29:
248:, "we tend to take it for granted rather than to ask questions about this extraordinary predominantly feminine population which greets us from the porches of cathedrals, crowds around our public monuments, marks our coins and our banknotes, and turns up in our cartoons and our posters; these females variously attired, of course, came to life on the medieval stage, they greeted the Prince on his entry into a city, they were invoked in innumerable speeches, they quarreled or embraced in endless epics where they struggled for the soul of the hero or set the action going, and when the medieval versifier went out on one fine spring morning and lay down on a grassy bank, one of these ladies rarely failed to appear to him in his sleep and to explain her own nature to him in any number of lines".
718:
1018:
436:
262:
888:
114:
202:
567:
1127:
2019:
was left wholly to the United States. In the group of Europe, the link of olive leaves between France and
England was dropped, as was the gesture indicating England's reception of the Bible of the Reformation from Germany, and each of the national figures was more isolated. In 'Africa', Egypt, instead of listening to the counsels of Britain, herself instructed Nubia."
709:. Leading critics had begun to complain about personification in the 18th century, and such "complaints only grow louder in the nineteenth century". According to Andrew Escobedo, there is now "an unstated scholarly consensus" that "personification is a kind of frozen or hollow version of literal characters", which "depletes the fiction".
229:, and historians and theorists of personification complain that the two have been too often confused, or discussion of them dominated by allegory. Single images of personifications tend to be titled as an "allegory", arguably incorrectly. By the late 20th century personification seemed largely out of fashion, but the semi-personificatory
461:
According to Andrew
Escobedo, "literary personification marshalls inanimate things, such as passions, abstract ideas, and rivers, and makes them perform actions in the landscape of the narrative." He dates "the rise and fall of its literary popularity" to "roughly, between the fifth and seventeenth
2018:
These were all given consideration at the highest levels. The designs for the continents had "changes may (although there is no evidence of it) reflect the promptings of 'statesmanlike' discretion. Participation in the guidance of
America's progress was relinquished by the figure of Canada and it
834:
When not illustrating literary texts, or following a classical model as
Botticelli does, personifications in art tend to be relatively static, and found together in sets, whether of statues decorating buildings or paintings, prints or media such as porcelain figures. Sometimes one or more virtues
1044:
an appealing new set, four figures being better suited to many contexts than three. The 18th-century discovery of
Australia was not so quickly followed by an addition to the set, if only for reasons of geometry; Australia is not included in the continents at the corners of the
501:
were prominent and memorable in this, which helped to make the latter a favourite medieval trope. Both authors were
Christians, and the origins in the pagan classical religions of the standard range of personifications had been left well behind.
987:, first published unillustrated in 1593, but from 1603 published in many different illustrated editions, using different artists. This set at least the identifying attributes carried by many personifications until the 19th century.
878:
has five personifications, apart from Venus and Cupid. In all these cases, the meaning of the work remains uncertain, despite intensive academic discussion, and even the identity of the figures continues to be argued over.
284:
Personification as an artistic device is easier to discuss when belief in the personification as an actual spiritual being has died down; this seems to have happened in the ancient Graeco-Roman world, probably even before
979:, describing and illustrating emblematic images that were largely personifications, became enormously popular, both with intellectuals and artists and craftsmen looking for motifs. The most famous of these was the
790:
Tyranny is enthroned, with
Avarice, Pride, and Vainglory above him. Beside him on the magistrate's bench sit Cruelty, Deceit, Fraud, Fury, Division, and War, while Justice lies tightly bound below. The so-called
990:
From the 20th century into the 21st, the past use of personification has received greatly increased critical attention, just as the artistic practice of it has greatly declined. Among a number of key works,
382:
was an especially rich source of images, many carrying their name, which was helpful for medieval and
Renaissance antiquarians. Sets of tyches representing the major cities of the empire were used in the
1036:
The classical repertoire of virtues, seasons, cities and so forth supplied the majority of subjects until the 19th century, but some new personifications became required. The 16th century saw the new
355:
personification figures prior to the sixth century A.D. were ... female"; but major rivers have male personifications much earlier, and are more often male, which often extends to "Water" in the
194:
of several personifications "maintained a remarkable degree of continuity from late antiquity until the 18th century". Female personifications tend to outnumber male ones, at least until modern
745:, often illustrating or following literary works. The virtues and vices were probably the most common, and the virtues appear in many large sculptural programmes, for example the exteriors of
705:, unfinished at his death in 1822, which to many earlier writers would have called for personifications to be included, avoids them, as does most Romantic literature, apart from that of
660:, finished in 1374, is based around a procession of personifications carried on "cars", as was becoming fashionable in courtly festivities; it was illustrated by many different artists.
