2886:
1129:. After the extinction, they were replaced by species-poor cosmopolitan ecosystems. The extinction selectively targeted species with a narrow range of temperature preferences, as cooling seawater led to habitat loss for tropical specialists. Ammonoids appear to have not been impacted by this event, as they reached a zenith in diversity at this time. The long-term ecological impact of the Serpukhovian extinction may have exceeded that of the
2875:
114:
1186:, both speciation and extinction rates were low, with this stagnation in biological diversity driven by a reduction of carbonate platforms, which otherwise would have helped to maintain high biodiversity. More recent studies have instead shown that biodiversity surged during the LPIA in what is known as the
1190:(CPBE). Foraminifera especially saw extremely rapid diversification. The CPBE's cause may have been the dramatically increased marine provincialism caused by sea level fall during the LPIA combined with the assembly of Pangaea, which limited the spread of taxa from one region of the world ocean to another.
2060:
Fan, Jun-Xuan; Shen, Shu-Zhong; Erwin, Douglas H.; Sadler, Peter M.; MacLeod, Norman; Cheng, Qiu-Ming; Hou, Xu-Dong; Yang, Jiao; Wang, Xiang-Dong; Wang, Yue; Zhang, Hua; Chen, Xu; Li, Guo-Xiang; Zhang, Yi-Chun; Shi, Yu-Kun; Yuan, Dong-Xun; Chen, Qing; Zhang, Lin-Na; Li, Chao; Zhao, Ying-Ying (17
1365:
Menning, M.; Alekseev, A.S.; Chuvashov, B.I.; Davydov, V.I.; Devuyst, F.-X.; Forke, H.C.; Grunt, T.A.; Hance, L.; Heckel, P.H.; Izokh, N.G.; Jin, Y.-G.; Jones, P.J.; Kotlyar, G.V.; Kozur, H.W.; Nemyrovska, T.I.; Schneider, J.W.; Wang, X.-D.; Weddige, K.; Weyer, D. & Work,
1096:
regional stage. This portion of the
Namurian includes three substages, from oldest to youngest: the Pendleian, Arnsbergian and Chokierian. Only the lowermost Chokierian falls in the Serpukhovian, the upper part of the substage corresponds to the earliest
1503:
McGhee, George R. Jr; Sheehan, Peter M.; Bottjer, David J.; Droser, Mary L. (2012-02-01). "Ecological ranking of
Phanerozoic biodiversity crises: The Serpukhovian (early Carboniferous) crisis had a greater ecological impact than the end-Ordovician".
1741:
1158:
Relative to other biological crises, the
Serpukhovian extinction was much more selective in its effects on different evolutionary faunas. Stanley (2007) estimated that the early Serpukhovian saw the loss of 37.5% of marine genera in the
1068:
In the regional stratigraphy of Russia (and
Eastern Europe as a whole), the Serpukhovian is subdivided into four substages, from oldest to youngest: the Tarusian, Steshevian, Protvian, and Zapaltyubian. The former three are found in the
1370:
Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of
Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP
2128:
1120:
The largest extinction event of the
Carboniferous Period occurred in the early Serpukhovian. This extinction came in the form of ecological turnovers, with the demise of diverse Mississippian assemblages of
1155:. (2013) estimated an extinction rate as high as 39% for marine genera. On the other hand, Stanley (2016) estimated that the extinction was much smaller, at a loss of only 13-14 % of marine genera.
1805:
1653:
Global Events and Event
Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic: Results of the International Interdisciplinary Cooperation in the IGCP-Project 216 "Global Biological Events in Earth History"
1453:
1187:
1864:
Stanley, Steven M.; Powell, Matthew G. (2003-10-01). "Depressed rates of origination and extinction during the late
Paleozoic ice age: A new state for the global marine ecosystem".
2255:
1299:
Aretz, M.; Herbig, H. G.; Wang, X. D.; Gradstein, F. M.; Agterberg, F. P.; Ogg, J. G. (2020-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.),
1608:
1559:
1174:
It is disputed whether the aftermath of the extinction saw a relative stagnation of biodiversity or a major increase. Some studies have found that in the following
1171:
events. Another similarity is how the
Serpukhovian extinction was seemingly driven by low rates of speciation, rather than particularly high rates of extinction.
