1350:
379:
45:
394:. Lungs develop around the time as the legs start growing, and tadpoles at this stage will often swim to the surface and gulp air. During the final stages of metamorphosis, the tadpole's mouth changes from a small, enclosed mouth at the front of the head to a large mouth the same width as the head. The intestines shorten as they transition from a herbivorous diet to the carnivorous diet of adult frogs.
332:
305:
1338:
324:. Depending on the species, there can be two spiracles on both sides of the body, a single spiracle on the underside near the vent, or a single spiracle on the left side of the body. Newly hatched tadpoles are also equipped with a cement gland which allows them to attach to objects. The tadpoles have a cartilaginous skeleton and a
246:
344:
Anuran tadpoles are usually herbivorous, feeding on soft decaying plant matter. The gut of most tadpoles is long and spiral-shaped to efficiently digest organic matter and can be seen through the bellies of many species. Though many tadpoles will feed on dead animals if available to them, only a few
683:
The word is a compound of the Middle
English tade or tadde (toad) and, apparently, the noun "poll" (head or roundhead), Oxford says. Its earliest appearance in writing—spelled "polwygle"—is from 1440, the OED says. That very odd-looking word was originally derived, Oxford says, from "poll" plus
271:
The life cycle of all amphibians involves a larval stage that is intermediate between embryo and adult. In most cases this larval stage is a limbless free-living organism that has a tail and is referred to as a tadpole, although in a few cases (e.g., in the
1086:
McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2009). "Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the
Miocene of Libros, Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy".
250:
254:
252:
248:
247:
253:
355:) which will develop a carnivorous diet along with a broader head, larger jaw muscles, and a shorter gut if food is scarce, allowing them to consume fairy shrimp and their smaller herbivorous siblings. A few genera such as
251:
497:) will construct nests along riverbanks where they breed with females and keep watch over the eggs, losing as much as 7.3% of their body mass in the time they spend protecting the nest. Male midwife toads (
466:
frogs will embed the eggs into their backs where they get covered by a thin layer of skin. The eggs will hatch underneath her skin and grow, eventually leaving as either large tadpoles (such as in
134:. Some other species hatch into tadpoles underneath the skin of the female adult or are kept in a pouch until after metamorphosis. Having no hard skeletons, it might be expected that tadpole
349:, their cannibalistic tadpoles having wide gaping mouths with which they devour other organisms, including other tadpoles. Another example is the tadpoles of the New Mexico spadefoot toad (
130: – i.e., they do not undergo a free-living larval stage as tadpoles – instead emerging from eggs as fully formed "froglet" miniatures of the adult
423:, and other small bodies of water with slow moving water, a few species are adapted to different environments. Some frogs have terrestrial tadpoles, such as the family
1069:
482:) will carry eggs on her back for various amounts of time, with it going as far as letting the tadpoles develop into tiny froglets in a pouch. Male African bullfrogs (
503:) will carry eggs between their legs to protect them from predators, eventually releasing them into a body of water when they are ready to hatch. Poison dart frogs (
437:
lifestyle, with a muscular body and tail, eyes covered by a layer of skin, and reduced pigment. Several frogs have stream dwelling tadpoles equipped with a strong
1127:
390:
As a frog tadpole matures it gradually develops its limbs, with the back legs growing first and the front legs second. The tail is absorbed into the body using
249:
408:
can reach up to 27 centimetres (11 in), the longest of any frog, before shrinking to a mere snout-to-vent length of 3.4–7.6 cm (1.3–3.0 in).
401:, length of late-stage tadpoles varies between 3.3 centimetres (1.3 in) and 10.6 centimetres (4.2 in). The tadpoles of the paradoxical frog (
579:
are particularly large, more than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length, and are collected for human consumption in China. In India, the tadpoles of the
525:
Despite their soft-bodied nature and lack of mineralised hard parts, fossil tadpoles (around 10 cm in length) have been recovered from Upper
488:) will keep watch over their tadpoles, attacking anything that might be a potential threat, even though he may eat some of the tadpoles himself.