595:
had many personification characters, and often formed what are called "personification allegories" where the whole work is an allegory, largely driven by personifications. These include
312:
Personification is found very widely in classical literature, art and drama, as well as the treatment of personifications as relatively minor deities, or the rather variable category of
28:
1180:, and was somewhat uncomfortably co-opted by the empire; it was not seen as an innate right, but as granted to some under Roman law. She had appeared on the coins of the assassins of
622:(1379–80). However, Chaucer tends to take his personifications in the direction of being more complex characters and give them different names, as when he adapts part of the French
1069:
in New York City (1901–07), which has large groups for the four continents by the entrance, and 12 figures personifying seafaring nations from history high on the facade.
391:
was personified on coins at some point, the provinces often initially seated dejected as "CAPTA" ("taken") after its conquest, and later standing, creating images such as
19:
This article is about the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person. For the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities, see
316:. In classical Athens, every geographical division of the state for local government purposes had a personified deity which received some cultic attention, as well as
413:. This included eight personifications of virtues and vices: Hope, Repentance, Perfidy, Calumny, Fraud, Rancour, Ignorance, Suspicion, as well as two other figures.
1166:
A number of national personifications stick to the old formulas, with a female in classical dress, carrying attributes suggesting power, wealth, or other virtues.
1258:
in France, official since 1792, is something of a mixture of styles, sometimes formal and classical, at others a woman of the streets of Paris personified. The
1188:. The medieval republics, mostly in Italy, greatly valued their liberty, and often use the word, but produce very few direct personifications. With the rise of
1825:
Escobedo, Ch. 1. He does not share this view. In particular, personifications mostly remain tied to a single character trait, that of embodying their quality.
2477:
717:
1224:, and the two personifications were often combined as a personified "British Liberty", to whom a large monument was erected in the 1750s on his estate at
1775:"All the commonplace figures of poetry, tropes, allegories, personifications, with the whole heathen mythology, were instantly discarded" according to
1262:
is one of the earliest of these figures, and was mainly visual from the start, her efforts to repulse unwelcome
Spanish advances shown in 16th-century
221:–95), with 8 personification figures: (from left) Hope, Repentance, Perfidy, innocent victim, Calumny, Fraud, Rancour, Ignorance, the king, Suspicion.
1478:
1468:
Although given the persistence of ideas from
Neoplatonism and folk religion this cannot be entirely certain. See, for example Gombrich 5–6 (on pdf)
774:
79:
2158:
804:–75) are sets of fifty educational cards depicting personifications of social classes, the planets and heavenly bodies, and also social classes.
332:
is mostly limited to passing phrases which can probably be regarded as literary flourishes, with the important and much-discussed exception of
1889:
1571:
1492:
2147:
1066:
420:
1679:
1896:
1229:
2023:
2446:
1881:
66:
is the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person. It is, in other words, considered an embodiment or an incarnation. In
835:
take on and invariably conquer vices. Other paintings by Botticelli are exceptions to such simple compositions, in particular his
1521:"the mountains and the hills before you shall break forth into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands",
2470:
1203:
1037:
847:, in both of which several figures form complex allegories. An unusually powerful single personification figure is depicted in
410:
341:
297:, many personification figures still retain their religious significance, which is why they are not covered here. For example,
210:
52:
2187:
2431:
2379:
2358:
2340:
2322:
2294:
2280:
2263:
2232:
2218:
2140:
2094:
1861:
1801:
1672:
1564:
1543:
691:
was the last great personification allegory in English literature, from a strongly Protestant position (though see Thomson's
462:
centuries". Late antique philosophical books that made heavy use of personification and were especially influential in the
2687:
478:
1214:", describing her travels through the ancient world, and then English and British history, before the resolution of the
863:
722:
329:
313:
302:
1423:
Hall, 128, speaking of the Four Seasons, but the same is true for example of the personification of Africa (same page).
167:, now as symbolic personifications stripped of religious significance. An exception was the winged goddess of victory,
509:, a shortened group of virtues consisting of: Truth, Righteousness or Justice, Mercy, and Peace. There were also the
1017:
2856:
2734:
2463:
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and new states, many nationalist personifications included a strong element of liberty, perhaps culminating in the
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2851:
2846:
1211:
683:
592:
2861:
1161:
333:
195:
71:
1235:
But, sometimes alongside these formal figures, a new type of national personification has arisen, typified by
435:
1951:"must be the most written-about image in the history of art", but at least the Botticellis must run it close.
