Perchlorate - Knowledge (XXG)

2134:

that they did not originally normalize their findings for creatinine, which would have essentially accounted for fluctuations in the concentrations of one-time urine samples like those used in this study. When the Blount research was re-analyzed with the creatinine adjustment made, the study population limited to women of reproductive age, and results not shown in the original analysis, any remaining association between the results and perchlorate intake disappeared. Soon after the revised Blount Study was released, Robert Utiger, a doctor with the Harvard Institute of Medicine, testified before the US Congress and stated: "I continue to believe that that reference dose, 0.007 milligrams per kilo (24.5 ppb), which includes a factor of 10 to protect those who might be more vulnerable, is quite adequate."

1954:), because Chile has rich source of naturally occurring perchlorate anion. Perchlorate concentration was the highest in Chilean nitrate, ranging from 3.3 to 3.98%. Perchlorate in the solid fertilizer ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 mg g, variation of less than a factor of 3 and it is estimated that sodium nitrate fertilizers derived from Chilean caliche contain approximately 0.5–2 mg g of perchlorate anion. The direct ecological effect of perchlorate is not well known; its impact can be influenced by factors including rainfall and irrigation, dilution, natural attenuation, soil adsorption, and bioavailability. Quantification of perchlorate concentrations in nitrate fertilizer components via 2084:(RfD) of 24.5 parts per billion protects against all human biological effects from exposure, as the federal government is responsible for all US military base groundwater contamination. This finding was due to a significant shift in policy at the EPA in basing its risk assessment on non-adverse effects such as IUI instead of adverse effects. The Office of the Inspector General also found that because the EPA's perchlorate reference dose is conservative and protective of human health further reducing perchlorate exposure below the reference dose does not effectively lower risk. 347: 224: 27: 2005:. In ex situ treatment via ion exchange, contaminants are attracted and adhere to the ion exchange resin because such resins and ions of contaminants have opposite charge. As the ion of the contaminant adheres to the resin, another charged ion is expelled into the water being treated, in which then ion is exchanged for the contaminant. Ion exchange technology has advantages of being well-suitable for perchlorate treatment and high volume throughput but has a downside that it does not treat 40: 50: 1624: 1918:

United States, for example Long Island, New York. Recent improvements in analytical sensitivity using ion chromatography based techniques have revealed a more widespread presence of natural perchlorate, particularly in subsoils of Southwest USA, salt evaporites in California and Nevada, Pleistocene groundwater in New Mexico, and even present in extremely remote places such as

2080:, emphasized that this effect, also known as Iodide Uptake Inhibition (IUI) is not an adverse health effect. However, in January 2008, California's Department of Toxic Substances Control stated that perchlorate is becoming a serious threat to human health and water resources. In 2010, the EPA's Office of the Inspector General determined that the agency's own perchlorate 1851:, where water from this reservoir is used for consumption, irrigation and recreation for approximately half the population of these states. Lake Mead has been attributed as the source of 90% of the perchlorate in Southern Nevada's drinking water. Based on sampling, perchlorate has been affecting 20 million people, with highest detection in 467: 1926:

species through pathways involving ozone or its photochemical products. Other studies have suggested that perchlorate can also be formed by lightning activated oxidation of chloride aerosols (e.g., chloride in sea salt sprays), and ultraviolet or thermal oxidation of chlorine (e.g., bleach solutions used in swimming pools) in water.

1742:, and thus the nitrate in the quantities present in all three soil samples is indigenous to the Martian soil. Perchlorate is widespread in Martian soils at concentrations between 0.5 and 1%. At such concentrations, perchlorate could be an important source of oxygen, but it could also become a critical chemical hazard to astronauts. 2344:

On June 18, 2020, EPA announced that it was withdrawing its 2011 regulatory determination and its 2019 proposal, stating that it had taken "proactive steps" with state and local governments to address perchlorate contamination. In September 2020 NRDC filed suit against EPA for its failure to regulate

2133:

In 2006, a study reported a statistical association between environmental levels of perchlorate and changes in thyroid hormones of women with low iodine. The study authors were careful to point out that hormone levels in all the study subjects remained within normal ranges. The authors also indicated

1787:

Perchlorates are of concern because of uncertainties about toxicity and health effects at low levels in drinking water, impact on ecosystems, and indirect exposure pathways for humans due to accumulation in vegetables. They are water-soluble, exceedingly mobile in aqueous systems, and can persist for

2145:

Some studies suggest that perchlorate has pulmonary toxic effects as well. Studies have been performed on rabbits where perchlorate has been injected into the trachea. The lung tissue was removed and analyzed, and it was found that perchlorate injected lung tissue showed several adverse effects when

2129:

of 0.0007 mg/(kg·d) by dividing this level by the standard intraspecies uncertainty factor of 10. The agency then calculated a "drinking water equivalent level" of 24.5 ppb by assuming a person weighs 70 kg (150 lb) and consumes 2 L (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal)

2174:

in sufficient quantity—in thirteen patients, seven of whom died. Subsequent investigations have indicated the connection between administration of potassium perchlorate and development of aplastic anemia to be "equivocable at best", which means that the benefit of treatment, if it is the only known

2280:

Lacking a federal drinking water standard, several states subsequently published their own standards for perchlorate including Massachusetts in 2006 and California in 2007. Other states, including Arizona, Maryland, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, and Texas have established non-enforceable, advisory

1609:

of northern Chile. These deposits have been heavily mined as sources for nitrate-based fertilizers. Chilean nitrate is in fact estimated to be the source of around 81,000 tonnes (89,000 tons) of perchlorate imported to the U.S. (1909–1997). Results from surveys of ground water, ice, and relatively

1925:

Despite its importance to environmental contamination, the specific source and processes involved in natural perchlorate production remain poorly understood. Laboratory experiments in conjunction with isotopic studies have implied that perchlorate may be produced on earth by oxidation of chlorine

2109:

Toxic effects of perchlorate have been studied in a survey of industrial plant workers who had been exposed to perchlorate, compared to a control group of other industrial plant workers who had no known exposure to perchlorate. After undergoing multiple tests, workers exposed to perchlorate were

1917:

in Chile as early as the 1880s and for a long time considered a unique perchlorate source. The perchlorate released from historic use of Chilean nitrate based fertilizer which the U.S.imported by the hundreds of tons in the early 19th century can still be found in some groundwater sources of the

1778:

On September 28, 2015, NASA announced that analyses of spectral data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars instrument (CRISM) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter from four different locations where recurring slope lineae (RSL) are present found evidence for hydrated

2222:

During that study, 37 adult human subjects were split into four exposure groups exposed to 0.007 (7 subjects), 0.02 (10 subjects), 0.1 (10 subjects), and 0.5 (10 subjects) mg/kg/day. Significant decreases in iodide uptake were found in the three highest exposure groups. Iodide uptake was not

1800:

but also in disinfectants, bleaching agents, and herbicides. Perchlorate contamination is caused during both the manufacture and ignition of rockets and fireworks. Fireworks are also a source of perchlorate in lakes. Removal and recovery methods of these compounds from explosives and rocket

5658:

Taylor, Peter N.; Okosieme, Onyebuchi E.; Murphy, Rhian; Hales, Charlotte; Chiusano, Elisabetta; Maina, Aldo; Joomun, Mohamed; Bestwick, Jonathan P.; Smyth, Peter; Paradice, Ruth; Channon, Sue; Braverman, Lewis E.; Dayan, Colin M.; Lazarus, John H.; Pearce, Elizabeth N. (November 2014).

1757:. Other experiments have demonstrated that the formation of perchlorate is associated with wide band gap semiconducting oxides. In 2014, it was shown that perchlorate and chlorate can be produced from chloride minerals under Martian conditions via UV using only NaCl and silicate. 1779:

salts. The hydrated salts most consistent with the spectral absorption features are magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that RSL form as a result of contemporary water activity on Mars.

1766:

rover in 2012-2013 support the notion that perchlorates are globally distributed throughout the Martian surface. With concentrations approaching 0.5% and exceeding toxic levels on Martian soil, Martian perchlorates would present a serious challenge to

1372:

and the exchange of oxo groups in the opposite direction. These strongly hydrated cations cannot form a sufficiently stable coordination bridge with one of the four oxo groups of the perchlorate anion. Although thermodynamically a mild reductant,

2009:. In addition, ex situ technology of liquid phase carbon adsorption is employed, where granular activated carbon (GAC) is used to eliminate low levels of perchlorate and pretreatment may be required in arranging GAC for perchlorate elimination. 1830:

program has been underway for about 1,200 residential, municipal, and agricultural wells. Large ion exchange treatment units are operating in three public water supply systems which include seven municipal wells with perchlorate detection. The

4620:

Orris, G. J.; Harvey, G. J.; Tsui, D. T.; Eldridge, J. E. Preliminaryanalyses for perchlorate in selected natural materials and theirderivative products; USGS Open File Report 03-314; USGS, U.S.Government Printing Office: Washington, DC,

1838:

The source of perchlorate in California was mainly attributed to two manufacturers in the southeast portion of the Las Vegas Valley in Nevada, where perchlorate has been produced for industrial use. This led to perchlorate release into

4159:

Ojha, Lujendra; Wilhelm, Mary Beth; Murchie, scortt L.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Wray, James J.; Hanley, Jennifer; Massé, Marion; Chojnacki, Matt (28 September 2015). "Spectral evidence for hydrated salts in recurring slope lineae on Mars".

2303:

study found 15 brands of infant formula contaminated with perchlorate and that combined with existing perchlorate drinking water contamination, infants could be at risk for perchlorate exposure above the levels considered safe by EPA.

2266:), or whether a benchmark dose should be used to derive the RfD. Defining the point of departure as a NOEL or LOAEL has implications when it comes to applying appropriate safety factors to the point of departure to derive the RfD. 1427:

cations which remain unoxidized in deaerated perchlorate aqueous solutions free of dissolved oxygen, other cations such as Ru(II) and Ti(III) can form a more stable bridge between the metal centre and one of the oxo groups of

2345:

perchlorate, and stated that 26 million people may be affected by perchlorate in their drinking water. On March 31, 2022, the EPA announced that a review confirmed its 2020 decision. Following the NRDC lawsuit, in 2023 the

1942:

and its release into ground water. The use of naturally contaminated nitrate fertilizer contributes to the infiltration of perchlorate anions into the ground water and threaten the water supplies of many regions in the US.

4530:

Böhlke J. K.; Hatzinger P. B.; Sturchio N. C.; Gu B.; Abbene I.; Mroczkowski S. J. (2009). "Atacama perchlorate as an agricultural contaminant in groundwater: Isotopic and chronologic evidence from Long Island, New York".

2326:

with a frequency and at levels that it presents a public health concern. Since then EPA has continued to determine what level of contamination is appropriate. EPA prepared extensive responses to submitted public comments.

3425:

Martin G. Liebensteiner, Martijn W. H. Pinkse, Peter J. Schaap, Alfons J. M. Stams, Bart P. Lomans (5 April 2013). "Archaeal (Per)Chlorate Reduction at High Temperature: An Interplay of Biotic and Abiotic Reactions".

2012:

In situ treatments, such as bioremediation via perchlorate-selective microbes and permeable reactive barrier, are also being used to treat perchlorate. In situ bioremediation has advantages of minimal above-ground

2261:

study, there has been no consensus with regard to developing a perchlorate RfD. One of the key differences results from how the point of departure is viewed (i.e., NOEL or "lowest-observed-adverse-effect level",

1835:, Olin Corporation and Standard Fuse Incorporated, have been supplying bottled water to nearly 800 households with private wells, and the Regional Water Quality Control Board has been overseeing cleanup efforts. 3932:

Kounaves S. P.; Carrier B. L.; O'Neil G. D.; Stroble S. T. & Clair M. W. (2014). "Evidence of Martian Perchlorate, Chlorate, and Nitrate in Mars Meteorite EETA79001: Implications for Oxidants and Organics".

2346: 2204: 1817:

was first discovered several years after the plant had closed. The plant had used potassium perchlorate as one of the ingredients during its 40 years of operation. By late 2003, the State of California and the

2239:). However, there was actually an effect at that level although not statistically significant largely due to small size of study population (four of seven subjects showed a slight decrease in iodide uptake). 6366:

Dept of Defense, Dept of Energy, and US Environmental Protection Agency's Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Elimination of Perchlorate Oxidizers from Pyrotechnic Flare Compositions,

2146:

compared to the control group that had been intratracheally injected with saline. Adverse effects included inflammatory infiltrates, alveolar collapse, subpleural thickening, and lymphocyte proliferation.

5079:

Magnuson Matthew L.; Urbansky Edward T.; Kelty Catherine A. (2000). "Determination of Perchlorate at Trace Levels in Drinking Water by Ion-Pair Extraction with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry".

2199:

of 0.00003 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) based primarily on studies that identified neurodevelopmental deficits in rat pups. These deficits were linked to maternal exposure to perchlorate.

2110:

found to have a significant systolic blood pressure rise compared to the workers who were not exposed to perchlorate, as well as a significant decreased thyroid function compared to the control workers.

1922:. The data from these studies and others indicate that natural perchlorate is globally deposited on Earth with the subsequent accumulation and transport governed by the local hydrologic conditions. 7966: 3844:

Schuttlefield Jennifer D.; Sambur Justin B.; Gelwicks Melissa; Eggleston Carrick M.; Parkinson B. A. (2011). "Photooxidation of Chloride by Oxide Minerals: Implications for Perchlorate on Mars".

