hole where the handcuffs are closed.
849:
620:
288:
56:
1138:
BT 45 — Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Office: Non-ornamental ('Useful') Designs Act 1843 Representations
1109:
157:
1487:
The Perfection of the Paper Clip: Curious Tales of Invention, Accidental Genius, and Stationery Obsession
137:
paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in
809:
519:
disk drive as a flexible head-stop. The steel wire from a paperclip can be used in dentistry to form a
399:
authorities when other signs of resistance, such as flag pins or pins showing the cipher of the exiled
1164:
793:
616:
400:
149:
of its introduction in the United States. Paper clips are still sometimes called "Gem clips", and in
85:
298:
of sections of text to one or more sub-topic articles which are then summarized in the main article.
1576:
631:
626:
507:, by connecting the green to a black on the motherboard header. One or more paper clips can make a
392:
295:
81:
1119:
1115:
1561:
1017:
958:
495:
PDAs advise the use of a paper clip to reset the device. The trackball can be removed from early
320:
150:
1133:
1000:
Trompf, G. W. (October 1969). "Radical Conservatism in Herbert Spencer's Educational Thought".
1522:
1490:
1471:
1419:
1393:
1347:
1287:
1159:
1075:
1042:
1036:
920:
886:
593:
416:
916:
744:
657:
338:(1866–1910) has been identified as the inventor of the paper clip. He was granted patents in
1009:
950:
805:
527:
42:
432:) published the biography of Johan Vaaler, stating he was the inventor of the paper clip.
257:
114:
1192:
Application dated 12 November 1899, Patentschrift no. 121067, patent granted 6 June 1901.
1439:
1464:
954:
583:
531:
516:
480:
142:
138:
682:
569:
In 1994, the United States imposed anti-dumping tariffs against China on paper clips.
1550:
962:
909:
351:
international dictionaries and much of the international literature on paper clips.
1510:
832:
598:
588:
558:
546:
500:
378:
335:
316:
307:
941:
Petroski, Henry (October 1998). "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project".
880:
1329:
1256:
578:
520:
504:
484:
476:
161:
118:
1535:
726:
706:
492:
38:
1079:
515:
interface (or indeed many interfaces). A paper clip could be installed in a
256:
It has been claimed that the paper clip was invented by English intellectual
1063:
635:
550:
261:
619:- a game based on a thought experiment where the user plays the role of an
246:
Paper clip icon on poster advertising the Year of Design in Barcelona 2003
52:
A few paper clips of different colors coated in a mix of plastic and rubber
186:) in Barcelona 2003, depicted on posters, T-shirts and other merchandise.
17:
508:
496:
487:
require the use of a long, thin object such as a paper clip to eject the
445:
89:
1515:
326:
312:
1021:
389:
339:
110:
73:
1389:
The Most Forbidden Knowledge: 151 Things NO ONE Should Know How to Do
610:
512:
472:
408:
396:
173:
1013:
475:
drives as an "emergency eject" should the power fail; also on early
48:
764:
Petroski, Henry: "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project",
1038:
QI: The Book of General Ignorance - The Noticeably Stouter Edition
325:
311:
106:
55:
47:
557:
A paper clip image is the standard image for an attachment in an
707:
Get a grip: Popularity of paper clips continue through the years
424:
360:
234:
GEM Paper Clip advertisement, Jan 1893, by Cushman & Denison
134:
37:"📎" redirects here. For the character this emoji appears as in
1249:
Vaaler's forgotten German patent was found by patent engineer
271:
166:
1415:
Strange Objects Covered With Fur: 2015 UTS Writers' Anthology
1366:"Pittsburgh dentist admits using paper clips for root canals"
983:"National Paperclip Day: How to celebrate in Central Florida"
613:– an anthropomorphic paper clip assistant in Microsoft Office
545:
Paper clips can be bent into a crude but sometimes effective
526:
Another common use of paper clips is pipe smokers, including
911:
Invention by Design: How Engineers Get from Thought to Thing
1327:
Hesstvedt, Ola: "Den lille norske hjelperen fyller 90 år",
967:
Appendix: A selected list of U.S. Patents for paper clips.
828:
826:
448:, Norway. It shows the Gem, not the one patented by Vaaler.
