174:, but, as just noted, they are not the same. For percentile ranks, a score is given and a percentage is computed. Percentile ranks are exclusive: if the percentile rank for a specified score is 90%, then 90% of the scores were lower. In contrast, for percentiles a percentage is given and a corresponding score is determined, which can be either exclusive or inclusive. The score for a specified percentage (e.g., 90th) indicates a score below which (exclusive definition) or at or below which (inclusive definition) other scores in the distribution fall.
6644:
3968:
338:, the 95th or 98th percentile usually cuts off the top 5% or 2% of bandwidth peaks in each month, and then bills at the nearest rate. In this way, infrequent peaks are ignored, and the customer is charged in a fairer way. The reason this statistic is so useful in measuring data throughput is that it gives a very accurate picture of the cost of the bandwidth. The 95th percentile says that 95% of the time, the usage is below this amount: so, the remaining 5% of the time, the usage is above that amount.
219:
2135:
6630:
373:
6668:
6656:
784:
3314:
1329:
774:
Interpolation methods, as the name implies, can return a score that is between scores in the distribution. Algorithms used by statistical programs typically use interpolation methods, for example, the percentile.exc and percentile.inc functions in
Microsoft Excel. The Interpolated Methods table
450:
There are many formulas or algorithms for a percentile score. Hyndman and Fan identified nine and most statistical and spreadsheet software use one of the methods they describe. Algorithms either return the value of a score that exists in the set of scores (nearest-rank methods) or interpolate
561:
The figure shows a 10-score distribution, illustrates the percentile scores that result from these different algorithms, and serves as an introduction to the examples given subsequently. The simplest are nearest-rank methods that return a score from the distribution, although compared to
1870:
2359:
321:
or the three-sigma rule. Note that in theory the 0th percentile falls at negative infinity and the 100th percentile at positive infinity, although in many practical applications, such as test results, natural lower and/or upper limits are enforced.
432:
3075:
2709:
2463:
1127:
1077:
3647:
442:
234:(Ό), which accounts for about 68.3% of the population. Two standard deviations from the mean (dark and medium blue) account for about 95.4%, and three standard deviations (dark, medium, and light blue) for about 99.7%.
2557:
3947:
908:
2899:
3793:
1720:
2148:
3390:
3410:, where the percentage in the total weight is counted instead of the total number. There is no standard function for a weighted percentile. One method extends the above approach in a natural way.
845:
percent of the data is less than or equal to that value. This is obtained by first calculating the ordinal rank and then taking the value from the ordered list that corresponds to that rank. The
359:
is a standard measure to assess (in a model-dependent way) the quantity under which the value of the portfolio is not expected to sink within a given period of time and given a confidence value.
1725:
2817:
3483:
433:
3554:
1647:
2112:
166:, which represents the fraction of scores in its distribution that are less than it, an exclusive definition. Percentile scores and percentile ranks are often used in the reporting of
1465:
289:
Percentiles represent the area under the normal curve, increasing from left to right. Each standard deviation represents a fixed percentile. Thus, rounding to two decimal places, â3
1956:
2928:
1358:
3067:
831:
2609:
1501:
1396:
3032:
3309:{\displaystyle x=f(p,N)={\begin{cases}1{\text{, }}p\in \left\\p(N+1){\text{, }}p\in \left({\frac {1}{N+1}},{\frac {N}{N+1}}\right)\\N{\text{, }}p\in \left\end{cases}}.}
1119:
268:
2030:
1555:
3681:
2966:
1712:
1682:
5765:
2985:
1426:
6270:
3813:
2620:
1324:{\displaystyle v(x)=v_{\lfloor x\rfloor }+(x{\bmod {1}})(v_{\lfloor x\rfloor +1}-v_{\lfloor x\rfloor }),\forall x\in :v(i)=v_{i}{\text{, for }}i=1,2,\ldots ,N,}
2062:
1991:
341:
Physicians will often use infant and children's weight and height to assess their growth in comparison to national averages and percentiles which are found in
2370:
945:
6420:
6044:
4685:
274:
on the left and positive infinity on the right. Note, however, that only a very small proportion of individuals in a population will fall outside the â3
562:
interpolation methods, results can be a bit crude. The
Nearest-Rank Methods table shows the computational steps for exclusive and inclusive methods.
5818:
182:
There is no standard definition of percentile; however, all definitions yield similar results when the number of observations is very large and the
6257:
3565:
2469:
914:
Using the nearest-rank method on lists with fewer than 100 distinct values can result in the same value being used for more than one percentile.
2119:
3825:
4680:
4380:
861:
5284:
4432:
1865:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f(0.5,N)&={\frac {N+c_{1}}{2}}+c_{2}={\frac {N+1}{2}}\\\therefore 2c_{2}+c_{1}&=1\end{aligned}},}
6672:
246:, percentiles may often be represented by reference to a normal curve plot. The normal distribution is plotted along an axis scaled to
2988:. Adopted by Microsoft Excel since 2010 by means of PERCENTIL.EXC function. However, as the "EXC" suffix indicates, the Excel version
2823:
3693:
6067:
5959:
4177:
2354:{\displaystyle x=f(p)={\begin{cases}Np+{\frac {1}{2}},\forall p\in \left,\\1,\forall p\in \left,\\N,\forall p\in \left.\end{cases}}}
416:
383:
6245:
6119:
195:
102:
242:
section (below) are approximations for use in small-sample statistics. In general terms, for very large populations following a
6303:
5964:
5709:
5080:
4670:
5294:
3325:
6354:
5566:
5373:
5262:
5220:
4166:
Johnson, Robert; Kuby, Patricia (2007), "Applied
Example 2.15, The 85th Percentile Speed Limit: Going With 85% of the Flow",
4459:
4086:
207:
6597:
5556:
5606:
6148:
6097:
6082:
6072:
5941:
5813:
5780:
5561:
5391:
4193:
6217:
5518:
2728:
391:
6694:
6492:
6293:
5272:
4941:
4405:
2064:, which may mean the absence of a one-to-one correspondence in the wider region. One author has suggested a choice of
6377:
6344:
3416:
6349:
6092:
5851:
5757:
5737:
5645:
5356:
5174:
4657:
4529:
5523:
5289:
5147:
387:
6109:
5877:
5598:
5452:
5381:
5301:
5159:
5140:
4848:
4569:
3495:
331:
6222:
1567:
6592:
6359:
5907:
5872:
5836:
5621:
5063:
4972:
4931:
4843:
4534:
4373:
2067:
1518:
There are two ways in which the variant approaches differ. The first is in the linear relationship between the
318:
223:
183:
5629:
5613:
4338:
1431:
6501:
6114:
6054:
5991:
5351:
5213:
5203:
5053:
4967:
6262:
6199:
4281:
1881:
917:
A percentile calculated using the nearest-rank method will always be a member of the original ordered list.
