875:
427:
860:
814:
838:
44:
67:
826:
791:, controlled burns, and native wild rice crops. Biological controls have been suggested to be the most likely control method to succeed and biocontrols have been approved for introduction in North America Unfortunately, biocontrols may destroy the native subspecies population as well. When cutting under water, cutting and then flooding, or burning and then flooding, it is important that the entire
599:
650:
be ground into flour or made into gruel." In Japan, young leaves are dried, ground, and then mixed with cereal flour to make dumplings. Grazing on phragmites by large-bodied domestic herbivores, such as cows, horses, sheep, and goats, can effectively control the plant and provide a reciprocal positive benefit for humans by generating meat, milk, leather, and wool etc.
756:
591:
649:
The leaves, roots, seeds and stems of phragmites are edible. Young shoots can be cooked or eaten raw just like bamboo shoots. The young stems, "while still green and fleshy, can be dried and pounded into a fine powder, which when moistened is roasted like marshmallows." The seeds and rhizomes "can
489:
may provide beneficial ecosystem services that need to be considered in coastal ecosystems, even where it is considered an invasive species. Others have argued that the ecosystem services lost as a result of invasion outweigh the benefits gained and managers need to be responsive to invasion control.
464:
stands can provide food and shelter resources for a number of birds, insects, and other animals. Habitat benefits are often optimal when stands are thinner, and management of stands may promote more suitable habitat benefits. Some evidence suggests that a short term management rotation of 1–2 years
632:
is made from the common reed which is flattened after removing its brittle outer glaze and the loose inner membrane, and after softening it by wetting. The result is a double reed with an elliptical opening that vibrates by closing and opening at a high speed. This is not to be confused with other
751:
can drive out competing vegetation in two main ways. Their sheer height and density can deprive other plants of sunlight and the chemicals they produce when decaying reduce the germination of competing seeds. Among other effects, the monocultures that result from invasion decrease spatial and
775:
early in its invasion increases the opportunity for successful eradication dramatically. Once it has become established, removal by hand is nearly impossible. The seeds or rhizomes can quickly lead to a new dense stand. Chemical treatment is by far the most utilized method in North
America
740:
quickly spread through marshes and wetland areas. They replace native plants, deny fish and wildlife nutrients and space; block access to the water for swimming, fishing and other recreation endeavors; spoil shoreline views; and pose a fire hazard.
1785:
Meyerson, Laura A.; Vogt, Kristiina A.; Chambers, Randolph M. (2000), Weinstein, Michael P.; Kreeger, Daniel A. (eds.), "Linking the
Success of Phragmites to the Alteration of Ecosystem Nutrient Cycles",
874:
787:
since a large amount of decaying dead plant material can depress oxygen levels in the water and kill all the fish in a pond or small lake. Some success has also been obtained using goats to graze on
1267:
1354:
Silliman, Brian R.; Mozdzer, Thomas; Angelini, Christine; Brundage, Jennifer E.; Esselink, Peter; Bakker, Jan P.; Gedan, Keryn B.; van de Koppel, Johan; Baldwin, Andrew H. (2014-09-23).
1337:
Peterson, Lee, "A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of
Eastern and Central North America", page 228, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York City, accessed the sixth of September, 2010.
578:, common reed used for this purpose is known as Norfolk reed or water reed. However, "wheat reed" and "Devon reed", also used for thatching, are not in fact reed, but long-stemmed
745:
also alters wetland biogeochemistry and affects both floral and faunal species assemblages, including potentially reducing nitrogen and phosphorus availability for other plants.
2012:
2436:
2016:
501:
is cultivated as an ornamental plant in aquatic and marginal settings such as pond- and lakesides. Its aggressive colonisation means it must be sited with care.