1692:
1399:
Powell, Matthew G. (2008-08-01). "Timing and selectivity of the Late
Mississippian mass extinction of brachiopod genera from the Central Appalachian Basin".
2248:
829:
639:
590:
1684:
2225:
1668:
1337:
Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Part 1. Introductory considerations and the genus Rotiphyllum Hudson, 1942
1312:
2914:
2241:
1143:
which persist through multiple stages. Bambach (2006) found an early Serpukhovian extinction rate of 31% among all marine genera. Using an
1092:
In the regional stratigraphy of the United Kingdom (and Western Europe as a whole), the Serpukhovian corresponds to the lower half of the
1167:
would have been lost along the same time interval. This disconnect, and the severity of the extinction as a whole, is reminiscent of the
911:
has been assigned to the Serpukhovian Stage yet. Two candidate GSSPs have been proposed: the Verkhnyaya Kardailovka section in the South
2211:
519:
1954:
Balseiro, Diego; Powell, Matthew G. (2019-11-22). "Carbonate collapse and the late Paleozoic ice age marine biodiversity crisis".
1604:"The Tindouf Basin, a marine refuge during the Serpukhovian (Carboniferous) mass extinction in the northwestern Gondwana platform"
1651:
Sepkoski, J. John (1996), Walliser, Otto H. (ed.), "Patterns of Phanerozoic Extinction: a Perspective from Global Data Bases",
1130:
2264:
1602:
Cózar, Pedro; Vachard, Daniel; Somerville, Ian D.; Medina-Varea, Paula; Rodríguez, Sergio; Said, Ismail (2014-01-15).
628:
2012:
Shi, Yukun; Wang, Xiangdong; Fan, Junxuan; Huang, Hao; Xu, Huiqing; Zhao, Yingying; Shen, Shuzhong (September 2021).
783:
895:. The ICS later used the upper Russian subdivisions of the Carboniferous in its international geologic time scale.
884:
1909:
Powell, Matthew G. (2005-05-01). "Climatic basis for sluggish macroevolution during the late Paleozoic ice age".
466:
1471:
2919:
1168:
2537:
2532:
1550:
McGhee, George R.; Clapham, Matthew E.; Sheehan, Peter M.; Bottjer, David J.; Droser, Mary L. (2013-01-15).
931:
720:
537:
325:
314:
887:
and was introduced in the official stratigraphy of European Russia in 1974. It was named after the city of
2133:
1810:
1458:
1175:
1144:
1081:). Strata belonging to the Zapaltyubian are not exposed in the Moscow Basin, though they are found in the
945:
699:
2014:"Carboniferous-earliest Permian marine biodiversification event (CPBE) during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age"
1300:
2909:
2018:
1148:
941:
848:
2013:
1603:
1037:
2142:
2076:
2027:
1920:
1875:
1819:
1750:
1701:
1617:
1568:
1513:
1410:
1277:
1027:
836:
673:
391:
358:
1139:(1996) plotted an extinction rate of around 23-24% for the Serpukhovian as a whole, based on marine
1133:, where taxonomic diversity was abruptly devastated but quickly recovered to pre-extinction levels.