6539:
6469:
5954:
5841:
4838:
4735:
4642:
4521:
4420:
56:
6660:
5538:
1961:
The second way in which the variants differ is in the definition of the function near the margins of the
1402:
to represent its fractional part (the remainder after division by 1). (Note that, though at the endpoint
6564:
6506:
6449:
6275:
6168:
6077:
5803:
5687:
5546:
5428:
5420:
5235:
5131:
5109:
5068:
5033:
5000:
4946:
4921:
4876:
4815:
4775:
4577:
4400:
2907:
837:
ordered values (sorted from least to greatest) is the smallest value in the list such that no more than
6643:
5533:
3967:
1337:
3037:
798:
6699:
6487:
6062:
6011:
5987:
5949:
5867:
5846:
5798:
5677:
5655:
5624:
5410:
5361:
5279:
5252:
5208:
5164:
4926:
4702:
4582:
2568:
930:
171:
3111:
2178:
1470:
6634:
6559:
6482:
6163:
5927:
5920:
5882:
5790:
5770:
5742:
5475:
5341:
5336:
5326:
5318:
5136:
5097:
4987:
4977:
4886:
4665:
4621:
4539:
4464:
4366:
243:
97:
88:
72:
6209:
4257:
1371:
112:, obtained adopting a subdivision into 100 groups. The 25th percentile is also known as the first
6648:
6459:
6313:
6158:
6034:
5931:
5915:
5892:
5669:
5403:
5386:
5346:
5257:
5152:
5114:
5085:
5045:
5005:
4951:
4868:
4554:
4549:
4043:
3973:
247:
227:
2999:
1085:
6554:
6524:
6516:
6336:
6327:
6252:
6183:
6039:
6024:
5999:
5887:
5828:
5694:
5682:
5308:
5225:
5169:
5092:
4936:
4858:
4637:
4511:
4173:
4167:
4148:
3996:
335:
445:
Interpolated and nearest-rank, exclusive and inclusive, percentiles for 10-score distribution
436:
Interpolated and nearest-rank, exclusive and inclusive, percentiles for 10-score distribution
253:
6579:
6534:
6298:
6285:
6178:
6153:
6087:
6019:
5897:
5505:
5398:
5331:
5244:
5191:
5010:
4881:
4675:
4474:
4441:
4318:
4138:
4130:
4035:
3034:, whereas the "INC" version, the second variant, does not; in fact, any number smaller than
2000:
1531:
937:
218:
3652:
2933:
1691:
1655:
6496:
6240:
6102:
6029:
5704:
5578:
5551:
5528:
5497:
5124:
5119:
5073:
4803:
4454:
3986:
3953:
3401:
2704:{\displaystyle p={\frac {1}{N}}\left(x-{\frac {1}{2}}\right),x\in (1,N)\cap \mathbb {R} .}
2134:
158:
1405:
2458:{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {1}{N}}\left(i-{\frac {1}{2}}\right),i\in \cap \mathbb {N} }
6445:
6440:
4903:
4833:
4479:
4143:
4118:
4019:
3798:
2138:
The result of using each of the three variants on the ordered list {15, 20, 35, 40, 50}
1361:
348:
The 85th percentile speed of traffic on a road is often used as a guideline in setting
2035:
1964:
1072:{\displaystyle \{v_{i},i=1,2,\ldots ,N:v_{i+1}\geq v_{i},\forall i=1,2,\ldots ,N-1\},}
153:, depending on the definition) which 50% of the scores in the distribution are found.
6688:
6602:
6569:
6432:
6393:
6204:
6173:
5637:
5591:
5196:
4898:
4725:
4489:
4484:
4023:
2968:, the only one of the three variants with this property; hence the "INC" suffix, for
846:
356:
4755:
6544:
6477:
6454:
6369:
5699:
4995:
4893:
4828:
4770:
4692:
4647:
4323:
4306:
1399:
342:
84:
4134:
4093:
87:, the corresponding percentiles will be expressed in kilograms or pounds. In the
16:
Statistic which divides a data set into 100 parts and analyzes it as a percentage
6587:
6549:
6232:
6133:
5995:
5808:
5775:
5267:
5184:
5179:
4823:
4780:
4760:
4740:
4730:
4499:
1875:
and our revised function now has just one degree of freedom, looking like this:
349:
92:
4230:
5433:
4913:
4613:
4494:
4469:
4389:
3963:
167:
49:
20:
4204:
3642:{\displaystyle p_{n}={\frac {1}{S_{N}}}\left(S_{n}-{\frac {w_{n}}{2}}\right)}
5586:
5438:
5058:
4853:
4765:
4750:
4745:
4710:
920:
The 100th percentile is defined to be the largest value in the ordered list.
186:
is continuous. In the limit, as the sample size approaches infinity, the 100
42:
4152:
3559:
the sum of the weights. Then the formulas above are generalized by taking
2552:{\displaystyle \therefore p_{1}={\frac {1}{2N}},p_{N}={\frac {2N-1}{2N}}.}
5102:
4720:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4559:
4293:
3991:
271:
114:
109:
3942:{\displaystyle v=v_{k}+{\frac {P-p_{k}}{p_{k+1}-p_{k}}}(v_{k+1}-v_{k}).}
6607:
6308:
4062:
4047:
1082:
we seek a linear interpolation function that passes through the points
849:
783:
282:
range. For example, with human heights very few people are above the +3
163:
80:
936:
All of the following variants have the following in common. Given the
305:
the 50th percentile (both the mean and median of the distribution), +1
6529:
5510:
5484:
5464:
4715:
4506:
3981:
1685:
270:) units. Mathematically, the normal distribution extends to negative
127:
4039:
903:{\displaystyle n=\left\lceil {\frac {P}{100}}\times N\right\rceil .}
1652:
There is the additional requirement that the midpoint of the range
4342:
1467:
is undefined, it does not need to be because it is multiplied by
841:
percent of the data is strictly less than the value and at least
4449:
4261:
2894:{\displaystyle \therefore p={\frac {x-1}{N-1}}{\text{, }}x\in .}
791:
One definition of percentile, often given in texts, is that the
231:
210:. Some methods for calculating the percentiles are given below.
