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varies slightly from the customs and practices followed in India. The Pongal festivities generally last only two days, essentially focused on Thai Pongal day. The custom of cooking Pongal is therefore carried out on the first day, rather than the second as in India, where Thai Pongal is preceded by
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or bull fighting. Jallikattu is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.
816:
The day marks a ritual visit to nearby temples where communities hold processions by parading icons from the sanctum of the temple in wooden chariots, drama-dance performances encouraging social gatherings and renewal of community bonds. Other events during Pongal include community sports and games
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and coincides with Makara
Sankranti, a winter harvest festival celebrated in other parts of India. The day marks the start of the Uttarayana, when the sun enters the tenth house of the zodiac. The day is celebrated with family and friends with new clothes worn and the preparation of the traditional
624:
that is often garlanded with leaves or flowers, sometimes tied with a piece of turmeric root. It is either cooked at home, or in community gatherings such as in temples or village open spaces. The cooking is done in sunlight, usually in a porch or courtyard and the dish is dedicated to the Sun god,
838:
in the context means "to visit" and families hold reunions on this day. Communities organize social events to strengthen mutual bonds and consume food and sugarcane during social gatherings. Young people visit elders to pay respects and seek blessings, with elders giving gifts to the visiting
625:
Surya. After it is traditionally offered to the gods and goddesses first, followed sometimes by cows, then to friends and family gathered. Temples and communities organize free kitchen prepared by volunteers to all those who gather. Portions of the sweet pongal dish (
757:, and then shared with the gathered friends and family. People traditionally offer prayers to the sun in the open and then proceed to eat their meal. A community Pongal is an event where families gather at a public place for a ceremonial worship.
688:. On this day people discard old belongings and celebrate new possessions. The people assemble and light a bonfire in order to burn the heaps of discards. Houses are cleaned, painted and decorated to give a festive look. Prayers are offered to
855:
Pongal festival maybe viewed more as a "social festival" since the contemporary celebrations do not necessarily link it to temple rituals. Temples and cultural centers organize the ritual cooking of Pongal dish, along with fairs
896:. The rituals including the cooking of pongal dish, social visits, and the reverence for cattle is observed by some communities and is observed on the same day as Tamil Pongal. The celebrations include dance (
340:
when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions. It is traditionally an occasion for decorating rice-powder based
920:
In
Karnataka, the festival days are similar, except the dish is called "Ellu". Decorations and social visits are also common in many parts of Karnataka. The festivities coincide with Makara Sankranthi,
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and agriculture. The cattle are bathed, their horns are polished and painted in bright colors with garlands of flowers placed around their necks and taken for processions. Some decorate their cows with
752:
or make sounds while shouting "Pongalo Pongal" ("may this rice boil over"). In rural areas, people sing traditional songs while the pongal dish is cooking. The Pongal dish is first offered to Surya and
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822:
Kanu Pidi is a tradition observed on Mattu Pongal by women and young girls where they place a leaf of turmeric plant outside their home, and feed pongal dish and food to the birds, particularly
2029:
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The dish and the process of its preparation is a part of the symbolism, both conceptually and materially. It celebrates the harvest and the cooking symbolizes the transformation of the gift of
720:. Fruits of the harvest are collected along with flowers of the season and a mixture of treats along with money is given to children, who then separate and collect the money and sweet fruits.
640:
into nourishment for the gods and the community on a day that when the sun god is believed to start the journey north. The dish "boiling over" is believed to symbolically mark the blessing by
1830:
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to their foreheads. The cattle are fed sweets including pongal, jaggery, honey, banana and other fruits. People may prostrate before them with words of thanks for the help with the harvest.
563:. It is traditionally an occasion for decorating, offering prayers in the home, temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity.
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often along with natural or synthetic color powders. It includes geometrical line drawings composed of straight lines, curves and loops, drawn around a grid pattern of dots.
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Surya Pongal or Thai Pongal is the second and main festive day, and is dedicated to the sun god Surya. It is the first day of the Tamil calendar month
588:
The festival is named after the "Pongal" dish, which forms the festival's most significant practice. The dish is prepared by boiling freshly harvested
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2019:
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artworks, offering prayers in the home, temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity.
1822:
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and pray for their brothers' well being. Brothers pay special tribute to their married sisters by giving gifts as affirmation of their filial love.
