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598:. Defects in apoptotic cell clearance is usually associated with impaired phagocytosis of macrophages. Accumulation of apoptotic cell remnants often causes autoimmune disorders; thus pharmacological potentiation of phagocytosis has a medical potential in treatment of certain forms of autoimmune disorders.
268:
The role of neutrophils is patrolling the bloodstream and rapid migration to the tissues in large numbers only in case of infection. There they have direct microbicidal effect by phagocytosis. After ingestion, neutrophils are efficient in intracellular killing of pathogens. Neutrophils phagocytose
501:
to provide unfavourable growth conditions for bacteria. Other enzymes like hyaluronidase, lipase, collagenase, elastase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease also play an important role in preventing the spread of infection and degradation of essential microbial biomolecules leading to cell
20:
427:, are recognised by the mannose receptor. Eight lectin-like domains form the extracellular part of the receptor. The ingestion mediated by the mannose receptor is distinct in molecular mechanisms from FcÎł receptor or complement receptor mediated phagocytosis.
269:
mainly via the FcÎł receptors and complement receptors 1 and 3. The microbicidal effect of neutrophils is due to a large repertoire of molecules present in pre-formed granules. Enzymes and other molecules prepared in these granules are proteases, such as
403:
and C3bi from plasma complement. The extracellular domain of the receptors contains a lectin-like complement-binding domain. Recognition by complement receptors is not enough to cause internalisation without additional signals. In macrophages, the
1742:
Kruse, K; Janko, C; Urbonaviciute, V; Mierke, CT; Winkler, TH; Voll, RE; Schett, G; Muñoz, LE; Herrmann, M (September 2010). "Inefficient clearance of dying cells in patients with SLE: anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, MFG-E8, HMGB-1 and other players".
213:
response. Although most cells are capable of phagocytosis, some cell types perform it as part of their main function. These are called 'professional phagocytes.' Phagocytosis is old in evolutionary terms, being present even in
114:
represents the scientific establishment of immunology as the process is the first immune response mechanism discovered and understood as such. The earliest definitive account of cell eating was given by Swiss scientist
300:
Monocytes, and the macrophages that mature from them, leave blood circulation to migrate through tissues. There they are resident cells and form a resting barrier. Macrophages initiate phagocytosis by
375:
or associates with an ITAM-containing adaptor molecule. ITAM domains transduce the signal from the surface of the phagocyte to the nucleus. For example, activating receptors of human macrophages are
1835:
Grønlien HK, Berg T, Løvlie AM (July 2002). "In the polymorphic ciliate
Tetrahymena vorax, the non-selective phagocytosis seen in microstomes changes to a highly selective process in macrostomes".
98:
and cell debris. The ingested material is then digested in the phagosome. Bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles are all examples of objects that may be phagocytized. Some
1695:"Autoimmune kidney disease and impaired engulfment of apoptotic cells in mice with macrophage peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma or retinoid X receptor alpha deficiency"
1644:
Mukundan L, Odegaard JI, Morel CR, Heredia JE, Mwangi JW, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Goh YP, Eagle AR, Dunn SE, Awakuni JU, Nguyen KD, Steinman L, Michie SA, Chawla A (November 2009).
1593:
Bilyy RO, Shkandina T, Tomin A, Muñoz LE, Franz S, Antonyuk V, Kit YY, Zirngibl M, Fürnrohr BG, Janko C, Lauber K, Schiller M, Schett G, Stoika RS, Herrmann M (January 2012).
578:. These molecules are recognised by receptors on the cell surface of the macrophage such as the phosphatidylserine receptor or by soluble (free-floating) receptors such as
435:
Engulfment of material is facilitated by the actin-myosin contractile system. The phagosome is the organelle formed by phagocytosis of material. It then moves toward the
1480:
Borowitz JL, Gunasekar PG, Isom GE (12 Sep 1997). "Hydrogen cyanide generation by mu-opiate receptor activation: possible neuromodulatory role of endogenous cyanide".