6418:
5985:
5732:
5031:
4801:
4418:
4362:
3788:{\displaystyle p_{n}={\frac {S_{n}-Cw_{n}}{S_{N}+(1-2C)w_{n}}}}
2032:
should produce, or be forced to produce, a result in the range
929:
An alternative to rounding used in many applications is to use
787:
The percentile values for the ordered list {15, 20, 35, 40, 50}
451:
between existing scores and are either exclusive or inclusive.
206:
approximates the CDF. This can be seen as a consequence of the
2122:
which is the extreme value limit of the sampled distribution.
398:
366:
4358:
2614:
The inverse relationship is restricted to a narrower region:
1478:
1379:
1172:
431:
3299:
2347:
145:). For example, the 50th percentile (median) is the score
3406:
In addition to the percentile function, there is also a
3385:{\displaystyle p={\frac {x}{N+1}}{\text{, }}x\in (0,N).}
226:. The dark blue zone represents observations within one
1557:, and a constant that is a function of the sample size
352:
and assessing whether such a limit is too high or low.
2078:
71:" definition). Percentiles are expressed in the same
4194:"Rational Speed Limits and the 85th Percentile Speed"
3828:
3801:
3696:
3655:
3568:
3498:
3419:
3328:
3078:
3040:
3002:
2936:
2910:
2826:
2731:
2623:
2571:
2472:
2373:
2151:
2070:
2038:
2003:
1967:
1884:
1723:
1694:
1658:
1570:
1534:
1473:
1434:
1408:
1374:
1340:
1130:
1088:
948:
925:
The linear interpolation between closest ranks method
864:
801:
256:
6271:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
6578:
6515:
6468:
6431:
6386:
6368:
6335:
6326:
6284:
6231:
6192:
6141:
6132:
6053:
6010:
5940:
5906:
5860:
5827:
5789:
5756:
5668:
5577:
5496:
5451:
5419:
5372:
5317:
5243:
5234:
5044:
4986:
4960:
4912:
4867:
4814:
4701:
4656:
4630:
4612:
4568:
4520:
4440:
4431:
3941:
3807:
3787:
3675:
3641:
3548:
3477:
3384:
3308:
3061:
3026:
2960:
2922:
2893:
2811:
2703:
2603:
2551:
2457:
2353:
2106:
2056:
2024:
1985:
1950:
1864:
1706:
1676:
1641:
1549:
1495:
1459:
1420:
1390:
1352:
1323:
1113:
1071:
902:
825:
262:
138:), and the 75th percentile as the third quartile (
2812:{\displaystyle x=f(p,N)=p(N-1)+1{\text{, }}p\in }
4172:(10th ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 102,
4034:(4). American Statistical Association: 361â365.
3319:The inverse is restricted to a narrower region:
5819:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
4233:. Office for Research Development and Education
317:the 99.87th percentile. This is related to the
3478:{\displaystyle w_{1},w_{2},w_{3},\dots ,w_{N}}
4374:
4258:"Engineering Statistics Handbook: Percentile"
4117:Schoonjans F, De Bacquer D, Schmid P (2011).
8:
3952:The 50% weighted percentile is known as the
3069:is also excluded and would cause an error.)
1446:
1440:
1347:
1341:
1223:
1217:
1198:
1192:
1157:
1151:
1063:
949:
4292:, This is equivalent to Method 5 discussed
3549:{\displaystyle S_{N}=\sum _{k=1}^{N}w_{k},}
1507:is the continuous version of the subscript
1364:to represent the integral part of positive
566:Interpolated methods (exclusive/inclusive)
455:Nearest-rank methods (exclusive/inclusive)
6428:
6415:
6332:
6138:
6007:
5982:
5753:
5729:
5457:
5240:
5041:
5028:
4811:
4798:
4437:
4428:
4415:
4381:
4367:
4359:
4024:"Sample Quantiles in Statistical Packages"
1642:{\displaystyle x=f(p,N)=(N+c_{1})p+c_{2}.}
4322:
4282:"Matlab Statistics Toolbox â Percentiles"
4231:"Percentiles in Free Statistics Software"
4142:
4014:
4012:
3927:
3908:
3892:
3873:
3861:
3848:
3839:
3827:
3800:
3776:
3745:
3733:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3665:
3654:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3567:
3537:
3527:
3516:
3503:
3497:
3469:
3450:
3437:
3424:
3418:
3353:
3335:
3327:
3267:
3251:
3221:
3200:
3184:
3139:
3117:
3106:
3077:
3041:
3039:
3001:
2935:
2909:
2862:
2836:
2825:
2783:
2730:
2694:
2693:
2651:
2630:
2622:
2592:
2576:
2570:
2520:
2511:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2451:
2450:
2408:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2324:
2282:
2234:
2221:
2190:
2173:
2150:
2107:{\displaystyle C={\tfrac {1}{2}}(1+\xi )}
2077:
2069:
2037:
2002:
1966:
1883:
1839:
1826:
1794:
1785:
1766:
1753:
1724:
1722:
1693:
1657:
1630:
1611:
1569:
1533:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1439:
1433:
1407:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1339:
1286:
1280:
1216:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1150:
1129:
1096:
1087:
1018:
999:
956:
947:
876:
863:
800:
417:Learn how and when to remove this message
255:
4203:. Louisiana State Police. Archived from
4080:
4078:
2133:
782:
564:
453:
397:Relevant discussion may be found on the
217:
4008:
1460:{\displaystyle v_{\lfloor x\rfloor +1}}
214:The normal distribution and percentiles
194:<1) approximates the inverse of the
6345:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
4252:
4250:
4248:
4119:"Estimation of population percentiles"
2142:(Sources: Matlab "prctile" function,)
2120:Generalized extreme value distribution
83:; for example, if the scores refer to
1951:{\displaystyle x=f(p,N)=(N+1-2C)p+C.}
7:
6655:
6355:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
4307:"Quartiles in Elementary Statistics"
2984:(The primary variant recommended by
6667:
5950:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
3485:associated, respectively, with our
6045:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
4671:Pearson product-moment correlation
2923:{\displaystyle x\leftrightarrow p}
2306:
2258:
2203:
1234:
1027:
95:, the percentile approximates the
14:
3413:Suppose we have positive weights
1353:{\displaystyle \lfloor x\rfloor }
1121:. This is simply accomplished by
855:is calculated using this formula
6666:
6654:
6642:
6629:
6628:
3966:
3062:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{N+1}}}
826:{\displaystyle (0<P\leq 100)}
371:
198:(CDF) thus formed, evaluated at
196:cumulative distribution function
103:cumulative distribution function
6304:Least-squares spectral analysis
4311:Journal of Statistics Education
2992:both endpoints of the range of
2930:relationship is one-to-one for
2604:{\displaystyle P_{i}=100p_{i}.}
775:shows the computational steps.