1304:, the literary device involving ascribing human emotion and conduct to non-human objects in the natural world
612:–90), where most of the characters are clear personifications named as their qualities, and several works by
1307:
1250:). Both began as figures in more or less satirical literature but achieved their prominence when taken into
1102:
1085:
936:
of common personifications; no more comprehensive account was written until after the Renaissance. The main
261:
155:, this was perhaps especially strong, in particular among the minor deities. Many such deities, such as the
107:
664:
has several personification characters, but prefers using real persons to represent most sins and virtues.
326:, a female one for the ruling council. These appear in art but are often hard to identify if not labelled.
2614:
1141:
668:
575:
322:
152:
148:
1280:
1084:, a major printing center, along with "Typosine", a new muse of printing. A large gilt-bronze statue by
1073:
911:
808:
548:
506:
379:
918:
to describe prosopopoeia, which was already a well-established device in rhetoric and literature, from
476:(early 5th century), with an elaborate plot centered around battles between the virtues and vices, and
2155:
2866:
2825:
2644:
1295:
993:
937:
837:
696:
168:
2249:
1730:
Hall, 336; see "Further reading" for some recent examples of the very extensive literature on these.
1092:
for the top of their New York headquarters. Since 1916 it has been titled at different times as the
2810:
2559:
2512:
1215:
1107:
1065:, typical of the requirements for large public schemes of the period. A rather late example is the
928:
887:
828:
769:
701:
544:
526:
348:
can be regarded as personification figures, although the text does not specify what all personify.
301:
was devised as a Hindu goddess figure to act as a national personification by intellectuals in the
125:
70:, many things are commonly personified. These include numerous types of places, especially cities,
2654:
1618:
1115:
998:
933:
903:
843:
746:
648:
345:
753:. In painting, both virtues and vices are personified along the lowest zone of the walls of the
423:, and is an influence on the uses of it from classical times through various revivals up to the
113:
2308:
2303:
Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America",
2604:
2552:
2547:
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205:
99:
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2084:
1893:
1874:
The Jew, the Cathedral and the Medieval City: Synagoga and Ecclesia in the Thirteenth Century
1805:
1327:
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2107:
2020:
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187:
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48:
20:
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2151:
2027:
1900:
1776:
1683:
1614:
1575:
1046:
1041:
875:
734:
384:
37:
681:, though given different names, are effectively personifications, especially of virtues.
340:, 1–9, where a female personification is treated at some length, and makes speeches. The
147:
had a strong element of personification, suggested by descriptions such as "god of". In
2241:
2206:
1522:
1220:
1185:
1177:
967:
672:
388:
375:
245:
238:
183:
201:
2840:
2793:
2589:
2412:
2402:
1479:"History lesson: How 'Bharat Mata' became the code word for a theocratic Hindu state"
1263:
1181:
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444:
360:
356:
83:
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1006:
849:
824:
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641:
629:
566:
468:
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306:
164:
140:
419:, which in some manifestations proposed systems involving numbers of spirits, was
2450:
2383:
2344:
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2236:
2692:
2677:
2672:
2564:
2527:
2507:
1660:
1189:
1126:
1058:
1050:
1002:
984:
976:
972:
820:
688:
463:
298:
277:
191:
117:
493:, which takes the form of a dialogue between the author and "Lady Philosophy".
2820:
2724:
2697:
2629:
2619:
2599:
2574:
2522:
923:
816:
637:
473:
234:
2751:
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2712:
2702:
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2584:
2579:
2569:
2537:
2532:
1411:
1240:
1236:
1207:
1145:
1111:
899:
854:
636:
have many personifications as characters, alongside their biblical figures.
453:
416:
392:
230:
75:
33:
1088:, something of a specialist in "allegorical" statues, was commissioned by
320:, a male personification for the governing assembly of free citizens, and
237:
series came in the 21st century to dominate popular cinema in a number of
2788:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2741:
2717:
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2667:
2662:
2634:
2609:
2542:
1285:
1255:
1169:
1149:
1054:
946:
915:
656:
584:
518:
490:
371:
294:
290:
226:
67:
2133:
Northern Landscapes: Representations and Realities of North-East England
1114:
as a personification of broadcasting, and features in his sculptures on
2763:
2756:
2397:
Studies in the Iconography of the Virtues and Vices in the Middle Ages.
2225:
Volition's Face: Personification and the Will in Renaissance Literature
1622:
1225:
1218:
of 1688 confirms her position there. Thomson also wrote the lyrics for
1173:
1089:
941:
651:
579:
530:
494:
440:
424:
402:
2407:
Worshipping virtues. Personification and the Divine in Ancient Greece.
