354:
240:
532:
33:
24:
656:
759:, forming non-phosphorylated creatine. This is then released into the blood by the liver where it travels mainly to the muscle cells (95% of the body's creatine is in muscles), and to a lesser extent the brain, heart, and pancreas. Once inside the cells it is transformed into phosphocreatine by the enzyme complex
781:, which is then excreted in the urine. A 70 kg man contains around 120 g of creatine, with 40% being the unphosphorylated form and 60% as creatine phosphate. Of that amount, 1–2% is broken down and excreted each day as creatinine.
774:(ATP). This process is an important component of all vertebrates' bioenergetic systems. For instance, while the human body only produces 250 g of ATP daily, it recycles its entire body weight in ATP each day through creatine phosphate.
540:
512:
784:
Phosphocreatine is used intravenously in hospitals in some parts of the world for cardiovascular problems under the name Neoton, and also used by some professional athletes, as it is not a controlled substance.
839:
concentration. In other words, phosphocreatine acts as high-energy reserve in a coupled reaction; the energy given off from donating the phosphate group is used to regenerate the other compound - in this case,
1125:
606:
487:
669:
1118:
755:(also called glycocyamine or GAA), which is then transported in the blood to the liver. A methyl group is added to GAA from the amino acid methionine by the enzyme
1111:
403:
602:
1320:
983:
955:
1633:
1224:
756:
1229:
740:
117:
110:
844:. Phosphocreatine plays a particularly important role in tissues that have high, fluctuating energy demands such as muscle and brain.
368:
1455:
1484:
594:
676:
1614:
576:
311:
1792:
1325:
332:
630:
531:
812:
The reversible phosphorylation of creatine (i.e., both the forward and backward reaction) is catalyzed by several
1892:
1882:
1681:
1589:
1315:
1264:
1239:
247:
1802:
1609:
1465:
1244:
1048:
Fiske, Cyrus H.; Subbarao, Yellapragada (1927). "The nature of the 'inorganic phosphate' in voluntary muscle".
877:
622:
1249:
618:
1648:
1604:
1432:
1205:
853:
610:
235:
1857:
1736:
1713:
1551:
1460:
1387:
1292:
1180:
1140:
865:
841:
836:
832:
828:
802:
798:
771:
728:
177:
1673:
1349:
1098:
861:
794:
767:
554:
524:
45:
1148:
1137:
1057:
1887:
1849:
1638:
1330:
1310:
873:
349:
76:
1259:
1001:"The inorganic phosphate and a labile form of organic phosphate in the gastrocnemius of the frog"
857:
582:
137:
1103:
880:
in Dahlem, Berlin, contributed to the understanding of the phosphocreatine's role in the cell.
590:
1797:
1755:
1073:
1030:
979:
951:
947:
920:
869:
1305:
1185:
1065:
1020:
1012:
939:
910:
752:
431:
614:
320:
1599:
813:
760:
716:
708:
598:
32:
801:
during the first five to eight seconds of a maximal muscular effort. Conversely, excess
353:
239:
197:
1061:
157:
86:
1594:
1234:
1195:
1025:
1000:
647:
824:
is indicative of tissue damage and is used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
1876:
1779:
1746:
1708:
1566:
1450:
940:
228:
638:
377:
InChI=1S/C4H10N3O5P/c1-7(2-3(8)9)4(5)6-13(10,11)12/h2H2,1H3,(H,8,9)(H4,5,6,10,11,12)
1817:
1695:
1571:
1402:
1335:
1200:
1190:
1170:
821:
586:
498:
493:
387:
InChI=1/C4H10N3O5P/c1-7(2-3(8)9)4(5)6-13(10,11)12/h2H2,1H3,(H,8,9)(H4,5,6,10,11,12)
1254:
978:. Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 58. National Academies Press. pp. 357–404.
852:
The discovery of phosphocreatine was reported by Grace and Philip
Eggleton of the
915:
898:
1547:
1069:
568:
300:
626:
1827:
1703:
1668:
1658:
1643:
1624:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1412:
1300:
1279:
1152:
1134:
778:
720:
468:
188:
23:
831:
during rest, as well as its use of phosphocreatine for quick regeneration of
564:
64:
Creatine phosphate; phosphorylcreatine; creatine-P; phosphagen; fosfocreatine
1727:
1543:
1508:
1441:
1427:
1094:
1077:
1034:
974:
Ochoa, Severo (1989). Sherman, E. J.; National
Academy of Sciences (eds.).