849:
872:
671:
968:
Cook, C. L.; Ferguson, J. W. H.; Telford, S. R. (June 2001). "Adaptive Male
Parental Care in the Giant Bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus".
829:
Bokermann, W.C.A. (1967). "Girinos de anfĂbios brasileiros—3: sĂ´bre um girino gigante de
Pseudis paradoxa (Amphibia, Pseudidae)".
1136:
534:
1320:
700:
722:
Pfennig, David (1990). "The adaptive significance of an environmentally-cued developmental switch in an anuran tadpole".
288:
occurs in which the larval stage is confined within the egg. Tadpoles of frogs are mostly herbivorous, while tadpoles of
1129:
Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the
Miocene Libros fauna, Spain: Ontogeny, ecology and mass mortality
1140:
1038:"Female activity patterns and aggressiveness in the strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio (Anura: Dendrobatidae)"
513:
397:
Tadpoles vary greatly in size, both during their development and between species. For example, in a single family,
351:
38:
1005:"Aspects of the breeding biology of the Omei mustache toad (Leptobrachium boringii): Polygamy and paternal care"
575:
31:
1354:
312:
Tadpoles of frogs and toads are usually globular, with a laterally compressed tail with which they swim by
493:
321:
316:. When first hatched, anuran tadpoles have external gills that are eventually covered by skin, forming an
511:, where they remain until metamorphosis. Some female dart frogs such as the strawberry poison dart frog (
1063:
553:. Other parts of the tadpoles' bodies exist as organic remains and bacterial biofilms, with sedimentary
76:
895:
Senevirathne, Gayani; Garg, Sonali; Kerney, Ryan; Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Biju, S. D. (30 March 2016).
798:"Tadpole types of Chinese megophryid frogs (Anura: Megophryidae) and implications for larval evolution"
441:
that allows them to hold onto rocks in fast flowing water, two examples being the Indian purple frog (
908:
778:
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581:
462:
will lay their eggs on leaves above water, folding the leaves around the eggs for protection. Female
131:
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127:
88:
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McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2006).
1316:
936:
868:
747:
648:
550:
546:
429:
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present in the gut. Tadpole remains with telltale external gills are also known from several
345:
species of frog have strictly carnivorous tadpoles, an example being the frogs of the family
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479:
451:) of Western North America. Although there are no marine tadpoles, the tadpoles of the
346:
170:
123:
84:
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Ten-day-old tadpoles. The external gills will eventually be hidden by a layer of skin.
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Some anurans will provide parental care towards their tadpoles. Frogs of the genus
398:
360:
280:
96:
897:"Unearthing the Fossorial Tadpoles of the Indian Dancing Frog Family Micrixalidae"
331:
1342:
921:
651:, a hieroglyphic representing a tadpole was used to denote the value of 100,000.
696:
604:
463:
448:
443:
424:
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48:
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1021:
517:) will regularly lay unfertilized eggs for the developing tadpoles to feed on.
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have been preserved and fossil tadpoles have been found dating back to the
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554:
427:, whose tadpoles are found in wet crevices near streams. The tadpoles of
368:
154:
1111:
17:
1089:
989:
743:
616:
530:
526:
412:
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tadpoles feed at the water surface using unusual funnel-shaped mouths.
356:
143:
139:
1003:
Zheng, Yuchi; Deng, Duncan; Li, Shuqiang; Fu, Jinzhong (April 2010).
538:
135:
981:
95:-like features that may not be found in adult amphibians such as a
612:
377:
330:
303:
259:
244:
72:
533:, with more robust structures (the jaw and bones) preserved as a
115:
for breathing air, and the diet of tadpoles changes drastically.
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236:
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857:
Amphibian
Ecology and Conservation. A Handbook of Techniques
569:
Tadpoles are used in a variety of cuisines. Tadpoles of the
87:, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are
507:) will carry their tadpoles to various locations, usually
1135:. The Palaeontological Association 50th Annual Meeting.
