707:
731:
719:
39:
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and flew 91.4 m (300 ft) completely under his own power. Although subsequent calculations have verified that this flight was physically possible, most agree that it was Casco's considerable physical strength and endurance which made the accomplishment feasible; it was not a feat which could
148:
heard of an airplane which had successfully flown while powered only by a 0.75 kW (1.01 hp) engine. This prompted Bossi to calculate the minimum power that a manned aircraft would need to fly. The calculation yielded a value of approximately 0.70 kW (0.94 hp), which convinced
341:
To improve performance it was decided that additional thrust was necessary; in response, the propellers were increased in diameter to 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in), increasing available thrust. Despite the additional thrust, the team still found the aircraft to be too heavy to travel the
385:, the aircraft was launched at a height of 9 m (30 ft) and Casco successfully pedaled the craft for its full 1 km (0.62 mi). This set a world record for human-powered flight, but as a catapult launch was not permitted in the rules of the competition, the
223:
to help strengthen that bond. To this end, in 1936, the
Italian government initiated an equivalent contest: offering 100,000 lire for a 1 km (0.62 mi) human-powered flight made by an Italian citizen. Bossi was aware that he could not receive the prize due to his
168:
was attached to the tow line to sense the force exerted by the bicyclist, the results confirming that a speed at which the necessary lift could be obtained was indeed attainable. This same experimental procedure was later repeated as part of the development of the
300:
manufacturer, was contracted to build the aircraft. The wooden airframe was originally specified to have an empty weight of 73 kg (160.9 lb), with an overweight contingency of 9.1 kg (20.06 lb). While this design would have been feasible, the
204:
that the bicycle became unstable. Bossi concluded, erroneously, that a successful human-powered aircraft would therefore require two counter-rotating propellers to cancel out the effects of torque.
389:
did not win the prize for which it was designed. The aircraft was retired the following year having made a total 80 flights – 43 without the assistance of a catapult launch. At the time, the
309:) required that the aircraft satisfy the same structural requirements of an engine-powered aircraft, forcing the designer to increase empty weight to nearly 100 kg (220.46 lb).
761:
472:
fixed pitch propellers, 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) diameter A bicycle chain transmitted the power from the pedals to an overhead transverse shaft which was
751:
127:
and credited with, in 1936, making one of the first fully human-powered flights. The aircraft successfully traveled 1 km (0.62 mi) as part of an
559:
776:
781:
614:
589:
669:
366:, traveled 235 m (771 ft) on its debut flight in 1935 and attained a distance of 712 m (2,336 ft) in 1937 utilizing a
160:, Bossi tested the speed at which a glider would take off under tow. The experiment consisted of hiring a professional bicyclist to tow a
211:
Polytechnische
Gesellschaft (Frankfurt Polytechnic Society) offered a prize to promote human-powered flight. Due to the newly-formed
538:
282:. The pilot sat semi-upright, and a bicycle chain transmitted the power from the pedals to an overhead transverse shaft that was
756:
646:
263:
225:
771:
766:
697:
437:
196:
designed by Bossi; the test rider achieved a speed of 37 km/h (23 mph), but one drawback was noted: the
302:
237:
216:
150:
109:
49:
563:
275:
356:
293:
189:
117:
271:
624:
593:
318:
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177:
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676:
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made a flight on 13 September 1936 which traveled several hundred meters. On 18 March 1937, at
534:
378:
723:
530:
105:
735:
619:
279:
171:
161:
361:
145:
122:
113:
72:
215:, similar political and military events were staged during the initial period in both
745:
711:
451:
326:
322:
220:
165:
157:
286:-geared to the two propellers, which extended from the wing on each side of the
245:
212:
355:(Muskelkraft-Flugzeug), a human-powered aircraft built by Helmut Hässler &
244:, utilized conventional glider configuration and construction. The high-winged
469:
255:
349:
248:
208:
197:
476:-geared to the two propellers, extending from the wing on each side of the
131:
competition, but was denied the monetary prize due to its catapult launch.
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Incorporating a catapult launch to a height of 9 m (30 ft), the
17:
477:
466:
367:
287:
259:
252:
446:
193:
38:
333:. After several weeks of trials in early 1936, Casco took off in the
267:
201:
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1 km (0.62 mi) the contest demanded. However, the German
473:
382:
283:
258:
propellers – each approximately 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in
185:
128:
670:"The Structural Design and Construction of Man Powered Aircraft"
397:
were the most advanced human-powered aircraft ever built.
695:
527:
Gossamer
Odyssey: The Triumph of Human-Powered Flight
278:on the wings – all activated by a divided control
584:
582:
580:
184:A second experiment conducted during a trip to
228:, but he opted to attempt to win it, anyway.