1013:
953:
2868:
2217:
1020:
380:
347:
1044:
975:
769:
2158:
2102:
1991:
1843:
1475:
1434:
1179:
1164:
1160:
832:
402:
369:
2885:
965:
2666:
2630:
2094:
2067:
1983:
1956:
1936:
1911:
1891:
1866:
1835:
1786:
1768:
1717:
1664:
1633:
1584:
1551:
1529:
1426:
1308:
844:
1387:
The Carboniferous system, use of the new official names for the subsystems, series and stages
2760:
2635:
2604:
2401:
2150:
2084:
2035:
1973:
1965:
1928:
1883:
1827:
1776:
1758:
1709:
1656:
1625:
1576:
1521:
1467:
1418:
1250:
1219:
936:
758:
729:
1713:
907:, though the utility and systematic stability of this species is not yet certain. No lower
2729:
2625:
2563:
2458:
2427:
2396:
2063:"A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity"
1255:
1238:
2146:
2080:
2031:
1924:
1879:
1823:
1754:
1705:
1621:
1572:
1517:
1414:
2879:
2698:
2568:
2463:
2432:
2214:
at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
1781:
1736:
1086:
733:
724:
575:
556:
2062:
113:
2903:
2599:
2589:
2558:
2521:
2453:
2422:
2162:
2106:
1995:
1438:
1183:
852:
840:
777:
663:
336:
293:
72:
2039:
1847:
1479:
2890:
2874:
2821:
2671:
2594:
1199:
1082:
1070:
1051:
1008:
949:
898:
The base of the Serpukhovian is informally defined by the first appearance of the
1629:
1580:
1239:"The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA"
2816:
2685:
2661:
2506:
2301:
1660:
430:
47:
2154:
1742:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1737:"Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history"
1422:
1353:
The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA
2811:
2771:
2714:
2614:
2511:
2385:
2285:
2233:
1831:
1105:
1098:
872:
864:
475:
457:
413:
92:
57:
1987:
1940:
1895:
1839:
1772:
1721:
1637:
1588:
1533:
1430:
798:
785:
2826:
2776:
2750:
2709:
2656:
2501:
2477:
2358:
2348:
2337:
2089:
1763:
1552:"A new ecological-severity ranking of major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises"
994:
888:
856:
422:
271:
97:
2191:
Carboniferous deposits of the Moscow region and artesian waters near Moscow
2098:
1790:
934:
subsystem and Bashkirian stage) is at the first appearance of the conodont
439:
1237:
Lane, H.; Brenckle, Paul; Baesemann, J.; Richards, Barry (December 1999).
2786:
2781:
2745:
2645:
2578:
2547:
2442:
2411:
2372:
2322:
2296:
2272:
1373:, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240 (1-2): pp 318–372
1136:
1093:
958:
903:
899:
868:
754:
707:
703:
492:
484:
282:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
17:
1978:
1104:
In North America, the Serpukhovian corresponds to the upper part of the
992:
In Europe, the Serpukhovian Stage includes three conodont biozones: the
2800:
2740:
2490:
2327:
2311:
1401:
1122:
970:
920:
737:
304:
102:
77:
1887:
2836:
2719:
2353:
1969:
1932:
1525:
1126:
1112:
the Serpukhovian is roughly equivalent to the Dewuan regional stage.
1078:
1074:
916:
892:
883:
The Serpukhovian Stage was proposed in 1890 by Russian stratigrapher
871:
Stage of European stratigraphy and the middle and upper parts of the
860:
773:
1035:
In North America, the stage encompassed four conodont biozones: the
1140:
1109:
961:
924:
912:
741:
2129:"Foraminiferal diversification during the late Paleozoic ice age"
1806:"Memoir 4: An Analysis of the History of Marine Animal Diversity"
948:
in Nevada. It is also slightly above the first appearance of the
2860:
2856:
2852:
908:
41:
2237:
1349:
Lane, H.R.; Brenckle, P.L.; Baesemann, J.F. & Richards, B.
130:
1472:
10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0253:AEIPCC]2.0.CO;2
867:. The Serpukhovian correlates with the lower part of the
1188:
Carboniferous-Earliest Permian Biodiversification Event
855:. The Serpukhovian age lasted from 330.9 Ma to 323.2
1454:"Adaptive evolution in Paleozoic coiled cephalopods"
2835:
2799:
2759:
2728:
2697:
2684:
2644:
2613:
2577:
2546:
2520:
2489:
2476:
2441:
2410:
2384:
2371:
2336:
2310:
2284:
2271:
814:
765:
749:
714:
695:
687:
679:
669:
659:
654:
646:
634:
624:
619:
611:
606:
123:
32:
589:Subdivision of the Carboniferous according to the
1609:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1560:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1655:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 35–51,
1339:, Acta Geologica Polonica 59 (1), pp. 1–37.
2127:Groves, John R.; Yue, Wang (1 September 2009).
118:Paleogeography of the mid Serpukhovian, 325 Ma
2249:
1693:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
8:
1270:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.