401:(2nd century AD) records a detailed description of a lost painting by
2815:
2639:
1407:
1290:
812:
758:
644:
in German medieval literature, had equivalents in other vernaculars.
398:
273:
87:
2455:
819:, is a late medieval innovation, that became very common after the
55:. Of these, Africa has retained her classical attributes. Formerly
2746:
1626:
1125:
1081:
1049:(1860s). This does have a set of three-figure groups representing
1016:
919:
886:
783:
716:
661:
565:
534:
434:
260:
200:
156:
144:
112:
103:
91:
27:
2086:
Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of America's Founding Ideas
1794:
Infernal Poetics: Poetic Structures in Blake's Lambeth Prophecies
2417:
Personification in the Greek world. From Antiquity to Byzantium.
1441:
Melion and Remakers, 2–13; Paxson, 5–6. See also Escobedo, Ch. 1
1030:
958:, who were copied by other writers throughout the 16th century.
179:
2459:
1621:
provide examples, though the choice of 4th city varies between
175:, who developed into the visualisation of the Christian angel.
2798:
807:
A new pair, once common on the portals of large churches, are
178:
Generally, personifications lack much in the way of narrative
898:, a word that doesn't mean just 'listen', but also 'obey' by
2275:, (2nd edn.)1987, Thames & Hudson (US Harry N Abrams),
2032:
Survey of London: volume 38: South Kensington Museums Area
1546:, 9781351884365. Subject of the whole book, but see Ch. 1
359:. The predominance of females is at least partly because
351:
According to James J. Paxson in his book on the subject "
2289:, Eds Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan, 2008, ABC-CLIO,
94:, and abstractions such as virtues, especially the four
2185:"The Dutch Virgin: Symbols of State of the Netherlands"
1406:
Hall, 216; the example here is the Muses, daughters of
961:
From the late 16th century theoretical writers such as
1298:; personification style mainly used in anime and manga
1080:("Lady Printing Press") introduced to the pageants of
971:(1604) began to treat personification in terms of the
741:
Personifications, often in sets, frequently appear in
2287:
Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview
395:
that were often revived in the Renaissance or later.
78:, elements of the natural world such as the trees or
2246:
Classical Influences in European Culture AD 500–1500
16:
Representation of a thing or abstraction as a person
2653:
2493:
2372:
Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art
994:
The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition
421:
naturally conducive to personification and allegory
2256:Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art
443:", helped by four other personifications, turns
363:gives nouns for abstractions the female gender.
2424:The Virtues and Vices in the Arts: A Sourcebook
2305:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
2089:, around p. 22, 2004, Oxford University Press,
1796:, 22–24, 1984, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press,
1254:and other visual media. The post-revolutionary
2439:Personification: Embodying Meaning and Emotion
2315:Personification: Embodying Meaning and Emotion
811:. Death envisaged as a skeleton, often with a
387:. Most imaginable virtues and virtually every
2471:
2285:Heuer, Jennifer, "Gender and Nationalism" in
1559:, 1998, 139–146, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
225:Personifications are very common elements in
186:at least gave many of them parents among the
8:
2353:, 46–48, 49–51, 2002, Spink & Son, Ltd,
2244:, "Personification", in R. R. Bolgar (ed.),
1432:Melion and Remakers, 5; Gombrich, 1 (of PDF)
574:, carrying Chastity and Love, from a lavish
409:, which some Renaissance painters followed,
2478:
2464:
2456:
163:for major cities, survived the arrival of
2227:, 2017, University of Notre Dame Press,
1414:, herself the personification of Memory.
1009:in medieval and Renaissance literature.
940:to deal with the subject at length were
305:from the 1870s, but now has some actual
2135:, 136-137, 2010, Boydell & Brewer,
1319:
2351:Roman Coins and Their Values, Volume 2
2034:(1975), 159–176. Accessed: 22 May 2019
1487:, p. 185, 1994, British Museum Press,
276:. Early modern statues with classical
932:gives a comprehensive account, and a
7:
2437:Bart Ramakers, Walter Melion, eds.,
2335:, 1994, Cambridge University Press,
1876:, 2011, Cambridge University Press,
1856:, Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993, no 5,
1712:Hall, 336, with much more in Paxson.