1913:

In some places, there is no clear source of perchlorate, and it may be naturally occurring. Natural perchlorate on Earth was first identified in terrestrial nitrate deposits /fertilizers of the

4904:

Dasgupta P. K.; Martinelango P. K.; Jackson W. A.; Anderson T. A.; Tian K.; Tock R.W.; Rajagopalan S. (2005). "The origin of naturally occurring perchlorate: the role ofatmospheric processes".

2253:

study reflected only a 14-day exposure (=acute) to healthy adults and no additional safety factors were considered to protect sensitive subpopulations like for example, breastfeeding newborns.

1970:

technologies for perchlorate have downsides of high costs and difficulty in operation. Thus, there have been interests in developing systems that would offer economic and green alternatives.

3253:

Youngblut, Matthew D.; Tsai, Chi-Lin; Clark, Iain C.; Carlson, Hans K.; Maglaqui, Adrian P.; Gau-Pan, Phonchien S.; Redford, Steven A.; Wong, Alan; Tainer, John A.; Coates, John D. (2016).

2311:

set a 10 fold lower RfD (0.07 μg/kg/day) than the NAS RfD using a much higher uncertainty factor of 100. They also calculated an Infant drinking water value, which neither US EPA nor

2137:

In 2014, a study was published, showing that environmental exposure to perchlorate in pregnant women with hypothyroidism is associated with a significant risk of low IQ in their children.

5661:"Maternal Perchlorate Levels in Women With Borderline Thyroid Function During Pregnancy and the Cognitive Development of Their Offspring: Data From the Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Study" 5162: 2288:

for perchlorate and with it a guidance and analysis concerning the impacts on the environment and drinking water. California also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use. Both the

2349:

ordered EPA to develop a perchlorate standard for public water systems. EPA stated that it will publish a proposed standard for perchlorate in 2025, and issue a final rule in 2027.

1527:

Over 40 phylogenetically and metabolically diverse microorganisms capable of growth using perchlorate as an electron acceptor have been isolated since 1996. Most originate from the

1822:

had confirmed a groundwater plume currently extending over nine miles through residential and agricultural communities. The California Regional Water Quality Control Board and the

4719:

Böhlke, Karl John, Sturchio Neil C., Gu Baohua, Horita Juske, Brown Gilbert M., Jackson W. Andrew, Batista Jacimaria, Hatzinger Paul B. (2005). "Perchlorate isotope forensics".

480: 2308: 2057:) the administration of potassium perchlorate was considered the standard of care in the United States, and remains the approved pharmacologic intervention for many countries. 1863:

and other middle state regions may lead to revised estimates with additional affected regions. An action level of 18 μg/L has been adopted by several affected states.

2218:(NAS) reviewed the health implications of perchlorate, and in 2005 proposed a much higher reference dose of 0.0007 mg/kg/day based primarily on a 2002 study by Greer 7959: 1420:(1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), both awarded for their respective works on the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions with metal complexes and in chemical systems. 4890: 4819: 4762: 3753: 3612: 3477: 3361: 2706: 2492: 1610:

unperturbed deserts have been used to estimate a 100,000 to 3,000,000 tonnes (110,000 to 3,310,000 tons) "global inventory" of natural perchlorate presently on Earth.

1456:

anion must quickly transfer an oxygen atom to the reducing cation. When it is the case, metallic cations can readily reduce perchlorate in solution. Ru(II) can reduce

2113:

A study involving healthy adult volunteers determined that at levels above 0.007 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/(kg·d)), perchlorate can temporarily inhibit the

4776:

Rao B., Anderson T. A., Redder A., Jackson W. A. (2010). "Perchlorate Formation by Ozone Oxidation of AqueousChlorine/Oxy-Chlorine Species: Role of ClxOy Radicals".

1753:

converted to perchlorate in the presence of titanium dioxide and sunlight/ultraviolet light. The conversion was reproduced in the lab using chloride-rich soils from

4388: 3559:

Hecht, M. H., S. P. Kounaves, R. Quinn; et al. (2009). "Detection of Perchlorate & the Soluble Chemistry of Martian Soil at the Phoenix Mars Lander Site".

6333: 4086: 1886: 7952: 386: 5931: 26: 4990:

Stanford B. D.; Pisarenko A. N.; Snyder S. A.; Gordon G. (2011). "Perchlorate, bromate, and chlorate in hypochlorite solutions: Guidelines for utilities".

1679:

Perchlorate was detected in Martian soil at the level of ~0.6% by weight. It was shown that at the Phoenix landing site it was present as a mixture of 60%

1221: 6341: 2322:

criteria for regulation as a contaminant. The agency found that perchlorate may have an adverse effect on the health of persons and is known to occur in

622:. The majority of ionic perchlorates are commercially produced salts commonly used as oxidizers for pyrotechnic devices and for their ability to control 6311: 3767:

Davila, Alfonso F.; Willson, David; Coates, John D.; McKay, Christopher P. (2013). "Perchlorate on Mars: a chemical hazard and a resource for humans".

7681: 6298: 5444:

Chen HX, Shao YP, Wu FH, Li YP, Peng KL (Jan 2013). "" [Health survey of plant workers for an occupational exposure to ammonium perchlorate].

797: 2396:

As discussed above, iodide is competitor in the thyroid glads. In the presence of reductants, perchlorate forms potentially explosive mixtures. The

3194: 1946:

One of the main sources of perchlorate contamination from natural nitrate fertilizer use was found to come from the fertilizer derived from Chilean

6222: 5872:"Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans" 5767: 5473:"Health effect assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: The dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodide uptake in humans" 2223:

significantly reduced in the lowest exposed group, but four of the seven subjects in this group experienced inhibited iodide uptake. In 2005, the

6263: 6015: 4674:

S. P. Kounaves; et al. (2010). "Natural Perchlorate in the Antarctic Dry Valleys and Implications for its Global Distribution and History".

3667:

Kounaves S. P.; et al. (2014). "Identification of the Perchlorate Parent Salts at the Phoenix Mars Landing Site and Possible Implications".

5199: 2404:

when a fire caused the ammonium perchlorate stored on site to react with the aluminum that the storage tanks were constructed with and explode.

6400: 4578:; Stonestrom S. A.; Walvoord M. A.; Jackson W. A. (2007). "Widespread NaturalPerchlorate in Unsaturated zones of the Southwest United States". 7910: 5978: 5827: 5793: 5716:

Wu F.; Chen H.; Zhou X.; Zhang R.; Ding M.; Liu Q.; Peng KL. (2013). "Pulmonary fibrosis effect of ammonium perchlorate exposure in rabbit".

4676: 4520:

Ericksen, G. E. "Geology and origin of the Chilean nitrate deposits"; U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1188; USGS: Reston, VA, 1981, 37 pp.

3525: 3210:

Abu-Omar, Mahdi M.; McPherson, Lee D.; Arias, Joachin; Béreau, Virginie M. (2000). "Clean and Efficient Catalytic Reduction of Perchlorate".

3169: 3142: 2919: 2845: 5395:

Scientific Analysis of Perchlorate: What We Found (Report). Office of the Inspector General, Environmental Protection Agency. 19 April 2010.

2559:

Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in

5170: 121: 5230: 4947:

Rao B.; Estrada N; Mangold J.; Shelly M.; Gu B.; Jackson W. A. (2012). "Perchlorate production byphotodecomposition of aqueous chlorine".

1901:(ppb, or μg/L), which may have entered the cows through feeding on crops exposed to water containing perchlorates. A 2005 study suggested 6162: 1745:

In 2006, a mechanism was proposed for the formation of perchlorates that is particularly relevant to the discovery of perchlorate at the

1377:

ion exhibits a stronger trend to remain coordinated by water molecules to form the corresponding hexa-aquo complex in solution. The high

3821: 2615:

Zefirov, N. S.; Zedankin, V. V.; Koz'min, A. S. (1988). "The synthesis and properties of covalent organic perchlorates".

2292:

and some environmental groups voiced questions about the NAS report, but no credible science has emerged to challenge the NAS findings.

2289: 1715:

lander site, conditions would allow a perchlorate salt solution to be stable in liquid form for a few hours each day during the summer.

1590:

Perchlorate is created by lightning discharges in the presence of chloride. Perchlorate has been detected in rain and snow samples from

39: 4631:

Plummer L. N.; Bohlke J. K.; Doughten M. W. (2005). "Perchlorate in Pleistocene and Holocene groundwater in North-Central New Mexico".

2299:(FDA) reported that U.S. toddlers on average were being exposed to more than half of EPA's safe dose from food alone. In March 2009, a 5636: 1871: 2273:(DWEL) for perchlorate of 24.5 μg/L. Both DWEL and Cleanup Guidance were based on a 2005 review of the existing research by the 1647: 1634: 5548: 5480: 4270:

Susarla Sridhar; Collette T. W.; Garrison A. W.; Wolfe N. L.; McCutcheon S. C. (1999). "Perchlorate Identification in Fertilizers".

3003: 2801: 2750:

Susarla Sridhar; Collette C. W.; Garrison A. W.; Wolfe N. L.; McCutcheon S. C. (1999). "Perchlorate Identification in Fertilizers".

2331: 1823: 1819: 1666: 361: 6324: 5593:

Tarone; et al. (2010). "The Epidemiology of Environmental Perchlorate Exposure and Thyroid Function: A Comprehensive Review".

3231: 2720:

Markowitz, M. M.; Boryta, D. A.; Stewart, Harvey (1964). "Lithium Perchlorate Oxygen Candle. Pyrochemical Source of Pure Oxygen".

2098:, effects of perchlorate on the thyroid gland are reversible, though effects on brain development from lack of thyroid hormone in 796:

The dominant use of perchlorates is as oxidizers in propellants for rockets, fireworks and highway flares. Of particular value is

8460: 6369: 6240: 5369: 5334:

Godley, A. F.; Stanbury, J. B. (1954). "Preliminary experience in the treatment of hyperthyroidism with potassium perchlorate".

2032:

Bioremediation using perchlorate-reducing bacteria, which reduce perchlorate ions to harmless chloride, has also been proposed.

811:

in food packaging. Sprayed onto containers it stops statically charged food from clinging to plastic or paper/cardboard surface.

2270: 1832: 4498: 8470: 7246: 4341: 1441: 1249: 1245: 254: 1718:

The possibility that the perchlorate was a contaminant brought from Earth was eliminated by several lines of evidence. The

8455: 7674: 7446: 4399: 1934:

Although perchlorate as an environmental contaminant is usually associated with the manufacture, storage, and testing of

487: 49: 8428: 3708: 2296: 2274: 2215: 2073: 2025:

simultaneously. However, it has a downside that it may negatively affect secondary water quality. In situ technology of

1537: 1409: 1157:

These data show that the perchlorate and chlorate are stronger oxidizers in acidic conditions than in basic conditions.

800:

as a component of solid rocket fuel. In a related but smaller application, perchlorates are used extensively within the

304: 3968: 2867:

Taube, Henry; Myers, Howard; Rich, Ronald L. (1953). "Observations on the mechanism of electron transfer in solution".

1254:

Perchlorate compounds oxidize organic compounds, especially when the mixture is heated. The explosive decomposition of

7927: 7497: 5234: 3382: 2300: 2242:

Reduced iodide uptake was not considered to be an adverse effect, even though it is a precursor to an adverse effect,

325: 5295:"The effect of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on thyroid function in workers exposed to perchlorate long-term" 2246:. Therefore, additional safety factors, would be necessary when extrapolating from the point of departure to the RfD. 6991: 2815:

Wagman, D. D.; Evans, W. H.; Parker, V. P.; Schumm, R. H.; Halow, I.; Bailey, S. M.; Churney, K. L.; Nuttall, R. L.

1605:

Naturally occurring perchlorate at its most abundant can be found commingled with deposits of sodium nitrate in the

8182: 8068: 7731: 7458: 6393: 543: 7224: 7200: 6338: 5544:"Urinary Perchlorate and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Adolescent and Adult Men and Women Living in the United States" 4424: 8465: 7521: 7473: 7025: 6805: 6793: 6622: 5942: 4109: 3989: 3830: 3490:

Kathleen Sellers, Katherine Weeks, William R. Alsop, Stephen R. Clough, Marilyn Hoyt, Barbara Pugh, Joseph Robb.

2421: 2366: 2338: 1967: 1301: 1225: 823: 780: 7420: 7212: 7189: 6149: 5542:

Benjamin C. Blount; James L. Pirkle; John D. Osterloh; Liza Valentin-Blasini & Kathleen L. Caldwell (2006).

2959:

Taube, Henry; Myers, Howard (1954). "Evidence for a bridged activated complex for electron transfer reactions".

2087:

Because of ammonium perchlorate's adverse effects upon children, Massachusetts set its maximum allowed limit of

8335: 8164: 8003: 7975: 7667: 7509: 7485: 7299: 7154: 7081: 7013: 6658: 6640: 5781: 4132: 2362: 673: 265: 7557: 7533: 7323: 7589: 7545: 7291: 7279: 7105: 6851: 6308: 2514:

Kucharzyk, Katarzyna (2009). "Development of drinking water standards for perchlorate in the United States".

8199: 7986: 7915: 7846: 7264: 4371: 2319: 2285: 2189: 2046: 1814: 7569: 7117: 6828: 6610: 6457: 4833:

Catling, D. C., M. W. Claire, K. J. Zahnle, R. C. Quinn, B. C. Clark, M. H. Hecht, and S. Kounaves (2010).

219: 8159: 7346: 7178: 7093: 6875: 6863: 6840: 6513: 3380:

John D. Coates; Laurie A. Achenbach (2004). "Microbial perchlorate reduction: rocket-fuelled metabolism".