2475:
2163:
532:
from kitchens is routed to an underground septic tank-like compartment where the solid waste is allowed to settle out. The water then trickles through a
1271:
1988:
783:
control are glyphosate and imazapyr. It is important to select the proper herbicide for the location. Further, even the proper herbicide can lead to
485:
such as nutrient sequestration, soil stabilization, and waste treatment. It has been suggested that due to its resilience to climate change impacts,
2652:
2371:
2449:
2397:
2524:
859:
1803:
1532:"De novo transcriptome assembly and analysis of Phragmites karka, an invasive halophyte, to study the mechanism of salinity stress tolerance"
837:
813:
2280:
2285:
1517:
1342:
1292:
1871:
Robichaud, C.D.; Rooney, R.C. (2022). "Invasive grass causes biotic homogenization in wetland birds in a Lake Erie coastal marsh".
825:
2647:
2599:
1717:
2423:
1413:
1237:
2573:
1493:
728:
However, by 1960 non-native haplotypes were found in samples taken from coast to coast. Today, in some places like
Michigan,
720:
is an abundant invasive species. In the United States, prior to 1910, only a few areas in the
Northeast contained non-native
1690:
2454:
2030:
2462:
1746:
Krzton-Presson, Amy; Davis, Brett; Raper, Kirk; Hitz, Katlyn; Mecklin, Christopher; Whiteman, Howard (2018). "Effects of
1824:: an assessment of phenotypic and physiological parameters involved in germination process and growth of receptor plant"
426:
2254:
2231:
66:
2578:
2537:
376:
238:
2480:
1315:"Tambo / Phragmites vulgaris / COMMON REED, Lu gen: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine"
798:
Biocontrol using two species of moth larvae (Lenisa geminipuncta and
Archanara neurica) is being investigated in
380:
2542:
1439:
2632:
2358:
784:
415:
2637:
2332:
2174:
1115:
Cronin, James T.; Kiviat, Erik; Meyerson, Laura A.; Bhattarai, Ganesh P.; Allen, Warwick J. (2016-09-01).
389:
2259:
2511:
2363:
2337:
1597:"Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America"
1481:
962:
266:
248:
2109:
1066:
400:
2604:
2490:
2402:
2293:
2072:
1835:
1608:
1543:
1179:
1128:
1078:
557:
406:
370:
52:
2642:
1907:
897:
533:
510:
262:
258:
43:
2627:
2586:
2529:
2345:
2155:
2090:
1987:
Network, Crystal Gammon for Yale
Environment 360, part of The Guardian Environment (2014-10-22).
1888:
1767:
1219:
1203:
1152:
218:
205:
61:
1117:"Biological control of invasive Phragmites australis will be detrimental to native P. australis"
180:
2516:
2498:
2441:
2267:
2006:
1945:
1853:
1799:
1644:
1626:
1577:
1559:
1513:
1489:
1395:
1377:
1338:
1211:
1195:
1144:
1094:
777:
549:
482:
2057:"When misconceptions impede best practices: evidence supports biological control of invasive
2503:
2080:
1963:
1935:
1927:
1880:
1843:
1791:
1759:
1634:
1616:
1567:
1551:
1385:
1367:
1187:
1136:
1086:
1045:
1037:
939:
919:
519:
285:
228:
2212:
628:, with either a single, as in the picture, or double pipes as in bagpipes. The reed of the
2350:
1245:
545:
411:– tropical Africa, southern Asia, Australia, some Pacific Islands, invasive in New Zealand
328:
104:
1300:
1170:
Martin, Laura J.; Blossey, Bernd (2009). "A Framework for
Ecosystem Services Valuation".
1067:"The impact of reed management on wildlife: A meta-analytical review of European studies"
2324:
2076:
1839:
1612:
1547:
1183:
1132:
1082:
1940:
1911:
1572:
1531:
1390:
1355:
1293:"Norwegian food, recipes from Norway, Norwegian news and link directory fromnorway.net"
1050:
1021:
760:
537:
197:
91:
1639:
1596:
2621:
2094:
1892:
1505:
1191:
1156:
914:
575:
449:
160:
117:
1771:
1223:
716:, when introduced by accident or intent, spread rapidly. In tropics and subtropics,
2591:
2272:
1530:
Nayak, Soumya Shree; Pradhan, Seema; Sahoo, Dinabandhu; Parida, Ajay (2020-03-23).