924:
715:
that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in
1783:
1770:
1717:
1539:
1503:
1494:
1398:
1359:
1175:
806:
744:
712:
208:
217:
1475:
1394:
1373:
1364:
1283:
1269:
1215:
748:
287:
248:
1016:
560:
1580:
1378:
1161:
168:
646:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
835:
during intense activity, provides a spatial and temporal buffer of
274:
817:
724:
148:
116:
109:
99:
766:
Phosphocreatine is able to donate its phosphate group to convert
903:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
634:
265:
1107:
793:
Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to
337:
899:"Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease"
827:
The cell's ability to generate phosphocreatine from excess
897:
Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T (2006).
664:
805:
can be used during a period of low effort to convert
1848:
1841:
1815:
1778:
1768:
1745:
1726:
1657:
1623:
1579:
1564:
1532:
1493:
1474:
1440:
1425:
1372:
1357:
1348:
1278:
1214:
1160:
1147:
999:Eggleton, Philip; Eggleton, Grace Palmer (1927).
299:
942:Molecular system bioenergetics: energy for life
85:
743:catalyzes the conversion of two amino acids —
1119:
8:
1845:
1775:
1576:
1437:
1369:
1354:
1157:
1126:
1112:
1104:
352:
238:
196:
15:
1024:
914:
319:
777:Phosphocreatine can be broken down into
969:
967:
889:
408:
373:
348:
216:
820:, creatine kinase myocardial band) in
229:
1321:2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
380:Key: DRBBFCLWYRJSJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
176:
156:
7:
1634:2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
497:
816:. The presence of creatine kinase (
731:, the energy currency of the cell.
390:Key: DRBBFCLWYRJSJZ-UHFFFAOYAF
290:
273:
461:
14:
654:
530:
449:
443:
56:-(phosphonocarbamimidoyl)glycine
31:
22:
1456:Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
946:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p.
650:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1270:β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
1225:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
455:
437:
1:
1485:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
1230:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA
1615:2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
916:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.09.004
1793:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
1326:2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
1070:10.1126/science.65.1686.401
868:in 1927. A few years later
739:In the kidneys, the enzyme
1909:
1669:generation of homocysteine
416:CN(CC(=O)O)C(=N)NP(=O)(O)O
411:OC(CN(C)C(N)=NP(O)(O)=O)=O
1316:3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
1095:Human Metabolome Database
809:back to phosphocreatine.
644:
511:
506:
480:
424:
399:
364:
69:
61:
44:
39:
30:
21:
1803:4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
1610:3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
1466:Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
878:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
577:Precautionary statements
1649:2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
1605:3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
1141:metabolic intermediates
854:University of Cambridge
1858:Cysteine sulfinic acid
1704:conversion to cysteine
1461:Formiminoglutamic acid
1388:3-Phosphoglyceric acid
1265:β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
866:Harvard Medical School
772:adenosine triphosphate
729:adenosine triphosphate
1590:α-Ketoisovaleric acid
1245:β-Ketoisocaproic acid
1240:α-Ketoisocaproic acid
1099:University of Alberta
938:Saks, Valdur (2007).
862:Yellapragada Subbarow
768:adenosine diphosphate
1677:-Adenosyl methionine
1260:β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
1250:β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA
1206:β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
1850:Cysteine metabolism
1639:2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
1331:2-Aminomuconic acid
1311:3-Hydroxykynurenine
1062:1927Sci....65..401F
1005:Biochemical Journal
476: g·mol
138:Beilstein Reference
18:
1737:α-Ketobutyric acid
1714:α-Ketobutyric acid
1552:γ-Glutamylcysteine
1296:′-Formylkynurenine
1181:α-Aminoadipic acid
856:and separately by
693:creatine phosphate
677:Infobox references
16:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1836:
1811:
1810:
1798:Homogentisic acid
1764:
1763:
1756:Methylmalonyl-CoA
1560:
1559:
1421:
1420:
1344:
1343:
1056:(1686): 401–403.