1958:

revealed that in horticultural fertilizer components contained perchlorate ranging between 0.1 and 0.46%.

1281: 1233: 1229: 852: 848: 619: 161: 7166: 7045: 6920: 6899: 3191: 3028: 8450: 8226: 7992: 7860: 7604: 7432: 6967: 6941: 6725: 6598: 6562: 6548: 6386: 6378: 5997: 5959:

Committee to Assess the Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion, National Research Council (2005).

5157: 5155: 4884: 4813: 4756: 3747: 3606: 3471: 3355: 2994:

Bakhtchadjian, Robert; Rajeev, Anjana; Liao, Guangjian; Yin, Guochuan; Sankaralingam, Muniyandi (2023).

2700: 2155: 1559: 1512: 1508: 1405: 709: 69: 6489: 6023: 2667:"Identifying Subpopulations Vulnerable to the Thyroid-Blocking Effects of Perchlorate and Thiocyanate" 8236: 8217: 7870: 7311: 7069: 6933: 6817: 6759: 6747: 6707: 6699: 6576: 6539: 6526: 6050: 5725: 5405: 5210: 5042: 4999: 4956: 4913: 4846: 4785: 4728: 4685: 4640: 4587: 4540: 4439: 4279: 4171: 4027: 3942: 3888: 3776: 3717: 3676: 3639: 3570: 3435: 3219: 3058: 2759: 2624: 2523: 2401: 2385: 2088: 2029:

could also be utilized, even though perchlorate phytoremediation mechanism is not fully founded yet.

1771:, as well as microorganisms. On the other hand, the perchlorate would provide a convenient source of 1768: 1727: 1711: 1382: 1285: 1274: 1255: 1168: 837: 765: 685: 271: 5472: 2651: 8188: 7131: 6979: 6955: 6771: 6733: 6447: 4062: 2323: 1867: 1344:, most often in aqueous solution, it is practically an inert species behaving as an extremely slow 1188: 913: 826:

on spacecraft, submarines, and in other situations where a reliable backup oxygen supply is needed.

815: 342: 87: 2580:

Dotson R.L. (1993). "A novel electrochemical process for the production of ammonium perchlorate".

8274: 7978: 7750: 7139: 7057: 7037: 6590: 5835: 5801: 5749: 5698: 5618: 5058: 5015: 4455: 4323: 4305: 4241: 4208: 3914: 3800: 3735: 3594: 3459: 3407: 3100: 2789: 2640: 2597: 2471: 2377: 2211:

applied, because perchlorate is ignitable, and therefore was a "characteristic" hazardous waste.

1955: 1935: 1760:

Further findings of perchlorate and chlorate in the Martian meteorite EETA79001 and by the Mars

1563: 1397:

involving an oxo-bridge between the perchlorate anion and the metallic cation. It depends on the

917: 901: 808: 745: 719: 623: 604: 3704:"Stability of perchlorate hydrates and their liquid solutions at the Phoenix landing site, Mars" 2936: 2227:

proposed by NAS was accepted by EPA and added to its integrated risk information system (IRIS).

2159: 1989:

Ex situ treatments include ion exchange using perchlorate-selective or nitrite-specific resins,

830: 8103: 5238: 4389:"Inorganic Chemical Maximum Contaminant Levels, Monitoring Requirements and Analytical Methods" 1938:, contamination of perchlorate has been focused as a side effect of the use of natural nitrate 1801:

propellants include high-pressure water washout, which generates aqueous ammonium perchlorate.

8113: 8108: 7741: 6471: 6166: 6117: 6068: 5974: 5901: 5823: 5789: 5741: 5690: 5682: 5610: 5575: 5507: 5453: 5426: 5351: 5316: 5275: 5141: 5097: 4972: 4929: 4872: 4801: 4744: 4701: 4656: 4603: 4556: 4162: 4043: 4018: 3861: 3819:

Photooxidation of chloride to perchlorate in the presence of desert soils and titanium dioxide

3792: 3586: 3561: 3541: 3521: 3451: 3399: 3343: 3286: 3235: 3165: 3138: 3082: 3074: 2999: 2976: 2915: 2884: 2841: 2797: 2688: 2539: 2463: 2054: 1951: 1902: 1898: 1797: 1761: 1417: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1349: 884: 880: 631: 504: 8128: 8098: 6186:

EPA (2019-06-26). "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Perchlorate." Proposed Rule.

5815: 3818: 8371: 8315: 8310: 8290: 8263: 8093: 8063: 7831: 7823: 7777: 7772: 7767: 6887: 6349: 6191: 6135: 6107: 6099: 6058: 5966: 5891: 5883: 5852: 5785: 5775: 5771: 5733: 5672: 5602: 5565: 5557: 5497: 5489: 5343: 5306: 5265: 5133: 5089: 5050: 5007: 4964: 4921: 4862: 4854: 4793: 4736: 4693: 4648: 4595: 4548: 4472: 4447: 4287: 4179: 4035: 3973: 3950: 3904: 3896: 3853: 3784: 3725: 3684: 3647: 3628:"Wet Chemistry Experiments on the 2007 Phoenix Mars Scout Lander: Data Analysis and Results" 3578: 3531: 3513: 3443: 3391: 3333: 3325: 3276: 3266: 3227: 3159: 3130: 3066: 2968: 2907: 2876: 2785: 2767: 2729: 2678: 2632: 2589: 2564: 2531: 2455: 2381: 2026: 1810: 1739: 1731: 1297: 1289: 1217: 921: 876: 864: 856: 784: 769: 761: 757: 647: 409: 181: 8154: 8033: 8028: 4372:"Perchlorate, Source and Distribution in Groundwater at Massachusetts Military Reservation" 4199:"Video Highlight (02:58) - NASA News Conference - Evidence of Liquid Water on Today's Mars" 313: 97: 8138: 8023: 7892: 7814: 7703: 6426: 6373: 6345: 6328: 6315: 4575: 4502: 3825: 3198: 2397: 2370: 2163: 2050: 2002: 1998: 1827: 1309: 1213: 925: 909: 872: 871:

in propulsive powders and explosives, quite surprisingly, the perchlorate anion is a weak

868: 860: 753: 699: 639: 589: 528: 449: 232: 6322:

Macho Moms: Perchlorate pollutant masculinizes fish: Science News Online, August 12, 2006

5525: 5122:"Perchlorate levels in samples of sodium nitrate fertilizer derived from Chilean caliche" 2902:

Brown, Gilbert M.; Gu, Baohua (2006). "The Chemistry of Perchlorate in the Environment".

2195:

In 2002, the EPA completed its draft toxicological review of perchlorate and proposed an

6321: 6054: 5729: 5046: 5003: 4960: 4917: 4850: 4789: 4732: 4689: 4644: 4591: 4544: 4443: 4377:. Presentation at U.S. EPA Technical Support Project Semi-Annual Meeting, Cambridge, MA. 4283: 4175: 4031: 3946: 3892: 3879:

Carrier B. L.; Kounaves S. P. (2015). "The Origin of Perchlorates in the Martian Soil".

3780: 3721: 3680: 3643: 3574: 3510:

Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases

3439: 3223: 3062: 2763: 2628: 2527: 346: 223: 141: 8361: 8351: 7921: 7887: 7836: 6194: 6112: 6088:"Basis of the Massachusetts reference dose and drinking water standard for perchlorate" 6087: 5896: 5871: 5855: 5570: 5543: 5502: 5011: 4867: 4834: 4451: 4137: 3994: 3536: 3338: 3305: 3281: 3254: 3127:

Observations on Atom-Transfer Reactions. In: Mechanistic Aspects of Inorganic Reactions

3049:

Taube, Henry (1984-11-30). "Electron transfer between metal complexes: Retrospective".

2243: 2224: 2196: 2126: 2081: 2072:

by releasing hormones, while in children, the thyroid helps in proper development. The

2014: 2006: 1990: 1914: 1897:

In 2004, the chemical was found in cow's milk in California at an average level of 1.3

1844: 1606: 1595: 1528: 1357: 1313: 643: 627: 524: 458: 444: 7944: 6365: 6281: 6207: 6138: 5137: 2443: 1709:

of water. Based on the temperature and pressure conditions on present-day Mars at the

8444: 8406: 8356: 8232: 8038: 7866: 7711: 6303: 5960: 5753: 5373: 4574:

Rao B.; Anderson T. A.; Orris G. J.; Rainwater K. A.; Rajagopalan S.; Sandvig R. M.;

4507: 4232:"Video Complete (58:18) – NASA News Conference – Water Flowing on Present-Day Mars m" 4104: 3804: 2644: 2475: 2358: 1875: 1706: 1550: 1402: 658: 608: 593: 547: 212: 6022:. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Public Health. 2012-12-07. Archived from 5702: 5062: 5019: 4495: 4459: 3918: 3739: 3598: 3463: 3411: 2636: 2601: 8320: 8078: 8043: 7716: 7694: 5847:

EPA (1998-03-02). "Announcement of the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List."

5622: 4039: 1881:

As of 2009, low levels of perchlorate had been detected in both drinking water and

1860: 1754: 1599: 957: 801: 737: 293: 4349: 2819:

Vol. 11(2); 1982, American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Physics.

2535: 2488: 5737: 5606: 5372:. California Department of Toxic Substances Control. Jan 26, 2008. Archived from 5270: 5253: 3954: 3688: 2835: 829:

Potassium perchlorate has, in the past, been used therapeutically to help manage

8366: 8305: 8295: 8242: 7801: 7796: 6134:

EPA (2011-02-11). "Drinking Water: Regulatory Determination on Perchlorate." 76

4087:

Mars covered in toxic chemicals that can wipe out living organisms, tests reveal

3517: 2167: 1882: 1809:

In 2000, perchlorate contamination beneath the former flare manufacturing plant

1413: 1305: 1270: 749: 578: 6355: 3134: 2995: 8396: 8123: 8118: 8088: 8058: 7726: 4231: 4198: 3788: 3329: 3255:"Perchlorate Reductase is Distinguished by Active Site Aromatic Gate Residues" 2459: 2175:

treatment, outweighs the risk, and it appeared a contaminant poisoned the 13.

2171: 2095: 2069: 1994: 1966:

There have been many attempts to eliminate perchlorate contamination. Current

1939: 1919: 1856: 1702: 1353: 1262: 844: 819: 677: 665: 635: 582: 431: 244: 172: 6241:"EPA Announces Plan to Protect the Public from Perchlorate in Drinking Water" 5686: 5033:

William E. Motzer (2001). "Perchlorate: Problems, Detection, and Solutions".

4103:

Webster, Guy; Agle, DC; Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie (28 September 2015).

3796: 3078: 2980: 2888: 2568: 2467: 1393:

reaction. The redox reaction rate is limited by the formation of a favorable

8300: 8053: 7819: 7790: 7755: 6165:. Washington, DC: Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies. Archived from 3582: 3447: 3271: 3129:. Vol. 198. Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society. p. 151. 3070: 2911: 2122: 1840: 1723: 1532: 6121: 6072: 5905: 5745: 5694: 5614: 5579: 5511: 5457: 5355: 5320: 5279: 5145: 5101: 5054: 4976: 4933: 4876: 4805: 4748: 4705: 4660: 4607: 4560: 4047: 3909: 3865: 3590: 3545: 3455: 3403: 3347: 3290: 3239: 2692: 2665:

McMullen Jenica, Ghassabian Akhgar, Kohn Brenda, Trasande Leonardo (2017).

2543: 2094:

Perchlorate affects only thyroid hormone. Because it is neither stored nor

2091:

in drinking water at 2 parts per billion (2 ppb = 2 micrograms per liter).

5430: 3232:

10.1002/1521-3773(20001201)39:23<4310::AID-ANIE4310>3.0.CO;2-D

3086: 2683: 2666: 1515:, also catalyzes the reduction of perchlorate. Both the Re- and Mo-based 8411: 8401: 8325: 5887: 5677: 5660: 5493: 5347: 5311: 5294: 4858: 4481: 4476: 3900: 3730: 3703: 3652: 3627: 1750: 1546: 1516: 1504: 1160:

Gas phase measurements of heats of reaction (which allow computation of Δ

1044: 996: 905: 776: 741: 192: 7659: 6103: 2972: 2880: 2733: 1566:, which collectively take perchlorate to chloride. In the process, free 1412:(OAT) and the associated electron transfer as studied experimentally by 201: 8133: 8048: 7721: 7690: 5637:"Perchlorate: Health and Environmental Impacts of Unregulated Exposure" 3512:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 15. Springer. pp. 45–87. 3395: 2722:

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development

2593: 2114: 2103: 2065: 2018: 1983: 1979: 1947: 1866:

In 2001, the chemical was detected at levels as high as 5 μg/L at

1848: 1591: 1500: 1345: 1341: 681: 539: 280: 6063: 6038: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5163:"Eliminating Water Contamination by Inorganic Disinfection Byproducts" 5093: 4968: 4925: 4797: 4740: 4697: 4652: 4599: 4552: 4291: 3969:

Look What We Found on Mars – Curiosity Rover Serves Up Awesome Science

3857: 3125:

Taube, Henry (1982-09-27). Rorabacher, D. B.; Endicott, J. F. (eds.).

2771: 2334:(NRDC) filed a lawsuit to accelerate EPA's regulation of perchlorate. 2249:

Consideration of data uncertainty was insufficient because the Greer,

8391: 8257: 7786: 5941:. Washington State Department of Health. 13 July 2007. Archived from 5932:"EPA's Perchlorate Drinking Water Preliminary Remediation Goal (Prg)" 5561: 4425:"A review of perchlorate occurrence in public drinking water systems" 4183: 4063:"Toxic Mars: Astronauts Must Deal with Perchlorate on the Red Planet" 2312: 2208: 2061: 1788:

many decades under typical groundwater and surface water conditions.