638:
604:
331:
24:
2389:
2223:
2236:
1848:
1819:
1356:"Livestock as a potential biological control agent for an invasive wetland plant"
1116:
1090:
2565:
2467:
2410:
2206:
1666:"Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative. Linking people, information & action"
934:
884:
851:
689:. Reed stands flower in December, and the blooms are harvested and bundled into
678:
613:
541:
525:
130:
2197:
2110:"Ontario scientists are using caterpillars to combat an invasive aquatic plant"
2085:
2056:
1884:
1555:
1140:
907:
755:
553:
358:
1857:
1795:
1630:
1563:
1381:
1199:
1148:
1098:
2384:
2319:
2306:
2134:
1931:
1041:
929:
847:
731:
721:
598:
569:
529:
342:
170:
2555:
1949:
1648:
1621:
1581:
1399:
1215:
608:
a relative of common reed, which itself is flattened to make the zurna reed
1314:
2550:
2246:
2191:
2031:"Welcome Surprise: Wild Rice Seems to Deter Phragmites on Harsens Island"
1763:
924:
667:
621:
346:
1665:
1207:
2376:
799:
795:
stand is completely submerged so that the plants cannot obtain oxygen.
338:
334:
150:
1372:
736:
has become the dominant haplotype. The problem is invasive non-native
2415:
1464:
902:
663:
362:
140:
2168:
2311:
1916:
management in the United States: 40 years of methods and outcomes"
1818:
Uddin, Md N.; Robinson, Randall W.; Caridi, Domenic (2014-01-02).
754:
701:
690:
671:
629:
625:
589:
579:
425:
324:
78:
2428:
1989:"Are goats the answer to the reed choking US east coast marshes?"
1964:"Phragmites Control: Easily Kill Phragmites in your Pond or Lake"
674:), and paper. Beekeepers can utilize the reeds to make nesting.
2055:
Blossey, B.; Endriss, S.B.; Casagrande, R.; et al. (2020).
992:
634:
590:
2298:
2172:
1065:
Valkama, Elena; Lyytinen, Sami; Koricheva, Julia (2008-02-01).
752:
temporal habitat heterogeneity and increase avian homogeneity.
602:
The duduk or mey mouthpiece is a flattened piece of giant reed
440:
Roman numerals denote different shoot generations. Sc=scutellum
19:
This article is about the common reed. For other plants called
1268:"hitite musician (second millennia B.C.) playing double sipsi"
357:
The World
Checklist of Selected Plant Families, maintained by
312:
1906:
Hazelton, Eric L. G.; Mozdzer, Thomas J.; Burdick, David M.;
693:
called "walis". Hence the common name of household brooms is
2164:
U.S. Department of
Agriculture National Agricultural Library
779:. The two most common active ingredients in herbicides for
306:
434:
seedlings: A.) very young, B.) juvenile, C.) the oldest (
297:
294:
700:
Reeds have been used to make arrows and weapons such as
574:
Reed is used in many areas for thatching roofs. In the
1414:"Phragmites Australis - Plants can be made into Paper"
1790:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 827–844,
315:
288:
1026:
in North America with emphasis on habitat functions"
620:
is used to create a small instrument similar to the
309:
291:
2181:
1691:"Groups battle invasive species at St. Johns Marsh"
303:
300:
1110:
1108:
518:is one of the main wetland plant species used for
422:– central + southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius
1788:Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology
997:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP)
2162:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
396:– Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Russian Far East
1601:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1486:Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin
465:could maximize bird and invertebrate numbers.
540:bacterial action on the surface of roots and
8:
2011:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1510:Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines
662:and other reeds in various cultures include
2169:
2015:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1512:, p. 138, The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne.
446:Om Skudbygning, Overvintring og Foryngelse
42:
31:
2084:
1939:
1847:
1750:Management on the Ecology of a Wetland".
1638:
1620:
1571:
1440:"Top Nesting Materials for Solitary Bees"
1389:
1371:
1049:
1015:
1013:
597:
16:Genus of grasses commonly known as reeds
1660:
1658:
951:
831:Common reed in winter, Sudbury, MA, USA
809:
2004:
1722:: What is it and why is it a problem?"
1712:
1710:
1488:, p. 269, Government Printing Office.
