132:
608:
561:
680:
701:
109:
359:, while other work has identified the arthropod-like nature of their larvae. In general, the two current alternative interpretations are: pentastomids are highly modified and parasitic crustaceans, probably related to fish lice, or they are an ancient group of stem-arthropods, close to the origins of Arthropoda.
613:
612:
609:
614:
391:
crustaceans which live as parasites on fish and occasionally amphibians. John Riley and colleagues also offered a detailed justification for the inclusion of the tongue worms among the crustaceans. The fish louse model received significant further support from the molecular work of
Lawrence G. Abele
530:
Pentastomids are worm-like animals ranging from 1 to 14 centimetres (0.39 to 5.51 in) in length. The female is larger than the male. The anterior end of the body bears five protuberances, four of which are clawed legs, while the fifth bears the mouth. The body is segmented and covered in a
611:
322:
The affinities of tongue worms have long proved controversial. Historically, they were initially compared to various groups of parasitic worms. Once the arthropod-like nature of their cuticle was recognised, similarities were drawn with mites, particularly gall mites
1315:
O. S. Møller; J. Olesen; A. Avenant-Oldewage; P. F. Thomsen; H. Glenner (2008). "First maxillae suction discs in
Branchiura (Crustacea): development and evolution in light of the first molecular phylogeny of Branchiura, Pentastomida, and other "Maxillopoda"".
413:. An alternative model notes the extremely ancient Cambrian origins of these animals and interprets tongue worms as stem-group arthropods. A recent morphological analysis recovered Pentastomida outside the arthropods, as sister group to a clade including
408:
Critics of the
Ichthyostraca classification have pointed out that even parasitic crustaceans can still be recognised as crustaceans based on their larvae; but that tongue worms and their larvae do not express typical characters for Crustacea or even
595:, has a free-living larva. There is both indirect development with nymphal stages and direct development. The pentastomid reaches the main host when the intermediate host is eaten by the main host, and crawls into the respiratory tract from the
275:. One is the mouth; the others are two pairs of hooks, which they use to attach to the host. This arrangement led to their scientific name, meaning "five openings", but although the appendages are similar in some species, only one is a mouth.
584:
The larva hatches in the intermediate host and breaks through the wall of the intestine. It then forms a cyst in the intermediate host's body. The larva is initially rounded in form, with four or six short legs, but
581:. The eggs are either coughed out by the host or leave the host body through the digestive system. The eggs are then ingested by an intermediate host, which is commonly either a fish or a small herbivorous mammal.
2530:
610:
1144:
P. J. van
Beneden (1849). "Recherches sur l'organisation et le développement des Lingatules (Pentastoma Rud.), suivies de la description d'une espèce nouvelle provenant d'un Mandrill".
327:). Although gall mites are much smaller than tongue worms, they also have a long, segmented body and only two pairs of legs. Later work drew comparisons with millipedes and centipedes (
2523:
450:
boundary of Canada have been identified as pentastomids. Also one from the
Wuluian (middle Cambrian) of Greenland. Four fossil genera have been identified from the Cambrian so far:
1811:"Characterization of tongue worms, Linguatula SPP. (Pentastomida) in Romania, with the first record of an unknown adult Linguatula from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus)"
2516:
1993:
1783:
466:. These fossils suggest that pentastomids evolved very early and raise questions about whether these animals were parasites at this time, and if so, on which hosts.
4212:
541:
which lives in the nasal cavity of carnivorous mammals where they feed mainly on mucus and dead cells, although the mouth is somewhat modified as a muscular pump.
1248:
4238:
2771:
1453:
1404:"The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum- and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses"
1256:
2199:
2118:
1481:
Dieter
Waloszek, John E. Repetski & Andreas Maas (2006). "A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the relationships of this parasitic group".
1190:
J. Riley, A. A. Banaja & J. L. James (1978). "The phylogenetic relationships of the
Pentastomida: the case for their inclusion within the Crustacea".
4325:
427:
could be closely related to tongue worms. However it should be stressed that these authors did not explicitly test pentastomid/crustacean relationships.