1772: 1567: 1293: 804:

industry and in certain munitions and for the manufacture of matches.

615: 597: 152: 6334:

New Scientist Space Blog: Phoenix discovery may be bad for Mars life

6223:"EPA Sued For Not Regulating Rocket Fuel Chemical in Drinking Water" 5121: 3161:

Physical Inorganic Chemistry: Reactions, Processes, and Applications

2209:

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

833:. It impedes production of the thyroid hormones that contain iodine. 736:

Perchlorate salts are typically manufactured through the process of

664:

Ionic perchlorates are typically colorless solids that exhibit good

457:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

5970: 1558:, microbes that grow via perchlorate reduction utilize the enzymes 1167:°) of various chlorine oxides do follow the expected trend wherein 5406:

https://www.mass.gov/guides/perchlorate-frequently-asked-questions

2263: 2118: 2099: 1852: 1390: 1277: 897: 840: 669: 654: 585: 536: 132: 120: 110: 5115: 5113: 5111: 4423:

Brandhuber, Philip; Clark, Sarah; Morley, Kevin (November 2009).

4306:"Fireworks Displays Linked To Perchlorate Contamination In Lakes" 3504:

DuBois, Jennifer L.; Ojha, Sunil (2015). "Chapter 3, Section 2.2

2937:"Electron transfer reactions in chemistry: Theory and experiment" 2269:

In early 2006, EPA issued a "Cleanup Guidance" and recommended a

2231:

The NAS report described the level of lowest exposure from Greer

1749:

lander site. It was shown that soils with high concentrations of

4236: 4203: 4105:"NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars" 3192:

Perchlorate Chemistry: Implications for Analysis and Remediation

2495:, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, September, 2005. 2318:

On February 11, 2011, EPA determined that perchlorate meets the

2236: 775:

Perchlorate esters are formed in the presence of a nucleophilic

7948: 7663: 6382: 5822:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 19–20. 5471:

Greer, M. A.; Goodman, G.; Pleuss, R. C.; Greer, S. E. (2002).

4835:"Atmospheric origins of perchlorate on Mars and in the Atacama" 2192:, primarily due to its detection in California drinking water. 2022: 1617: 1480:, while V(II), V(III), Mo(III), Cr(II) and Ti(III) can reduce 740:, which involves oxidizing aqueous solutions of corresponding 508: 2045:

Perchlorate is a potent competitive inhibitor of the thyroid

1216:

is one of the strongest mineral acids, perchlorate is a weak

6264:"Court orders EPA to regulate perchlorate in drinking water" 4394:. Massachusetts Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. 2357:

Although typically found as a non-coordinating anion, a few

2017:

and its ability to treat chlorinated solvents, perchlorate,

1978:

Several technologies can remove perchlorate, via treatments

752:. Perchlorate salts are also commonly produced by reacting 330: 48: 38: 5120:

Urbansky T.; Brown S.K.; Magnuson M.L.; Kelty C.A. (2001).

5074: 5072: 4016:

Kerr Richard A (2013). "Pesky Perchlorates All Over Mars".

2796:(5th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 564, 2257:

Although there has generally been consensus with the Greer

1381:

of the cation binding with perchlorate to form a transient

1240:

Weak oxidant in aqueous solution due to kinetic limitations

744:. This technique is commonly employed in the production of 5870:

Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, Greer SE (September 2002).

3508:". In Peter M.H. Kroneck and Martha E. Sosa Torres (ed.). 2906:. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 17–47. 676:

into ions. Many perchlorate salts also exhibit good

6086:

Zewdie T, Smith CM, Hutcheson M, West CR (January 2010).

2444:"Covalent Organic Perchlorates: Synthesis and Properties" 2121:("iodide uptake inhibition", thus perchlorate is a known 2053:

since the 1950s. At very high doses (70,000–300,000

684:. Four perchlorates are of primary commercial interest: 672:. The perchlorate ion forms when they dissolve in water, 3702:

Chevrier, V. C., Hanley, J., and Altheide, T.S. (2009).

3306:"Description of the novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria 3031:. NobelPrize.org The Official Website of the Nobel Prize 2214:

Subsequently, the U.S. National Research Council of the

6299:

NAS Report: The Health Effects of Perchlorate Ingestion

2745: 2743: 2068:

gland. In adults, the thyroid gland helps regulate the

1642: 475: 6339:

State Threatening to Sue Military over Water Pollution

6243:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 31, 2022 5665:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

5417:

J. Wolff (1998). "Perchlorate and the Thyroid Gland".

5293:

Braverman, L. E.; He X.; Pino S.; et al. (2005).

2671:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

768:, which is highly valued, can also be produced via an 6002:

Drinking Water Contaminants—Standards and Regulations

2442:

Markov, P. O.; Yashin, N. V.; Averina, E. B. (2022).

2428:. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 1416:(1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) and theoretically by 2309:

Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection

1507:

the reduction of perchlorate under mild conditions.

1444:

mechanism to observe the perchlorate reduction, the

920:

shows that, contrary to expectation, perchlorate in

748:, which finds widespread use as a key ingredient in 8384: 8334: 8273: 8256: 8198: 8181: 8147: 8077: 8016: 8002: 7985: 7880: 7845: 7812: 7749: 7740: 7702: 5992: 5990: 2376:Several perchlorate esters are known. For example, 1859:, and Massachusetts, but intensive sampling of the 253: 5595:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4324:"Perchlorate in the Pacific Southwest: California" 3029:"Press Release: The 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry" 2188:In 1998, perchlorate was included in the U.S. EPA 4133:"NASA Says Signs of Liquid Water Flowing on Mars" 3492:Perchlorate: Environmental Problems and Solutions 3304:Thrash JC, Pollock J, Torok T, Coates JD (2010). 2829: 2827: 2825: 1905:had an average of 10.5 μg/L of perchlorate. 1847:which affected regions of Nevada, California and 8336: 8004: 5965:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2493:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2422:"Perchlorate – PubChem Public Chemical Database" 1701:. These salts, formed from perchlorates, act as 1364:in solution is due to the difficulty to form an 657:endangers human health, primarily affecting the 292: 8200: 6356:Health Effects of Perchlorate from Spent Rocket 5921:272 F. Supp. 2d 1053, 1059–61 (C.D. Cal. 2003). 5254:"Dissimilatory perchlorate reduction: A review" 4992:Journal of the American Water Works Association 4432:Journal of the American Water Works Association 96: 5446:Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2561:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7960: 7675: 6394: 6208:"Perchlorate in Drinking Water; Final Action" 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 3494:, 2007, p 9. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 2341:of 0.056 mg/L for public water systems. 2060:In large amounts perchlorate interferes with 1651:that contextualizes different points of view. 1637:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 8: 5962:Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion 5777:Health implications of perchlorate ingestion 4889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4818:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4761:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3752:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3611:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3476:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3360:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3023: 3021: 2705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2489:Draft Toxicological Profile for Perchlorates 2078:Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion 1356:character of perchlorate in the presence of 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2380:is a high energy material that is a strong 2130:of drinking water per day over a lifetime. 1909:From minerals and other natural occurrences 1885:in 26 states in the U.S., according to the 1826:have engaged in a major outreach effort, a 1180:exhibits the largest endothermic value of Δ 43:Ball-and-stick model of the perchlorate ion 8275: 8270: 8195: 8013: 7999: 7967: 7953: 7945: 7746: 7682: 7668: 7660: 6401: 6387: 6379: 6318:(Executive Summary with link to full text) 5939:Office of Environmental Health Assessments 5225: 5223: 4496:Perchlorate found in breast milk across US 2655:volume 57 (1988), pp. 1815-1839. 2117:gland's ability to absorb iodine from the 1499:Some metal complexes, especially those of 1312:…). Although the perchlorate reduction is 1197:exhibits the lowest endothermic value of Δ 843:and that its sodium salts is particularly 370:InChI=1S/ClHO4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5)/p-1 345: 222: 180: 18: 6111: 6062: 5895: 5676: 5569: 5501: 5310: 5269: 5231:"ARA Perchlorate Contamination Solutions" 4866: 3908: 3729: 3651: 3535: 3506:Natural Abundance of Perchlorate on Earth 3375: 3373: 3371: 3337: 3280: 3270: 2682: 1667:Learn how and when to remove this message 1269:, a weak electron pair donor) and a weak 798:ammonium perchlorate composite propellant 312: 7248: 6713: 6709: 6660: 6642: 6624: 6578: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6528: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6495: 6491: 6473: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6428: 5865: 5863: 2961:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2869:Journal of the American Chemical Society 1697: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1573: 1191: 1175: 1171: 1144: 1123: 1115: 1089: 1068: 1060: 1032: 1011: 1003: 984: 972: 964: 930: 724: 714: 704: 694: 690: 5919:Castaic Lake Water Agency v. Whittaker, 4477:Toxic chemical found in California milk 2834:Housecroft, C.E.; Sharpe, A.G. (2018). 2413: 630:. Additionally, they have been used in 577:. These are organic compounds that are 391: 366: 341: 270: 200: 6436: 6409:Salts and covalent derivatives of the 5252:Bardiya, Nirmala; Bae, Jae-Ho (2011). 4906:Environmental Science & Technology 4882: 4811: 4754: 4677:Environmental Science & Technology 4533:Environmental Science & Technology 3745: 3604: 3469: 3353: 2698: 2347:US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit 2125:). The EPA converted this dose into a 1878:then state regulation of 2 μg/L. 653:Perchlorate contamination of food and 213: 7409: 3769:International Journal of Astrobiology 2555: 2553: 2162:was implicated in the development of 1726:and launch propellants consisting of 1519:operate via metal-oxo intermediates. 1208:Weak base and weak coordinating anion 373:Key: VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 160: 140: 16:Ion, and compounds containing the ion 7: 6421: 5200:"Technical Fact Sheet – Perchlorate" 4398:(CMR), 310 CMR 22.06. Archived from 4272:Environmental Science and Technology 4131:Chang, Kenneth (28 September 2015). 3626:Kounaves S. P.; et al. (2010). 2752:Environmental Science and Technology 2437: 2435: 1280:. This is why it is often used as a 1228:, perchlorate is commonly used as a 5834:Retrieved on April 3, 2009 through 5800:Retrieved on April 3, 2009 through 5526:"Perchlorate Guidance (Memorandum)" 3101:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992" 2582:Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 2516:Journal of Environmental Management 883:limitations severely hindering the 283: 8165:Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac) 5012:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11474.x 4452:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09991.x 2049:. Thus, it has been used to treat 1993:using packed-bed or fluidized-bed 1872:Massachusetts Military Reservation 836:As perchlorate is generally a non- 14: 6262:Erickson, Britt E. (2023-05-11). 6092:Environmental Health Perspectives 5876:Environmental Health Perspectives 5549:Environmental Health Perspectives 5481:Environmental Health Perspectives 5235:Applied Research Associates, Inc. 4396:Code of Massachusetts Regulations 3988:Chang, Kenneth (1 October 2013). 2448:Reviews and Advances in Chemistry 2400:destroyed a production plant for 2332:Natural Resources Defense Council 2235:as a "no-observed-effect level" ( 1824:Santa Clara Valley Water District 1820:Santa Clara Valley Water District 1258:is catalyzed by metals and heat. 896:The perchlorate ion is the least 8362:Ipodate sodium (sodium iopodate) 8341:Tooltip Iodothyronine deiodinase 8009:Tooltip Thyroid hormone receptor 4061:David, Leonard (June 13, 2013). 2996:"Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions" 2837:Inorganic Chemistry. 5th edition 2388:is a covalent inorganic analog. 1997:, and membrane technologies via 1796:Perchlorates are used mostly in 1622: 1273:anion, it is also a very weakly 614:In most ionic perchlorates, the 535:). As counterions, there can be 465: 25: 8205:Tooltip Sodium-iodide symporter 6282:"Perchlorate in Drinking Water" 6163:"Regulatory Update At-A-Glance" 6016:"Perchlorate in Drinking Water" 5998:"Perchlorate in Drinking Water" 4348:. Las Vegas, NV. Archived from 4346:Las Vegas Valley Water District 4244:from the original on 2021-12-21 4211:from the original on 2021-12-21 3259:Journal of Biological Chemistry 2637:10.1070/RC1988v057n11ABEH003410 2284:In 2008, EPA issued an interim 2271:Drinking Water Equivalent Level 1887:Environmental Protection Agency 1833:potentially responsible parties 1222:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory 807:Perchlorate is used to control 461:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 6304:NRDC's criticism of NAS report 6037:Renner, Rebecca (2008-03-15). 5820:Perchlorate in the environment 5169:. 19 July 2012. Archived from 4370:Clausen, Jay (November 2001). 4040:10.1126/science.340.6129.138-b 3308:Dechlorobacter hydrogenophilus 2998:. Bentham Science Publishers. 2286:drinking water health advisory 1722:retro-rockets used ultra pure 1503:, and some metalloenzymes can 1442:inner sphere electron transfer 1250:Outer sphere electron transfer 1246:Inner sphere electron transfer 867:. Although used as a powerful 592:. They are characterized by a 53:Spacefill model of perchlorate 1: 8429:Receptor/signaling modulators 6309:Environment California report 6268:Chemical and Engineering News 5772:"Perchlorate and the thyroid" 5138:10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00132-9 2536:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.023 2207:in California found that the 1982:(away from the location) and 1974:Treatment ex situ and in situ 1224:. As it is also generally a 822:to produce oxygen, useful in 6270:. American Chemical Society. 5738:10.1080/19338244.2012.676105 5607:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181e31955 5271:10.1016/j.micres.2010.11.005 5209:. 2013-04-23. Archived from 4312:. Rockville, MD. 2007-05-28. 3955:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.012 3709:Geophysical Research Letters 3689:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.016 3190:Urbansky, Edward T. (1998). 2794:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 2297:Food and Drug Administration 2275:National Academy of Sciences 2216:National Academy of Sciences 1783:Contamination in environment 1705:and substantially lower the 1538:Moorella perchloratireducens 1187:° (238.1 kJ/mol) while 1150: 1129: 1100: 1095: 1074: 1043: 1038: 1017: 995: 990: 978: 956: 900:reactive of the generalized 546:or other ions, for example, 6221:Slisco, Aila (2020-09-04). 5816:"Toxicology of perchlorate" 4230:Staff (28 September 2015). 4197:Staff (28 September 2015). 3518:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_3 3383:Nature Reviews Microbiology 2301:Centers for Disease Control 2295:In February 2008, the U.S. 1340:is expected to be a strong 847:, it is commonly used as a 544:quaternary ammonium cations 507:containing the perchlorate 34: 8487: 8280:Tooltip Thyroid peroxidase 8124:Sobetirome (GC-1, GRX-431) 7732:Thyroid gland preparations 7411: 6327:February 20, 2008, at the 3990:"Hitting Pay Dirt on Mars" 3135:10.1021/bk-1982-0198.ch007 2190:Contaminant Candidate List 1243: 8420: 7905: 6438: 6418: 5768:National Research Council 5718:Arch Environ Occup Health 4330:. San Francisco, CA: EPA. 4110:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3831:American Chemical Society 3789:10.1017/S1473550413000189 3330:10.1007/s00253-009-2336-6 3318:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2840:. Pearson. p. 1298. 2460:10.1134/S2634827622600153 2367:tetraperchloratoaluminate 2339:Maximum Contaminant Level 1531:, but others include the 1389:considerably hinders the 1302:electroanalytical methods 1261:As perchlorate is a weak 1226:weakly coordinating anion 781:nucleophilic substitution 779:via a perchlorate salt's 455: 402: 382: 357: 80: 68: 63: 33: 24: 7976:Thyroid hormone receptor 7742:Antithyroid preparations 5818:. In Urbansky ET (ed.). 5814:Clark, J. J. J. (2000). 5782:National Academies Press 5639:. United States Congress 5531:. EPA. January 26, 2006. 5258:Microbiological Research 3312:Propionivibrio militaris 3310:gen. nov., sp. nov. and 2817:J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2617:Russian Chemical Reviews 2569:10.1002/14356007.a06_483 2363:Hexaperchloratoaluminate 2337:In 2019, EPA proposed a 2281:levels for perchlorate. 2106:, and children are not. 1930:From nitrate fertilizers 1598:. It is also present in 1554:. With the exception of 1002:6 H + 2 HOClO + 6 e → Cl 8461:Non-coordinating anions 7847:Sodium-iodide symporter 5419:Pharmacological Reviews 5336:J Clin Endocrinol Metab 5299:J Clin Endocrinol Metab 5126:Environmental Pollution 5035:Environmental Forensics 3583:10.1126/science.1172466 3448:10.1126/science.1233957 3272:10.1074/jbc.M116.714618 3197:29 January 2022 at the 3158:Bakac, Andreja (2010). 3071:10.1126/science.6494920 2912:10.1007/0-387-31113-0_2 2320:Safe Drinking Water Act 2166:—a condition where the 2047:sodium-iodide symporter 1855:, southern California, 1815:Morgan Hill, California 1408:) necessary for a fast 1234:supporting, electrolyte 963:2 H + 2 HOCl + 2 e → Cl 904:. Perchlorate contains 853:supporting, electrolyte 6020:Drinking Water Systems 5055:10.1006/enfo.2001.0059 3164:. Wiley. p. 620. 2205:federal district court 2179:Regulation in the U.S. 2076:, in its 2005 report, 1805:In U.S. drinking water 1551:Archaeoglobus fulgidus 1282:supporting electrolyte 1204:° (80.3 kJ/mol). 946:Neutral/basic reaction 54: 44: 8471:Pyrotechnic oxidizers 8227:potassium perchlorate 8218:Cyanogenic glycosides 7861:Potassium perchlorate 6043:Environ. Sci. Technol 6039:"Perchlorate In Food" 4949:Environ. Sci. Technol 4778:Environ. Sci. Technol 4633:Environ. Sci. Technol 4580:Environ. Sci. Technol 2684:10.1210/jc.2017-00046 2623:(11). Turpion: 1042. 2353:Covalent perchlorates 2290:Department of Defense 2170:fails to produce new 2156:potassium perchlorate 1962:Environmental cleanup 1775:for the settlements. 