330:
The paper clip patented by Johan Vaaler in 1899 and 1901
172:
The Gem-type paperclip has become a symbol of inventive
794:"Gem Paper Clip Advertisement by Cushman & Denison"
169:, National Paperclip Day is celebrated on May 29th.
198:
Small metal paper clip, with measure in centimetres
1463:
1068:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
908:
530:use straightened out paper clips to unclog their
1346:, Kunnskapsforlaget, Oslo 2005. Vol. 9, p. 411,
1035:Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (7 October 2010).
885:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 68.
121:. Regular metal paper clips weigh about a gram.
721:
719:
287:may benefit from being shortened by the use of
1223:Petroski, Henry "The Evolution of Artifacts",
1103:
1101:
1099:
1386:Powell, Michael; Forbeck, Matt (2013-01-18).
1269:Foss, Halvard: "Den frittstående oppfinner",
1140:. London: National Archives. 2 September 1846
210:Assorted paperclip shapes, sizes, and designs
181:
8:
1064:"Christopher Raven: A Personal Appreciation"
1271:Styret for det industrielle rettsvern 50 år
76:). Most paper clips are variations of the
343:and never marketed because the superior
743:. The Great Idea Finder. Archived from
648:
434:
188:
1134:"Useful Registered Design Number: 809"
1002:British Journal of Educational Studies
153:the word for any paper clip is "gem".
1169:British artists' suppliers, 1650-1950
850:"Cushman & Denison advertisement"
705:Grace, Valerie (December 28, 2003). "
7:
1447:. US International Trade Commission.
1364:Osdol, Paul Van (1 September 2015).
915:. Harvard University Press. p.
835:. Ad from Cushman & Denison, in
27:Metal device to hold papers together
1201:US Patent No. 675,761 June 4, 1901.
1062:O'Connell, James F. (1 July 1995).
1041:. Faber & Faber. p. 249.
955:10.1002/j.2168-9830.1998.tb00377.x
879:Henry Petroski (1 December 2010).
656:Brown, Peter (September 1, 2009).
25:
1286:(First edition 1945), Oslo 1995,
981:Armstrong, Cassie (29 May 2018).
1316:Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon
1304:Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon
1236:Holst, Wilhelm: "Johan Vaaler",
1212:Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon
969:Journal of Engineering Education
943:Journal of Engineering Education
767:Journal of Engineering Education
713:(Zanesville, Ohio, U.S.). p. D1.
623:programmed to produce paperclips
453:
437:
407:denote resistance originated in
276:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
1418:. Xoum Publishing. 2015-05-01.
1466:The Evolution of Useful Things
1227:, Volume 80, 1992, pp. 416–20.
294:Summary style may involve the
1:
1306:, supplementsbind, Oslo 1952.
1318:, Oslo 1974, Vol. 2, p. 695.
1214:, Oslo 1975, vol. 2, p. 695.
897:; "From Pins to Paper Clips"
357:Alfred J. Bryns Patentkontor
319:in 1887 as a student of the
1572:Products introduced in 1867
1171:. National Portrait Gallery
727:"History of the Paper Clip"
503:without connecting it to a
32:Paper clip (disambiguation)
1593:
931:; "Paper Clips and Design"
783:, Appleton, New York, 1883
305:
264:than a modern paper clip.
36:
29:
1511:History of the Paper Clip
1344:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1108:Spencer, Herbert (1904).
833:History of the Paper Clip
804:(5): XIII. January 1893.
430:Norsk biografisk leksikon
401:King Haakon VII of Norway
1114:. D. Appleton. pp.
444:The giant paper clip in
347:was already available.
133:The most common type of
1462:Henry Petroski (1992).
907:Henry Petroski (1996).
839:, Sept 1893, p. 3.
810:2027/mdp.39015011409193
573:Other fastening devices
549:device. Some types of
1489:. Simon and Schuster.
1441:Paper Clips from China
860:(9): 3. September 1893
798:The Phonographic World
770:, October 1998, p. 445
729:. Early Office Museum.
683:"Metric Mass (Weight)"
331:
323:
321:Christiania University
182:
61:
53:
479:(including the early
329:
315:
101:Shape and composition
59:
51:
1273:, Oslo 1961, p. 190.