8:
675:. Royal Aeronautical Society. Archived from
592:. Royal Aeronautical Society. Archived from
520:
647:"A man has flown by his own power in 1937"
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
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329:and a very strong bicyclist, to pilot the
200:effect of the propeller generated so much
762:Single-engined twin-prop tractor aircraft
702:
554:
552:
550:
496:
26:
560:"Muscle Assisted Flights Before 1939"
7:
752:1930s Italian experimental aircraft
427:17.7 m (58 ft 1 in)
25:
433:23.4 m (252 sq ft)
338:be attained by a typical person.
266:consisted of a conventional rear
729:
717:
705:
368:tensioned cable launching system
37:
777:Aircraft manufactured in Italy
1:
668:M.S. Pressnell (2007-04-27).
651:Canadian Aeronautical Journal
645:Bossi, Enea (December 1960).
562:. Chris Roper. Archived from
782:Aircraft first flown in 1936
623:. 1937-02-08. Archived from
307:Ministero dell' Aeronautica
798:
590:"Significant achievements"
317:Bossi and Bonomi enlisted
108:for "Pedal Glider") was a
36:
29:
525:Grosser, Morton (1981).
459:97 kg (214 lb)
412:General characteristics
303:Ministry of Aeronautics
757:Human-powered aircraft
238:human-powered aircraft
112:designed and built by
110:human-powered aircraft
50:Human-powered aircraft
274:, and a pair of roll
251:design featured two
226:American citizenship
151:human-powered flight
627:on November 6, 2007
153:might be possible.
772:Italian inventions
767:High-wing aircraft
178:Gossamer Albatross
615:"Icarus to Bossi"
379:Cinisello airport
156:During a trip to
140:Early development
96:
95:
16:(Redirected from
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531:Houghton Mifflin
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264:control surfaces
213:Rome-Berlin axis
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89:
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53:Type of aircraft
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27:
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357:Franz Villinger
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294:Vittorio Bonomi
234:
232:Aircraft design
172:Gossamer Condor
142:
137:
120:
118:Vittorio Bonomi
87:
60:National origin
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23:
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12:
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657:(10): 395–399.
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401:Specifications
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682:on 2008-02-29
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596:on 2011-06-13
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566:on 2016-03-03
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540:0-7603-2051-9
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465:2-bladed 2 ×
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457:Empty weight:
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296:, an Italian
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207:In 1933, the
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79:First flight
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45:
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35:
32:
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19:
684:. Retrieved
677:the original
663:
654:
650:
640:
629:. Retrieved
625:the original
618:
609:
598:. Retrieved
594:the original
568:. Retrieved
564:the original
526:
485:
483:
462:
456:
452:NACA 0012-F1
445:
438:Aspect ratio
436:
430:
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418:
411:
409:
405:
404:
394:
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374:
372:
343:
340:
334:
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327:Italian Army
319:Emilio Casco
316:
306:
292:
241:
240:, named the
235:
206:
183:
176:
170:
166:spring scale
158:Philadelphia
155:
143:
100:
99:
97:
88:Number built
30:
486:Performance
463:Propellers:
360: [
348: [
246:streamlined
188:involved a
149:Bossi that
121: [
746:Categories
686:2007-12-06
631:2008-02-18
600:2007-12-06
570:2007-12-06
492:References
470:balsa wood
431:Wing area:
395:Pedaliante
387:Pedaliante
375:Pedaliante
345:HV-1 Mufli
335:Pedaliante
331:Pedaliante
256:balsa wood
242:Pedaliante
198:gyroscopic
146:Enea Bossi
114:Enea Bossi
101:Pedaliante
73:Enea Bossi
31:Pedaliante
18:Pedaliante
724:Companies
467:laminated
425:Wingspan:
406:Data from
298:sailplane
253:laminated
249:monoplane
209:Frankfurt
190:propeller
144:In 1932,
69:Designer
736:Aviation
478:fuselage
393:and the
288:fuselage
276:spoilers
272:elevator
260:diameter
236:Bossi's
192:-driven
175:and the
698:Portals
447:Airfoil
325:in the
313:Flights
221:Germany
194:bicycle
135:History
129:Italian
106:Italian
537:
268:rudder
262:. The
202:torque
162:glider
64:Italy
712:Italy
680:(PDF)
673:(PDF)
474:bevel
419:Crew:
391:Mufli
383:Milan
381:near
364:]
352:]
323:major
284:bevel
217:Italy
186:Paris
125:]
82:1936
46:Role
620:Time
535:ISBN
442:13.4
321:, a
280:yoke
219:and
164:. A
116:and
98:The
748::
653:.
649:.
617:.
579:^
549:^
533:.
529:.
499:^
370:.
362:de
350:de
290:.
270:,
181:.
123:it
92:1
700::
689:.
655:6
634:.
603:.
573:.
543:.
480:.
449::
440::
421:1
305:(
104:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