1934:
4225:
1192:
998:
263:
with correspondingly degenerate anatomy. Adult tongue worms vary from about 1 to 14 cm (0.4 to 5.5 in) in length, and parasitise the
2166:
1944:
1907:
1793:
2229:
1622:"The oldest tongue worm: A stem-group pentastomid arthropod from the early middle Cambrian (Wuliuan Stage) of North Greenland (Laurentia)"
2804:
1593:
1361:"Phylotranscriptomics to bring the understudied into the fold: monophyletic Ostracoda, fossil placement, and Pancrustacean phylogeny"
1874:
1035:
4287:
2841:
2061:
2041:
400:. Thus a number of important standard works and databases on crustaceans now include the pentastomids as members of this group.
2836:
1365:
1228:
4320:
693:
314:
and John Riley, and a review of their evolutionary relationships with a bibliography up to 1969 was published by J. T. Self.
4230:
4315:
2920:
2910:
2893:
1360:
1444:
131:
4134:
1291:
4178:
1890:
Williams Jr, E. H.; Bunkley-Williams, L. (2019). "Life Cycle and Life
History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea".
4243:
4191:
2543:
1587:
Dieter
Walossek, John E. Repetski & Klaus J. Müller (1994). "An exceptionally preserved parasitic arthropod,
1061:
372:
573:
Pentastomids live in the upper respiratory tract of reptiles, birds, and mammals, where they lay eggs. They are
2644:
2222:
1014:
591:
535:
cuticle. The digestive tract is simple and tubular since the animal feeds entirely on blood, except from genus
436:
2508:
2925:
2648:
1591:
n. sp. (Arthropoda increate sedis: Pentastomida) from
Cambrian – Ordovician boundary beds of Newfoundland".
392:
and colleagues. A number of subsequent molecular phylogenies have corroborated these results, and the name
4074:
2797:
2665:
578:
288:
284:
881:
A. von Humboldt (1811). "Sur un ver intestin trouvé dans les poumons du serpent à sonnettes, de Cumana".
4274:
2888:
2745:
2583:
1125:
947:
656:
565:
307:
1059:
J. T. Self (1969). "Biological relationships of the Pentastomida: a bibliography on the Pentastomida".
934:
R. Leuckart (1860). "Bau und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pentastomen nach Untersuchungen besonders von
4253:
4147:
4121:
2739:
2574:
2029:
1710:
1633:
1325:
672:
514:
292:
4292:
1549:
D. Walossek & K. J. Müller (1994). "Pentastomid parasites from the Lower Palaeozoic of Sweden".
2215:
470:(primitive fish) have sometimes been mentioned as possible hosts in this context. A fifth genus,
3353:
2905:
2883:
2871:
2846:
2725:
2640:
1651:
1566:
1498:
666:
650:
620:
383:
morphology, which recognised similarities in sperm structure between tongue worms and fish lice (
296:
212:
126:
118:
4279:
4217:
4112:
544:
The nervous system is similar to that of other arthropods, including a ventral nerve cord with
283:
Historically significant accounts of tongue worm biology and systematics include early work by
4261:
3775:
3695:
3045:
2915:
2878:
2866:
2856:
2790:
2162:
2156:
2137:
2090:
2010:
1969:
1940:
1903:
1870:
1840:
1789:
1756:
1738:
1425:
1384:
1341:
1283:
1078:
1041:
1031:
862:
842:
421:
and similar ecdysozoan 'worm' groups. Adding fossils, they suggested an extinct animal called
264:
260:
4266:
2830:
2193:
2127:
2080:
2070:
2002:
1913:
1895:
1830:
1822:
1728:
1718:
1641:
1602:
1558:
1529:
1518:"Morphological support for the phylogenetic positioning of Pentastomida and related fossils"
1490:
1415:
1374:
1333:
1273:
1265:
1201:
1070:
1023:
832:
824:
300:
4056:
3962:
3813:
3716:
3573:
3106:
2751:
2685:
2158:
Imaging of tropical diseases: with epidemiological, pathological, and clinical correlation
1670:
960:
738:
311:
2207:
1714:
1637:
1329:
1220:
4186:
4173:
3721:
3517:
3429:
3407:
3370:
2861:
2132:
2109:
2085:
2056:
1918:
1835:
1810:
1278:
837:
812:
754:
742:
724:
560:
504:
1027:
679:
4309:
4126:
3866:
3770:
3269:
2731:
2436:
2431:
2401:
2308:
1655:
1205:
1074:
728:
509:
188:
173:
66:
4139:
1570:
1502:
3972:
3967:
3855:
3711:
3597:
3483:
3386:
3365:
3235:
3186:
3142:
3123:
2441:
2416:
2377:
1809:
Barton, Diane P.; Gherman, Calin Mircea; Zhu, Xiaocheng; Shamsi, Shokoofeh (2022).
