317:
480:
544:
before it can reproduce; some species feed on mammals including humans, while others also feed on birds, reptiles and amphibians. The fly is a weak flier and takes short flights to find a victim, adopting a "hopping" style of flight when close to a host. Some sandflies are "exophagic", living entirely out of doors, while others are "endophagic" and invade houses. In the tropics, adults may breed all year round, but in temperate climates the adults die off in the autumn and new adults emerge in the spring. The adults have short mouthparts and are unable to bite through clothing.
930:
870:
55:
33:
543:
The adult flies are nocturnal, spending the day sheltering in dark humid places such as on bark, among foliage, among leaf litter, in animal burrows, in termite mounds, and in cracks and crevices. At nightfall they emerge to feed on sugary secretions and plant sap. The female needs a blood meal
492:
Adults are about 1.5–3.0 mm long and yellowish in colour, with conspicuous black eyes, and hairy bodies, wings, and legs. The oval lanceolate wings are carried erect on the humped thorax. Males possess long prominent genital terminalia known as claspers. Females have a pair of anal recti.
518:. The larvae are recognisable by their black heads, greyish twelve segmented bodies and conspicuous feathery, branching bristles on head and body, and two pairs of long hairs on the tip of the abdomen. The larvae pass through four
501:
Batches of thirty to seventy eggs are laid in cracks and holes in the ground, in crevices in masonry and among leaf litter. The eggs require a humid environment to avoid desiccation, and hatch within about twenty days. The
530:
over winter. Adults emerge from the pupae after about one to two weeks. The whole cycle takes thirty to sixty days unless the larvae diapause, when it may take four or five months. Laboratory colonies of several
1103:
535:
species have been established for experimental study of their biology, behaviour, mutual relations with disease agents, and for testing methods of vector control.
1129:
471:. These flies are short-lived. Females are bloodsuckers at night; males feed on plant juices. Adults are poor fliers, they usually hop for short distances.
1208:
669:"Epidemiologic Correlates of Mortality among Symptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases: Findings from Situation Assessment in High Endemic Foci in India"
1077:
316:
667:
Das, Aritra; Karthick, Morchan; Dwivedi, Shweta; Banerjee, Indranath; Mahapatra, Tanmay; Srikantiah, Sridhar; Chaudhuri, Indrajit (2016-11-21).
1238:
811:
1198:
1218:
1223:
563:
1228:
742:
644:
479:
1233:
1213:
422:
889:"Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies (ISOPS IX), Reims, France, June 28th–July 1st, 2016"
526:, with the final larval skin remaining attached to the pupa, the long hairs protruding. In cooler climates, the larvae may
887:
Depaquit, Jérôme; Pesson, Bernard; Augot, Denis; Hamilton, James Gordon
Campbell; Lawyer, Phillip; Léger, Nicole (2016).
421:. This species of sand flies was on the brink of elimination in India during the 1960s following the widespread use of
1116:
999:
54:
1056:
1203:
1188:
404:
protozoa from infected animals after feeding, thus transmitting the disease, while the male feeds on plant nectar.
1134:
1069:
1193:
249:
219:
213:
451:, an arboviral disease caused by sandfly fever viruses such as the Naples and Sicilian strains of the genus
320:
243:
183:
929:
869:
485:
231:
207:
159:
942:
463:), which also includes the closely related Toscana virus. In Egypt, two species of medical importance are
414:
261:
201:
195:
171:
1004:
1155:
436:
267:
255:
189:
165:
273:
225:
177:
1183:
1025:
393:
237:
748:
726:
650:
409:
329:
341:
49:
1160:
827:
Lawyer, Phillip; Killick-Kendrick, Mireille; Rowland, Tobin; Rowton, Edgar; Volf, Petr (2017).
417:(VL) in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, where it is transmitted by the sand flies of the species
1142:
1108:
1012:
918:
858:
807:
801:
779:
738:
708:
690:
640:
613:
980:
1147:
908:
900:
848:
840:
829:"Laboratory colonization and mass rearing of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae)"
771:
698:
680:
603:
595:
335:
560:
762:
Valassina M, Cusi MG, Valensin PE (2003). "A Mediterranean arbovirus: the
Toscana virus".
567:
448:
444:
143:
1064:
1051:
913:
888:
853:
828:
703:
668:
608:
583:
1177:
453:
440:
358:
305:
126:
1017:
459:
304:. In the past, they have sometimes been considered to belong in a separate family,
685:
522:
over the course of three to four weeks, before selecting an upright position and
1090:
974:
301:
116:
32:
965:
904:
844:
599:
380:
694:
429:
control. However, there was a resurgence in their population a decade later.
1038:
775:
507:
367:
362:
350:
86:
66:
1121:
922:
862:
783:
712:
617:
991:
959:
527:
515:
375:
372:
293:
1082:
426:
397:
385:
1095:
308:, but this alternative classification has not gained wide acceptance.
519:
511:
389:
96:
76:
936:
1043:
503:
478:
315:
289:
523:
940:
1030:
297:
106:
357:
sand flies are primarily responsible for the transmission of
633:
361:, an important parasitic disease, while transmission in the
384:. Leishmaniasis normally finds a mammalian reservoir in
949:
584:"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review"
806:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103.
631:Zeledón RA (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
737:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
639:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
8:
365:, is generally via sand flies of the genus
937:
31:
20:
912:
852:
795:
793:
702:
684:
607:
553:
577:
575:
729:(1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
514:, leaf mould, rotting vegetation and
7:
1070:af81b9f5-ffba-44fa-9373-fcc0d87d572e
662:
660:
400:. The female sand fly carries the
14:
1209:Insect vectors of human pathogens
582:Aoun, K.; Bouratbine, A. (2014).