957:
955:
560:, or release to natural watercourses.
365:, accepts the following four species:
7:
2579:10eab513-a2a6-486b-b132-5212eca629d4
2491:3602442b-ef89-467c-9f20-fff0afa348fd
1595:Saltonstall, Kristin (2002-02-19).
771:Recognizing the non-native form of
637:which uses two reeds made from the
2543:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30047775-2
14:
552:. The water is then suitable for
1463:Tagalog Lang (11 October 2020).
1192:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01192.x
873:
858:
836:
824:
812:
505:Phytoremediation water treatment
284:
65:
2653:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
2135:"Phragmites in Great Salt Lake"
633:double reeds like that of the
536:or artificial reed bed, where
385:– The cosmopolitan common reed
1:
2139:Phragmites in Great Salt Lake
1910:; Whigham, Dennis F. (2014).
1828:Journal of Plant Interactions
1849:10.1080/17429145.2013.835879
1670:www.greatlakesphragmites.net
1091:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.11.006
973:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
759:A previously sandy beach in
641:leaning against each other.
819:Reed growth in early summer
685:is known by the local name
2669:
2086:10.1007/s10530-019-02166-8
1885:10.1007/s10750-022-04925-6
1820:"Phytotoxicity induced by
1556:10.1038/s41598-020-61857-8
971:Plants of the World Online
567:
508:
18:
1141:10.1007/s10530-016-1138-x
327:of four species of large
211:
204:
62:Scientific classification
60:
50:
41:
34:
1796:10.1007/0-306-47534-0_36
708:Invasiveness and control
2648:Phytoremediation plants
1968:www.lakerestoration.com
1752:Northeastern Naturalist
1071:Biological Conservation
1022:"Ecosystem services of
785:unintended consequences
1622:10.1073/pnas.032477999
1438:masonbeesforsale.com.
1418:May Babcock, RI Artist
1238:"RHS Plant Selector -
768:
730:Phragmites australis (
609:
595:
453:
416:Phragmites mauritianus
349:regions of the world.
2512:Paleobiology Database
1932:10.1093/aobpla/plu001
1482:William C. Sturtevant
1319:www.stuartxchange.com
1042:10.1093/aobpla/plt008
758:
726:Phragmites australis.
601:
593:
457:Wildlife in reed beds
429:
2065:Biological Invasions
1914:Phragmites australis
1908:Kettenring, Karin M.
1822:Phragmites australis
1764:10.1656/045.025.0308
1720:Phragmites australis
1444:masonbeesforsale.com
1240:Phragmites australis
1172:Conservation Biology
1121:Biological Invasions
993:"Search: Phragmites"
881:Phragmites australis
738:Phragmites australis
660:Phragmites australis
658:Some other uses for
558:groundwater recharge
544:removes some of the
528:from lavatories and
516:Phragmites australis
432:Phragmites australis
390:Phragmites japonicus
371:Phragmites australis
56:seed head in winter
53:Phragmites australis
2077:2020BiInv..22..873B
1840:2014JPlaI...9..338U
1613:2002PNAS...99.2445S
1548:2020NatSR..10.5192N
1184:2009ConBi..23..494M
1133:2016BiInv..18.2749C
1083:2008BCons.141..364V
1020:Kiviat, E. (2013).
898:Constructed wetland
868:in Farmington, Utah
534:constructed wetland
511:Constructed wetland
2108:Chandler, Justin.
1728:. 22 November 2013
1536:Scientific Reports
1297:www.fromnorway.net
769:
704:for hunting game.
610:
596:
483:ecosystem services
474:Ecosystem Services
454:
2615:
2614:
2499:Open Tree of Life
2175:Taxon identifiers
2160:) Species Profile
1879:(14): 3197–3212.
1805:978-0-306-47534-4
1373:10.7717/peerj.567
1248:on April 23, 2013
763:now overrun with
550:biotransformation
522:water treatment.
421:
410:
409:) Trin. ex Steud.
395:
384:
275:
274:
269:
251:
241:
231:
221:
200:
2660:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2468:NHMSYS0000461213
2458:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2170:
2143:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1695:The Detroit News
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1624:
1607:(4): 2445–2449.