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period detail recipes similar to pongal recipes of the modern era with variations in seasonings and relative amounts of the ingredients. The terms
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547:, but for one or two days in urban locations and by the Tamil diaspora outside South Asia. The three days of the Pongal festival are called
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pongal dish in an earthen pot. The pot is typically decorated by tying a turmeric plant or flower garland and placed in the sun along with
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531:, the harvest festival under many regional names celebrated throughout India. According to tradition, the festival marks the end of
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692:, the king of Gods with thanks and hopes for plentiful rains in the year ahead. Kaappu kattu is a tradition of tying leaves of
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Kanum Pongal or Kanu Pongal is the fourth day of the festival and marks the end of Pongal festivities for the year. The word
435:(1070–1122 CE), which describes a grant of land to the temple for celebrating the annual Pongal festivities. The 9th-century
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860:) with handicrafts, crafts, pottery, sarees, ethnic jewelry for sale. These sites hold traditional community sports such as
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is written in a non-Latin script. Tamil text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the
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Relatives and friends are invited and when the pongal starts to boil and overflow out of the vessel, participants blow a
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328:. The festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional
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Religious
Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations
900:) and musical performances by boys and girls, as well as major processions featuring the temple goddess. In the
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and usually falls on 14 or 15 January and hence is also referred to as Thai Pongal. It is dedicated to the
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Pongal is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Tamil people in Tamil Nadu and other parts of
644:. It is the ritual dish, along with many other courses prepared from seasonal foods for the gathering.
536:
325:
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3197:
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1546:
Good, Anthony (1983). "A Symbolic Type and Its
Transformations: The Case of South Indian Ponkal".
488:(religious offering) which were given as a part of the meals served by free community kitchens in
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Mattu Pongal ("Madu" meaning cow) is the third day of the festival meant for the celebration of
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Sreedhar Mini, Darshana (2016). "Attukal "Pongala": The "Everydayness" in a
Religious Space".
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stalks. The homes are decorated with banana and mango leaves, decorative florals and kolams.
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G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1978). "Food for the Gods in South India: An
Exposition of Data".
1992:
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G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1978). "Food for the Gods in South India: An
Exposition of Data".
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2910:"BLS services: India visa, passport services open seven days a week in Dubai and Sharjah"
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535:, and the start of the sun's six-month-long journey northwards when the sun enters the
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81:
33:
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Gabriella
Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1977). "The Logic of South Indian Food Offerings".
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101:
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Beteille, Andre (1964). "89. A Note on the Pongal
Festival in a Tanjore Village".
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1823:"Happy Bhogi 2022: Significance & History Of This Festival In South India"
1504:
Mani, A; Prakash, Pravin; Selvarajan, Shanthini (2017). Mathew
Mathews (ed.).
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artwork. Kolam is a form of traditional decorative art that is drawn by using
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in the roofs of houses and residential areas that is widely practiced in the
313:, Surya Pongal, Mattu Pongal and Kanum Pongal, observed on consecutive days.
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Pongal is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Tamil people in
221:
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109:
93:
89:
85:
73:
2880:"Statement by Liberal Party of Canada Leader Justin Trudeau on Thai Pongal"
876:, as well as group dance and music performances in major cities and towns.
305:, the Hindu observance celebrated under many regional names throughout the
2352:
2335:
1587:
Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture across History
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is celebrated in the month of February–March which attract large crowds.
795:
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436:
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A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition
2336:"A Million Shaktis Rising: Pongala, a Women's Festival in Kerala, India"
2320:
2060:
1655:
1632:
50:
1301:
1284:
1113:
1092:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 73–75.
872:
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region. Bhogi is observed on the same day in the states of Tamil Nadu,
641:
601:
597:
400:
333:
17:
2103:"What is Pongal? Learn some amazing facts about this harvest festival"
1692:
1285:"Jewels Set in Stone: Hindu Temple Recipes in Medieval Cōḻa Epigraphy"
387:) meaning "boiling over" or "overflow." Pongal also refers to a sweet
320:, and the start of the sun's six-month-long journey northwards called
3172:
2997:
2992:
978:
953:. It is observed by the Tamil diaspora worldwide, including those in
889:
885:
799:
774:
737:
617:
613:
516:
420:
416:
337:
282:
105:
65:
1510:. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore. pp. 207–211.
1097:
888:, a state that shares historic cultural overlap with Tamils through
1787:"Citizens speak about the change they would want to see this Bhogi"
847:
777:. The cattle is regarded as sources of wealth as it is a means for
211:
3499:
3217:
3207:
3177:
3072:
3067:
3062:
2170:
An Ethnographic Study of the Urikara Naicken Community of Taminadu
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Hindu temples either as festival food or to pilgrims every day.
392:
2939:
144:, decorations, home coming, prayers, processions, gift giving
241:
1149:"Public holidays for 2020 announced, Tamil Nadu Government"
256:
253:
244:
97:
2055:. Bd. 103, H. 1 (1). Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH: 86–108.
480:
and its prefixed variants might also indicate the festive
332:
prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with
309:. The festival is celebrated over three or four days with
289:
and usually falls on 14 or 15 January. It is dedicated to
2690:"Malaysian Prime Minister Greets Ethnic Tamils on Pongal"
2540:"Telangana celebrates Sankranti with traditional fervour"
1349:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 274–275.