5285:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
4324:10.1080/10691898.2006.11910589
4022:; Fan, Yanan (November 1996).
3933:
3901:
3769:
3754:
3396:The weighted percentile method
3376:
3364:
3181:
3169:
3100:
3088:
3021:
3009:
2955:
2943:
2914:
2885:
2873:
2806:
2794:
2774:
2762:
2753:
2741:
2687:
2675:
2444:
2432:
2167:
2161:
2101:
2089:
2051:
2039:
2019:
2007:
1980:
1968:
1933:
1912:
1906:
1894:
1743:
1731:
1671:
1659:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1580:
1496:{\displaystyle x{\bmod {1}}=0}
1270:
1264:
1255:
1243:
1228:
1184:
1181:
1165:
1140:
1134:
1108:
1089:
820:
802:
336:"burstable" internet bandwidth
313:the 97.72nd percentile, and +3
125:), the 50th percentile as the
1:
6598:Geographic information system
5814:Simultaneous equations models
751:Interpolated score (exc/inc)
711:Difference: HiScore â LoScore
5781:Coefficient of determination
5392:Uniformly most powerful test
4135:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318225c1de
4087:"Statistical flaws in Excel"
1391:{\displaystyle x{\bmod {1}}}
753:= LoScore + Mod Ă Difference
749:
729:
709:
689:
669:
649:
629:
609:
589:
569:
538:
518:
498:
478:
458:
293:is the 0.13th percentile, â2
6350:Proportional hazards models
6294:Spectral density estimation
6276:Vector autoregression (VAR)
5710:Maximum posterior estimator
4942:Randomized controlled trial
3489:sorted sample values. Let
67:a given percentage falls ("
6716:
6110:Multivariate distributions
4530:Average absolute deviation
4339:"NumPy 1.12 documentation"
3399:
3027:{\displaystyle p\in (0,1)}
731:Mod: fractional part of OR
309:the 84.13th percentile, +2
230:(Ï) to either side of the
156:A related quantity is the
108:Percentiles are a type of
6624:
6427:
6414:
6098:Structural equation model
6006:
5981:
5752:
5728:
5460:
5434:Score/Lagrange multiplier
5040:
5027:
4849:Sample size determination
4810:
4797:
4427:
4414:
4396:
2972:, on the Excel function.
1511:, linearly interpolating
1114:{\displaystyle (v_{i},i)}
611:OR: PCĂ(N+1) / PCĂ(Nâ1)+1
500:OR: ordinal rank = PC Ă N
301:the 15.87th percentile, 0
297:the 2.28th percentile, â1
238:The methods given in the
208:GlivenkoâCantelli theorem
162:of a score, expressed in
63:" definition) or a score
6593:Environmental statistics
6115:Elliptical distributions
5908:Generalized linear model
5837:Simple linear regression
5607:HodgesâLehmann estimator
5064:Probability distribution
4973:Stochastic approximation
4535:Coefficient of variation
1515:between adjacent nodes.
933:between adjacent ranks.
691:HiScore: score at HiRank
671:LoScore: score at LoRank
571:PC: percentile specified
460:PC: percentile specified
184:probability distribution
6253:Cross-correlation (XCF)
5861:Non-standard predictors
5295:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
4968:Adaptive clinical trial
1684:, corresponding to the
779:The nearest-rank method
540:Score at rank (exc/inc)
263:{\displaystyle \sigma }
6649:Mathematics portal
6470:Engineering statistics
6378:NelsonâAalen estimator
5955:Analysis of covariance
5842:Ordinary least squares
5766:Pearson product-moment
5170:Statistical functional
5081:Empirical distribution
4914:Controlled experiments
4643:Frequency distribution
4421:Descriptive statistics
3943:
3809:
3789:
3677:
3643:
3550:
3532:
3479:
3386:
3310:
3063:
3028:
2962:
2924:
2895:
2813:
2705:
2605:
2553:
2459:
2355:
2139:
2108:
2058:
2026:
2025:{\displaystyle f(p,N)}
1987:
1952:
1866:
1708:
1678:
1643:
1551:
1550:{\displaystyle P=100p}
1497:
1461:
1422:
1392:
1354:
1325:
1115:
1073:
904:
827:
788:
437:
264:
235:
222:Representation of the
57:frequency distribution
6565:Population statistics
6507:System identification
6241:Autocorrelation (ACF)
6169:Exponential smoothing
6083:Discriminant analysis
6078:Canonical correlation
5942:Partition of variance
5804:Regression validation
5648:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
5547:Likelihood-ratio test
5236:Frequentist inference
5148:Locationâscale family
5069:Sampling distribution
5034:Statistical inference
5001:Cross-sectional study
4988:Observational studies
4947:Randomized experiment
4776:Stem-and-leaf display
4578:Central limit theorem
4305:Langford, E. (2006).