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1527:
1521:
1503:
1497:
1496:, 9780160045813.
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:Tagalog Language
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1375:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1299:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1244:. Archived from
1234:
1228:
1227:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1127:(9): 2749–2752.
1112:
1103:
1102:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
959:
920:Phytoremediation
877:
862:
840:
828:
816:
718:Phragmites karka
520:phytoremediation
419:
404:
401:Phragmites karka
393:
374:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
257:
247:
237:
227:
217:
196:
70:
69:
46:
32:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2177:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1504:
1500:
1480:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1001:
999:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
961:
960:
953:
948:
894:
887:
878:
869:
863:
854:
841:
832:
829:
820:
817:
808:
710:
656:
647:
588:
572:
566:
513:
507:
496:
476:
471:
459:
443:
355:
287:
283:
195:
64:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Poaceae genera
2630:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2596:
2592:wfo-4000029331
2583:
2570:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2241:
2228:
2218:
2203:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2151:
2150:External links
2148:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2100:
2071:(3): 873–883.
2047:
2022:
1979:
1955:
1898:
1863:
1834:(1): 338–353.
1810:
1804:
1777:
1758:(3): 418–436.
1738:
1706:
1681:
1654:
1587:
1522:
1498:
1474:
1455:
1430:
1420:. 27 June 2013
1405:
1346:
1330:
1306:
1303:on 2005-09-12.
1284:
1259:
1229:
1178:(2): 494–496.
1162:
1104:
1077:(2): 364–374.
1057:
1009:
984:
950:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
911:
910:
900:
893:
890:
889:
888:
879:
872:
870:
864:
857:
855:
842:
835:
833:
830:
823:
821:
818:
811:
807:
804:
761:Hanko, Finland
709:
706:
655:
652:
646:
643:
587:
584:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
538:bioremediation
509:Main article:
506:
503:
495:
492:
475:
472:
470:
467:
458:
455:
424:
423:
412:
397:
386:
354:
351:
273:
272:
271:
270:
252:
242:
232:
222:
209:
208:
202:
201:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2665:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Edible plants
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:Common Reed (
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Hydrobiologia
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1726:MSU Extension
1723:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:0-522-85246-7
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:0-395-20445-3
1340:
1334:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1274:on 2016-09-13
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1010:
998:
994:
988:
985:
972:
968:
966:
958:
956:
952:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Deben Estuary
913:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
891:
886:
882:
876:
871:
867:
861:
856:
853:
849:
845:
839:
834:
827:
822:
815:
810:
805:
803:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
762:
757:
753:
750:
746:
744:
739:
735:
733:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
606:
600:
592:
585:
583:
581:
577:
576:British Isles
571:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
512:
504:
502:
500:
493:
491:
488:
484:
480:
473:
468:
466:
463:
456:
451:
450:Eugen Warming
447:
441:
437:
433:
428:
418:
417:
413:
408:
403:
402:
398:
392:
391:
387:
382:
378:
373:
372:
368:
367:
366:
364:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
330:
326:
320:
281:
280:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
212:
210:
207:
203:
199:
194:
193:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:Arundinoideae
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Tracheophytes
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2182:
2157:
2138:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2037:. 2020-10-05
2034:
2025:
1996:. Retrieved
1993:The Guardian
1992:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1787:
1780:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1725:
1719:
1698:. Retrieved
1694:
1689:Gross, Bob.
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1509:
1501:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1333:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1301:the original
1296:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1239:
1232:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1124:
1120:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
987:
975:. Retrieved
970:
964:
880:
865:
843:
797:
792:
788:
780:
772:
770:
764:
748:
747:
742:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
711:
699:
694:
691:whisk brooms
686:
682:
676:
659:
657:
648:
617:
611:
605:Arundo donax
603:
573:
524:
515:
514:
499:P. australis
498:
497:
487:P. australis
486:
479:P. australis
478:
477:
461:
460:
445:
439:
435:
431:
414:
399:
388:
369:
356:
278:
277:
276:
254:
244:
234:
224:
214:
191:
190:
124:
111:
98:
85:
51:
35:
29:
25:Reed (plant)
20:
2411:iNaturalist
2207:Wikispecies
1542:(1): 5192.