1238:Studenterne fra 1887
617:Universal Paperclips
30:For other uses, see
1557:American inventions
1485:James Ward (2015).
1470:. New York: Knopf.
1165:"Rudolph Ackermann"
987:orlandosentinel.com
854:The American Lawyer
837:The American Lawyer
662:Scientific American
632:Paper Clips Project
627:Operation Paperclip
1240:, Kristiania 1912.
1225:American Scientist
711:The Times Recorder
687:www.mathsisfun.com
477:floppy disk drives
332:
324:
252:Unsupported claims
62:
54:
1342:"Vaaler, Johan",
1160:Rudolph Ackermann
1048:978-0-571-27378-2
926:978-0-674-46368-4
892:978-0-307-77305-0
532:pipe or bong bowl
417:Charles de Gaulle
304:
303:
183:L'any del disseny
143:Henry J. Petroski
88:in the wire, and
60:Paper clip holder
16:(Redirected from
1584:
1567:Office equipment
1538:
1500:
1481:
1469:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1111:An Autobiography
1105:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1026:
1025:
997:
991:
990:
978:
972:
966:
938:
932:
930:
914:
904:
898:
896:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
846:
840:
830:
821:
820:
818:
816:
790:
784:
781:The Home Library
777:
771:
762:
756:
755:
753:
752:
737:
731:
730:
723:
714:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
658:"The Paper Clip"
653:
528:Cannabis smokers
457:
441:
299:
280:
279:
272:
243:
231:
219:
207:
195:
185:
43:Office Assistant
21:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1507:
1497:
1484:
1478:
1461:
1458:
1456:Further reading
1453:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:. Adams Media.
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1084:
1082:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1014:10.2307/3119625
999:
998:
994:
980:
979:
975:
971:, 1998, p. 449.
940:
939:
935:
927:
906:
905:
901:
893:
878:
877:
873:
863:
861:
848:
847:
843:
831:
824:
814:
812:
792:
791:
787:
778:
774:
763:
759:
750:
748:
739:
738:
734:
725:
724:
717:
704:
700:
691:
689:
681:
680:
676:
666:
664:
655:
654:
650:
645:
607:
575:
567:
468:
461:
458:
449:
442:
374:
372:National symbol
310:
300:
293:
281:
277:
270:
268:Norwegian claim
258:Herbert Spencer
254:
247:
244:
235:
232:
223:
220:
211:
208:
199:
196:
127:
103:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1506:
1505:External links
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1482:
1476:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1431:
1424:
1405:
1399:978-1440560927
1398:
1378:
1356:
1335:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:Forbuden frukt
1275:
1262:
1242:
1229:
1216:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1151:
1125:
1095:
1054:
1047:
1027:
992:
973:
949:(4): 445–449.
933:
925:
899:
891:
871:
841:
822:
785:
779:Penn, Arthur:
772:
757:
732:
715:
698:
674:
647:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
629:
624:
614:
606:
603:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
584:Brass fastener
581:
574:
571:
566:
563:
517:Commodore 1541
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
452:
450:
443:
436:
373:
370:
306:Main article:
302:
301:
284:
282:
275:
269:
266:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
238:
236:
233:
226:
224:
221:
214:
212:
209:
202:
200:
197:
190:
178:Year of Design
126:
123:
102:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:9781476799865
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1477:0-679-74039-2
1473:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1425:9781921134555
1421:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:82-573-1011-5
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1333:nr. 52, 1988.
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:82-509-3249-8
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1260:no. 52, 1988.