1067:Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
533:(or fortitude), these going back to
2426:, 2015, Wipf and Stock Publishers,
1459:Paxson, 6–7; Escobedo, Introduction
775:Allegory of Good and Bad Government
36:figures of personifications of the
2273:History of Italian Renaissance Art
2054:Building the BBC: a return to form
1663:, Seamus O'Neill, Andrei Timotin,
14:
2313:Melion, Walter, Remakers, Bart,
2258:, 1996 (2nd edn.), John Murray,
1649:Sandro Botticelli: Life and Work
956:Tabulae de schematibus et tropis
823:. However, it is rarely seen in
513:, made up of the four classical
289:. In other cultures, especially
2021:'Albert Memorial: The memorial'
1328:"Definition of PERSONIFICATION"
1176:, had been important under the
1038:personification of the Americas
892:Ariel between Wisdom and Gaiety
768:), and are the main figures in
342:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
2333:The Poetics of Personification
2213:, British Museum Press, 2002,
1854:Six Centuries of Master Prints
1651:, 234, 1989, Thames and Hudson
1538:, 2017, Taylor & Francis,
1:
2211:Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy
1781:Lectures on the English Poets
1665:Neoplatonic Demons and Angels
1536:The Personification of Wisdom
1244:
868:
798:
762:
727:
606:
483:
479:The Consolation of Philosophy
215:
129:
41:
1779:in "On the Living Poets" in
1766:Melion and Remakers, 121–122
1110:was adopted by the sculptor
864:Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
723:Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
628:(13th century). The English
505:A medieval creation was the
405:(4th century BC) called the
330:Personification in the Bible
303:Indian independence movement
1739:Melion and Remakers, 99–101
1156:, who pretends not to care.
894:with the Latin inscription
47:, from left: Asia, Europe,
2883:
1987:Melion and Remakers, 13–26
1757:Melion and Remakers, 73–77
1503:Escobedo, Ch. 1 on daemons
1159:
1148:stalks off with a defiant
788:Allegory of Bad Government
671:many of the characters in
198:, many of which are male.
18:
2419:Aldershot/Hampshire 2005.
1638:Sear, 36–42, 46–48, 49–51
1122:National personifications
1118:in London (opened 1932).
593:Middle English literature
563:were their counterparts.
196:national personifications
2415:, Judith Herrin (eds.):
2083:Fischer, David Hackett,
2009:; Escobedo, Introduction
1162:National personification
578:(early 16th century) of
447:. English miniature for
411:most famously Botticelli
378:and similar spaces, and
2307:. 100: 50–51, JSTOR or
2043:Melion and Remakers, 30
1617:and the slightly later
1483:; Blurton, T. Richard,
1332:www.merriam-webster.com
1308:Tropical cyclone naming
1172:, the Roman goddess of
1106:. Shakespeare's spirit
1103:Spirit of Communication
1086:Evelyn Beatrice Longman
975:. At the same time the
914:is the first writer on
2248:, 1971, Cambridge UP,
1816:Escobedo, Introduction
1703:Escobedo, Introduction
1557:The Book of Revelation
1157:
1152:and turns his back on
1142:John Bernard Partridge
1100:, and since the 1930s
1033:
1005:was an exploration of
907:
738:
684:The Pilgrim's Progress
669:Elizabethan literature
588:
576:illuminated manuscript
458:
281:
222:
188:major Olympian deities
153:ancient Roman religion
149:ancient Greek religion
136:
60:
2399:New York/London 1988.
1852:Spangeberg K.L (ed),
1281:Allegorical sculpture
1206:(1734), is a lengthy
1129:
1098:Genius of Electricity
1074:movable type printing
1020:
938:Renaissance humanists
912:Demetrius of Phalerum
890:
809:Ecclesia and Synagoga
720:
569:
507:Four Daughters of God
438:
380:ancient Roman coinage
264:
204:
116:
31:
1604:Gombrich, 2 (of PDF)
1450:Gombrich, 1 (of PDF)
1296:Moe anthropomorphism
1094:Genius of Telegraphy
695:below). A work like
2811:Rhetorical question
2395:Jennifer O’Reilly:
2174:Heuer, 43–44, 48–50
2156:"Column to Liberty"
1947:Bartrum, 188, says
1667:,1–5, 2018, Brill,
1647:Lightbown, Ronald,
1555:Mounce, Robert H.,
1534:Sinnott, Alica M.,
1216:Glorious Revolution
1184:, defenders of the
929:Institutio Oratoria
829:Counter-Reformation
770:Ambrogio Lorenzetti
702:The Triumph of Life
591:The major works of
545:theological virtues
88:four cardinal winds
2422:Tucker, Shawn R.,
2331:Paxson, James J.,
2223:Escobedo, Andrew,
2190:2018-12-13 at the
2161:2019-05-29 at the
2150:2022-12-06 at the
2131:Green, Adrian, in
2026:2014-11-04 at the
1899:2022-12-06 at the
1682:2022-12-06 at the
1619:Esquiline Treasure
1574:2022-12-06 at the
1252:political cartoons
1212:Goddess of Liberty
1158:
1116:Broadcasting House
1034:
908:
904:Broadcasting House
844:The Birth of Venus
747:Chartres Cathedral
739:
649:Italian literature
589:
459:
407:Calumny of Apelles
346:Book of Revelation
282:
223:
211:Calumny of Apelles
151:, and the related
137:
61:
2857:Figures of speech
2834:
2833:
2605:Hysteron proteron
2487:Figures of speech
2382:, 9789004194175,
2361:, 9781912667239,
2343:, 9780521445399,
2325:, 9789004310438,
2297:, 9781851099085,
2235:, 9780268101695,
2183:Hubert de Vries,
2165:, National Trust.