1267:
319:
Dendritic cells also reside in tissues and ingest pathogens by phagocytosis. Their role is not killing or clearance of microbes, but rather breaking them down for
412:
and CR4 are responsible for recognition of targets. Complement coated targets are internalised by 'sinking' into the phagocyte membrane, without any protrusions.
372:
387:. FcÎł receptor mediated phagocytosis includes formation of protrusions of the cell called a 'phagocytic cup' and activates an oxidative burst in neutrophils.
2003:
482:
622:, phagocytosis is used as a means of feeding, providing part or all of their nourishment. This is called phagotrophic nutrition, distinguished from
1560:
Zgliczyński, Jan Maciej; Stelmaszyńska, Teresa (1988). "The
Respiratory Burst of Neutrophilic Granulocytes and Its Influence on Infected Tissues".
1140:
Ambrose, Charles T. (2006). "The Osler slide, a demonstration of phagocytosis from 1876: Reports of phagocytosis before
Metchnikoff's 1880 paper".
1525:
Stelmaszyńska, T (1985). "Formation of HCN by human phagocytosing neutrophils--1. Chlorination of
Staphylococcus epidermidis as a source of HCN".
601:
1577:
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883:
352:
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also engage in phagocytosis. In ciliates there is a specialized groove or chamber in the cell where phagocytosis takes place, called the
331:
Receptors for phagocytosis can be divided into two categories by recognised molecules. The first, opsonic receptors, are dependent on
1243:
558:. One of the features of an apoptotic cell is the presentation of a variety of intracellular molecules on the cell surface, such as
133:) mentioning details of how the protist engulfed and swallowed (the process now called endocytosis) a small organism, that he named
158:) particles. It was the first direct evidence of phagocytosis by immune cells. Haeckel reported his experiment in a 1862 monograph
1996:
305:
1286:
Witko-Sarsat, VĂ©ronique; Rieu, Philippe; Descamps-Latscha, BĂ©atrice; Lesavre, Philippe; Halbwachs-Mecarelli, Lise (May 2000).
368:
265:
can be classified as professional phagocytes. The first three have the greatest role in immune response to most infections.
343:
or receptors, that recognise other opsonins of cell or plasma origin. Non-opsonic receptors include lectin-type receptors,
2153:
1921:
Stibor H, Sommer U (April 2003). "Mixotrophy of a photosynthetic flagellate viewed from an optimal foraging perspective".
1870:
Montagnes, Djs; Barbosa, Ab; Boenigk, J; Davidson, K; JĂĽrgens, K; Macek, M; Parry, Jd; Roberts, Ec; imek, K (2008-09-18).
1693:
Roszer, T; Menéndez-Gutiérrez, MP; Lefterova, MI; Alameda, D; Núñez, V; Lazar, MA; Fischer, T; Ricote, M (Jan 1, 2011).
348:
184:
2197:
1989:
140:
The first demonstration of phagocytosis as a property of leucocytes, the immune cells, was from the German zoologist
2101:
1009:"Biochemical and Ultrastructural Evidence for the Double Role of Phagocytosis in Molluscs: Defense and Nutrition"
1396:
Flannagan, Ronald S.; Jaumouillé, Valentin; Grinstein, Sergio (2012-02-28). "The Cell
Biology of Phagocytosis".
870:, Advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Membranes and Organelles, vol. 5, Elsevier, pp. 3–18,
2096:
1975:
1965:
708:
674:. The food particles will then be digested, and the released nutrients are diffused or transported into the
459:
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111:
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and leading to degradation. Progressively, the phagolysosome is acidified, activating degradative enzymes.
400:
210:
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88:
39:
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409:
405:
969:
554:, the dying cells need to be taken up into the surrounding tissues by macrophages in a process called
1238:. Travers, Paul, 1956-, Walport, Mark., Janeway, Charles. (8th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
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2012:
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1, 3 and 4. Macrophages are long-lived and can continue phagocytosis by forming new lysosomes.