1645:by rewriting it in a 1586:Terrestrial abundance 1560:perchlorate reductase 1509:Perchlorate reductase 710:potassium perchlorate 575:covalent perchlorates 70:Systematic IUPAC name 52: 42: 8456:Endocrine disruptors 8237:sodium pertechnetate 8089:Eprotirome (KB-2115) 8082:(selective agonists) 7871:Sodium pertechnetate 5888:10.1289/ehp.02110927 5780:. Washington, D.C.: 5678:10.1210/jc.2014-1901 5494:10.1289/ehp.02110927 5348:10.1210/jcem-14-1-70 5312:10.1210/jc.2004-1821 5082:Analytical Chemistry 4859:10.1029/2009JE003425 4721:Analytical Chemistry 3901:10.1002/2015GL064290 3731:10.1029/2009GL037497 3653:10.1029/2008JE003084 2402:ammonium perchlorate 2386:Chlorine perchlorate 2324:public water systems 2154:In the early 1960s, 2089:ammonium perchlorate 2007:chlorinated solvents 1728:ammonium perchlorate 1410:oxygen atom transfer 1383:inner sphere complex 1350:kinetics limitations 1256:ammonium perchlorate 914:reduction potentials 766:Ammonium perchlorate 756:with bases, such as 686:ammonium perchlorate 6152:"Docket ID" for EPA 6150:EPA-HQ-OW-2009-0297 6104:10.1289/ehp.0900635 6055:2008EnST...42.1817R 5730:2013ArEOH..68..161W 5047:2001EnvFo...2..301M 5004:2011JAWWA.103f..71S 4961:2012EnST...4611635R 4955:(21): 11635–11643. 4918:2005EnST...39.1569D 4851:2010JGRE..115.0E11C 4790:2010EnST...44.2961R 4733:2005AnaCh..77.7838B 4690:2010EnST...44.2360K 4645:2006EnST...40.1757P 4592:2007EnST...41.4522R 4545:2009EnST...43.5619B 4511:. February 23, 2005 4444:2009JAWWA.101k..63B 4284:1999EnST...33.3469S 4176:2015NatGe...8..829O 4032:2013Sci...340R.138K 3947:2014Icar..229..206K 3893:2015GeoRL..42.3739C 3852:(44): 17521–17523. 3781:2013IJAsB..12..321D 3722:2009GeoRL..3610202C 3681:2014Icar..232..226K 3644:2009JGRE..114.0A19K 3575:2009Sci...325...64H 3440:2013Sci...340...85L 3224:2000AngCh..39.4310A 3063:1984Sci...226.1028T 3057:(4678): 1028–1036. 2973:10.1021/ja01637a020 2935:Marcus, Rudolph A. 2881:10.1021/ja01112a546 2790:Wilkinson, Geoffrey 2764:1999EnST...33.3469S 2734:10.1021/i360012a016 2629:1988RuCRv..57.1041Z 2528:2009JEnvM..91..303K 2426:The PubChem Project 1986:(at the location). 1936:solid rocket motors 1868:Joint Base Cape Cod 1738:found no traces of 1734:. Sensors on board 1423:In contrast to the 1385:more favourable to 1290:chemical speciation 1147:O + 8 e → Cl + 8 OH 1092:O + 6 e → Cl + 6 OH 1035:O + 4 e → Cl + 4 OH 987:O + 2 e → Cl + 2 OH 892:Chemical properties 818:, which decomposes 816:lithium perchlorate 814:Niche uses include 439: g·mol 21: 8059:Tiratricol (TRIAC) 7932:Never to phase III 7751:Thyroid peroxidase 6372:2007-08-06 at the 6344:2005-11-09 at the 6314:2010-06-09 at the 6284:. EPA. 2024-01-05. 6210:. EPA. 2020-06-18. 6004:. EPA. 2017-03-31. 5836:Google Book Search 5802:Google Book Search 5376:on August 23, 2009 4501:2008-09-27 at the 3978:26 September 2013. 3881:Geophys. Res. Lett 3824:2016-09-07 at the 3396:10.1038/nrmicro926 2594:10.1007/BF00251024 2378:methyl perchlorate 2041:Thyroid inhibition 1956:ion chromatography 1843:in Nevada and the 1828:water well testing 1798:rocket propellants 1564:chlorite dismutase 1348:because of severe 857:solution chemistry 809:static electricity 758:ammonium hydroxide 746:sodium perchlorate 720:sodium perchlorate 648:textile industries 632:rocket propellants 624:static electricity 571:perchlorate esters 569:can also describe 488:Infobox references 55: 45: 19: 8438: 8437: 8380: 8379: 8267: 8252: 8251: 8192: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8172: 7996: 7942: 7941: 7901: 7900: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7650: 6188:Federal Register. 6064:10.1021/es0870552 5980:978-0-309-09568-6 5849:Federal Register, 5829:978-0-306-46389-1 5795:978-0-309-09568-6 5671:(11): 4291–4298. 5241:on 29 April 2014. 5094:10.1021/ac9909204 4969:10.1021/es3015277 4926:10.1021/es048612x 4798:10.1021/es903065f 4741:10.1021/ac051360d 4727:(23): 7838–7842. 4698:10.1021/es9033606 4653:10.1021/es051739h 4600:10.1021/es062853i 4586:(13): 4522–4528. 4553:10.1021/es9006433 4539:(15): 5619–5625. 4292:10.1021/es990577k 4278:(19): 3469–3472. 4163:Nature Geoscience 3887:(10): 3746–3754. 3858:10.1021/ja2064878 3527:978-3-319-12414-8 3265:(17): 9190–9302. 3218:(23): 4310–4313. 3212:Angewandte Chemie 3171:978-0-470-60255-3 3144:978-0-8412-0734-9 2921:978-0-387-31114-2 2875:(16): 4118–4119. 2847:978-1-292-13414-7 2786:Cotton, F. Albert 2772:10.1021/es990577k 2758:(19): 3469–3472. 2563:2002, Wiley-VCH. 1952:calcium carbonate 1903:human breast milk 1899:parts per billion 1792:Industrial origin 1677: 1676: 1669: 1631:This article may 1581:Natural abundance 1418:Rudolph A. Marcus 1399:molecular orbital 1395:activated complex 1387:electron transfer 1379:activation energy 1370:electron transfer 1368:facilitating the 1366:activated complex 1314:thermodynamically 1155: 1154: 912:(+7). A table of 885:electron transfer 533:ionic perchlorate 505:chemical compound 496:Chemical compound 494: 493: 326:CompTox Dashboard 122:Interactive image 59: 58: 8478: 8466:Oxidizing agents 8372:Propylthiouracil 8342: 8338: 8316:Propylthiouracil 8311:Methylthiouracil 8291:Benzylthiouracil 8281: 8277: 8271: 8261: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8186: 8064:Triiodothyronine 8014: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7990: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7946: 7832:Propylthiouracil 7778:Benzylthiouracil 7773:Methylthiouracil 7768:Propylthiouracil 7747: 7704:Thyroid hormones 7684: 7677: 7670: 7661: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7255: 6717: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6582: 6572: 6558: 6545: 6536: 6523: 6509: 6499: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6467: 6453: 6432: 6422: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6380: 6362:, July 11, 2002. 6350:Associated Press 6286: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6198: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5948:on 3 March 2017. 5947: 5936: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5899: 5867: 5858: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5680: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5601:(June): 653–60. 5590: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5562:10.1289/ehp.9466 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5477: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5414: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5204: 5196: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5173:on 29 April 2021 5167:Hazen and Sawyer 5159: 5150: 5149: 5117: 5106: 5105: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4912:(6): 1569–1575. 4901: 4895: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4870: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4784:(8): 2961–2967. 4773: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4752: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4684:(7): 2360–2364. 4671: 4665: 4664: 4639:(6): 1757–1763. 4628: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4494:McKee, Maggie. " 4492: 4486: 4485:. June 22, 2004. 4473:Associated Press 4470: 4464: 4463: 4429: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4267: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4184:10.1038/ngeo2546 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4100: 4094: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3985: 3979: 3974:Slate (magazine) 3965: 3959: 3958: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3846:J. Am. Chem. Soc 3841: 3835: 3834:. March 29, 2006 3815: 3809: 3808: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3733: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3610: 3602: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3377: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3351: 3341: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3284: 3274: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3207: 3201: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2967:(8): 2103–2111. 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2831: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2704: 2696: 2686: 2677:(7): 2637–2645. 2662: 2656: 2649:Translated from 2648: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2577: 2571: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2511: 2496: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2418: 2382:alkylating agent 2371:oxidising agents 2064:uptake into the 2027:phytoremediation 1813:Flare Facility, 1811:Olin Corporation 1769:human settlement 1740:ammonium nitrate 1732:ammonium nitrate 1700: 1689: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1648:balanced fashion 1626: 1625: 1618: 1577:) is generated. 1576: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1426: 1376: 1363: 1360:cations such as 1339: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1327: 1298:aqueous solution 1220:in the sense of 1195: 1178: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1127: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1072: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1015: 988: 976: 931: 928:among the four. 922:aqueous solution 910:oxidation number 877:aqueous solution 865:electrochemistry 824:oxygen "candles" 785:alkylating agent 762:sodium hydroxide 727: 717: 707: 697: 640:bleaching agents 620:non-coordinating 561: 560: 559: 556: 548:nitronium cation 522: 521: 520: 517: 478: 472: 469: 468: 438: 425: 424: 423: 420: 410:Chemical formula 350: 349: 334: 332: 316: 296: 285: 274: 257: 233:Gmelin Reference 226: 215: 204: 184: 164: 144: 124: 100: 35: 29: 22: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8416: 8376: 8340: 8330: 8279: 8260: 8248: 8245: 8207: 8204: 8185: 8169: 8143: 8081: 8073: 8069:Thyroid extract 8024:Dextrothyroxine 8008: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7922:Clinical trials 7897: 7893:Dibromotyrosine 7876: 7849: 7841: 7818: 7808: 7753: 7736: 7698: 7688: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7597: 7593: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7466: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7350: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7245: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6924: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6430: 6425: 6414: 6407: 6374:Wayback Machine 6352:, May 19, 2003. 6346:Wayback Machine 6329:Wayback Machine 6316:Wayback Machine 6295: 6290: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6133: 6129: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5846: 5842: 5830: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5796: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5556:(12): 1865–71. 5541: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5216:on 7 June 2013. 5213: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5119: 5118: 5109: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5032: 5031: 5027: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4881: 4839:J. Geophys. Res 4832: 4831: 4827: 4810: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4753: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4503:Wayback Machine 4493: 4489: 4471: 4467: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4170:(11): 829–832. 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3826:Wayback Machine 3817:Miller, Glen. " 3816: 3812: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3744: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3632:J. Geophys. Res 3625: 3624: 3620: 3603: 3569:(5936): 64–67. 3558: 3557: 3553: 3528: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3468: 3434:(6128): 85–87. 3424: 3423: 3419: 3379: 3378: 3369: 3352: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3199:Wayback Machine 3189: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2833: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2697: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2558: 2551: 2513: 2512: 2499: 2487: 2483: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2398:PEPCON disaster 2394: 2359:metal complexes 2355: 2186: 2181: 2164:aplastic anemia 2160:Graves' disease 2152: 2150:Aplastic anemia 2143: 2051:hyperthyroidism 2043: 2038: 2003:reverse osmosis 1999:electrodialysis 1976: 1964: 1932: 1911: 1895: 1807: 1794: 1785: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1643:help improve it 1640: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1588: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1525: 1511:(see below), a 1493: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1401:rearrangement ( 1374: 1361: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1317: 1310:electrophoresis 1252: 1244:Main articles: 1242: 1214:perchloric acid 1210: 1200: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1125: 1117: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1034: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1013: 1005: 1001: 986: 982: 974: 966: 962: 937:Acidic reaction 924:is the weakest 908:in its highest 894: 861:electrophoresis 831:Graves' disease 793: 770:electrochemical 754:perchloric acid 734: 726: 722: 716: 712: 706: 702: 700:perchloric acid 696: 692: 688: 680:in non-aqueous 603: 600:atom of the ClO 590:perchloric acid 557: 554: 553: 551: 529:perchloric acid 518: 515: 514: 512: 497: 490: 485: 484: 483: ?) 474: 470: 466: 462: 450:Perchloric acid 436: 421: 418: 417: 415: 412: 398: 395: 390: 389: 378: 375: 374: 371: 365: 364: 353: 335: 328: 319: 299: 286: 260: 247: 235: 207: 187: 167: 147: 127: 114: 103: 90: 76: 75: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8484: 8482: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8443: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8352:Dexpropranolol 8345: 8343: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8284: 8282: 8268: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8240: 8233:Pertechnetates 8230: 8220: 8211: 8209: 8193: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8018: 8011: 7997: 7983: 7982: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7888:Diiodotyrosine 7884: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7864: 7853: 7851: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7761: 7759: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6701: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6573: 6559: 6510: 6500: 6468: 6454: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6363: 6360:SpaceDaily.com 6353: 6336: 6331: 6319: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6293:External links 6291: 6288: 6287: 6273: 6254: 6232: 6213: 6199: 6179: 6154: 6142: 6127: 6078: 6029: 6026:on 2013-02-06. 