1506:Unaipon, D.
935:Reed fields
885:Great Lakes
852:Netherlands
695:walis tambo
679:Philippines
614:Middle East
542:leaf litter
526:Waste water
494:Cultivation
341:throughout
157:Subfamily:
131:Commelinids
105:Angiosperms
2643:Halophytes
2622:Categories
2351:Phragmites
2286:Phragmites
2213:Phragmites
2183:Phragmites
2158:Phragmites
2059:Phragmites
2041:2021-05-28
1998:2021-05-28
1973:2021-05-28
1920:AoB Plants
1748:Phragmites
1732:2021-05-28
1718:"Invasive
1700:2021-05-27
1675:2021-05-27
1494:0160045819
1449:2021-05-28
1424:2021-05-28
1324:2021-05-28
1278:2016-01-17
1036:: plt008.
1030:AoB Plants
1024:Phragmites
965:Phragmites
946:References
908:Fen Meadow
866:Phragmites
844:Phragmites
793:Phragmites
789:Phragmites
781:Phragmites
773:Phragmites
765:Phragmites
749:Phragmites
743:Phragmites
722:haplotypes
714:Phragmites
683:Phragmites
654:Other uses
639:giant reed
618:Phragmites
616:countries
554:irrigation
462:Phragmites
436:3-4 months
359:Kew Garden
279:Phragmites
225:Miphragtes
192:Phragmites
181:Moliniinae
177:Subtribe:
36:Phragmites
2628:Molinieae
2385:GrassBase
2320:FloraBase
2095:208650152
1893:235747992
1858:1742-9145
1631:0027-8424
1564:2045-2322
1382:2167-8359
1200:0888-8892
1157:254278334
1149:1573-1464
1099:0006-3207
930:Reed boat
848:Amsterdam
732:haplotype
624:called a
570:Thatching
564:Thatching
546:nutrients
530:greywater
481:provides
383:ex Steud.
343:temperate
337:found in
329:perennial
255:Xenochloa
171:Molinieae
75:Kingdom:
2574:VicFlora
2563:VASCAN:
2556:40007214
2551:Tropicos
2390:gen00482
2281:eFloraSA
2244:BioLib:
2198:Q1976487
2192:Wikidata
2114:CBC News
2007:cite web
1950:24790122
1772:92089579
1649:11854535
1582:32251358
1400:25276502
1366:: e567.
1224:33144863
1216:19323685
1208:29738751
977:18 April
940:Reed mat
925:Reed bed
892:See also
668:reed pen
666:, mats,
622:clarinet
353:Taxonomy
347:tropical
339:wetlands
245:Trichoon
235:Oxyanthe
206:Synonyms
147:Family:
118:Monocots
2442:1020626
2429:18729-1
2377:2705783
2073:Bibcode
1941:4038441
1836:Bibcode
1609:Bibcode
1573:7089983
1544:Bibcode
1508:(2001)
1484:(1978)
1465:"Tambo"
1391:4178463
1180:Bibcode
1129:Bibcode
1079:Bibcode
1051:4104640
1002:22 July
883:in the
806:Gallery
800:Ontario
677:In the
664:baskets
582:straw.
452:, 1884)
335:grasses
323:) is a
267:Schult.
229:Nieuwl.
219:C.Presl
215:Czernya
187:Genus:
167:Tribe:
151:Poaceae
137:Order:
79:Plantae
2605:416208
2525:PLANTS
2504:651210
2488:NZOR:
2364:125116
2338:125116
2299:108094
2260:120993
2224:193667
2221:APDB:
2119:28 May
2093:
1948:
1938:
1891:
1856:
1802:
1770:
1647:
1640:122384
1637:
1629:
1580:
1570:
1562:
1516:
1492:
1398:
1388:
1380:
1341:
1252:26 May
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1155:
1147:
1097:
1048:
967:Adans"
903:Meadow
767:reeds.
702:spears
670:tips (
444:(From
430:Three
394:Steud.
363:London
265:&
259:Licht.
239:Steud.