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Oxygen-independent degradation depends on the release of granules, containing enzymes such as
463:
340:
294:
27:
1344:
Aderem, Alan; Underhill, David M. (April 1999). "Mechanisms of
Phagocytosis in Macrophages".
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Light microscopic video sequence of a neutrophil from human blood phagocytosing a bacterium
1595:"Macrophages discriminate glycosylation patterns of apoptotic cell-derived microparticles"
467:
282:
278:
61:
1409:
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814:
64:
to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the
1971:
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receptor, or scavenger receptors. Some phagocytic pathways require a second signal from
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and antibiotic proteins. Degranulation of these into the phagosome, accompanied by high
79:
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1872:"Selective feeding behaviour of key free-living protists: avenues for continued study"
1646:"PPAR-delta senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance"
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As in phagocytic immune cells, the resulting phagosome may be merged with lysosomes(
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125:
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912:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1246. pp. 9–42.
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FcÎł receptors recognise IgG coated targets. The main recognised part is the
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590:, which themselves then bind to other receptors on the macrophage such as
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493:. Other antimicrobial peptides are present in these granules, including
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420:
332:
1981:
1888:
1871:
667:
631:
424:
155:
1661:
766:"The birth of immunology. III. The fate of the phagocytosis theory"
521:, and other pathogens by generating several other toxic chemicals.
1288:"Neutrophils: Molecules, Functions and Pathophysiological Aspects"
600:
587:
518:
455:
225:
179:
78:
1007:
Cheng, Thomas C. (1977), Bulla, Lee A.; Cheng, Thomas C. (eds.),
634:, phagocytosis takes place by surrounding the target object with
591:
583:
498:
335:. Among these are receptors that recognise the Fc part of bound
1985:
470:
activate a halogenating system, which leads to the creation of
123:
Kölliker described the feeding process of an amoeba-like alga,
815:"The Phagocyte, Metchnikoff, and the Foundation of Immunology"
571:
396:
1386:
The Immune System, Peter Parham, Garland
Science, 2nd edition
813:
Teti, Giuseppe; Biondo, Carmelo; Beninati, Concetta (2016).
450:
Degradation can be oxygen-dependent or oxygen-independent.
1788:"Metabolic connections during apoptotic cell engulfment"
1562:
The
Respiratory Burst and Its Physiological Significance
1109:"Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda radiaria): eine Monographie"
542:, are able to avoid phagocytosis by several mechanisms.
371:. The molecule of the receptor contain an intracellular
205:
defense. It is one of the first processes responding to
160:
Die
Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria): Eine Monographie.
638:, as in animal phagocytes. In humans, the amoebozoan
2167:
2119:
2110:
2072:
2029:
1054:"A method of studying leukocytic functions in vivo"
209:, and is also one of the initiating branches of an
144:. Haeckel discovered that blood cells of sea slug,
94:, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove
1398:Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease
970:"The role of lysosomes in molluscan inflammation"
72:. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a
566:(from the inner layer of the plasma membrane),
102:use phagocytosis as means to obtain nutrients.
910:Molecular and Cellular Biology of Phagocytosis
423:and other pathogen-associated sugars, such as
1997:
187:of a phagocyte (yellow, right) phagocytosing
164:Phagocytosis was noted by Canadian physician
8:
1266:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1052:Rebuck, J. W.; Crowley, J. H. (1955-03-24).
483:Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein
395:These receptors recognise targets coated in
323:to the cells of the adaptive immune system.
137:(a generic name for microbes at the time).
1015:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 21–30,
626:nutrition which takes place by absorption.
201:Phagocytosis is one main mechanisms of the
121:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
2116:
2021:Mechanisms for chemical transport through
2004:
1990:
1982:
1786:Han, CZ; Ravichandran, KS (Dec 23, 2011).