2143:, 9781843835417,
2052:Jackson, Nicola,
1890:978-0-521-19744-1
1804:, 9780838631768,
1675:, 9789004374980,
1567:, 9780802825377,
1195:Statue of Liberty
1072:The invention of
952:Petrus Mosellanus
794:Mantegna Tarocchi
778:(1338–39) in the
678:The Faerie Queene
675:'s enormous epic
619:The House of Fame
561:seven deadly sins
543:, with the three
206:Sandro Botticelli
143:early religions,
124:, reliefs on the
100:seven deadly sins
2874:
2852:Anthropomorphism
2847:Personifications
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2269:Hartt, Frederick
2194:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2129:
2123:
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2098:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2016:
2010:
2005:Paxson, 1–2 and
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
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1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
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1482:
1481:. 17 March 2016.
1475:
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1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1302:Pathetic fallacy
1276:Anthropomorphism
1249:
1246:
1202:by the Scottish
1198:. The long poem
1132:Entente Cordiale
963:Karel van Mander
873:
870:
803:
800:
780:Palazzo Pubblico
767:
764:
755:Scrovegni Chapel
751:Amiens Cathedral
732:
729:
640:, the spirit of
625:Roman de la Rose
614:Geoffrey Chaucer
611:
608:
603:William Langland
515:cardinal virtues
499:Wheel of Fortune
488:
485:
441:Queen of Fortune
376:triumphal arches
368:winged victories
338:Book of Proverbs
287:Christianisation
233:figures of many
220:
217:
161:tutelary deities
134:
131:
126:Hôtel Carnavalet
122:The Four Seasons
96:cardinal virtues
57:James Hazen Hyde
46:
43:
21:Anthropomorphism
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2862:Literary theory
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2784:Personification
2649:
2489:
2484:
2441:, 2016, BRILL,
2434:, 9781625647184
2392:
2390:Further reading
2374:, 2011, BRILL,
2317:, 2016, BRILL,
2242:Gombrich, Ernst
2207:Bartrum, Giulia
2203:
2198:
2197:
2192:Wayback Machine
2182:
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2152:Wayback Machine
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2097:, 9780199883073
2082:
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2056:, 28, 2004, BBC
2051:
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2028:Wayback Machine
2017:
2013:
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1694:Escobedo, Ch. 1
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1615:Calendar of 354
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1210:spoken by the "
1164:
1130:Cartoon on the
1124:
1078:Dame Imprimerie
1047:Albert Memorial
1042:four continents
1015:
910:Around 300 BC,
885:
876:Agnolo Bronzino
871:
801:
765:
735:Agnolo Bronzino
730:
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609:
486:
457:, 15th-century.
433:
385:decorative arts
259:
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64:Personification
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38:four continents
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2011:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1920:Hartt, 332–333
1913:
1904:
1865:
1845:
1843:Hartt, 116–119
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1792:Howard, John,
1785:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1653:
1640:
1631:
1606:
1597:
1595:Hall, 128, 265
1588:
1579:
1548:
1527:
1523:Book of Isaiah
1514:
1505:
1496:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
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1390:
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1354:
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1334:. 1 April 2024
1318:
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1293:
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1283:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1264:popular prints
1230:a Whig magnate
1221:Rule Britannia
1186:Roman republic
1178:Roman Republic
1160:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1014:
1011:
968:Schilder-boeck
884:
881:
859:Albrecht Dürer
714:
711:
673:Edmund Spenser
634:morality plays
632:and the later
572:triumphal cars
432:
429:
389:Roman province
370:decorated the
258:
255:
253:
250:
246:Ernst Gombrich
239:superhero film
184:classical myth
15:
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2794:Procatalepsis
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2590:Homeoteleuton
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2447:9789004310438
2444:
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2413:Emma Stafford
2411:
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2403:Emma Stafford
2401:
2398:
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2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:Smith, Amy C.