198:Adans.
141:Poales
23:, see
2600:WoRMS
2530:PHRAG
2517:55514
2481:15745
2455:41071
2437:IRMNG
2416:64276
2346:FoAO2
2325:21058
2312:1PHRG
2273:8W2CS
2247:42663
2237:84519
2091:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1768:S2CID
1360:PeerJ
1220:S2CID
1204:JSTOR
1153:S2CID
712:Some
687:tambo
672:qalam
630:zurna
626:sipsi
594:Sipsi
586:Music
580:wheat
420:Kunth
407:Retz.
381:Trin.
325:genus
263:Roem.
125:Clade
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
2566:1538
2538:POWO
2476:NCBI
2450:ITIS
2424:IPNI
2403:9280
2398:GRIN
2372:GBIF
2307:EPPO
2255:BOLD
2232:APNI
2121:2024
2035:WGRT
2017:link
2013:link
1946:PMID
1854:ISSN
1800:ISBN
1645:PMID
1627:ISSN
1578:PMID
1560:ISSN
1514:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1396:PMID
1378:ISSN
1339:ISBN
1254:2013
1212:PMID
1196:ISSN
1145:ISSN
1095:ISSN
1004:2020
979:2023
645:Food
635:oboe
469:Uses
377:Cav.
345:and
332:reed
249:Roth
21:reed
2587:WFO
2463:NBN
2359:FoC
2333:FNA
2294:EoL
2268:CoL
2081:doi
1936:PMC
1928:doi
1881:doi
1877:849
1844:doi
1792:doi
1760:doi
1635:PMC
1617:doi
1568:PMC
1552:doi
1386:PMC
1368:doi
1188:doi
1137:doi
1087:doi
1075:141
1046:PMC
1038:doi
846:in
724:of
612:In
548:in
448:by
438:).
361:in
261:ex
2624::
2602::
2589::
2576::
2553::
2540::
2527::
2514::
2501::
2478::
2465::
2452::
2439::
2426::
2413::
2400::
2387::
2374::
2361::
2348::
2335::
2322::
2309::
2296::
2283::
2270::
2257::
2234::
2209::
2194::
2137:.
2112:.
2089:.
2079:.
2069:22
2067:.
2063:.
2033:.
2009:}}
2005:{{
1991:.
1966:.
1944:.
1934:.
1926:.
1922:.
1918:.
1887:.
1875:.
1852:.
1842:.
1830:.
1826:.
1798:,
1766:.
1756:25
1754:.
1724:.
1709:^
1693:.
1668:.
1657:^
1643:.
1633:.
1625:.
1615:.
1605:99
1603:.
1599:.
1576:.
1566:.
1558:.
1550:.
1540:10
1538:.
1534:.
1467:.
1442:.
1416:.
1394:.
1384:.
1376:.
1362:.
1358:.
1317:.
1295:.
1218:.
1210:.
1202:.
1194:.
1186:.
1176:23
1174:.
1151:.
1143:.
1135:.
1125:18
1123:.
1119:.
1107:^
1093:.
1085:.
1073:.
1069:.
1044:.
1032:.
1028:.
1012:^
995:.
969:.
954:^
850:,
802:.
734:M)
697:.
681:,
556:,
379:)
313:iː
307:aɪ
127::
114::
101::
88::
2141:.
2123:.
2097:.
2083::
2075::
2061:"
2044:.
2019:)
2001:.
1976:.
1952:.
1930::
1924:6
1912:"
1895:.
1883::
1860:.
1846::
1838::
1832:9
1794::
1774:.
1762::
1735:.
1703:.
1678:.
1651:.
1619::
1611::
1584:.
1554::
1546::
1520:.
1471:.
1452:.
1427:.
1402:.
1370::
1364:2
1327:.
1281:.
1256:.
1242:"
1226:.
1190::
1182::
1159:.
1139::
1131::
1101:.
1089::
1081::
1054:.
1040::
1034:5
1006:.
981:.
963:"
442:.
405:(
375:(
319:/
316:z
310:t
304:m
301:ˈ
298:ɡ
295:æ
292:r
289:f
286:/
282:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