1058:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
83:The engulfing of a pathogen by a phagocyte
1974:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1897:
1887:
1811:
1718:
1669:
1620:
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1456:
1303:
1199:
1184:"Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process"
830:
781:
454:Oxygen-dependent degradation depends on
56: 'cell') is the process by which a
26:
18:
16:Cell membrane engulfing a large particle
756:
684:can involve phagotrophic nutrition and
168:(1876), and later studied and named by
1259:
1234:M.), Murphy, Kenneth (Kenneth (2012).
678:for use in other metabolic processes.
353:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
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2134:Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
1410:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132445
1047:
1045:
963:
961:
832:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0009-2015
1837:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1599:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
864:"The early history of phagocytosis"
439:of the phagocyte and is fused with
1070:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1955.tb45983.x
513:during phagocytosis, and can kill
351:(PRRs) activated by attachment to
14:
906:"A Brief History of Phagocytosis"
1959:
1358:10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.593
474:and the destruction of bacteria.
1441:"Vitamin C and the common cold"
825:(2): MCHD-0009-2015 (online).
489:and cationic proteins such as
31:Phagocytosis versus exocytosis
1:
2154:Receptor-mediated endocytosis
1496:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00659-8
1182:Gordon, Siamon (March 2016).
1154:10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.05.008
876:10.1016/s1874-5172(99)80025-x
349:pattern recognition receptors
222:Professional phagocytic cells
1570:10.1007/978-1-4684-5496-3_15
1539:10.1016/0020-711x(85)90213-7
1445:British Journal of Nutrition
1201:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.026
904:Hallett, Maurice B. (2020).
783:10.1016/0008-8749(92)90089-8
185:Scanning electron micrograph
1346:Annual Review of Immunology
1021:10.1007/978-1-4615-7299-2_2
918:10.1007/978-3-030-40406-2_2
862:Stossel, Thomas P. (1999),
524:Some bacteria, for example
49: 'to eat' and
2219:
2102:Secondary active transport
1935:10.1078/143446103764928512
1804:10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.006
609:with ingested erythrocytes
194:
119:in 1849. In his report in
2019:
1876:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
1757:10.1007/s10495-010-0478-8
1305:10.1038/labinvest.3780067
968:Cheng, Thomas C. (1983).
719:Endosymbionts in protists
2097:Primary active transport
1976:Medical Subject Headings
1711:10.4049/jimmunol.1002230
1292:Laboratory Investigation
1013:Comparative Pathobiology
355:(PAMPS), which leads to
297:is highly microbicidal.
89:multicellular organism's
23:Overview of phagocytosis
1849:10.1242/jeb.205.14.2089
1612:10.1074/jbc.M111.273144
1236:Janeway's immunobiology
709:Antigen-presenting cell
666:) containing digestive
596:alpha-v beta-3 integrin
460:reactive oxygen species
291:reactive oxygen species
112:history of phagocytosis
1439:Hemilä, Harri (1992).
868:Phagocytosis: The Host
764:Tauber, A. I. (1992).
610:
458:and the production of
339:antibodies, deposited
239:
192:
84:
32:
24:
2049:Facilitated diffusion
1699:Journal of Immunology
819:Microbiology Spectrum
641:Entamoeba histolytica
607:Entamoeba histolytica
604:
539:Staphylococcus aureus
237:
183:
82:
68:. It is one type of
30:
22:
2023:biological membranes
1968:at Wikimedia Commons
1564:. pp. 315–347.
1107:Haeckel, E. (1962).
986:10.1093/icb/23.1.129
704:Antigen presentation
391:Complement receptors
327:Initiating receptors
321:antigen presentation
314:complement receptors
1458:10.1079/bjn19920004
1142:Cellular Immunology
770:Cellular Immunology
497:, which sequesters
487:Major basic protein
306:scavenger receptors
117:Albert von Kölliker
2198:Cellular processes
2043:mediated transport
2013:Membrane transport
1843:(Pt 14): 2089–97.