153:
in some parts of the world and are mentioned in various
328:
which eventually develops into a proper spinal cord.
619:, the first Wa originated from two female ancestors
796:Li, Cheng; Guo, Xian-Guang; Wang, Yue-Zhao (2011).
668:"The Grammarphobia Blog: On tadpoles and pollywogs"
591:tadpoles are collected for both food and medicine.
1296:The Wa or Lawa: Head-Hunters. In Burma and Beyond.
1203:Biju, S. D.; Dutta, Sushil; Inger, Robert (2004).
1311:McDiarmid, Roy W.; Altig, Ronald, eds. (1999).
1081:
1079:
37:"Polliwog" redirects here. For other uses, see
1182:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T57600A63861170.en
367:that swim through the water column feeding on
118:A few amphibians, such as some members of the
27:Larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian
1274:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T57350A3059558.en
8:
1249:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017).
1228:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58583A11789937.en
1157:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020).
1068:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
628:
627:, who spent their early phase as tadpoles ("
1036:Brandt, Pröhl, Annely, Heike (April 2002).
1272:
1226:
1180:
1110:
1053:
1020:
930:
920:
813:
1315:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
529:strata. They are preserved by virtue of
43:
659:
1313:Tadpoles: the Biology of Anuran Larvae
1061:
850:"Amphibian diversity and life history"
703:from the original on 28 December 2016
7:
791:
789:
585:are collected for food, and in Peru
138:would not exist. However, traces of
1260:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1214:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1168:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
411:While most anuran tadpoles inhabit
111:, they start to develop functional
865:10.1093/oso/9780199541188.003.0001
697:"North American Tadpoles Spiracle"
491:Males of the Emei mustache toads (
25:
1348:
1336:
1294:Scott, James George, Sir. 1935.
1137:The Palaeontological Association
1103:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00192.x
382:Anatomy of a wood frog tadpole (
363:have species whose tadpoles are
674:from the original on 2016-08-22
472:) or as fully formed froglets (
258:Tadpoles swimming in a pond in
831:Revista Brasileira de Biologia
455:can cope with brackish water.
320:with internal gills vented by
1:
1353:The dictionary definition of
922:10.1371/journal.pone.0151781
444:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
478:). Female marsupial frogs (
1394:
1055:10.1163/156853802760061778
1022:10.1163/156853810791069092
537:. In Miocene fossils from
180:, made up of the elements
83:. Most tadpoles are fully
36:
29:
1058:– via ResearchGate.
1025:– via ResearchGate.
848:Crump, Martha L. (2009).
39:Polliwog (disambiguation)
1161:Oreolalax rhodostigmatus
576:Oreolalax rhodostigmatus
549:, and the nerve cord in
447:) and the tailed frogs (
32:Tadpole (disambiguation)
629:
237:
229:
221:
218:is from Middle English
195:
183:
175:
157:from around the world.
970:Journal of Herpetology
815:10.1093/czoolo/57.1.93
494:Leptobrachium boringii
485:Pyxicephalus adspersus
387:
341:
309:
263:
226:, made up of the same
149:Tadpoles are eaten as
56:
1221:: e.T58583A11789937.
1175:: e.T57600A63861170.
595:Mythology and history
384:Lithobates sylvaticus
381:
334:
307:
257:
91:. Tadpoles have some
77:biological life cycle
47:
1345:at Wikimedia Commons
1267:: e.T57350A3059558.
1207:Clinotarsus curtipes
779:Animal Diversity Web
633:") in a lake in the
582:Clinotarsus curtipes
30:For other uses, see
1253:Telmatobius mayoloi
913:2016PLoSO..1151781S
736:1990Oecol..85..101P
588:Telmatobius mayoloi
267:General description
955:"Crab-eating frog"
744:10.1007/BF00317349
388:
342:
314:lateral undulation
310:
286:direct development
264:
204:' (modern English
128:direct development
107:. As they undergo
57:
1341:Media related to
1042:Amphibia-Reptilia
1009:Amphibia-Reptilia
874:978-0-19-954118-8
649:Egyptian numerals
551:calcium phosphate
547:calcium carbonate
433:are adapted to a
430:Micrixalus herrei
352:Spea multiplicata
335:Metamorphosis of
318:opercular chamber
296:are carnivorous.