1534:
1517:
688:
519:
410:
20:
1987:
H. Solano Mairena & W. Venegas (1989). "Human dermatitis caused by a nymph of
1697:
Siveter, David J.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Siveter, Derek J.; Sutton, Mark D. (2015).
1646:
1621:
1359:
Todd H. Oakley; Joanna M. Wolfe; Annie R. Lindgren; Alexander K. Zaharoff (2013).
686:
Wyman, 1848, a 4 cm individual collected from the respiratory system of a python,
2075:
379:. The modern form of this hypothesis dates from Karl Georg Wingstrand's study of
4199:
4106:
3933:
3904:
3890:
3880:
3465:
3281:
3194:
2976:
2594:
2421:
2335:
2286:
1899:
574:
388:
332:
324:
41:
1826:
4030:
4015:
4010:
3991:
3986:
3914:
3861:
3831:
3823:
3765:
3639:
3631:
3614:
3394:
3306:
3259:
3199:
3161:
3135:
2981:
2966:
2707:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2469:
2411:
2387:
2298:
2270:
2006:
1723:
1698:
1675:
1562:
1494:
1337:
1221:"Molecular evidence for inclusion of the Phylum Pentastomida in the Crustacea"
749:
719:
706:
644:
638:
633:
596:
537:
447:
423:
418:
368:
344:
336:
268:
253:
237:
86:
51:
4097:
1249:"Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships"
813:"Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships"
339:). Some authors interpreted tongue worms as essentially intermediate between
4160:
3996:
3943:
3938:
3909:
3898:
3847:
3842:
3794:
3706:
3699:
3493:
3488:
3450:
3299:
3291:
3220:
3172:
3093:
3080:
3061:
3056:
3015:
2691:
2619:
2606:
2539:
2446:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2344:
2316:
2276:
2264:
2258:
2239:
1457:
1379:
549:
384:
356:
328:
272:
163:
143:
91:
2094:
1844:
1742:
1733:
1429:
1388:
1345:
1287:
1269:
846:
828:
2055:
Dennis Tappe & Dietrich W. Büttner (2009). Bethony, Jeffrey M. (ed.).
2014:
1973:
1119:
G. Osche (1959). ""Arthropodencharaktere" bei einem Pentastomiden Embryo (
1082:
1045:
4091:
4020:
4004:
3927:
3919:
3874:
3837:
3818:
3807:
3789:
3783:
3644:
3585:
3561:
3458:
3339:
3228:
3112:
3003:
2994:
2900:
2661:
2456:
2396:
2357:
2321:
2141:
1516:
W. O. Almeida; M. L. Christoffersen; D. S. Amorim; E. C. C. Eloy (2008).
1420:
1403:
995:
Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Fünfter Band. IV Abteilung, 1. Buch
817:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
545:
485:
477:
472:
467:
440:
414:
340:
234:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
3980:
3956:
3948:
3885:
3799:
3619:
3606:
3539:
3530:
3475:
3400:
2654:
2614:
2474:
2464:
2426:
811:
Lavrov, Dennis V.; Brown, Wesley M.; Boore, Jeffrey L. (7 March 2004).
700:
586:
376:
352:
108:
96:
71:
4204:
2782:
628:
Tongue worms occasionally parasitise humans. While a report exists of
500:
There are four extant orders recognised in the subclass Pentastomida:
4025:
3759:
3049:
2959:
2946:
2817:
2814:
2552:
2479:
2252:
2108:
Esmond M. Mapp, Howard M. Pollack & Louis H. Goldman (May 1976).
1163:
K. G. Wingstrand (1972). "Comparative spermatology of a pentastomid,
860:
J. A. Frölich (1789). "Beschreibung einiger neuer Eingeweidewürmer".
636:, the two genera responsible for most internal human infestation are
532:
443:
348:
249:
153:
4068:
1785:
Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology: Biology, Structure, Function
1699:"A 425-Million-Year-Old Silurian Pentastomid Parasitic on Ostracods"
1606:
4165:
2192:
1869:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 880–881.
2561:
780:
699:
678:
606:
559:
397:
380:
492:. It possessed a head, a worm-like body, and two pairs of limbs.
4152:
2676:
792:
552:, no circulatory, respiratory, or excretory organs are present.