2366:
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2349:Sear, David,
2348:
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2257:
2254:Hall, James,
2253:
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2240:
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2122:Higham, 59–61
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2025:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1969:Paxson, 16–19
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
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1882:0-521-19744-9
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1721:Hall, 127–128
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1512:Smith, 93–105
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1493:0 7141 1442 1
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1394:
1391:
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1370:Hall, 336–337
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1352:Hall, 128–130
1349:
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1217:
1213:
1209:
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1204:James Thomson
1201:
1197:
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1187:
1183:
1182:Julius Caesar
1179:
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1163:
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1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:manufacturing
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:and made the
1039:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
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988:
986:
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964:
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781:
777:
776:
771:
760:
756:
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748:
744:
736:
725:
724:
719:
712:
710:
708:
707:William Blake
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
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663:
659:
658:
653:
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645:
643:
639:
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631:
630:mystery plays
627:
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621:
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604:
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598:Piers Plowman
594:
587:
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581:
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541:
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524:
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516:
512:
511:seven virtues
508:
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500:
496:
492:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
466:included the
465:
456:
455:
450:
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364:
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361:Latin grammar
358:
357:Four Elements
354:
349:
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343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
324:
319:
315:
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307:Hindu temples
304:
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84:four elements
81:
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58:
54:
50:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2804:Antanaclasis
2783:
2708:Epanorthosis
2625:Polysyndeton
2518:Antimetabole
2503:Alliteration
2451:google books
2438:
2423:
2416:
2409:London 2000.
2406:
2396:
2384:google books
2371:
2363:google books
2350:
2345:google books
2332:
2327:google books
2314:
2304:
2299:google books
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2255:
2245:
2237:google books
2224:
2210:
2179:
2170:
2145:google books
2132:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2106:Higham, 59;
2102:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2065:Heuer, 48–50
2061:
2053:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1949:Melencolia I
1948:
1943:
1934:
1929:Bartrum, 188
1925:
1916:
1907:
1894:google books
1873:
1872:Rowe, Nina,
1868:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1806:google books
1793:
1788:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
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1708:
1699:
1690:
1677:google books
1664:
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1634:
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1591:
1582:
1569:google books
1556:
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1393:
1384:
1375:
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1357:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1260:Dutch Maiden
1234:
1219:
1199:
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1168:
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1135:
1101:
1097:
1093:
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1035:
1029:(female) in
1026:
1022:
1007:courtly love
992:
989:
980:
966:
960:
955:
945:
927:
909:
895:
891:
862:
850:Melencolia I
848:
842:
836:
833:
827:"before the
825:funerary art
806:
792:
787:
773:
743:medieval art
740:
721:
700:
692:
682:
676:
666:
655:
646:
642:courtly love
623:
617:
596:
590:
583:
538:
504:
477:
469:Psychomachia
467:
460:
452:
449:John Lydgate
415:
406:
397:
365:
352:
350:
328:
321:
317:
311:
283:
269:
265:
243:
241:franchises.
224:
209:
177:
165:Christianity
141:polytheistic
138:
133: 1550s
121:
80:four seasons
63:
62:
25:
2867:Iconography
2693:Catachresis
2678:Antonomasia
2673:Antiphrasis
2615:Parallelism
2565:Epanalepsis
2528:Aposiopesis
2508:Anadiplosis
1661:Luc Brisson
1388:Paxson, 6–7
1248: 1812
1239:(1712) and
1190:nationalism
1059:engineering
1051:agriculture
1025:(male) and
1021:Sculptures
1003:C. S. Lewis
985:Cesare Ripa
977:emblem book
973:visual arts
926:'s lengthy
872: 1545
821:Black Death
802: 1465
766: 1305
731: 1544
713:Visual arts
689:John Bunyan
610: 1370
570:Two of the
464:Middle Ages
299:Bharat Mata
278:iconography
219: 1494
192:iconography
182:, although
118:Jean Goujon
102:, the nine
92:five senses
59:collection.