1685:"Phanerozoic Biodiversity Mass Extinctions"
1226:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1073:and are named after places near Serpukhov (
2694:
2486:
2381:
2281:
2256:
2242:
2234:
596:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago
2088:
1977:
1780:
1762:
1254:
1007:Zone (in part, oldest). There are three
715:Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
2007:
2005:
1301:"Chapter 23 - The Carboniferous Period"
1211:
1714:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122654
930:The top of the stage (the base of the
875:Stage of North American stratigraphy.
29:
1859:
1857:
1545:
1543:
1498:
1496:
1163:. Only 15.4% of marine genera in the
919:, and the Naqing (Nashui) section in
7:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
696:Lower boundary definition candidates
564:
545:
527:
509:
2855:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
2859:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1389:, Geologica Acta 4 (3), pp 403–407
25:
2863:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
2193:, Trudy Geologicheskogo Komiteta
1735:Stanley, Steven M. (2016-10-18).
520:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse
2884:
2873:
112:
27:Third stage of the Carboniferous
2040:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103699
1256:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i4/003
1452:Kröger, Björn (8 April 2016).
1383:Heckel, P.H. & Clayton, G.
1307:, Elsevier, pp. 811–874,
1131:Ordovician-Silurian extinction
1:
2302:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1355:, Episodes 22 (4), pp 272–283
1147:procedure generated from the
1683:Bambach, Richard K. (2006).
1630:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.11.023
1581:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.12.019
1161:Paleozoic evolutionary fauna
937:Declinognathodus nodiliferus
759:Declinognathodus nodiliferus
2915:Mississippian geochronology
2265:Geological history of Earth
1804:Stanley, Steven M. (2007).
1661:10.1007/978-3-642-79634-0_4
2936:
2538:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2533:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2297:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2155:10.1666/0094-8373-35.3.367
1423:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-038r
1274:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
40:330.9 ± 0.2 – 323.2 ± 0.4
2850:
2822:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2672:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1832:10.1017/S0094837300019217
1165:modern evolutionary fauna
1108:regional stage, while in
750:Upper boundary definition
688:Lower boundary definition
586:
128:
111:
37:
2817:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2662:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2507:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2359:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2349:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1305:Geologic Time Scale 2020
1169:Late Devonian extinction
1060:Zone (in part, oldest).
976:Isohomoceras subglobosum
954:Globivalvulina bulloides
859:. It is preceded by the
2812:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2777:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2772:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2715:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2605:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2512:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2323:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
2212:Carboniferous timescale
2090:10.1126/science.aax4953
1764:10.1073/pnas.1613094113
1116:Serpukhovian extinction
863:and is followed by the
256:−300 —
246:−305 —
236:−310 —
226:−315 —
216:−320 —
206:−325 —
196:−330 —
186:−335 —
176:−340 —
166:−345 —
156:−350 —
146:−355 —
136:−360 —
2782:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2751:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2710:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2657:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2502:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2328:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1176:Late Paleozoic Ice Age
1145:extinction probability
1001:Gnathodus bollandensis
721:Verkhnyaya Kardailovka
2787:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2746:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2667:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2354:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2019:Earth-Science Reviews
1149:Paleobiology Database
1064:Regional subdivisions
944:, which overlies the
942:Bird Spring Formation
2827:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2720:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2600:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2590:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
2227:The Serpukhovian age
2197:(5), pp. 1–182
1278:Cambridge University
1224:www.stratigraphy.org
1058:Gnathodus bilineatus
946:Battleship Formation
799:36.7333°N 114.7778°W
691:Not formally defined
2882: •
2871: •
2869:Geologic time scale
2631:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2595:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2564:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2459:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2428:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2147:2009Pbio...35..367G
2081:2020Sci...367..272F
2032:2021ESRv..22003699S
1925:2005Geo....33..381P
1880:2003Geo....31..877S
1824:2007Pbio...33Q...1S
1755:2016PNAS..113E6325S
1749:(42): E6325–E6334.