4169:Elementary Statistics
4028:American Statistician
3944:
3810:
3790:
3678:
3676:{\displaystyle C=1/2}
3644:
3551:
3512:
3480:
3387:
3311:
3064:
3029:
2963:
2961:{\displaystyle p\in }
2925:
2896:
2814:
2706:
2606:
2554:
2460:
2356:
2137:
2109:
2059:
2027:
1988:
1953:
1867:
1709:
1707:{\displaystyle p=0.5}
1679:
1677:{\displaystyle (1,N)}
1644:
1552:
1498:
1462:
1423:
1393:
1355:
1326:
1116:
1074:
905:
828:
786:
651:HIRank: OR rounded up
435:
384:synthesis of material
265:
221:
172:norm-referenced tests
101:, the inverse of the
75:as the input scores,
6488:Probabilistic design
6073:Principal components
5916:Exponential families
5868:Nonlinear regression
5847:General linear model
5809:Mixed effects models
5799:Errors and residuals
5776:Confounding variable
5678:Bayesian probability
5656:Van der Waerden test
5646:Ordered alternative
5411:Multiple comparisons
5290:RaoâBlackwellization
5253:Estimating equations
5209:Statistical distance
4927:Factorial experiment
4460:Arithmetic-Geometric
4210:on 23 September 2018
3826:
3799:
3694:
3653:
3566:
3496:
3417:
3326:
3076:
3038:
3000:
2934:
2908:
2824:
2729:
2621:
2569:
2470:
2371:
2149:
2118:is the shape of the
2068:
2036:
2001:
1965:
1882:
1721:
1692:
1656:
1568:
1532:
1471:
1432:
1406:
1372:
1338:
1128:
1086:
946:
931:linear interpolation
862:
799:
631:LoRank: OR truncated
254:
131:or second quartile (
6560:Official statistics
6483:Methods engineering
6164:Seasonal adjustment
5932:Poisson regressions
5852:Bayesian regression
5791:Regression analysis
5771:Partial correlation
5743:Regression analysis
5342:Prediction interval
5337:Likelihood interval
5327:Confidence interval
5319:Interval estimation
5280:Unbiased estimators
5098:Model specification
4978:Up-and-down designs
4666:Partial correlation
4622:Index of dispersion
4540:Interquartile range
3408:weighted percentile
1421:{\displaystyle x=N}
591:N: number of scores
567:
480:N: Number of scores
456:
363:Calculation methods
248:standard deviations
244:normal distribution
240:calculation methods
98:percentile function
73:unit of measurement
6695:Summary statistics
6580:Spatial statistics
6460:Medical statistics
6360:First hitting time
6314:Whittle likelihood
5965:Degrees of freedom
5960:Multivariate ANOVA
5893:Heteroscedasticity
5705:Bayesian estimator
5670:Bayesian inference
5519:KolmogorovâSmirnov
5404:Randomization test
5374:Testing hypotheses
5347:Tolerance interval
5258:Maximum likelihood
5153:Exponential family
5086:Density estimation
5046:Statistical theory
5006:Natural experiment
4952:Scientific control
4869:Survey methodology
4555:Standard deviation
3997:Summary statistics
3974:Mathematics portal
3939:
3805:
3785:
3673:
3639:
3546:
3475:
3382:
3306:
3298:
3059:
3024:
2958:
2920:
2891:
2809:
2701:
2601:
2549:
2455:
2351:
2346:
2140:
2104:
2087:
2054:
2022:
1983:
1948:
1862:
1857:
1704:
1674:
1639:
1547:
1503:.) As we can see,
1493:
1457:
1418:
1388:
1350:
1321:
1111:
1069:
900:
823:
789:
565:
520:Rank: >OR / â„OR
454:
438:
394:to the main topic.
388:verifiably mention
382:possibly contains
260:
236:
228:standard deviation
6682:
6681:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6555:National accounts
6525:Actuarial science
6517:Social statistics
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6337:Survival function
6322:
6321:
6184:Granger causality
6025:Contingency table
6000:Survival analysis
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5829:Linear regression
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5695:Credible interval
5664:
5663:
5447:
5446:
5263:Method of moments
5132:Parametric family
5093:Statistical model
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
4937:Random assignment
4859:Statistical power
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4638:Contingency table
4608:
4607:
4475:Generalized/power
4229:Wessa, P (2021).
3899:
3808:{\displaystyle C}
3783:
3632:
3597:
3356:
3351:
3283:
3254:
3237:
3216:
3187:
3155:
3120:
3057:
2865:
2860:
2786:
2659:
2638:
2562:Furthermore, let
2544:
2502:
2416:
2395:
2198:
2086:
1810:
1776:
1289:
884:
772:
771:
559:
558:
427:
426:
419:
190:percentile (0<
65:at or below which
55:of scores in its
6707:
6670:
6669:
6658:
6657:
6647:
6646:
6632:
6631:
6535:Crime statistics
6429:
6416:
6333:
6299:Fourier analysis
6286:Frequency domain
6266:
6213:
6179:Structural break
6139:
6088:Cluster analysis
6035:Log-linear model
6008:
5983:
5924:
5898:Homoscedasticity
5754:
5730:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5632:(KruskalâWallis)
5617:
5602:
5557:Cross validation
5542:
5524:AndersonâDarling
5471:
5458:
5429:Likelihood-ratio
5421:Parametric tests
5399:Permutation test
5382:1- & 2-tails
5273:Minimum distance
5245:Point estimation
5241:
5192:Optimal decision
5143:
5042:
5029:
5011:Quasi-experiment
4961:Adaptive designs
4812:
4799:
4676:Rank correlation
4438:
4429:
4416:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4254:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4092:. Archived from
4091:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4016:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3750:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3508:
3507:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3336:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3255:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3201:
3188:
3185:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3140:
3121:
3118:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2837:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2787:
2784:
2715:Second variant,
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2639:
2631:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2501:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2199:
2191:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2088:
2079:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2057:{\displaystyle }
2055:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1986:{\displaystyle }
1984:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1830:
1811:
1806:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1754:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1615:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1524:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1227:
1226:
1208:
1207:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1160:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1009:
961:
960:
938:order statistics
909:
907:
906:
901:
896:
892:
885:
877:
832:
830:
829:
824:
568:
457:
422:
415:
411:
408:
402:
375:
374:
367:
269:
267:
266:
261:
224:three-sigma rule
35:percentile score
33:, also known as
6715:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6641:
6612:
6574:
6511:
6497:quality control
6464:
6446:Clinical trials
6423:
6398:
6382:
6370:Hazard function
6364:
6318:
6280:
6264:
6227:
6223:BreuschâGodfrey
6211:
6188:
6128:
6103:Factor analysis
6049:
6030:Graphical model
6002:
5969:
5936:
5922:
5902:
5856:
5823:
5785:
5748:
5747:
5716:
5660:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5615:
5600:
5579:Rank statistics
5573:
5552:Model selection
5540:
5498:Goodness of fit
5492:
5469:
5443:
5415:
5368:
5313:
5302:Median unbiased
5230:
5141:
5074:Order statistic
5036:
5015:
4982:
4956:
4908:
4863:
4806:
4804:Data collection
4785:
4697:
4652:
4626:
4604:
4564:
4516:
4433:Continuous data
4423:
4410:
4392:
4387:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4040:10.2307/2684934
4020:Hyndman, Rob J.