4072:
3078:
2786:
2512:
2211:
1173:
Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter
974:
L. W. Sambon (1922). "A synopsis of the family Linguatulidae".
589:
several times to achieve the adult form. At least one species,
2631:
1551:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
1483:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
788:
911:
K. M. Diesing (1835). "Versuch einer Monographie der Gattung
783:) have much more in common with each other than they do with
1933:
Martin, Joel W.; Olesen, Jørgen; Høeg, Jens T. (July 2014).
768:"Pentastomiasis" can refer to any infection of Pentastomida.
2417:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
993:
R. Heymons (1935). "Pentastomida". In H. G. Bronns (ed.).
885:. Ptie. F. Schoell et G. Dufour, Paris. pp. 298–304.
2442:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
1894:. Zoological Monographs. Vol. 3. pp. 179–266.
1671:"A 425-million-year-old parasite found attached to host"
942:". C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig: vi + 160.
1582:
1580:
252:; molecular studies point to them being highly-derived
1960:
A. Fain (1975). "The Pentastomida parasitic in man".
259:
About 130 species of pentastomids are known; all are
2155:
Philip E. S. Palmer; Maurice Merrick Reeder (2001).
1247:
D. V. Lavrov, W. M. Brown & J. L. Boore (2004).
1219:
L. G. Abele, W. Kim & B. E. Felgenhauer (1989).
480:-aged marine strata of England: fossil specimens of
396:
has been proposed for a (Pentastomida + Branchiura)
4081:
3749:
3630:
3605:
3596:
3572:
3550:
3515:
3474:
3449:
3442:
3427:
3379:
3352:
3337:
3290:
3268:
3248:
3219:
3212:
3185:
3170:
3159:
3122:
3091:
3014:
2975:
2944:
2715:
2706:
2675:
2630:
2605:
2560:
2551:
2455:
2385:
2376:
2343:
2334:
2307:
2285:
1171:, with a discussion of pentastomid relationships".
244:due to the resemblance of the species of the genus
1096:T. D. Schubart (1853). "Ueber die Entwicklung des
1994:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1962:Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale
1446:An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea
306:Other important summaries have been published by
1012:J. Riley (1986). "The biology of pentastomids".
1146:Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie Series
714:The terms associated with infections can vary:
435:Exceptionally preserved, three-dimensional and
2027:Correct spelling: Sebakia --> Sebekia, See
917:Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte
548:in each segment. Although the body contains a
347:, while others suggested that they deserved a
2798:
2772:Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations
2524:
2223:
8:
2322:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
2057:"Diagnosis of human visceral pentastomiasis"
1454:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1257:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
2119:Journal of the National Medical Association
779:(which are all cylindrical and all inhabit
648:. Visceral pentastomiasis can be caused by
4069:
3746:
3602:
3578:
3554:
3523:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3274:
3252:
3245:
3216:
3182:
3178:
3167:
3156:
3128:
3099:
3088:
3075:
2987:
2952:
2941:
2805:
2791:
2783:
2712:
2557:
2531:
2517:
2509:
2382:
2340:
2291:
2230:
2216:
2208:
1102:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
107:
27:
2131:
2084:
2074:
1917:
1834:
1732:
1722:
1645:
1533:
1419:
1378:
1277:
836:
3143:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
976:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1443:J. W. Martin & G. E. Davis (2001).
803:
3137:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
3107:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1193:International Journal for Parasitology
999:Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H.
956:
945:
2422:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1318:Arthropod Structure & Development
7:
4254:0f8f3af6-ace1-41fe-86c4-e1d838a7a529
4192:34d64305-12f4-4cdf-a3a0-cdf4e79d6209
3408:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
2114:infestation (porocephalosis) in man"
1757:"Requiem for an ancient tongue worm"
367:The discovery that tongue worms are
484:are found firmly attached to their
351:of their own. Tongue worms grow by
204:
3005:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
2475:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
1594:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
371:can be traced back to the work of
14:
4326:Extant Cambrian first appearances
2437:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
1456:. pp. 132 pp. Archived from
375:, who compared them to parasitic
4049:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2546:-borne diseases and infestations
2062:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2042:World Register of Marine Species
1167:, and a branchiuran crustacean,
694:Natural History Museum of Berlin
355:, which suggests they belong to
130:
1782:Mehlhorn, Heinz (21 May 2001).