284:genera of frogs)
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16:(Redirected from
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774:"Megophryidae"
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480:Hemiphractidae
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347:Ceratophryidae
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67:(also spelled
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97:lateral line
73:larval stage
68:
64:
60:
58:
52:
1280:11 November
1234:11 November
1188:11 November
639:Nawng Hkaeo
535:carbon film
439:oral sucker
425:Ranixalidae
290:salamanders
89:terrestrial
49:Common frog
1373:Amphibians
1367:Categories
1322:0226557634
837:: 209–212.
678:2016-08-08
655:References
635:Wa country
571:megophryid
543:brain case
509:phytotelma
469:Pipa parva
294:caecilians
155:folk tales
151:human food
132:morphology
126:, undergo
724:Oecologia
684:"wiggle".
637:known as
609:Wa people
603:, in the
565:Human use
475:Pipa pipa
460:Afrixalus
435:fossorial
392:apoptosis
373:Megophrys
338:Bufo bufo
326:notochord
322:spiracles
275:Breviceps
165:The name
161:Etymology
81:amphibian
71:) is the
55:) tadpole
941:27027870
901:PLOS ONE
859:: 3–19.
760:20616439
752:28310961
707:12 April
701:Archived
672:Archived
621:Ya Htawm
561:groups.
555:detritus
531:biofilms
449:Ascaphus
413:wetlands
369:plankton
222:polwygle
216:polliwog
212:pollywog
176:taddepol
169:is from
140:biofilms
69:pollywog
65:polliwog
18:Pollywog
1356:tadpole
1343:Tadpole
1090:Lethaia
990:1566122
932:4814069
909:Bibcode
732:Bibcode
646:Ancient
644:In the
625:Ya Htai
617:Myanmar
607:of the
527:Miocene
357:Pipidae
192:', and
167:tadpole
144:Miocene
136:fossils
122:family
85:aquatic
75:in the
61:tadpole
1378:Larvae
1319:
1298:p. 292
988:
939:
929:
871:
758:
750:
630:rairoh
539:Libros
500:Alytes
262:, 2023
238:wiglen
79:of an
1144:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
986:JSTOR
882:(PDF)
853:(PDF)
756:S2CID
613:China
573:frog
417:ponds
300:Anura
260:Japan
184:tadde
113:lungs
105:tails
101:gills
1317:ISBN
1282:2021
1265:2017
1236:2021
1219:2004
1190:2021
1173:2020
1070:link
937:PMID
869:ISBN
748:PMID
709:2020
623:and
615:and
464:Pipa
359:and
292:and
278:and
207:poll
202:head
190:toad
120:frog
93:fish
1269:doi
1223:doi
1177:doi
1107:hdl
1099:doi
1050:doi
1017:doi
978:doi
927:PMC
917:doi
861:doi
810:doi
740:doi
611:in
230:pol
200:, '
196:pol
188:, '
63:or
1369::
1263:.
1257:.
1217:.
1211:.
1171:.
1165:.
1105:.
1095:43
1093:.
1078:^
1066:}}
1062:{{
1046:23
1044:.
1040:.
1013:31
1011:.
1007:.
984:.
974:35
972:.
935:.
925:.
915:.
905:11
903:.
899:.
867:.
855:.
835:27
833:.
806:57
804:.
800:.
788:^
776:.
754:.
746:.
738:.
728:85
726:.
699:.
681:.
641:.
419:,
415:,
371:.
214:/
146:.
99:,
59:A
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1284:.
1271::
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1238:.
1225::
1209:"
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1192:.
1179::
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1115:.
1109::
1101::
1072:)
1052::
1019::
992:.
980::
957:.
943:.
919::
911::
863::
818:.
812::
782:.
762:.
742::
734::
711:.
406:)
386:)
51:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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