1706:2006AREPS..34..127B
1622:2014PPP...394...12C
1573:2013PPP...370..260M
1518:2012Geo....40..147M
1415:2008Palai..23..525P
879:Name and definition
815:Upper GSSP ratified
795: /
766:Upper boundary GSSP
680:Time span formality
538:Mazon Creek Fossils
2880:Geology portal
2741:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2636:Early (470–485 Ma)
2569:Early (393–419 Ma)
2464:Early (247–252 Ma)
2433:Early (174–201 Ma)
2402:Early (100–145 Ma)
2397:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
2221:, Geowhen Database
1220:"Chart/Time Scale"
1180:Late Carboniferous
957:, genozone of the
833:geologic timescale
804:36.7333; -114.7778
670:Stratigraphic unit
660:Chronological unit
647:Time scale(s) used
2897:
2896:
2795:
2794:
2761:Paleoproterozoic
2680:
2679:
2626:Late (444–458 Ma)
2559:Late (359–383 Ma)
2472:
2471:
2454:Late (201–237 Ma)
2423:Late (145–164 Ma)
2367:
2366:
2288:(present–2.58 Ma)
2276:(present–66.0 Ma)
2230:, www.palaeos.com
2075:(6475): 272–277.
1888:10.1130/G19654R.1
1670:978-3-642-79634-0
1314:978-0-12-824360-2
1042:Zone (youngest),
1018:Zone (youngest),
1005:Lochriea ziegleri
999:Zone (youngest),
969:and the ammonoid
904:Lochriea ziegleri
822:
821:
708:Lochriea ziegleri
620:Usage information
601:
600:
582:
581:
563:
562:
544:
543:
526:
525:
16:(Redirected from
2927:
2891:World portal
2889:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2840:
2804:
2764:
2733:
2730:Mesoproterozoic
2702:
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2009:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1970:10.1130/G46858.1
1951:
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1933:10.1130/G21155.1
1906:
1900:
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1526:10.1130/G32679.1
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1038:Rhachistognathus
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339:
329:
328:
318:
317:
298:
296:
276:
274:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
116:
107:
44:
30:
21:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2920:Geological ages
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2872:
2864:
2846:
2838:
2831:
2802:
2791:
2762:
2755:
2731:
2724:
2700:
2699:Neoproterozoic
2689:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2688:
2687:
2686:Proterozoic Eon
2676:
2647:
2640:
2616:
2609:
2580:
2573:
2549:
2542:
2523:
2516:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2468:
2444:
2437:
2413:
2406:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2339:
2332:
2313:
2306:
2287:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2208:
2198:
2186:
2183:
2181:Further reading
2178:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2061:January 2020).
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1874:(10): 877–880.
1863:
1862:
1855:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1196:
1118:
1066:
1032:Zone (oldest).
1028:Neoarchaediscus
990:
988:Biostratigraphy
985:
881:
803:
801:
797:
794:
789:
786:
784:
782:
781:
780:
602:
597:
595:
578:
568:
559:
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
506:
505:
501:
500:
496:
495:
489:
488:
483:
480:
479:
474:
471:
470:
465:
462:
461:
456:
453:
452:
447:
444:
443:
438:
435:
434:
429:
426:
425:
419:
418:
412:
411:
408:
407:
401:
400:
397:
396:
390:
389:
386:
385:
379:
378:
375:
374:
368:
367:
364:
363:
357:
356:
353:
352:
346:
345:
342:
341:
335:
334:
331:
330:
324:
323:
320:
319:
313:
312:
309:
308:
300:
299:
292:
290:
287:
286:
278:
277:
270:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
119:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2522:Carboniferous
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2340:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2314:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2206:External links
2204:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2141:(3): 367–392.
2119:
2052:
2001:
1964:(2): 118–122.
1946:
1919:(5): 381–384.
1901:
1853:
1796:
1727:
1700:(1): 127–155.
1675:
1669:
1643:
1594:
1539:
1512:(2): 147–150.
1492:
1466:(2): 253–268.
1444:
1409:(8): 525–534.
1391:
1375:
1357:
1341:
1333:Fedorowsky, J.
1325:
1313:
1282:
1262:
1249:(4): 272–283.