1366:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1229:Molecular Biology and Evolution
883:Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpand 2
704:Female (right) and male (left)
577:(having two sexes), and employ
3236:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1669:Gill, Victoria (22 May 2015).
1535:10.5007/2175-7925.2008v21n3p81
1:
2161:. Birkhäuser. pp. 389–.
1647:10.1080/11035897.2022.2064543
1028:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60342-5
3848:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2076:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000320
1206:10.1016/0020-7519(78)90087-5
1075:10.1016/0014-4894(69)90222-7
787:(which is flat and inhabits
692:. Specimen deposited in the
3905:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3645:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3460:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
3371:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
3260:Loricifera (corset animals)
2407:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
2317:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
1900:10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_5
753:disease can also be called
446:of Sweden and the Cambrian/
4342:
3795:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3541:Annelida (segmented worms)
3366:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
3282:Onychophora (velvet worms)
1936:Atlas of Crustacean Larvae
1865:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1827:10.1007/s00436-022-07566-9
271:. They have five anterior
233:are an enigmatic group of
18:
4045:
3843:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3745:
3738:
3689:
3640:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3621:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3581:
3557:
3526:
3466:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3438:
3361:
3348:
3277:
3255:
3244:
3195:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
3181:
3155:
3131:
3102:
3087:
3074:
3039:
2990:
2967:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
2955:
2940:
2824:
2770:For ticks and mites, see
2766:
2496:
2299:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
2294:
2247:
2007:10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.352
1724:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.035
1563:10.1017/s0263593300006295
1495:10.1017/S0263593300001280
1338:10.1016/j.asd.2007.12.002
1165:Raillietiella hemidactyli
1062:Experimental Parasitology
900:. Augustus Rücker Berlin.
763:Porocephalus moniliformis
757:. (An alternate name for
592:Subtriquetra subtriquetra
373:Pierre-Joseph Van Beneden
218:
211:
201:
196:
127:Scientific classification
125:
115:
106:
30:
3401:Rotifera (wheel animals)
3200:Priapulida (penis worms)
2645:Cordylobia anthropophaga
2470:Collembola (springtails)
2397:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
1015:Advances in Parasitology
19:Not to be confused with
3615:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3587:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
3308:Tardigrada (waterbears)
3301:Arthropoda (arthropods)
2649:Cochliomyia hominivorax
2501:are paraphyletic groups
2200:Encyclopædia Britannica
2110:"Roentgen diagnosis of
1589:Heymonsicambria taylori
896:K. A. Rudolphi (1819).
759:Armillifer moniliformis
662:Armillifer moniliformis
16:Subclass of crustaceans
3790:Anthozoans inc. corals
3489:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
2666:mosquito-borne disease
2412:Branchiura (fish lice)
2368:Diplopoda (millipedes)
2353:Chilopoda (centipedes)
2203:(11th ed.). 1911.
1620:Peel, John S. (2022).
1270:10.1098/rspb.2003.2631
955:Cite journal requires
829:10.1098/rspb.2003.2631
737:disease can be called
723:disease can be called
711:
697:
625:
624:nymph from a human eye
579:internal fertilisation
570:
331:), with velvet worms (
289:Alexander von Humboldt
4321:Parasitic crustaceans
4275:Paleobiology Database
3920:Hexapods inc. insects
3230:Nematoda (roundworms)
2746:Armillifer armillatus
2584:head lice infestation
2112:Armillifer armillatus
1815:Parasitology Research
1380:10.1093/molbev/mss216
1126:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1098:Pentastoma taenioides
703:
684:Armillifer armillatus
682:
657:Armillifer armillatus
617:
566:Armillifer armillatus
563:
556:Behaviour and ecology
488:hosts of the species
308:Louis Westenra Sambon
4316:Arthropod subclasses
4187:Fauna Europaea (new)
3113:Chordata (chordates)
2740:Porocephalus crotali
2575:pediculosis corporis
2242:classes by subphylum
2194:"Pentastomida"
1867:Invertebrate Zoology
1421:10.14411/fp.2001.013
1408:Folia Parasitologica
673:Porocephalus crotali
490:Nymphatelina gravida
437:phosphatised fossils
293:Karl Asmund Rudolphi
3563:Mollusca (molluscs)
3048:of the animal root
2465:Protura (coneheads)
2126:(3): 198–200, 191.
1892:Parasitic Crustacea
1715:2015CBio...25.1632S
1638:2022GFF...144...97P
1330:2008ArtSD..37..333M
982:: 188–206, 391–428.