378:itself is a species of the genus
928:
868:
673:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
388:and other small animals such as
53:
803:Medical Entomology for Students
413:is the main causative agent of
1:
1239:Taxa named by Camillo Rondani
735:Barron's Medical Microbiology
637:Barron's Medical Microbiology
686:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005150
1199:Nematoceran flies of Europe
323:, a disease transmitted by
1255:
1219:Insects of the Middle East
1224:Insects of Southeast Asia
156:
151:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1229:Afrotropical realm fauna
905:10.1051/parasite/2016051
845:10.1051/parasite/2017041
600:10.1051/parasite/2014014
1234:Indomalayan realm fauna
1214:Insects of North Africa
776:10.1080/jnv.9.6.577.583
321:Cutaneous leishmaniasis
489:
419:Phlebotomus argentipes
415:visceral leishmaniasis
346:
1156:Paleobiology Database
800:Mike Service (2012).
486:Phlebotomus mascittii
482:
465:Phlebotomus papatasii
319:
1065:Fauna Europaea (new)
749:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
651:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
394:canine leishmaniasis
410:Leishmania donovani
330:Leishmania infantum
327:, in North Africa;
566:2006-06-15 at the
490:
347:
342:Leishmania tropica
1204:Nematocera genera
1189:Diptera of Africa
1171:
1170:
1143:Open Tree of Life
943:Taxon identifiers
813:978-1-107-38022-6
435:species are also
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147:
146:& Berté, 1840
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679:(11): e0005150.
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561:BDWD Family List
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336:Leishmania major
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57:
35:
21:
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1194:Diptera of Asia
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568:Wayback Machine
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449:pappataci fever
445:verruga peruana
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1052:Fauna Europaea
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881:External links
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731:Bunyaviruses.
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552:
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279:
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250:P. perniciosus
220:P. longiductus
214:P. longicuspis
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16:Genus of flies
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441:bartonellosis
438:
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428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
407:The parasite
405:
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377:
374:
370:
369:
364:
360:
359:leishmaniasis
356:
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344:
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338:
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332:
331:
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306:Phlebotomidae
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264:
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244:P. perfiliewi
240:
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210:
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204:
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184:P. balcanicus
180:
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172:P. argentipes
168:
167:
162:
161:
155:
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127:Phlebotominae
125:
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764:J Neurovirol
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591:
587:
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510:, consuming
500:
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468:
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460:Bunyaviridae
458:
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432:
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418:
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348:
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328:
324:
312:Epidemiology
284:
283:
282:
272:
266:
260:
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248:
242:
236:
232:P. mascittii
230:
224:
218:
212:
208:P. langeroni
206:
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188:
182:
176:
170:
164:
160:P. alexandri
158:
157:
137:
136:
41:
24:
18:
1184:Psychodidae
1091:iNaturalist
981:Phlebotomus
975:Wikispecies
951:Phlebotomus
533:Phlebotomus
506:are mainly
483:Pharynx of
469:P. langerni
454:Phlebovirus
433:Phlebotomus
355:Phlebotomus
325:Phlebotomus
302:Psychodidae
285:Phlebotomus
262:P. sergenti
238:P. papatasi
202:P. kyreniae
196:P. chabaudi
138:Phlebotomus
123:Subfamily:
117:Psychodidae
42:Phlebotomus
25:Phlebotomus
1178:Categories
548:References
508:scavengers
475:Morphology
402:Leishmania
381:Leishmania
294:sand flies
87:Arthropoda
695:1935-2735
539:Behaviour
497:Lifecycle
373:protozoan
368:Lutzomyia
363:New World
351:Old World
333:= green,
296:" in the
268:P. simici
256:P. riouxi
190:P. brevis
166:P. ariasi
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
989:BioLib:
966:Q1709478
960:Wikidata
923:27677701
893:Parasite
863:29139377
833:Parasite
784:14602570
727:Shope RE
713:27870870
618:24626301
588:Parasite
564:Archived
528:diapause
524:pupating
516:detritus
457:(family
376:parasite
339:= blue,
274:P. tobbi
226:P. major
178:P. azizi
152:Species
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1109:1020740
1083:1640274
914:5047050
854:5687099
704:5117587
609:3952656
520:instars
437:vectors
427:malaria
398:hyraxes
386:rodents
349:In the
300:family
298:Diptera
144:Rondani
133:Genus:
107:Diptera
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
40:A male
1161:140720
1148:744763
1096:465114
1057:141868
1044:1PHLEG
1005:211753
992:118902
921:
911:
899:: E1.
861:
851:
839:: 42.
810:
782:
741:
711:
701:
693:
643:
616:
606:
594:: 14.
504:larvae
447:, and
396:) and
390:canids
371:. The
1135:13203
1122:98812
1104:IRMNG
1031:22050
1018:8YQLK
512:fungi
345:= red
292:of "
290:genus
288:is a
1130:NCBI
1078:GBIF
1039:EPPO
1000:BOLD
919:PMID
859:PMID
808:ISBN
780:PMID
739:ISBN
709:PMID
691:ISSN
641:ISBN
614:PMID
467:and
439:for
425:for
44:fly
1117:ISC
1026:EoL
1013:CoL
909:PMC
901:doi
849:PMC
841:doi
772:doi
733:In:
699:PMC
681:doi
635:In:
604:PMC
596:doi
423:DDT
1180::
1158::
1145::
1132::
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1080::
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1002::
977::
962::
917:.
907:.
897:23
895:.
891:.
857:.
847:.
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835:.
831:.
792:^
778:.
766:.
747:.
707:.
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689:.
677:10
675:.
671:.
659:^
649:.
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592:21
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586:.
574:^
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353:,
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903::
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843::
816:.
786:.
774::
768:9
751:.
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598::
392:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