45: 1775
2841:Categories
2821:Synecdoche
2725:Dysphemism
2698:Ecphonesis
2688:Apostrophe
2630:Spoonerism
2620:Polyptoton
2600:Hyperbaton
2575:Epistrophe
2560:Consonance
2523:Antithesis
2432:1625647182
2380:9004194177
2359:1912667231
2341:0521445396
2323:9004310436
2295:1851099085
2281:0500235104
2264:0719541476
2233:0268101698
2219:0714126330
2201:References
2141:184383541X
2095:0199883076
1978:Paxson, 23
1960:Paxson, 12
1938:Hartt, 662
1862:0931537150
1802:0838631762
1673:9004374981
1565:0802825370
1544:1351884360
1154:the Kaiser
1013:Innovation
981:Iconologia
924:Quintilian
853:(1514) an
817:hour-glass
687:(1678) by
638:Frau Minne
616:, such as
527:temperance
487: 524
474:Prudentius
431:Literature
235:comic book
76:continents
40:, German,
2826:Tautology
2752:Apophasis
2730:Euphemism
2713:Hyperbole
2703:Ekphrasis
2595:Hypallage
2585:Hendiadys
2580:Epizeuxis
2570:Epiphrase
2538:Asyndeton
2533:Assonance
1996:Hall, 337
1834:Hartt, 64
1748:Hall, 310
1586:Paxson, 6
1485:Hindu Art
1412:Mnemosyne
1397:Hall, 321
1379:Hall, 216
1361:Hall, 122
1241:Uncle Sam
1237:John Bull
1208:monologue
1146:John Bull
1112:Eric Gill
1027:Tolerance
922:onwards.
900:Eric Gill
855:engraving
838:Primavera
786:. In the
454:Troy Book
445:her wheel
417:Platonism
393:Britannia
374:of Roman
372:spandrels
366:Pairs of
344:from the
270:Fortitude
266:Constance
231:superhero
128:, Paris,
72:countries
34:porcelain
2789:Pleonasm
2779:Oxymoron
2774:Metonymy
2769:Metaphor
2742:Innuendo
2718:Adynaton
2683:Aphorism
2668:Allusion
2663:Allegory
2635:Symploce
2610:Isocolon
2543:Chiasmus
2513:Anaphora
2188:Archived
2159:Archived
2148:Archived
2108:text of
2074:Sear, 39
2024:Archived
1911:Hall, 94
1897:Archived
1680:Archived
1572:Archived
1286:Heraldry
1270:See also
1256:Marianne
1170:Libertas
1150:Marianne
1144:, 1904;
1090:AT&T
1055:commerce
947:De copia
934:taxonomy
916:rhetoric
896:obsculta
657:Triomphi
585:Triomphi
540:Republic
519:prudence
497:and the
491:Boethius
427:period.
295:Buddhism
291:Hinduism
227:allegory
169:Victoria
139:In many
68:the arts
2764:Litotes
2757:Sarcasm
2735:Meiosis
2495:Schemes
2110:Liberty
1623:Antioch
1525:, 55:12
1338:4 April
1226:Gibside
1200:Liberty
1174:liberty
965:in his
944:in his
942:Erasmus
906:, 1932.
697:Shelley
693:Liberty
652:Petrach
580:Petrach
557:charity
531:courage
523:justice
495:Fortuna
425:Baroque
403:Apelles
336:in the
314:daemons
252:History
145:deities
53:America
32:Set of
2816:Simile
2655:Tropes
2645:Zeugma
2640:Tmesis
2548:Climax
2445:
2430:
2378:
2357:
2339:
2321:
2293:
2279:
2262:
2231:
2217:
2139:
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2093:
2007:passim
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1291:Mascot
1001:), by
883:Theory
813:scythe
759:Giotto
559:. The
399:Lucian
334:Wisdom
274:Vienna
190:. The
157:tyches
74:, and
51:, and
49:Africa
2747:Irony
1627:Trier
1314:Notes
1137:Punch
1134:from
1108:Ariel
1082:Lyons
1023:Trade
920:Homer
874:) by
784:Siena
733:–45,
662:Dante
549:faith
535:Plato
489:) by
439:The "
323:Boule
318:Demos
180:myths
108:death
106:, or
104:Muses
2553:Anti
2443:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2091:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1625:and
1613:The
1561:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1410:and
1340:2024
1076:saw
1061:and
1031:Brno
999:1936
950:and
841:and
815:and
749:and
555:and
553:hope
529:and
293:and
268:and
173:Nike
98:and
2799:Pun
2309:PDF
2250:PDF
1228:by
1140:by
983:of
954:in
857:by
831:".
782:of
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699:'s
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647:In
601:by
582:'s
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272:in
159:or
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1245:c.
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763:c.
728:c.
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