898:Entozoorum Synopsis
335:) and water bears (
285:Josef Aloys Frölich
3776:Calcareous sponges
2961:Porifera (sponges)
2726:Linguatula serrata
2641:Dermatobia hominis
1402:J. Zrzavý (2001).
1121:Reighhardia sernae
1001:pp. 1–268 pp.
712:
698:
667:Armillifer grandis
651:Linguatula serrata
626:
621:Armillifer grandis
571:
297:Karl Moriz Diesing
265:respiratory tracts
261:obligate parasites
240:commonly known as
119:Linguatula serrata
4303:
4302:
4262:Open Tree of Life
4075:Taxon identifiers
4066:
4065:
4041:
4040:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3208:
3207:
3151:
3150:
3070:
3069:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
2780:
2779:
2762:
2761:
2702:
2701:
2506:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2480:Insecta (insects)
2330:
2329:
2168:978-3-540-62471-4
1946:978-1-4214-1198-9
1909:978-3-030-17383-8
1795:978-3-540-66819-0
1709:(12): 1632–1637.
1601:(11): 1664–1671.
1264:(1538): 537–544.
1169:Argulus foliaceus
863:Der Naturforscher
823:(1538): 537–544.
618:Extraction of an
615:
603:Human infestation
227:
226:
192:
4333:
4296:
4295:
4283:
4282:
4270:
4269:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4234:
4233:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4207:
4195:
4194:
4182:
4181:
4169:
4168:
4156:
4155:
4143:
4142:
4130:
4129:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4070:
3747:
3703:
3603:
3579:
3555:
3524:
3520:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3275:
3253:
3246:
3217:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3129:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3076:
3053:
2988:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2853:
2833:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2713:
2558:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2383:
2341:
2292:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1821:(8): 2379–2388.
1806:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1290:. Archived from
1281:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1009:
1003:
1002:
990:
984:
983:
971:
965:
964:
958:
953:
951:
943:
931:
925:
924:
908:
902:
901:
893:
887:
886:
878:
872:
871:
857:
851:
850:
840:
808:
616:
456:Bockelericambria
452:Aengapentastomum
301:Rudolph Leuckart
248:to a vertebrate
187:
135:
134:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4291:
4286:
4278:
4273:
4265:
4260:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4203:
4198:
4190:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4164:
4159:
4151:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4037:
3963:Phylactolaemata
3751:
3741:
3740:
3726:
3717:Xenambulacraria
3693:
3649:
3626:
3592:
3574:Kryptotrochozoa
3568:
3546:
3516:
3503:
3494:Monoblastozoa (
3470:
3428:
3415:
3387:Micrognathozoa
3375:
3338:
3313:
3286:
3264:
3240:
3204:
3171:
3160:
3147:
3118:
3092:
3083:
3066:
3043:
3027:
3010:
2979:
2971:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2851:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2781:
2776:
2758:
2752:porocephaliasis
2698:
2686:Tunga penetrans
2671:
2626:
2601:
2547:
2537:
2507:
2502:
2484:
2451:
2372:
2326:
2303:
2281:
2243:
2236:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2028:
2026:
2022:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1910:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1703:Current Biology
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1607:10.1139/e94-149
1586:
1585:
1578:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1038:
1011:
1010:
1006:
992:
991:
987:
973:
972:
968:
954:
944:
940:P. denticulatum
936:Pent. taenoides
933:
932:
928:
910:
909:
905:
895:
894:
890:
880:
879:
875:
859:
858:
854:
810:
809:
805:
801:
739:porocephaliasis
607:
605:
558:
528:
515:Raillietiellida
498:
464:Heymonsicambria
460:Haffnericambria
439:from the Upper
433:
406:
404:Stem-arthropods
387:) – a group of
365:
320:
312:Richard Heymons
281:
186:
129:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4339:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4284:
4271:
4258:
4248:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4196:
4183:
4174:Fauna Europaea
4170:
4157:
4144:
4131:
4118:
4103:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3928:Platyhelminths
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3755:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3722:Centroneuralia
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3527:
3521:
3518:Lophotrochozoa
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3433:
3430:Platytrochozoa
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3392:
3389:(Limnognathia)
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3176:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:(Triploblasts)
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2999:and relatives)
2991:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:Mesomycetozoea
2923:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2862:Diaphoretickes
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2736:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2587:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2187:
2186:External links
2184:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2147:
2100:
2047:
2020:
2001:(3): 352–354.