6007: 5986: 5979: 5971:10.17226/11202 5951: 5923: 5911: 5882:(9): 927–937. 5859: 5840: 5828: 5806: 5794: 5759: 5708: 5650: 5628: 5585: 5534: 5517: 5488:(9): 927–937. 5463: 5436: 5409: 5398: 5387: 5361: 5326: 5305:(2): 700–706. 5285: 5264:(4): 237–254. 5244: 5237:Archived from 5219: 5184: 5151: 5132:(3): 299–302. 5107: 5068: 5041:(4): 301–311. 5025: 4982: 4939: 4896: 4845:(E1): E00E11. 4825: 4768: 4711: 4666: 4623: 4613: 4566: 4522: 4513: 4487: 4465: 4415: 4380: 4362: 4333: 4328:EPA – Region 9 4315: 4297: 4255: 4222: 4189: 4151: 4138:New York Times 4123: 4095: 4093:. 6 July 2017. 4089:. Ian Sample, 4079: 4053: 4008: 3995:New York Times 3980: 3960: 3924: 3871: 3836: 3810: 3775:(4): 321–325. 3759: 3716:(10): L10202. 3694: 3659: 3638:(E3): E00E10. 3618: 3551: 3526: 3496: 3483: 3417: 3390:(7): 569–580. 3367: 3296: 3245: 3202: 3183: 3170: 3150: 3143: 3117: 3105:NobelPrize.org 3092: 3041: 3017: 3004: 2986: 2951: 2927: 2920: 2894: 2859: 2846: 2821: 2808: 2802: 2777: 2739: 2728:(4): 321–330. 2712: 2657: 2652:Uspekhi Khimii 2607: 2588:(9): 897–904. 2572: 2549: 2522:(2): 303–310. 2497: 2481: 2454:(3): 178–193. 2431: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2393: 2390: 2354: 2351: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2244:hypothyroidism 2240: 2197:reference dose 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2158:used to treat 2151: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2127:reference dose 2082:reference dose 2042: 2039: 2037: 2036:Health effects 2034: 2015:infrastructure 1991:bioremediation 1975: 1972: 1963: 1960: 1931: 1928: 1915:Atacama Desert 1910: 1907: 1894: 1891: 1845:Colorado River 1806: 1803: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1707:freezing point 1675: 1674: 1630: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1607:Atacama Desert 1596:Lubbock, Texas 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1529:Pseudomonadota 1524: 1521: 1241: 1238: 1209: 1206: 1198: 1181: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1131: 1128: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1076: 1073: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1019: 1016: 999: 993: 992: 989: 980: 977: 960: 954: 953: 947: 944: 938: 935: 893: 890: 889: 888: 834: 827: 820:exothermically 812: 805: 792: 789: 733: 730: 628:food packaging 601: 525:conjugate base 495: 492: 491: 486: 464: 463: 459:standard state 456: 453: 452: 447: 445:Conjugate acid 441: 440: 434: 428: 427: 413: 408: 405: 404: 400: 399: 397: 396: 393: 385: 384: 383: 380: 379: 377: 376: 372: 369: 368: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 352: 351: 338: 336: 324: 321: 320: 318: 317: 309: 307: 301: 300: 298: 297: 289: 287: 279: 276: 275: 268: 262: 261: 259: 258: 250: 248: 243: 240: 239: 236: 231: 228: 227: 217: 209: 208: 206: 205: 197: 195: 189: 188: 186: 185: 177: 175: 169: 168: 166: 165: 157: 155: 149: 148: 146: 145: 137: 135: 129: 128: 126: 125: 117: 115: 108: 105: 104: 102: 101: 93: 91: 86: 83: 82: 78: 77: 73: 72: 66: 65: 61: 60: 57: 56: 46: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8483: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8407:Thyroglobulin 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8357:Iopanoic acid 8355: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8255: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8203: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8180: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8079:Thyromimetics 8076: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8039:Levothyroxine 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7963: 7958: 7956: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7868: 7867:Pertechnetate 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7793:derivatives: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7712:Levothyroxine 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7431: 7429: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7277: 7263: 7260: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7198: 7187: 7177: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7004: 6990: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6826: 6816: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6792: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6704: 6696: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6654: 6636: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6574: 6571: 6560: 6557: 6544: 6535: 6522: 6511: 6508: 6501: 6498: 6485: 6469: 6466: 6455: 6452: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6424: 6423: 6417: 6412: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6255: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6169:on 2019-04-06 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5651: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5535: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5476:(free online) 5474: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5425:(1): 89–105. 5424: 5420: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5391: 5388: 5375: 5371: 5370:"Perchlorate" 5365: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576:Scanlon B. R. 4570: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4508:New Scientist 4504: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4438:(11): 63–73. 4437: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4405:on 2017-02-28 4401: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4352:on 2016-11-04 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342:"Perchlorate" 4337: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4310:Science Daily 4307: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4155: 4152: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4080: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4026:(6129): 138. 4025: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4009: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3910:10044/1/53915 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324:(1): 335–43. 3323: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3042: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3007: 3005:9789815050929 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2803:0-471-84997-9 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2330:In 2016, the 2328: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2307:In 2010, the 2305: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2147: 2141:Lung toxicity 2140: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1876:Massachusetts 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1791: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1671: 1668: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545:sp., and the 1544: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1513:molybdoenzyme 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1443: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1403:HOMO and LUMO 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284:to study the 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1196: 1186: 1179: 1166: 1158: 1132: 1121: 1103: 1099: 1077: 1066: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1020: 1009: 1000: 998: 994: 981: 970: 961: 959: 955: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 932: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 839: 835: 832: 828: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810: 806: 803: 799: 795: 794: 790: 788: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 731: 729: 721: 711: 701: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 659:thyroid gland 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 609:organyl group 606: 599: 595: 594:covalent bond 591: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 549: 545: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 510: 506: 502: 489: 482: 477: 460: 454: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 435: 433: 430: 429: 414: 411: 407: 406: 401: 392: 388: 381: 367: 363: 356: 348: 344: 343:DTXSID6024252 340: 339: 337: 327: 323: 322: 315: 311: 310: 308: 306: 303: 302: 295: 291: 290: 288: 282: 278: 277: 273: 269: 267: 264: 263: 256: 252: 251: 249: 246: 242: 241: 237: 234: 230: 229: 225: 221: 218: 216: 214:ECHA InfoCard 211: 210: 203: 199: 198: 196: 194: 191: 190: 183: 179: 178: 176: 174: 171: 170: 163: 162:ChEMBL1161634 159: 158: 156: 154: 151: 150: 143: 139: 138: 136: 134: 131: 130: 123: 119: 118: 116: 112: 107: 106: 99: 95: 94: 92: 89: 85: 84: 79: 71: 67: 62: 51: 47: 41: 37: 36: 32: 28: 23: 8451:Perchlorates 8425: 8424: 8348: 8321:2-Thiouracil 8287: 8243:Thiocyanates 8223:Perchlorates 8222: 8214: 8044:Liothyronine 7856: 7789:-containing 7764:Thiouracils 7754:inhibitors ( 7717:Liothyronine 7439: 6686: 6503: 6410: 6359: 6276: 6267: 6257: 6245:. Retrieved 6235: 6226: 6216: 6202: 6187: 6182: 6171:. Retrieved 6167:the original 6157: 6145: 6130: 6098:(1): 42–48. 6095: 6091: 6081: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6024:the original 6019: 6010: 6001: 5961: 5954: 5943:the original 5938: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5879: 5875: 5848: 5843: 5819: 5809: 5776: 5762: 5724:(3): 161–5. 5721: 5717: 5711: 5668: 5664: 5653: 5641:. Retrieved 5631: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5553: 5547: 5537: 5520: 5485: 5479: 5466: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5401: 5390: 5378:. Retrieved 5374:the original 5364: 5342:(1): 70–78. 5339: 5335: 5329: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5239:the original 5211:the original 5206: 5175:. Retrieved 5171:the original 5166: 5129: 5125: 5088:(1): 25–29. 5085: 5081: 5038: 5034: 5028: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4885:cite journal 4842: 4838: 4828: 4814:cite journal 4781: 4777: 4771: 4757:cite journal 4724: 4720: 4714: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4616: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4516: 4506: 4490: 4480: 4468: 4435: 4431: 4418: 4407:. Retrieved 4400:the original 4395: 4383: 4365: 4354:. Retrieved 4350:the original 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4275: 4271: 4248:30 September 4246:. Retrieved 4235: 4225: 4215:30 September 4213:. Retrieved 4202: 4192: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4144:28 September 4142:. Retrieved 4136: 4126: 4116:28 September 4114:. Retrieved 4108: 4098: 4091:The Guardian 4090: 4082: 4070:. Retrieved 4066: 4056: 4023: 4017: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3993: 3983: 3972: 3967:Adam Mann. " 3963: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3829: 3813: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3748:cite journal 3713: 3707: 3697: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3607:cite journal 3566: 3560: 3554: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3472:cite journal 3431: 3427: 3420: 3387: 3381: 3356:cite journal 3321: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3186: 3175:. Retrieved 3160: 3153: 3126: 3120: 3109:. Retrieved 3104: 3095: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3033:. Retrieved 3009:. Retrieved 2989: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2943:. Retrieved 2930: 2903: 2897: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2851:. Retrieved 2836: 2816: 2811: 2793: 2780: 2755: 2751: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2701:cite journal 2674: 2670: 2660: 2650: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2560: 2519: 2515: 2484: 2451: 2447: 2425: 2416: 2395: 2375: 2356: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2317: 2306: 2294: 2283: 2279: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2250: 2232: 2219: 2213: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2153: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2112: 2108: 2093: 2086: 2077: 2059: 2044: 2031: 2011: 1988: 1977: 1965: 1945: 1933: 1924: 1912: 1896: 1880: 1874:), over the 1865: 1861:Great Plains 1837: 1808: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1762: 1759: 1755:Death Valley 1746: 1744: 1735: 1719: 1717: 1710: 1678: 1663: 1654: 1646: 1635:undue weight 1632: 1604: 1600:Martian soil 1589: 1555: 1549: 1542: 1536: 1526: 1523:Microbiology 1498: 1422: 1323: 1319: 1286:complexation 1275:coordinating 1271:nucleophilic 1266: 1260: 1253: 1211: 1201: 1184: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1119: 1105:16 H + 2 ClO 1064: 1050:12 H + 2 ClO 1007: 968: 958:Hypochlorite 949: 940: 916:of the four 895: 802:pyrotechnics 774: 738:electrolysis 735: 674:dissociating 663: 652: 613: 574: 570: 566: 564: 532: 500: 498: 81:Identifiers 20:Perchlorate 8367:Propranolol 8349:Inhibitors: 8306:Methimazole 8296:Carbimazole 8288:Inhibitors: 8215:Inhibitors: 8183:Transporter 8148:Antagonists 7918:from market 7857:Perchlorate 7802:Methimazole 7797:Carbimazole 6411:perchlorate 6049:(6): 1817. 5784:. pp. 5452:(1): 45–7. 5380:January 27, 3941:: 206–213. 3675:: 226–231. 2904:Perchlorate 2369:are strong 2361:are known. 2203:In 2003, a 2172:blood cells 2168:bone marrow 2119:bloodstream 2096:metabolized 1995:bioreactors 1968:remediation 1883:groundwater 1556:A. fulgidus 1414:Henry Taube 1328:, and that 1306:voltammetry 1114:+ 14 e → Cl 1101:Perchlorate 1059:+ 10 e → Cl 879:because of 750:rocket fuel 636:fertilizers 596:between an 567:perchlorate 501:perchlorate 403:Properties 220:100.152.366 142:CHEBI:49706 74:Perchlorate 8445:Categories 8397:Iodine-131 8264:inhibitors 8119:Resmetirom 7979:modulators 7815:conversion 7727:Tiratricol 6173:2019-04-04 4409:2017-07-05 4356:2017-07-06 3314:, sp. nov" 3177:2024-09-02 3111:2024-09-02 3035:2024-09-02 3011:2024-09-17 2945:2024-09-02 2853:2024-09-02 2408:References 2315:had done. 2070:metabolism 1940:fertilizer 1920:Antarctica 1870:(formerly 1857:New Jersey 1703:antifreeze 1657:April 2023 1354:metastable 1316:favorable 1263:Lewis base 1230:background 849:background 838:complexing 732:Production 678:solubility 666:solubility 432:Molar mass 314:VLA4NZX2P4 245:IUPHAR/BPS 173:ChemSpider 109:3D model ( 98:14797-73-0 88:CAS Number 8426:See also: 8301:Genistein 8104:KB-130015 8054:Thyroxine 7928:Phase III 7916:Withdrawn 7850:inhibitor 7791:imidazole 7756:thioamide 7693:therapy ( 5754:205941484 5687:0021-972X 4998:(6): 71. 