974:American Zoologist
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564:phosphatidylserine
527:Treponema pallidum
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193:
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2031:Passive transport
1964:Media related to
1579:978-1-4684-5498-7
1030:978-1-4615-7301-2
927:978-3-030-40405-5
885:978-1-55938-999-0
630:In some, such as
464:Hydrogen peroxide
416:Mannose receptors
302:mannose receptors
295:(oxidative burst)
235:
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2074:Active transport
2039:Simple diffusion
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1734:
1685:
1636:
1605:(1): 496–503.
1585:
1578:
1552:
1517:
1483:Brain Research
1472:
1431:
1388:
1379:
1352:(1): 593–623.
1327:
1298:(5): 617–653.
1273:
1244:
1215:
1194:(3): 463–475.
1167:
1132:
1099:
1064:(5): 757–805.
1041:
1029:
999:
980:(1): 129–144.
957:
926:
896:
884:
854:
805:
776:(2): 505–530.
755:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
693:
690:
660:
659:
649:
615:
612:
547:
544:
504:
503:
475:
432:
429:
417:
414:
392:
389:
364:
361:
328:
325:
223:
220:
195:Main article:
191:(orange, left)
177:
174:
172:(1880, 1883).
107:
104:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2175:Degranulation
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Efferocytosis
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:(7): 1442–5.
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:(1): 621–31.
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
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1632:
1628:
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1608:
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1600:
1596:
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1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:Int J Biochem
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
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1442:
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1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
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1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
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1332:
1328:
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1301:
1297:
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1255:
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1247:
1245:9780815342434
1241:
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1216:
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1197:
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1163:
1159:
1155:
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1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
887:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
757:
750:
745:
742:
740:
739:Residual body
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Paracytophagy
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Emperipolesis
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
672:phagolysosome
669:
665:
664:food vacuoles
657:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
628:
627:
625:
621:
613:
608:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:efferocytosis
553:
545:
543:
541:
540:
535:
534:
533:Escheria coli
529:
528:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
451:
448:
446:
445:phagolysosome
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:FcÎł receptors
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
317:
315:
311:
310:FcÎł receptors
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
221:
219:
217:
216:invertebrates
212:
208:
204:
203:innate immune
198:
190:
186:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
166:William Osler
162:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
143:
142:Ernst Haeckel
138:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
92:immune system
90:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:Ancient Greek
37:
29:
21:
2159:Transcytosis
2139:Phagocytosis
2138:
1972:Phagocytosis
1966:Phagocytosis
1926:
1922:
1916:
1899:10400.1/1891
1879:
1875:
1865:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1561:
1555:
1533:(3): 373–9.
1530:
1526:
1520:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1404:(1): 61–98.
1401:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1349:
1345:
1295:
1291:
1235:
1191:
1187:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1112:
1102:
1061:
1057:
1034:, retrieved
1012:
1002:
977:
973:
909:
899:
889:, retrieved
867:
857:
822:
818:
808:
773:
769:
759:
686:phototrophic
680:
670:, forming a
661:
639:
617:
606:
574:and altered
560:calreticulin
549:
546:In apoptosis
537:
531:
525:
523:
505:
472:hypochlorite
449:
443:, forming a
434:
419:
394:
366:
359:activation.
330:
318:
299:
267:
241:
200:
163:
159:
145:
139:
124:
120:
109:
86:
53:
50:
46:
43:
36:Phagocytosis
35:
34:
2149:Potocytosis
2144:Pinocytosis
2121:Endocytosis
1929:(1): 91–8.
1451:(1): 3–16.
734:Pinocytosis
729:Phagoptosis
688:nutrition.
624:osmotrophic
614:In protists
570:, oxidised
495:lactoferrin
373:ITAM domain
369:Fc fragment
293:production
287:lactoferrin
271:collagenase
263:eosinophils
259:osteoclasts
247:macrophages
243:Neutrophils
70:endocytosis
2203:Phagocytes
2192:Categories
2169:Exocytosis
2092:Antiporter
1148:(1): 1–4.