1979:
1952:
1945:
1925:
1908:
1882:
1875:
1850:
1801:
1794:
1774:
1748:
1689:
1661:
1612:
1576:
1541:
1508:
1489:(2): 163–176.
1473:
1435:
1394:
1373:(1): 215–233.
1351:
1324:(4): 333–346.
1307:
1239:
1211:
1200:(4): 245–254.
1182:
1155:
1152:(11): 313–348.
1136:
1111:
1088:
1051:
1036:
1004:
985:
966:
957:|journal=
926:
903:
888:
873:
852:
802:
800:
797:
770:
769:
766:
755:porocephalosis
746:
743:porocephalosis
732:
725:linguatuliasis
604:
601:
557:
554:
527:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Cephalobaenida
497:
496:Classification
494:
432:
429:
405:
402:
364:
361:
319:
316:
280:
277:
225:
224:
223:
222:
216:
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55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
37:Wuliuan–Recent
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4338:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
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4128:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4058:
4057:dubious phyla
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:Hemichordates
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Glass sponges
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Deuterostomia
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:of Bilateria
3697:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3531:Cycliophora (
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Panarthropoda
3267:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Stramenopiles
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:(major groups
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:linguatulosis
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2500:
2495:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Tantulocarida
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Mystacocarida
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2309:Euchelicerata
2306:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:Sambon, 1922"
2033:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1939:. JHU Press.
1938:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1876:0-03-056747-5
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1763:. 21 May 2015
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1734:10044/1/23597
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:(2): 97–105.
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1463:on 2019-09-08
1459:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1414:(2): 81–103.
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1297:on 2015-09-23
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1236:(6): 685–691.
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:(1): 63–119.
1068:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1037:9780120317257
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
989:
986:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
949:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
907:
904:
899:
892:
889:
884:
877:
874:
869:
865:
864:
856:
853:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
804:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
733:
730:
729:linguatulosis
726:
722:
721:
717:
716:
715:
709:
708:
702:
695:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
675:
674:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
646:
641:
640:
635:
631:
623:
622:
602:
600:
598:
594:
593:
588:
582:
580:
576:
569:from a python
568:
567:
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
539:
534:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Porocephalida
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
431:Fossil record
430:
428:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
403:
401:
399:
395:
394:Ichthyostraca
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
317:
315:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
220:
219:
217:
214:
210:
207:
206:
200:
195:
190:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:Ichthyostraca
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
116:Adult female
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
4140:Pentastomida
4127:Pentastomida
4113:Pentastomida
4083:Pentastomida
4082:
4055:Potentially
4050:
4003:
3979:
3973:Gymnolaemata
3968:Stenolaemata
3957:Ectoproctans
3955:
3926:
3897:
3873:
3867:Pterobranchs
3854:
3830:
3806:
3782:
3758:
3752:within phyla
3750:Major groups
3620:
3607:Bryozoa s.l.
3598:Lophophorata
3586:
3562:
3540:
3532:
3495:
3484:Orthonectida
3459:
3406:
3399:
3388:
3307:
3300:
3229:
3187:Scalidophora
3136:
3124:Ambulacraria
3111:
3024:(see below↓)
3004:
2996:
2960:
2911:Opisthokonta
2750:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2717:Pentastomida
2716:
2690:
2684:
2653:
2639:
2618:
2593:
2573:
2544:ectoparasite
2498:
2406:
2386:
2378:Pancrustacea
2275:Superphylum
2198:
2172:. Retrieved
2157:
2150:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2066:
2060:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2023:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1968:(1): 59–64.
1965:
1961:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1891:
1885:
1866:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1788:. Springer.
1784:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1674:
1664:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1528:(3): 81–90.