1017:10.1042/bj0210190
985:978-0-309-03938-3
976:David Nachmansohn
957:978-3-527-31787-5
870:David Nachmansohn
685:Chemical compound
683:
682:
555:Hazard statements
333:CompTox Dashboard
118:Interactive image
111:Interactive image
1900:
1893:Phosphoramidates
1883:Carboxylic acids
1846:
1776:
1690:
1689:
1577:
1438:
1370:
1355:
1306:Anthranilic acid
1186:2-Oxoadipic acid
1158:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1082:
1081:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
996:
990:
989:
971:
962:
961:
945:
935:
929:
928:
918:
894:
872:, working under
814:creatine kinases
753:guanidinoacetate
691:, also known as
667:
661:
658:
657:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
570:
566:
562:
534:
501:
475:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
432:Chemical formula
357:
356:
341:
339:
323:
303:
292:
277:
250:
242:
231:
220:
200:
180:
160:
120:
113:
89:
35:
26:
19:
17:Phosphocreatine
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1833:
1807:
1760:
1741:
1722:
1687:
1686:
1653:
1619:
1600:Methacrylyl-CoA
1570:
1556:
1528:
1489:
1470:
1433:α-ketoglutarate
1431:
1417:
1408:Phosphocreatine
1377:
1363:
1340:
1274:
1210:
1143:
1132:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1047:
1046:
1042:
998:
997:
993:
986:
973:
972:
965:
958:
937:
936:
932:
896:
895:
891:
886:
850:
791:
761:creatine kinase
737:
717:skeletal muscle
689:Phosphocreatine
686:
679:
674:
673:
672: ?)
663:
659:
655:
651:
579:
557:
543:
527:
490:
473:
460:
454:
448:
442:
434:
420:
417:
412:
407:
406:
395:
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
360:
342:
335:
326:
306:
293:
281:
260:
223:
203:
183:
163:
140:
123:
103:
92:
79:
65:
57:
12:
11:
5:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1773:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1679:
1664:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Isobutyryl-CoA
1592:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Isovaleryl-CoA
1232:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:Glutaconyl-CoA
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1089:External links
1087:
1084:
1083:
1040:
1011:(1): 190–195.
991:
984:
963:
956:
930:
909:(2): 164–180.
888:
887:
885:
882:
849:
846:
790:
787:
736:
733:
709:phosphorylated
684:
681:
680:
675:
653:
652:
648:standard state
645:
642:
641:
607:P305+P351+P338
580:
575:
572:
571:
558:
553:
550:
549:
544:
539:
536:
535:
528:
523:
520:
519:
509:
508:
504:
503:
491:
486:
483:
482:
478:
477:
471:
465:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
435:
430:
427:
426:
422:
421:
419:
418:
415:
413:
410:
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
394:
393:
389:
386:
385:
383:
379:
376:
375:
367:
366:
365:
362:
361:
359:
358:
345:
343:
331:
328:
327:
325:
324:
316:
314:
308:
307:
305:
304:
296:
294:
286:
283:
282:
280:
279:
270:
268:
262:
261:
259:
258:
254:
252:
244:
243:
233:
225:
224:
222:
221:
213:
211:
205:
204:
202:
201:
193:
191:
185:
184:
182:
181:
173:
171:
165:
164:
162:
161:
153:
151:
145:
144:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:Abbreviations
125:
124:
122:
121:
114:
106:
104:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
82:
80:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1905:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:phenylalanine
1777:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:propionyl-CoA
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Cystathionine
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:-homocysteine
1684:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:propionyl-CoA
1563:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Urocanic acid
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
981:
977:
970:
968:
964:
959:
953:
949:
944:
943:
934:
931:
926:
922:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
847:
845:
843:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
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481:Pharmacology
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350:DTXSID0058776
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230:ECHA InfoCard
227:
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178:ChEMBL1204644
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60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
25:
20:
1825:
1818:oxaloacetate
1702:
1696:Homocysteine
1682:
1674:
1667:
1572:succinyl-CoA
1407:
1403:Glycocyamine
1336:Glutaryl-CoA
1293:
1201:Crotonyl-CoA
1191:Glutaryl-CoA
1171:Saccharopine
1053:
1049:
1043:
1008:
1004:
994:
975:
941:
933:
906:
902:
892:
851:
826:
822:blood plasma
811:
792:
783:
776:
765:
738:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
546:
513:
70:Identifiers
62:Other names
53:
49:
1548:glutathione
858:Cyrus Fiske
770:(ADP) into
727:to recycle
541:Signal word
425:Properties
236:100.000.585
158:CHEBI:17287
1888:Guanidines
1877:Categories
1828:urea cycle
1685:-Adenosyl-
1659:methionine
1644:Tiglyl-CoA
1625:isoleucine
1524:Putrescine
1519:Cadaverine
1514:Citrulline
1413:Creatinine
1301:Kynurenine
1280:tryptophan
1153:acetyl-CoA
1138:metabolism
1135:Amino acid
884:References
779:creatinine
721:myocardium
525:Pictograms
469:Molar mass
321:020IUV4N33
189:ChemSpider
98:3D model (
77:CAS Number
46:IUPAC name
1728:threonine
1544:glutamate
1509:Ornithine
1442:histidine
1428:glutamate
1255:β-Leucine
735:Chemistry
631:P403+P233
623:P337+P313
619:P332+P313
603:P304+P340
599:P302+P352
516:labelling
257:200-643-9
249:EC Number
1784:tyrosine
1771:fumarate
1718:Cysteine
1540:cysteine
1504:Agmatine
1495:arginine
1399:creatine
1360:pyruvate
1176:Allysine
1078:17807679
1035:16743804
925:16236486
874:Meyerhof
807:creatine
797:to form
789:Function
745:arginine
723:and the
713:creatine
711:form of
707:), is a
507:Hazards
502:)
488:ATC code
209:DrugBank
143:1797096
52:-Methyl-
1476:proline
1395:glycine
1374:glycine
1365:citrate
1284:alanine
1216:leucine
1097:at the
1058:Bibcode
1050:Science
1026:1251888
876:at the
864:of the
848:History
751:— into
749:glycine
670:what is
668: (
547:Warning
496: (
494:C01EB06
474:211.114
288:PubChem
218:DB13191
87:67-07-2
1581:valine
1379:serine
1162:lysine
1076:
1033:
1023:
982:
954:
923:
665:verify
662:
404:SMILES
275:C02305
169:ChEMBL
40:Names
1842:Other
1533:other
818:CK-MB
725:brain
699:) or
369:InChI
149:ChEBI
100:JSmol
1826:see
1074:PMID
1031:PMID
980:ISBN
952:ISBN
921:PMID
907:1762
860:and
757:GAMT
747:and
741:AGAT
639:P501
635:P405
627:P362
615:P321
611:P312
595:P280
591:P271
587:P264
583:P261
569:H335
565:H319
561:H315
312:UNII
266:KEGG
131:PCr
1066:doi
1021:PMC
1013:doi
911:doi
842:ATP
837:ATP
833:ATP
829:ATP
803:ATP
799:ATP
795:ADP
705:Pcr
701:PCr
514:GHS
499:WHO
338:EPA
301:587
291:CID
198:567
1879::
1816:G→
1769:G→
1716:+
1565:G→
1550::
1426:G→
1401::
1362:→
1358:G→
1072:.
1064:.
1054:65
1052:.
1029:.
1019:.
1009:21
1007:.
1003:.
966:^
950:.
919:.
905:.
901:.
763:.
719:,
697:CP
637:,
633:,
629:,
625:,
621:,
617:,
613:,
609:,
605:,
601:,
597:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
567:,
563:,
518::
447:10
1786:→
1782:→
1749:→
1730:→
1706::
1688:L
1683:S
1675:S
1671::
1661:→
1627:→
1583:→
1569:→
1546:→
1542:+
1497:→
1478:→
1444:→
1430:→
1397:→
1381:→
1376:→
1350:G
1294:N
1286:→
1282:→
1218:→
1164:→
1151:→
1149:K
1127:e
1120:t
1113:v
1080:.
1068::
1060::
1037:.
1015::
988:.
960:.
948:2
927:.
913::
703:(
695:(
660:N
462:P
459:5
456:O
453:3
450:N
444:H
441:4
438:C
340:)
336:(
278:=
102:)
54:N
50:N
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