4018:
4017:
4010:
4005:
3987:Percentile rank
3972:
3965:
3962:
3954:weighted median
3923:
3904:
3888:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3850:
3835:
3824:
3823:
3797:
3796:
3772:
3741:
3740:
3729:
3713:
3712:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3651:
3650:
3619:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3587:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3533:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3465:
3446:
3433:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3402:Weighted median
3398:
3340:
3324:
3323:
3297:
3296:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3245:
3244:
3226:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3163:
3162:
3144:
3132:
3128:
3107:
3074:
3073:
3046:
3036:
3035:
2998:
2997:
2982:
2976:Third variant,
2932:
2931:
2906:
2905:
2849:
2838:
2822:
2821:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2644:
2640:
2619:
2618:
2588:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2536:
2522:
2507:
2494:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2401:
2397:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2345:
2344:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2297:
2296:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2174:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2126:First variant,
2115:
2066:
2065:
2034:
2033:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1963:
1962:
1880:
1879:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1796:
1781:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1719:
1718:
1690:
1689:
1654:
1653:
1626:
1607:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1469:
1468:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1404:
1403:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1336:
1335:
1276:
1212:
1187:
1146:
1126:
1125:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1014:
995:
952:
944:
943:
927:
875:
871:
860:
859:
797:
796:
795:-th percentile
781:
752:
448:
447:
446:
444:
439:
423:
412:
406:
403:
396:
386:which does not
376:
372:
365:
328:
319:68â95â99.7 rule
252:
251:
216:
180:
159:percentile rank
144:
137:
124:
91:of an infinite
17:
12:
11:
5:
6713:
6711:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6687:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6664:
6652:
6638:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6521:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6443:
6441:Bioinformatics
6437:
6435:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6246:partial (PACF)
6237:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6207:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6193:Specific tests
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6093:Classification
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6040:McNemar's test
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6004:
6003:
5986:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:Semiparametric
5875:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5619:
5616:(MannâWhitney)
5611:
5610:
5609:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5583:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5544:
5541:(ShapiroâWilk)
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5482:
5473:
5461:
5455:
5453:Specific tests
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4904:Standard error
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Optimal design
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4631:Summary tables
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:Contraharmonic
4462:
4457:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4354:
4330:
4297:
4273:
4244:
4221:
4185:
4178:
4158:
4129:(5): 750â751.
4109:
4085:Pottel, Hans.
4074:
4053:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3961:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2981:
2974:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2904:Note that the
2902:
2901:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2819:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2362:
2361:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2131:
2124:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1362:floor function
1349:
1346:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
959:
955:
951:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
915:
911:
910:
899:
895:
891:
888:
883:
880:
874:
870:
867:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
780:
777:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
441:
440:
430:
429:
428:
425:
424:
379:
377:
370:
364:
361:
327:
324:
286:height level.
259:
215:
212:
179:
176:
152:
148:
142:
135:
122:
78:
66:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6712:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6675:
6674:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6603:Geostatistics
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6570:Psychometrics
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6433:Biostatistics
6430:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6395:
6394:Log-rank test
6392:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6265:(BoxâJenkins)
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:DurbinâWatson
6216:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6200:DickeyâFuller
6198:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:Cointegration
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:Decomposition
6147:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:Cohen's kappa
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5873:Nonparametric
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:Nonparametric
5620:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5592:Sample median
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:loss function
5195:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:Questionnaire
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Control chart
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4179:9781111802493
4175:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4099:on 2013-06-04
4095:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4064:
4063:"Percentiles"
4061:Lane, David.
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3802:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3635:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3395:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3303:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2917:
2911:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1687:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1383:
1375:
1363:
1344:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
957:
953:
942:
941:
940:
939:
934:
932:
924:
919:
916:
913:
912:
897:
893:
889:
886:
881:
878:
872:
868:
865:
858:
857:
856:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:of a list of
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
794:
785:
778:
776:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
750:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
563:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
452:
443:
434:
421:
418:
410:
407:February 2023
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:This section
378:
369:
368:
362:
360:
358:
357:value at risk
353:
351:
346:
344:
343:growth charts
339:
337:
333:
325:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
257:
249:
245:
241:
233:
229:
225:
220:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
154:
150:
146:
141:
134:
130:
129:
121:
117:
116:
111:
106:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
74:
70:
64:
62:
58:
54:
51:
45:
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:
27:
22:
6671:
6659:
6640:
6633:
6545:Econometrics
6495: /
6478:Chemometrics
6455:Epidemiology
6448: /
6421:Applications
6263:ARIMA model
6210:Q-statistic
6159:Stationarity
6055:Multivariate
5998: /
5994: /
5992:Multivariate
5990: /
5930: /
5926: /
5700:Bayes factor
5599:Signed rank
5511:
5485:
5477:
5465:
5160:Completeness
4996:Cohort study
4894:Opinion poll
4829:Missing data
4816:Study design
4771:Scatter plot
4693:Scatter plot
4686:Spearman's Ï
4648:Grouped data
4544:
4346:. Retrieved
4333:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4285:. Retrieved
4276:
4265:. Retrieved
4235:. Retrieved
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4205:the original
4200:
4188:
4168:
4161:
4126:
4123:Epidemiology
4122:
4112:
4101:. Retrieved
4094:the original
4066:. Retrieved
4056:
4031:
4027:
3951:
3818:
3795:for general
3686:
3558:
3486:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3318:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2903:
2722:
2716:
2613:
2561:
2363:
2141:
2127:
1960:
1874:
1651:
1527:percent rank
1526:
1519:
1517:
1400:mod function
1333:
1081:
935:
928:
852:
842:
838:
834:
792:
790:
773:
560:
449:
413:
404:
381:
355:In finance,
354:
350:speed limits
347:
340:
329:
326:Applications
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
250:, or sigma (
239:
237:
203:
199:
191:
187:
181:
157:
155:
139:
132:
126:
119:
113:
107:
96:
85:human weight
68:
60:
52:
38:
34:
30:
25:
24:
18:
6700:Percentages
6673:WikiProject
6588:Cartography
6550:Jurimetrics
6502:Reliability
6233:Time domain
6212:(LjungâBox)
6134:Time-series
6012:Categorical
5996:Time-series
5988:Categorical
5923:(Bernoulli)
5758:Correlation
5738:Correlation
5534:JarqueâBera
5506:Chi-squared
5268:M-estimator
5221:Asymptotics
5165:Sufficiency
4932:Interaction
4844:Replication
4824:Effect size
4781:Violin plot
4761:Radar chart
4741:Forest plot
4731:Correlogram
4681:Kendall's Ï
4237:13 November
1688:, occur at
1288:, for
178:Definitions
168:test scores
151:at or below
93:sample size
46:below which
6689:Categories
6540:Demography
6258:ARMA model
6063:Regression
5640:(Friedman)
5601:(Wilcoxon)
5539:Normality
5529:Lilliefors
5476:Student's
5352:Resampling
5226:Robustness
5214:divergence
5204:Efficiency
5142:(monotone)
5137:Likelihood
5054:Population
4887:Stratified
4839:Population
4658:Dependence
4614:Count data
4545:Percentile
4522:Dispersion
4455:Arithmetic
4390:Statistics
4348:2017-03-19
4287:2006-09-15
4267:2009-02-18
4214:28 October
4103:2013-03-25
4068:2007-09-15
4003:References
3400:See also:
1368:, whereas
50:percentage
31:percentile
21:statistics
5921:Logistic
5688:posterior
5614:Rank sum
5362:Jackknife
5357:Bootstrap
5175:Bootstrap
5110:Parameter
5059:Statistic
4854:Statistic
4766:Run chart
4751:Pie chart
4746:Histogram
4736:Fan chart
4711:Bar chart
4593:L-moments
4480:Geometric
3921:−
3886:−
3855:−
3761:−
3724:−
3615:−
3514:∑
3460:…
3362:∈
3260:∈
3193:∈
3126:∈
3007:∈
2970:inclusive
2941:∈
2915:↔
2871:∈
2854:−
2843:−
2828:∴
2792:∈
2769:−
2691:∩
2673:∈
2649:−
2530:−
2474:∴
2448:∩
2430:∈
2406:−
2313:∈
2307:∀
2265:∈
2259:∀
2210:∈
2204:∀
2099:ξ
1993:range of
1925:−
1817:∴
1447:⌋
1441:⌊
1398:uses the
1360:uses the
1348:⌋
1342:⌊
1310:…
1241:∈
1235:∀
1224:⌋
1218:⌊
1210:−
1199:⌋
1193:⌊
1158:⌋
1152:⌊
1058:−
1049:…
1028:∀
1012:≥
984:…
887:×
815:≤
743:0.25/0.75
737:0.75/0.25
623:8.25/7.75
617:2.75/3.25
399:talk page
258:σ
110:quantiles
69:inclusive
61:exclusive
6635:Category
6328:Survival
6205:Johansen
5928:Binomial
5883:Isotonic
5470:(normal)
5115:location
4922:Blocking
4877:Sampling
4756:QâQ plot
4721:Box plot
4703:Graphics
4598:Skewness
4588:Kurtosis
4560:Variance
4490:Heronian
4485:Harmonic
4153:21811118
3992:Quantile
3960:See also
2996:, i.e.,
2990:excludes
894:⌉
873:⌈
768:6.8/5.2
746:0.9/0.1
626:9.9/9.1
272:infinity
115:quartile
59:falls ("
48:a given
6661:Commons
6608:Kriging
6493:Process
6450:studies
6309:Wavelet
6142:General
5309:Plug-in
5103:L space
4882:Cluster
4583:Moments
4401:Outline
4201:lsp.org
4144:3171208
4048:2684934
3355:,
3253:,
3186:,
3119:,
2864:,
2785:,
847:ordinal
762:3.5/3.5
756:1.1/1.9
740:0.5/0.5
734:0.1/0.9
620:5.5/5.5
614:1.1/1.9
164:percent
81:percent
41:, is a
39:centile
6530:Census
6120:Normal
6068:Manova
5888:Robust
5638:2-way
5630:1-way
5468:-test
5139:
4716:Biplot
4507:Median
4500:Lehmer
4442:Center
4176:
4151:
4141:
4046:
3982:Decile
2364:where
2116:ξ
2114:where
1686:median
1525:, the
1334:where
765:5/4.75
759:2.75/3
666:10/10
392:relate
128:median
6154:Trend
5683:prior
5625:anova
5514:-test
5488:-test
5480:-test
5387:Power
5332:Pivot
5125:shape
5120:scale
4570:Shape
4550:Range
4495:Heinz
4470:Cubic
4406:Index
4343:SciPy
4317:(3).
4208:(PDF)
4197:(PDF)
4097:(PDF)
4090:(PDF)
4044:JSTOR
3649:when
2130:= 1/2
586:0.90
535:10/9
475:0.90
334:bill
330:When
278:to +3
202:, as
170:from
147:below
89:limit
43:score
6387:Test
5587:Sign
5439:Wald
4512:Mode
4450:Mean
4294:here
4262:NIST
4239:2021
4216:2018
4174:ISBN
4149:PMID
3819:and
2986:NIST
1520:rank
850:rank
809:<
726:2/2
706:7/7
686:5/5
646:9/9
583:0.75
580:0.50
577:0.25
574:0.10
555:7/5
472:0.75
469:0.50
466:0.25
463:0.10
332:ISPs
232:mean
149:(or
23:, a
5567:BIC
5562:AIC
4319:doi
4139:PMC
4131:doi
4036:doi
3687:or
2980:= 0
2719:= 1
2586:100
1735:0.5
1702:0.5
1542:100
1479:mod
1380:mod
1173:mod
882:100
818:100
723:0/1
720:1/1
717:1/0
714:1/1
703:5/5
700:4/4
697:3/3
694:2/2
683:5/4
680:3/3
677:2/3
674:1/1
663:9/8
660:6/6
657:3/4
654:2/2
643:8/7
640:5/5
637:2/3
634:1/1
606:10
552:5/5
549:4/3
546:3/3
543:2/1
532:8/8
529:6/5
526:3/3
523:2/1
512:7.5
506:2.5
495:10
390:or
79:in
77:not
37:or
28:-th
19:In
6691::
4341:.
4315:14
4313:.
4309:.
4260:.
4247:^
4199:.
4147:.
4137:.
4127:22
4125:.
4121:.
4077:^
4042:.
4032:50
4030:.
4026:.
4011:^
3956:.
1997::
1714::
1561::
1428:,
603:10
600:10
597:10
594:10
515:9
492:10
489:10
486:10
483:10
345:.
105:.
5512:G
5486:F
5478:t
5466:Z
5185:V
5180:U
4382:e
4375:t
4368:v
4351:.
4327:.
4321::
4290:.
4270:.
4241:.
4218:.
4183:.
4155:.
4133::
4106:.
4071:.
4050:.
4038::
3937:.