1126:2023-04-07
1121:1042894741
1036:2023-04-07
891:2023-04-06
751:References
682:Mixotrophy
636:pseudopods
568:annexin A1
550:Following
507:Leukocytes
437:centrosome
341:complement
275:gelatinase
152:Indian ink
38:(from
2087:Symporter
2082:Uniporter
1908:0948-3055
1882:: 83–98.
1745:Apoptosis
1418:1553-4006
1366:0732-0582
1314:0023-6837
1262:cite book
1254:733935898
1078:0077-8923
994:0003-1569
952:218618570
936:0065-2598
841:2165-0497
792:0008-8749
744:Cell wall
658:or mouth.
656:cytostome
552:apoptosis
509:generate
491:defensins
479:lysozymes
441:lysosomes
431:Phagosome
251:monocytes
207:infection
197:Phagocyte
135:infusoria
131:heliozoan
96:pathogens
74:phagocyte
66:phagosome
60:uses its
47:(phagein)
2064:Carriers
2059:Channels
2041:(or non-
1943:12812372
1857:12089212
1822:22196723
1773:12729066
1765:20198437
1729:21135166
1680:19838202
1631:22074924
1512:12277593
1426:21910624
1374:10358769
1322:10830774
1210:26982354
1188:Immunity
1162:16876776
1094:39306211
1086:13259351
944:32399823
849:27227301
692:See also
652:Ciliates
620:protists
618:In many
515:bacteria
333:opsonins
100:protozoa
2112:Cytosis
2054:Osmosis
1923:Protist
1813:3254670
1720:4038038
1671:2783696
1622:3249103
1547:2989021
1504:9369328
1467:1547201
800:1733516
676:cytosol
668:enzymes
576:glycans
421:Mannose
385:FcÎłRIII
381:FcÎłRIIA
106:History
54:(kytos)
1978:(MeSH)
1941:
1906:
1855:
1820:
1810:
1771:
1763:
1727:
1717:
1678:
1668:
1629:
1619:
1576:
1545:
1510:
1502:
1465:
1424:
1416:
1372:
1364:
1320:
1312:
1252:
1242:
1208:
1160:
1119:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1027:
992:
950:
942:
934:
924:
882:
847:
839:
798:
790:
632:amoeba
586:, and
502:death.
425:fucose
383:, and
345:Dectin
156:indigo
147:Tethys
45:φαγεῖν
1769:S2CID
1508:S2CID
1090:S2CID
948:S2CID
588:MFGE8
519:fungi
456:NADPH
377:FcÎłRI
357:NF-ÎşB
87:In a
52:κύτος
42:
1939:PMID
1904:ISSN
1853:PMID
1818:PMID
1792:Cell
1761:PMID
1725:PMID
1676:PMID
1627:PMID
1574:ISBN
1543:PMID
1500:PMID
1463:PMID
1422:PMID
1414:ISSN
1370:PMID
1362:ISSN
1318:PMID
1310:ISSN
1268:link
1250:OCLC
1240:ISBN
1206:PMID
1158:PMID
1117:OCLC
1082:PMID
1074:ISSN
1025:ISBN
990:ISSN
940:PMID
932:ISSN
922:ISBN
880:ISBN
845:PMID
837:ISSN
796:PMID
788:ISSN
594:and
592:CD36
584:GAS6
536:and
499:iron
466:and
312:and
261:and
154:(or
110:The
58:cell
1931:doi
1927:154
1894:hdl
1884:doi
1845:doi
1841:205
1808:PMC
1800:doi
1796:147
1753:doi
1715:PMC
1707:doi
1703:186
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1617:PMC
1607:doi
1603:287
1566:doi
1535:doi
1492:doi
1488:768
1453:doi
1406:doi
1354:doi
1300:doi
1196:doi
1150:doi
1146:240
1066:doi
1017:doi
982:doi
914:doi
872:doi
827:doi
778:doi
774:139
572:LDL
410:CR3
406:CR1
401:C4b
397:C3b
337:IgG
277:or
129:(a
76:.
2194::
1937:.
1925:.
1902:.
1892:.
1880:53
1878:.
1874:.
1851:.
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1816:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