1525:
1521:
1511:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1445:
1438:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1261:
1255:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1214:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1019:
1013:
1007:
994:
988:
979:
975:
969:
948:cite journal
939:
935:
929:
920:
916:
912:
906:
897:
891:
882:
876:
867:
861:
855:
820:
816:
806:
784:
776:
773:Porocephalus
772:
771:
762:
758:
748:
735:Porocephalus
734:
718:
713:
705:
689:Python sebae
687:
683:
671:
665:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
629:
627:
619:
590:
583:
572:
564:
543:
536:
529:
520:Reighardiida
499:
489:
481:
471:
463:
459:
455:
451:
434:
422:
411:Euarthropoda
407:
393:
366:
321:
305:
282:
258:
245:
242:tongue worms
241:
231:Pentastomida
230:
228:
221:Pentastomata
202:
184:Pentastomida
183:
117:
31:Pentastomida
25:
21:Pentatomidae
4200:iNaturalist
4107:Wikispecies
4031:Tusk shells
4016:Cephalopods
3987:Polychaetes
3934:Turbellaria
3915:Crustaceans
3891:Secernentea
3881:Chromadorea
3862:Acorn worms
3832:Echinoderms
3824:Vertebrates
3766:Demosponges
3700:is disputed
3162:Protostomia
3050:is disputed
2977:ParaHoxozoa
2595:phthiriasis
2336:Mandibulata
2287:Chelicerata
2271:Protostomia
2269:(unranked)
2263:(unranked)
2257:Subkingdom
2069:(2): e320.
997:. Leipzig:
526:Description
369:crustaceans
363:Crustaceans
333:Onychophora
325:Eriophyidae
269:vertebrates
254:crustaceans
4310:Categories
4011:Gastropods
3992:Clitellata
3899:Arthropods
3838:Sea lilies
3784:Cnidarians
3702:; see also
3632:Brachiozoa
3395:Syndermata
3354:Gnathifera
3052:; see also
2997:Trichoplax
2995:Placozoa (
2982:Planulozoa
2590:Crab louse
2580:Head louse
2570:Body louse
2540:Arthropods
2240:Arthropoda
1676:BBC Online
1467:2009-12-20
1301:2009-12-20
1179:(4): 1–72.
1133:: 169–178.
1108:: 117–118.
1022:: 45–128.
913:Pentastoma
870:: 101–162.
799:References
785:Linguatula
777:Armillifer
750:Armillifer
720:Linguatula
707:Armillifer
645:Armillifer
639:Linguatula
634:dermatitis
597:oesophagus
575:gonochoric
538:Linguatula
476:, is from
448:Ordovician
424:Facivermis
419:priapulids
389:maxillopod
345:arthropods
337:Tardigrada
318:Affinities
273:appendages
246:Linguatula
238:arthropods
180:Subclass:
164:Arthropoda
3997:Sipuncula
3944:Monogenea
3939:Trematoda
3910:Myriapods
3875:Nematodes
3819:Tunicates
3814:Lancelets
3808:Chordates
3800:Myxozoans
3707:Nephrozoa
3696:phylogeny
3496:Salinella
3451:Rouphozoa
3292:Tactopoda
3221:Nematoida
3173:Ecdysozoa
3094:Bilateria
3081:Bilateria
3062:Benthozoa
3057:Eumetazoa
3046:phylogeny
3016:Bilateria
2906:Amoebozoa
2884:Alveolata
2872:Cryptista
2847:Eukaryota
2708:Crustacea
2692:tungiasis
2620:cimicosis
2607:Hemiptera
2447:Remipedia
2388:Crustacea
2363:Pauropoda
2345:Myriapoda
2277:Ecdysozoa
2265:Bilateria
2259:Eumetazoa
1761:Yale News
1656:249028918
632:inducing
550:haemocoel
533:chitinous
468:Conodonts
415:nematodes
385:Argulidae
357:Ecdysozoa
329:Myriapoda
235:parasitic
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
4218:11905228
4092:Wikidata
4021:Bivalves
4005:Molluscs
3981:Annelids
3340:Spiralia
2947:Animalia
2901:Amorphea
2879:Rhizaria
2867:Hacrobia
2857:Excavata
2842:Bacteria
2662:Mosquito
2457:Hexapoda
2427:Copepoda
2358:Symphyla
2253:Animalia
2251:Kingdom
2174:19 April
2095:19238218
1845:35689112
1743:26004764
1571:86957051
1557:: 1–37.
1522:Biotemas
1503:84859920
1430:11437135
1389:22977117
1346:18394959
1288:15129965
847:15129965
486:ostracod
482:Invavita
478:Silurian
473:Invavita
441:Cambrian
377:copepods
353:moulting
341:annelids
279:Taxonomy
213:Synonyms
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
4153:2630868
4098:Q222975
4026:Chitons
3949:Cestoda
3886:Enoplea
3760:Sponges
3533:Symbion
3476:Mesozoa
2916:Animals
2837:Archaea
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