3934:)
3929:k
3925:v
3916:1
3913:+
3910:k
3906:v
3902:(
3894:k
3890:p
3881:1
3878:+
3875:k
3871:p
3863:k
3859:p
3852:P
3846:+
3841:k
3837:v
3833:=
3830:v
3815:,
3803:C
3778:n
3774:w
3770:)
3767:C
3764:2
3758:1
3755:(
3752:+
3747:N
3743:S
3735:n
3731:w
3727:C
3719:n
3715:S
3708:=
3703:n
3699:p
3683:,
3671:2
3667:/
3663:1
3660:=
3657:C
3636:)
3630:2
3625:n
3621:w
3610:n
3606:S
3601:(
3593:N
3589:S
3585:1
3580:=
3575:n
3571:p
3544:,
3539:k
3535:w
3529:N
3524:1
3521:=
3518:k
3510:=
3505:N
3501:S
3487:N
3471:N
3467:w
3463:,
3457:,
3452:3
3448:w
3444:,
3439:2
3435:w
3431:,
3426:1
3422:w
3380:.
3377:)
3374:N
3371:,
3368:0
3365:(
3359:x
3348:1
3345:+
3342:N
3338:x
3333:=
3330:p
3304:.
3293:]
3289:1
3286:,
3280:1
3277:+
3274:N
3270:N
3264:[
3257:p
3249:N
3241:)
3234:1
3231:+
3228:N
3224:N
3219:,
3213:1
3210:+
3207:N
3203:1
3197:(
3190:p
3182:)
3179:1
3176:+
3173:N
3170:(
3167:p
3159:]
3152:1
3149:+
3146:N
3142:1
3137:,
3134:0
3130:[
3123:p
3115:1
3109:{
3104:=
3101:)
3098:N
3095:,
3092:p
3089:(
3086:f
3083:=
3080:x
3054:1
3051:+
3048:N
3044:1
3022:)
3019:1
3016:,
3013:0
3010:(
3004:p
2994:p
2978:C
2956:]
2953:1
2950:,
2947:0
2944:[
2938:p
2918:p
2912:x
2889:.
2886:]
2883:N
2880:,
2877:1
2874:[
2868:x
2857:1
2851:N
2846:1
2840:x
2834:=
2831:p
2807:]
2804:1
2801:,
2798:0
2795:[
2789:p
2781:1
2778:+
2775:)
2772:1
2766:N
2763:(
2760:p
2757:=
2754:)
2751:N
2748:,
2745:p
2742:(
2739:f
2736:=
2733:x
2717:C
2699:.
2695:R
2688:)
2685:N
2682:,
2679:1
2676:(
2670:x
2667:,
2663:)
2657:2
2654:1
2646:x
2642:(
2636:N
2633:1
2628:=
2625:p
2599:.
2594:i
2590:p
2583:=
2578:i
2574:P
2547:.
2541:N
2538:2
2533:1
2527:N
2524:2
2518:=
2513:N
2509:p
2505:,
2499:N
2496:2
2492:1
2487:=
2482:1
2478:p
2452:N
2445:]
2442:N
2439:,
2436:1
2433:[
2427:i
2424:,
2420:)
2414:2
2411:1
2403:i
2399:(
2393:N
2390:1
2385:=
2380:i
2376:p
2342:.
2338:]
2334:1
2331:,
2326:N
2322:p
2317:[
2310:p
2304:,
2301:N
2294:,
2290:]
2284:1
2280:p
2276:,
2273:0
2269:[
2262:p
2256:,
2253:1
2246:,
2242:]
2236:N
2232:p
2228:,
2223:1
2219:p
2214:[
2207:p
2201:,
2196:2
2193:1
2188:+
2185:p
2182:N
2176:{
2171:=
2168:)
2165:p
2162:(
2159:f
2156:=
2153:x
2128:C
2102:)
2096:+
2093:1
2090:(
2084:2
2081:1
2075:=
2072:C
2052:]
2049:N
2046:,
2043:1
2040:[
2020:)
2017:N
2014:,
2011:p
2008:(
2005:f
1995:p
1981:]
1978:1
1975:,
1972:0
1969:[
1946:.
1943:C
1940:+
1937:p
1934:)
1931:C
1928:2
1922:1
1919:+
1916:N
1913:(
1910:=
1907:)
1904:N
1901:,
1898:p
1895:(
1892:f
1889:=
1886:x
1860:,
1853:1
1850:=
1841:1
1837:c
1833:+
1828:2
1824:c
1820:2
1808:2
1804:1
1801:+
1798:N
1792:=
1787:2
1783:c
1779:+
1774:2
1768:1
1764:c
1760:+
1757:N
1751:=
1744:)
1741:N
1738:,
1732:(
1729:f
1699:=
1696:p
1672:)
1669:N
1666:,
1663:1
1660:(
1637:.
1632:2
1628:c
1624:+
1621:p
1618:)
1613:1
1609:c
1605:+
1602:N
1599:(
1596:=
1593:)
1590:N
1587:,
1584:p
1581:(
1578:f
1575:=
1572:x
1559:N
1545:p
1539:=
1536:P
1523:x
1513:v
1509:i
1505:x
1491:0
1488:=
1483:1
1475:x
1453:1
1450:+
1444:x
1437:v
1416:N
1413:=
1410:x
1384:1
1376:x
1366:x
1345:x
1319:,
1316:N
1313:,
1307:,
1304:2
1301:,
1298:1
1295:=
1292:i
1282:i
1278:v
1274:=
1271:)
1268:i
1265:(
1262:v
1259::
1256:]
1253:N
1250:,
1247:1
1244:[
1238:x
1232:,
1229:)
1221:x
1214:v
1205:1
1202:+
1196:x
1189:v
1185:(
1182:)
1177:1
1169:x
1166:(
1163:+
1155:x
1148:v
1144:=
1141:)
1138:x
1135:(
1132:v
1109:)
1106:i
1103:,
1098:i
1094:v
1090:(
1067:,
1064:}
1061:1
1055:N
1052:,
1046:,
1043:2
1040:,
1037:1
1034:=
1031:i
1025:,
1020:i
1016:v
1007:1
1004:+
1001:i
997:v
993::
990:N
987:,
981:,
978:2
975:,
972:1
969:=
966:i
963:,
958:i
954:v
950:{
898:.
890:N
879:P
869:=
866:n
853:n
843:P
839:P
835:N
821:)
812:P
806:0
803:(
793:P
509:5
503:1
420:)
414:(
409:)
405:(
401:.
315:Ï
311:Ï
307:Ï
303:Ï
299:Ï
295:Ï
291:Ï
284:Ï
280:Ï
276:Ï
204:p
200:p
192:p
188:p
143:3
140:Q
136:2
133:Q
123:1
120:Q
118:(
53:k
26:k
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