1229:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1178:(LPIA) of the
1117:
1114:
1065:
1062:
1014:Monotaxinoides
1011:biozones: the
997:postbilineatus
989:
986:
984:
981:
885:Sergei Nikitin
880:
877:
835:the uppermost
820:
819:
816:
812:
811:
767:
763:
762:
751:
747:
746:
745:
744:
734:Luodian County
727:
725:Ural Mountains
716:
712:
711:
697:
693:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
656:
652:
651:
650:ICS Time Scale
648:
644:
643:
636:
635:Regional usage
632:
631:
626:
625:Celestial body
622:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:Name formality
609:
608:
604:
603:
599:
598:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
573:
571:
561:
560:
554:
552:
542:
541:
536:
534:
524:
523:
518:
516:
507:
503:
502:
498:
497:
491:
490:
482:
481:
473:
472:
464:
463:
455:
454:
446:
445:
437:
436:
428:
427:
421:
420:
410:
409:
399:
398:
388:
387:
377:
376:
366:
365:
355:
354:
344:
343:
333:
332:
322:
321:
311:
310:
302:
301:
289:
288:
280:
279:
267:
266:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
109:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2932:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2696:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2478:Paleozoic Era
2475:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:(66.0–145 Ma)
2383:
2380:
2378:
2376:(66.0–252 Ma)
2370:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2187:Nikitin, S.N.
2185:
2184:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:Early Permian
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:rugose corals
1124:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:Eostaffellina
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
987:
982:
980:
978:
977:
972:
968:
967:
963:
960:
956:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:in the lower
939:
938:
933:
932:Pennsylvanian
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Carboniferous
850:
846:
845:Mississippian
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
817:
813:
808:
779:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
726:
722:
719:
718:
717:
713:
710:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
665:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
605:
594:
593:, as of 2021.
592:
585:
577:
572:
567:
566:
558:
553:
548:
547:
539:
535:
530:
529:
521:
517:
512:
511:
508:
494:
486:
477:
468:
459:
450:
441:
432:
424:
415:
404:
393:
382:
371:
360:
349:
338:
327:
326:Pennsylvanian
316:
315:Mississippian
307:
306:
297:
295:
294:Carboniferous
285:
284:
275:
273:
265:
133:
132:
127:
122:
115:
110:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
2910:Serpukhovian
2865:
2801:Archean Eon
2763:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2648:(485–539 Ma)
2617:(444–485 Ma)
2581:(419–444 Ma)
2550:(359–419 Ma)
2524:(299–359 Ma)
2493:(252–299 Ma)
2481:(252–539 Ma)
2445:(201–252 Ma)
2414:(145–201 Ma)
2373:Mesozoic Era
2273:Cenozoic Era
2226:
2219:Serpukhovian
2218:
2199:(in Russian)
2194:
2190:
2166:. Retrieved
2138:
2134:Paleobiology
2132:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2072:
2066:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2023:
2017:
1979:11336/145657
1961:
1955:
1949:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1871:
1865:
1818:(S4): 1–55.
1815:
1811:Paleobiology
1809:
1799:
1746:
1740:
1730:
1697:
1691:
1678:
1652:
1646:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1564:
1558:
1509:
1505:
1483:. Retrieved
1463:
1459:Paleobiology
1457:
1447:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1318:, retrieved
1304:
1273:
1265:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1200:Fossil Grove
1173:
1157:
1152:
1135:
1119:
1103:
1091:
1083:Donets Basin
1071:Moscow Basin
1067:
1057:
1052:Cavusgnathus
1050:
1045:Adetognathus
1043:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1016:transitorius
1012:
1009:foraminifera
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
974:
964:
952:
935:
929:
902:
897:
882:
847:, the lower
839:or youngest
826:Serpukhovian
825:
823:
770:Arrow Canyon
757:
706:
588:
449:Serpukhovian
448:
303:
291:
281:
269:
33:Serpukhovian
2837:Hadean Eon
2615:Ordovician
2386:Cretaceous
2286:Quaternary
2168:4 September
2045:4 September
1567:: 260–270.
1030:postrugosus
983:Subdivision
802: /
790:114°46′40″W
753:FAD of the
576:Romer's Gap
557:Romer's Gap
431:Tournaisian
2904:Categories
2839:(4–4.6 Ga)
2803:(2.5–4 Ga)
2732:(1–1.6 Ga)
2338:Paleogene
2026:: 103699.