4067:Space.com 4001:2 October 3805:123983003 3797:1473-5504 3079:0036-8075 2981:0002-7863 2889:0002-7863 2645:250838799 2476:257355136 2468:2634-8276 2123:goitrogen 1841:Lake Mead 1763:Curiosity 1724:hydrazine 1543:Sporomusa 1533:Bacillota 1517:catalysts 1440:. In the 1326:° > 0) 918:chlorates 902:chlorates 772:process. 742:chlorates 638:, and as 565:The term 8412:Tyrosine 8402:Selenium 8326:Thiourea 8189:blockers 8114:MB-07811 8109:MB-07344 8017:Agonists 7987:Receptor 6370:Archived 6342:Archived 6325:Archived 6312:Archived 6247:18 April 6227:Newsweek 6122:20056583 6073:18409597 5906:12204829 5770:(2005). 5746:23566323 5703:32482599 5695:23706508 5643:15 April 5615:20523234 5580:17185277 5512:12204829 5458:23433158 5356:13130654 5321:15572417 5280:21242067 5177:28 March 5146:11291435 5102:10655630 5063:95709844 5020:21620375 4977:22962844 4934:15819211 4877:32487988 4806:20345093 4749:16316196 4706:20155929 4661:16570594 4608:17695891 4561:19731653 4499:Archived 4482:NBC News 4460:17523940 4242:Archived 4209:Archived 4048:23580505 3919:97694189 3866:21961793 3822:Archived 3740:42150205 3599:24299495 3591:19574385 3546:25707466 3464:32634949 3456:23559251 3412:21600794 3404:15197392 3348:19921177 3291:26940877 3240:29711910 3195:Archived 2792:(1988), 2693:28430972 2602:96020879 2544:19850401 2104:newborns 1751:chloride 1690:and 40% 1547:archaeon 1505:catalyze 1406:orbitals 1358:reducing 1322:< 0; 1292:of many 1288:and the 1045:Chlorate 997:Chlorite 906:chlorine 881:kinetics 869:oxidizer 783:onto an 777:catalyst 682:solvents 193:DrugBank 8235:(e.g., 8225:(e.g., 8134:VK-2809 8129:VK-0214 8099:KB-2611 8049:Liotrix 7993:ligands 7837:Ipodate 7722:Liotrix 7691:Thyroid 7412: 7190:TaO(ClO 7118:Xe(OClO 7094:TeO(ClO 6113:2831965 6051:Bibcode 5897:1240994 5726:Bibcode 5623:2090190 5571:1764147 5503:1240994 5431:9549759 5043:Bibcode 5000:Bibcode 4957:Bibcode 4914:Bibcode 4868:7265485 4847:Bibcode 4786:Bibcode 4729:Bibcode 4686:Bibcode 4641:Bibcode 4588:Bibcode 4541:Bibcode 4440:Bibcode 4280:Bibcode 4172:Bibcode 4028:Bibcode 4019:Science 3943:Bibcode 3889:Bibcode 3777:Bibcode 3718:Bibcode 3677:Bibcode 3640:Bibcode 3571:Bibcode 3562:Science 3537:5012666 3436:Bibcode 3428:Science 3339:2822220 3282:4861485 3220:Bibcode 3087:6494920 3059:Bibcode 3051:Science 2760:Bibcode 2625:Bibcode 2524:Bibcode 2277:(NAS). 2115:thyroid 2100:fetuses 2066:thyroid 2019:nitrate 1984:in situ 1980:ex situ 1948:caliche 1893:In food 1889:(EPA). 1849:Arizona 1747:Phoenix 1736:Phoenix 1720:Phoenix 1712:Phoenix 1641:Please 1614:On Mars 1592:Florida 1501:rhenium 1346:oxidant 1342:oxidant 1294:cations 1122:) + 8 H 1067:) + 6 H 1010:) + 4 H 983:ClO + H 971:) + 2 H 926:oxidant 873:oxidant 845:soluble 642:in the 607:and an 540:cations 481:what is 479: ( 426: 281:PubChem 202:DB03138 8392:Iodine 8385:Others 8258:Enzyme 8208: 8094:KB-141 7911:WHO-EM 7813:Block 7787:Sulfur 7590:Th(ClO 7570:Yb(ClO 7558:Tm(ClO 7546:Er(ClO 7534:Ho(ClO 7522:Dy(ClO 7510:Tb(ClO 7498:Gd(ClO 7486:Eu(ClO 7474:Sm(ClO 7459:Nd(ClO 7447:Pr(ClO 7433:Ce(ClO 7421:La(ClO 7324:Bi(ClO 7312:Pb(ClO 7300:Tl(ClO 7292:Tl(ClO 7280:Hg(ClO 7247:Au(ClO 7213:WO(ClO 7179:Ta(ClO 7167:Hf(ClO 7155:Lu(ClO 7140:Ba(ClO 7106:I(OClO 7082:Sb(ClO 7070:Sn(ClO 7058:In(ClO 7046:Cd(ClO 7026:Pd(ClO 7014:Rh(ClO 6980:Nb(ClO 6968:Zr(ClO 6942:Sr(ClO 6921:BrOClO 6900:Ga(ClO 6888:Zn(ClO 6876:Cu(ClO 6864:Ni(ClO 6852:Co(ClO 6841:Co(ClO 6829:Fe(ClO 6818:Fe(ClO 6806:Mn(ClO 6794:Cr(ClO 6772:VO(ClO 6760:Ti(ClO 6748:Sc(ClO 6734:Ca(ClO 6700:ClOClO 6659:Al(ClO 6641:Al(ClO 6623:Al(ClO 6611:Al(ClO 6599:Mg(ClO 6458:Be(ClO 6120: 6110: 6071: 5977: 5904: 5894: 5826: 5792: 5752: 5744: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5621: 5613: 5578: 5568: 5510: 5500: 5456: 5429: 5354: 5319: 5278: 5207:US EPA 5144: 5100: 5061: 5018: 4975: 4932: 4875: 4865: 4804: 4747: 4704: 4659: 4606: 4559: 4458: 4072:May 9, 4046: 3935:Icarus 3917: 3864: 3803: 3795: 3738: 3669:Icarus 3597: 3589: 3544: 3534: 3524: 3462: 3454: 3410: 3402: 3346: 3336: 3289: 3279: 3238: 3168: 3141: 3107:. 1992 3085: 3077: 3002: 2979: 2918: 2887: 2844: 2800: 2691: 2643: 2600: 2542: 2474: 2466: 2392:Safety 2313:CalEPA 2259:et al. 2251:et al. 2233:et al. 2220:et al. 2062:iodine 2021:, and 1773:oxygen 1692:Mg(ClO 1681:Ca(ClO 1568:oxygen 1352:. The 1300:or in 952:° (V) 863:, and 616:cation 605:moiety 598:oxygen 586:esters 523:, the 476:verify 473: 387:SMILES 294:123351 272:180053 182:109953 153:ChEMBL 64:Names 8155:1-850 8034:DITPA 8029:DIMIT 7881:Other 7347:FrClO 7132:CsClO 7038:AgClO 6956:Y(ClO 6934:RbClO 6591:NaClO 6540:NOClO 6514:N(ClO 6504:ROClO 6490:B(ClO 6472:B(ClO 6448:LiClO 6195:30524 5946:(PDF) 5935:(PDF) 5856:10274 5750:S2CID 5699:S2CID 5619:S2CID 5529:(PDF) 5214:(PDF) 5203:(PDF) 5059:S2CID 5016:S2CID 4621:2003. 4456:S2CID 4428:(PDF) 4403:(PDF) 4392:(PDF) 4375:(PDF) 3915:S2CID 3801:S2CID 3736:S2CID 3595:S2CID 3460:S2CID 3408:S2CID 2940:(PDF) 2641:S2CID 2598:S2CID 2472:S2CID 2264:LOAEL 2184:Water 1853:Texas 1633:lend 1391:redox 1278:anion 1232:, or 1151:0.56 1143:+ 4 H 1096:0.63 1088:+ 3 H 1039:0.78 1031:+ 2 H 991:0.89 943:° (V) 898:redox 851:, or 841:anion 723:NaClO 670:water 655:water 644:paper 579:alkyl 537:metal 503:is a 437:99.45 362:InChI 238:2136 133:ChEBI 111:JSmol 8139:ZYT1 7609:(ClO 7269:(ClO 6996:(ClO 6786:(ClO 6726:KClO 6577:FClO 6567:OClO 6427:HClO 6367:2009 6249:2022 6139:7762 6118:PMID 6069:PMID 5975:ISBN 5902:PMID 5824:ISBN 5790:ISBN 5742:PMID 5691:PMID 5683:ISSN 5645:2012 5611:PMID 5576:PMID 5508:PMID 5454:PMID 5427:PMID 5382:2008 5352:PMID 5317:PMID 5276:PMID 5179:2014 5142:PMID 5098:PMID 4973:PMID 4930:PMID 4891:link 4873:PMID 4820:link 4802:PMID 4763:link 4745:PMID 4702:PMID 4657:PMID 4604:PMID 4557:PMID 4250:2015 4237:NASA 4217:2015 4204:NASA 4146:2015 4118:2015 4074:2017 4044:PMID 4003:2013 3862:PMID 3793:ISSN 3754:link 3613:link 3587:PMID 3542:PMID 3522:ISBN 3478:link 3452:PMID 3400:PMID 3362:link 3344:PMID 3287:PMID 3236:PMID 3166:ISBN 3139:ISBN 3083:PMID 3075:ISSN 3000:ISBN 2977:ISSN 2916:ISBN 2885:ISSN 2842:ISBN 2798:ISBN 2707:link 2689:PMID 2540:PMID 2464:ISSN 2365:and 2237:NOEL 2001:and 1594:and 1562:and 1541:and 1267:i.e. 1248:and 1218:base 1130:1.42 1075:1.47 1018:1.64 979:1.63 791:Uses 718:and 713:KClO 703:HClO 693:)ClO 646:and 583:aryl 394:()() 305:UNII 266:MeSH 255:4524 8337:DIO 8276:TPO 8201:NIS 8160:NH3 8005:THR 7822:to 7695:H03 7647:No 7644:Md 7641:Fm 7638:Es 7635:Cf 7632:Bk 7629:Cm 7626:Am 7623:Pu 7620:Np 7601:Pa 7586:Ac 7583:** 7470:Pm 7405:Og 7402:Ts 7399:Lv 7396:Mc 7393:Fl 7390:Nh 7387:Cn 7384:Rg 7381:Ds 7378:Mt 7375:Hs 7372:Bh 7369:Sg 7366:Db 7363:Rf 7360:Lr 7357:** 7354:Ra 7341:Rn 7338:At 7335:Po 7242:Pt 7239:Ir 7236:Os 7229:ClO 7225:ReO 7205:ClO 7201:TaO 7010:Ru 7007:Tc 6992:MoO 6928:Kr 6917:Se 6914:As 6911:Ge 6720:Ar 6687:ClO 6676:Si 6585:Ne 6553:ClO 6531:ClO 6441:He 6413:ion 6190:84 6108:PMC 6100:doi 6096:118 6059:doi 5967:doi 5892:PMC 5884:doi 5880:110 5851:63 5734:doi 5673:doi 5603:doi 5566:PMC 5558:doi 5554:114 5498:PMC 5490:doi 5486:110 5344:doi 5307:doi 5266:doi 5262:166 5134:doi 5130:112 5090:doi 5051:doi 5008:doi 4996:103 4965:doi 4922:doi 4863:PMC 4855:doi 4843:115 4794:doi 4737:doi 4694:doi 4649:doi 4596:doi 4549:doi 4505:". 4479:". 4475:. " 4448:doi 4436:101 4288:doi 4180:doi 4036:doi 4024:340 3971:". 3951:doi 3939:229 3905:hdl 3897:doi 3854:doi 3850:133 3828:". 3785:doi 3726:doi 3685:doi 3673:232 3648:doi 3636:115 3579:doi 3567:325 3532:PMC 3514:doi 3444:doi 3432:340 3392:doi 3334:PMC 3326:doi 3277:PMC 3267:doi 3263:291 3228:doi 3131:doi 3067:doi 3055:226 2969:doi 2908:doi 2877:doi 2768:doi 2730:doi 2679:doi 2675:102 2633:doi 2590:doi 2565:doi 2532:doi 2456:doi 2225:RfD 2074:NAS 2055:ppb 2023:RDX 1730:or 1492:to 1482:ClO 1470:ClO 1468:to 1458:ClO 1446:ClO 1430:ClO 1330:ClO 1296:in 1236:. 1212:As 1134:ClO 1079:ClO 1022:ClO 934:Ion 875:in 855:in 760:or 689:(NH 668:in 626:in 618:is 588:of 581:or 573:or 562:). 527:of 513:ClO 509:ion 416:ClO 331:EPA 284:CID 8447:: 7924:: 7824:T3 7820:T4 7817:of 7605:UO 7417:* 7265:Hg 7151:* 6790:) 6782:VO 6708:Cl 6682:S 6679:P 6666:3− 6648:2− 6549:NO 6527:NH 6358:, 6348:, 6266:. 6225:. 6192:FR 6136:FR 6116:. 6106:. 6094:. 6090:. 6067:. 6057:. 6047:42 6045:. 6041:. 6018:. 6000:. 5989:^ 5973:. 5937:. 5900:. 5890:. 5878:. 5874:. 5862:^ 5853:FR 5788:. 5774:. 5748:. 5740:. 5732:. 5722:68 5720:. 5697:. 5689:. 5681:. 5669:99 5667:. 5663:. 5617:. 5609:. 5599:52 5597:. 5574:. 5564:. 5552:. 5546:. 5506:. 5496:. 5484:. 5478:. 5450:31 5448:. 5423:50 5421:. 5350:. 5340:14 5338:. 5315:. 5303:90 5301:. 5297:. 5274:. 5260:. 5256:. 5233:. 5222:^ 5205:. 5187:^ 5165:. 5154:^ 5140:. 5128:. 5124:. 5110:^ 5096:. 5086:72 5084:. 5071:^ 5057:. 5049:. 5037:. 5014:. 5006:. 4994:. 4971:. 4963:. 4953:46 4951:. 4928:. 4920:. 4910:39 4908:. 4887:}} 4883:{{ 4871:. 4861:. 4853:. 4841:. 4837:. 4816:}} 4812:{{ 4800:. 4792:. 4782:44 4780:. 4759:}} 4755:{{ 4743:. 4735:. 4725:77 4723:. 4700:. 4692:. 4682:44 4680:. 4655:. 4647:. 4637:40 4635:. 4602:. 4594:. 4584:41 4582:. 4555:. 4547:. 4537:43 4535:. 4454:. 4446:. 4434:. 4430:. 4344:. 4326:. 4308:. 4286:. 4276:33 4274:. 4258:^ 4240:. 4234:. 4207:. 4201:. 4178:. 4166:. 4135:. 4107:. 4065:. 4042:. 4034:. 4022:. 3992:. 3949:. 3937:. 3913:. 3903:. 3895:. 3885:42 3883:. 3860:. 3848:. 3799:. 3791:. 3783:. 3773:12 3771:. 3750:}} 3746:{{ 3734:. 3724:. 3714:36 3712:. 3706:. 3683:. 3671:. 3646:. 3634:. 3630:. 3609:}} 3605:{{ 3593:. 3585:. 3577:. 3565:. 3540:. 3530:. 3520:. 3474:}} 3470:{{ 3458:. 3450:. 3442:. 3430:. 3406:. 3398:. 3386:. 3370:^ 3358:}} 3354:{{ 3342:. 3332:. 3322:86 3320:. 3316:. 3285:. 3275:. 3261:. 3257:. 3234:. 3226:. 3216:39 3214:. 3137:. 3103:. 3081:. 3073:. 3065:. 3053:. 3020:^ 2975:. 2965:76 2963:. 2914:. 2883:. 2873:75 2871:. 2824:^ 2788:; 2766:. 2756:33 2754:. 2742:^ 2724:. 2703:}} 2699:{{ 2687:. 2673:. 2669:. 2639:. 2631:. 2621:57 2619:. 2596:. 2586:23 2584:. 2552:^ 2538:. 2530:. 2520:91 2518:. 2500:^ 2491:, 2470:. 2462:. 2452:12 2450:. 2446:. 2434:^ 2424:. 2384:. 2373:. 2102:, 1602:. 1535:, 1496:. 1494:Cl 1425:Fe 1375:Fe 1362:Fe 1318:(∆ 1308:, 1190:Cl 1170:Cl 859:, 787:. 764:. 728:. 708:, 698:, 661:. 650:. 634:, 611:. 552:NO 542:, 511:, 499:A 8266:) 8262:( 8239:) 8229:) 8191:) 8187:( 7995:) 7991:( 7968:e 7961:t 7954:v 7873:) 7869:( 7863:) 7859:( 7758:) 7697:) 7683:e 7676:t 7669:v 7615:2 7613:) 7611:4 7607:2 7596:4 7594:) 7592:4 7576:3 7574:) 7572:4 7564:3 7562:) 7560:4 7552:3 7550:) 7548:4 7540:3 7538:) 7536:4 7528:3 7526:) 7524:4 7516:3 7514:) 7512:4 7504:3 7502:) 7500:4 7492:3 7490:) 7488:4 7480:3 7478:) 7476:4 7465:3 7463:) 7461:4 7453:3 7451:) 7449:4 7440:x 7437:) 7435:4 7427:3 7425:) 7423:4 7349:4 7330:3 7328:) 7326:4 7318:2 7316:) 7314:4 7306:3 7304:) 7302:4 7296:) 7294:4 7286:2 7284:) 7282:4 7275:2 7273:) 7271:4 7267:2 7257:4 7254:− 7251:) 7249:4 7231:4 7227:3 7219:4 7217:) 7215:4 7207:4 7203:2 7196:3 7194:) 7192:4 7185:5 7183:) 7181:4 7173:4 7171:) 7169:4 7161:3 7159:) 7157:4 7146:2 7144:) 7142:4 7134:4 7124:2 7122:) 7120:3 7112:3 7110:) 7108:3 7100:2 7098:) 7096:4 7088:3 7086:) 7084:4 7076:4 7074:) 7072:4 7064:3 7062:) 7060:4 7052:2 7050:) 7048:4 7040:4 7032:2 7030:) 7028:4 7020:3 7018:) 7016:4 7002:2 7000:) 6998:4 6994:2 6986:5 6984:) 6982:4 6974:4 6972:) 6970:4 6962:3 6960:) 6958:4 6948:2 6946:) 6944:4 6936:4 6923:3 6906:3 6904:) 6902:4 6894:2 6892:) 6890:4 6882:2 6880:) 6878:4 6870:2 6868:) 6866:4 6858:3 6856:) 6854:4 6847:2 6845:) 6843:4 6835:3 6833:) 6831:4 6824:2 6822:) 6820:4 6812:2 6810:) 6808:4 6800:3 6798:) 6796:4 6788:4 6784:2 6778:3 6776:) 6774:4 6766:4 6764:) 6762:4 6754:3 6752:) 6750:4 6740:2 6738:) 6736:4 6728:4 6714:7 6712:O 6710:2 6702:3 6693:4 6690:− 6669:6 6663:) 6661:4 6651:5 6645:) 6643:4 6633:4 6630:− 6627:) 6625:4 6617:3 6615:) 6613:4 6605:2 6603:) 6601:4 6593:4 6579:4 6569:4 6565:3 6563:H 6555:4 6551:2 6542:4 6533:4 6529:4 6520:3 6518:) 6516:4 6506:3 6496:3 6494:) 6492:4 6482:4 6479:− 6476:) 6474:4 6464:2 6462:) 6460:4 6450:4 6429:4 6402:e 6395:t 6388:v 6251:. 6229:. 6197:. 6176:. 6124:. 6102:: 6075:. 6061:: 6053:: 5983:. 5969:: 5908:. 5886:: 5838:. 5832:. 5804:. 5798:. 5786:7 5756:. 5736:: 5728:: 5705:. 5675:: 5647:. 5625:. 5605:: 5582:. 5560:: 5514:. 5492:: 5460:. 5433:. 5384:. 5358:. 5346:: 5323:. 5309:: 5282:. 5268:: 5181:. 5148:. 5136:: 5104:. 5092:: 5065:. 5053:: 5045:: 5039:2 5022:. 5010:: 5002:: 4979:. 4967:: 4959:: 4936:. 4924:: 4916:: 4893:) 4879:. 4857:: 4849:: 4822:) 4808:. 4796:: 4788:: 4765:) 4751:. 4739:: 4731:: 4708:. 4696:: 4688:: 4663:. 4651:: 4643:: 4610:. 4598:: 4590:: 4563:. 4551:: 4543:: 4462:. 4450:: 4442:: 4412:. 4359:. 4294:. 4290:: 4282:: 4252:. 4219:. 4186:. 4182:: 4174:: 4168:8 4148:. 4120:. 4076:. 4050:. 4038:: 4030:: 4005:. 3976:. 3957:. 3953:: 3945:: 3921:. 3907:: 3899:: 3891:: 3868:. 3856:: 3807:. 3787:: 3779:: 3756:) 3742:. 3728:: 3720:: 3691:. 3687:: 3679:: 3656:. 3650:: 3642:: 3615:) 3601:. 3581:: 3573:: 3548:. 3516:: 3480:) 3466:. 3446:: 3438:: 3414:. 3394:: 3388:2 3364:) 3350:. 3328:: 3293:. 3269:: 3242:. 3230:: 3222:: 3180:. 3147:. 3133:: 3114:. 3089:. 3069:: 3061:: 3038:. 3014:. 2983:. 2971:: 2948:. 2924:. 2910:: 2891:. 2879:: 2856:. 2774:. 2770:: 2762:: 2736:. 2732:: 2726:3 2709:) 2695:. 2681:: 2647:. 2635:: 2627:: 2604:. 2592:: 2567:: 2546:. 2534:: 2526:: 2478:. 2458:: 1950:( 1698:2 1696:) 1694:4 1687:2 1685:) 1683:4 1670:) 1664:( 1659:) 1655:( 1639:. 1574:2 1572:O 1570:( 1488:4 1485:− 1476:3 1473:− 1464:4 1461:− 1452:4 1449:− 1436:4 1433:− 1336:4 1333:− 1324:E 1320:G 1304:( 1265:( 1202:H 1199:f 1194:O 1192:2 1185:H 1182:f 1176:7 1174:O 1172:2 1165:H 1162:f 1145:2 1140:4 1137:− 1126:O 1124:2 1120:g 1118:( 1116:2 1111:4 1108:− 1090:2 1085:3 1082:− 1071:O 1069:2 1065:g 1063:( 1061:2 1056:3 1053:− 1033:2 1028:2 1025:− 1014:O 1012:2 1008:g 1006:( 1004:2 985:2 975:O 973:2 969:g 967:( 965:2 950:E 941:E 887:. 725:4 715:4 705:4 695:4 691:4 602:4 558:2 555:+ 550:( 531:( 519:4 516:− 471:N 422:4 419:− 333:) 329:( 113:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index