1259:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
984:
977:
974:
970:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
934:
928:
922:
918:
913:
912:
903:
900:
894:
888:
884:
883:
875:
872:
859:
855:
851:
845:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
789:
786:
782:
776:
773:
769:
768:
761:
758:
747:on 2016-11-14
746:
742:
736:
733:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
699:
688:
684:
678:
675:
663:
659:
652:
649:
642:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
570:
564:
562:
560:
555:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
511:device for a
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:seen on most
465:
456:
451:
447:
440:
435:
433:
431:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
382:
380:
371:
369:
365:
362:
358:
352:
348:
346:
341:
337:
328:
322:
318:
314:
309:
297:
292:
290:
289:summary style
285:This section
283:
274:
273:
267:
265:
263:
259:
251:
242:
237:
230:
225:
218:
213:
206:
201:
194:
189:
187:
184:
179:
175:
170:
168:
163:
159:
154:
152:
146:
144:
140:
136:
131:
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
109:, but molded
108:
100:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
58:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1543:—E. P. Bugge
1540:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1486:
1465:
1440:
1434:
1414:
1408:
1388:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1251:Halvard Foss
1250:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1180:
1175:29 September
1173:. Retrieved
1168:
1154:
1144:30 September
1142:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1110:
1090:
1085:30 September
1083:. Retrieved
1071:
1067:
1057:
1037:
1030:
1005:
1001:
995:
986:
976:
968:
946:
942:
936:
910:
902:
881:
874:
862:. Retrieved
857:
853:
844:
836:
813:. Retrieved
801:
797:
788:
780:
775:
765:
760:
749:. Retrieved
745:the original
741:"Paper Clip"
735:
710:
701:
690:. Retrieved
686:
677:
667:December 12,
665:. Retrieved
661:
651:
599:Treasury tag
589:Bulldog clip
568:
559:email client
556:
547:lock picking
544:
540:
536:
525:
469:
429:
421:
405:
383:
379:World War II
375:
366:
356:
353:
349:
344:
336:Johan Vaaler
333:
317:Johan Vaaler
308:Johan Vaaler
286:
255:
177:
171:
155:
147:
132:
128:
119:binder clips
104:
95:
77:
69:
65:
63:
1536:US3,057,027
1517:Paper Clips
1330:A-magasinet
1257:A-magasinet
815:11 February
579:Binder clip
521:dental post
505:motherboard
485:smartphones
483:). Various
162:Connecticut
1577:Stationery
1551:Categories
1541:Paper clip
1371:22 January
1282:Bø, Finn:
1210:"Binders"
1008:(3): 277.
864:9 February
751:2010-07-20
692:2024-06-17
466:Other uses
415:, General
413:Resistance
395:and local
386:resistance
361:Kristiania
334:Norwegian
262:cotter pin
117:-fastened
86:elasticity
66:paper clip
39:Windows 11
18:Paperclips
1562:Fasteners
1080:0191-3557
1074:(1): 10.
963:111237529
636:Holocaust
551:handcuffs
491:and some
481:Macintosh
393:occupiers
296:splitting
158:Waterbury
70:paperclip
605:See also
509:loopback
497:Logitech
489:SIM card
446:Sandvika
90:friction
1529:Patents
1158:Son of
1022:3119625
501:ATX PSU
388:to the
340:Germany
151:Swedish
139:Britain
125:History
111:plastic
82:torsion
74:plastic
1519:(2004)
1493:
1474:
1422:
1396:
1350:
1290:
1118:–354,
1078:
1045:
1020:
961:
923:
889:
611:Clippy
594:Staple
513:RS-232
473:CD-ROM
409:France
390:German
174:design
115:spring
41:, see
1445:(PDF)
1122:–640.
1018:JSTOR
959:S2CID
643:Notes
565:Trade
107:metal
1523:IMDb
1491:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1373:2018
1348:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1177:2021
1146:2021
1087:2021
1076:ISSN
1043:ISBN
921:ISBN
887:ISBN
866:2019
817:2019
669:2018
493:Palm
425:Oslo
397:Nazi
135:wire
84:and
68:(or
1521:at
1120:639
1116:352
1010:doi
951:doi
806:hdl
709:".
359:in
345:Gem
167:USA
78:Gem
1553::
1179:.
1167:.
1136:.
1098:^
1089:.
1072:17
1070:.
1066:.
1016:.
1006:17
1004:.
985:.
957:.
947:87
945:.
919:.
917:17
856:.
852:.
825:^
800:.
796:.
718:^
685:.
660:.
621:AI
561:.
534:.
523:.
419:.
381:.
160:,
64:A
1539:—
1499:.
1480:.
1428:.
1402:.
1375:.
1354:.
1294:.
1148:.
1051:.
1024:.
1012::
989:.
965:.
953::
929:.
895:.
868:.
858:1
819:.
808::
802:8
754:.
695:.
671:.
291:.
180:(
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