1320:2021-11-03
1206:References
1106:Chesterian
1099:Bashkirian
1056:Zone, and
1025:Zone, and
1003:Zone, and
873:Chesterian
865:Bashkirian
828:is in the
787:36°44′00″N
655:Definition
476:Kasimovian
458:Bashkirian
124:Chronology
2866:See also:
2646:Cambrian
2579:Silurian
2548:Devonian
2443:Triassic
2412:Jurassic
2163:130097035
2107:210698603
1996:213580499
1988:0091-7613
1941:0091-7613
1896:0091-7613
1840:0094-8373
1773:0027-8424
1722:0084-6597
1638:0031-0182
1616:: 12–28.
1589:0031-0182
1534:0091-7613
1439:129588228
1431:0883-1351
1151:, McGhee
1054:naviculus
1047:unicornis
1040:muricatus
995:Gnathodus
966:Homoceras
889:Serpukhov
849:subsystem
607:Etymology
574:Start of
467:Moscovian
423:Famennian
272:Paleozoic
18:Pendleian
2491:Permian
2312:Neogene
2189:; 1890:
2112:23 April
2099:31949075
1848:90130435
1791:27698119
1485:21 April
1480:86045338
1385:; 2006:
1368:; 2006:
1351:; 1999:
1335:; 2009:
1272:; 2004:
1243:Episodes
1194:See also
1137:Sepkoski
1123:crinoids
1094:Namurian
1085:and the
959:ammonoid
900:conodont
869:Namurian
755:conodont
704:conodont
638:Global (
493:Asselian
485:Gzhelian
2143:Bibcode
2077:Bibcode
2068:Science
2028:Bibcode
1957:Geology
1921:Bibcode
1912:Geology
1876:Bibcode
1867:Geology
1820:Bibcode
1782:5081622
1751:Bibcode
1702:Bibcode
1618:Bibcode
1569:Bibcode
1514:Bibcode
1506:Geology
1411:Bibcode
1402:PALAIOS
1023:protvae
971:biozone
921:Guizhou
891:, near
851:of the
843:of the
738:Guizhou
702:of the
569:←
555:End of
550:←
532:←
514:←
261:–
251:–
241:–
231:–
221:–
211:–
201:–
191:–
181:–
171:–
161:–
151:–
141:–
2845:
2161:
2105:
2097:
1994:
1986:
1939:
1894:
1846:
1838:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1720:
1667:
1636:
1587:
1532:
1478:
1437:
1429:
1311:
1280:Press.
1141:genera
1079:Protva
1075:Tarusa
1049:Zone,
917:Russia
893:Moscow
861:Visean
774:Nevada
730:Nashui
683:Formal
615:Formal
504:
499:
440:Viséan
359:Middle
2159:S2CID
2103:S2CID
1992:S2CID
1844:S2CID
1688:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1476:S2CID
1435:S2CID
1371:2003)
1153:et al
1110:China
1087:Urals
962:genus
950:foram
925:China
913:Urals
837:stage
742:China
674:Stage
629:Earth
381:Early
348:Early
2170:2022
2114:2023
2095:PMID
2047:2022
1984:ISSN
1937:ISSN
1892:ISSN
1836:ISSN
1787:PMID
1769:ISSN
1718:ISSN
1665:ISBN
1634:ISSN
1585:ISSN
1530:ISSN
1487:2023
1427:ISSN
1366:D.M.
1309:ISBN
1182:and
1125:and
1077:and
909:GSSP
824:The
818:1996
403:Late
370:Late
48:PreꞒ
2151:doi
2085:doi
2073:367
2036:doi
2024:220
1974:hdl
1966:doi
1929:doi
1884:doi
1828:doi
1777:PMC
1759:doi
1747:113
1710:doi
1657:doi
1626:doi
1614:394
1577:doi
1565:370
1522:doi
1468:doi
1419:doi
1251:doi
973:of
915:of
841:age
830:ICS
778:USA
700:FAD
664:Age
640:ICS
591:ICS
392:Mid
2906::
2861:Ga
2857:Ma
2853:ka
2157:.
2149:.
2139:35
2137:.
2131:.
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1101:.
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979:.
927:.
923:,
857:Ma
776:,
772:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
723:,
414:CS
337:LD
98:Pg
42:Ma
2257:e
2250:t
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305:P
283:D
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
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