1191:
Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York (2008).
259:
559:. Some Tamils celebrate a fourth day of Pongal known as
1507:
Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People
519:. It is observed in the month of Thai according to the
285:. It is observed in the month of Thai according to the
411:
The principal theme of Pongal is thanking the sun god
316:
According to tradition, the festival marks the end of
1746:
Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)
543:. The festival is observed for three or four days in
423:. The festival is mentioned in an inscription in the
1454:. University of California Press. pp. 156–157.
993:
to designate January 14 of each year as Pongal Day.
812:, a traditional bull taming event held during Pongal
262:
250:
3508:
3483:
3352:
3226:
3116:
3051:
2980:
2850:"Community celebrates Thai Pongal harvest festival"
2810:"Virginia passes resolution designating Pongal Day"
468:. Temple inscriptions from the Chola period to the
403:that is ritually prepared and consumed on the day.
247:
238:
176:
168:
160:
148:
137:
129:
119:
60:
55:
Pongal dish cooked for the occasion of the festival
43:
1901:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2
864:("breaking a hanging mud pot while blindfolded"),
375:(Tamil: 'தை') referring to the tenth month of the
2604:"Grand Pongal celebration organized in Sri Lanka"
1954:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231.
1904:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 514–515.
1748:. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 338.
456:and inscriptions with variant spellings such as
680:The first day of the Pongal festival is called
1451:The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia
932:In Sri Lanka, the celebration of Pongal among
684:, which marks the last day of the Tamil month
360:and observed by the Tamil diaspora worldwide.
2951:
452:vividly mentions the festival. It appears in
8:
2020:"Village celebrates Pongal as one community"
1670:"Traditional customs and practices - Kolams"
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
2722:"Mauritius celebrates Thai Pongal in style"
2076:"Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'"
1720:South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions
1712:
1710:
1388:. Bharathi Puthakalayam. pp. 751–752.
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
989:introduced a joint resolution HJ573 in the
851:Pongal preparation in a community gathering
504:Offering from harvest to Gods during Pongal
336:. Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of
2958:
2944:
2936:
2283:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition
1723:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 139–141.
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1235:Kasturi, Prema; Madhavan, Chithra (2007).
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
929:celebrated across various parts of India.
49:
40:
2632:"Thai Pongal celebrated across the globe"
2351:
2134:. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 986–987.
1300:
1230:
1228:
1226:
2808:Ramakrishnan, Deepa H. (20 April 2017).
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1448:Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003).
620:are also used. The cooking is done in a
2412:. Oxford University Press. p. 58.
2340:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
2253:"Holiday declared for Pongal in Kerala"
1579:
1577:
1541:
1539:
1013:
949:. It is also a major Tamil festival in
769:A kolam depicting a cow on Mattu Pongal
356:. It is also a major Tamil festival in
2803:
2801:
2511:Indrakumar, Menaka (14 January 2021).
2478:. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 28–33.
2346:(1). Indiana University Press: 35–55.
1854:
1844:
1197:. Psychology Press. pp. 610–611.
2756:from the original on 10 February 2012
2074:Ramakrishnan, T. (26 February 2017).
1744:Baliga (Rao Bahadur.), B. S. (1998).
1238:South India heritage: an introduction
664:The festival is marked with colorful
152:First day of the 10th month of Thai (
7:
2830:from the original on 15 January 2022
2550:from the original on 24 October 2021
2373:. Atlantic Publishers. p. 987.
2032:from the original on 19 January 2019
1918:from the original on 2 February 2023
1833:from the original on 14 January 2022
1821:Bureau, ABP News (13 January 2022).
1385:History of People and Their Environs
1161:from the original on 2 November 2020
732:A Kolam artwork showing a Pongal pot
584:made from rice with milk and jaggery
2569:Richmond, Simon (15 January 2007).
2513:"Thai Pongal: The Harvest Festival"
2451:. Hemkunt Press. pp. 101–102.
2409:Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction
1879:from the original on 9 January 2013
1785:Murthy, Neeraja (13 January 2020).
1346:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
2492:from the original on 21 April 2023
2426:from the original on 21 April 2023
2387:from the original on 21 April 2023
2367:Gupta, K.R.; Gupta, Amita (2006).
2177:from the original on 21 April 2023
2148:from the original on 21 April 2023
1968:from the original on 21 April 2023
1760:"Kaapu kattu is not just a ritual"
1604:from the original on 21 April 2023
1524:from the original on 21 April 2023
1468:from the original on 21 April 2023
1402:from the original on 21 April 2023
1363:from the original on 21 April 2023
1255:from the original on 21 April 2023
1211:from the original on 21 April 2023
25:
3584:Food and drink festivals in India
2670:from the original on 24 July 2016
2173:. Government Museum. p. 59.
1996:. 14 January 2021. Archived from
1650:. Bd. 72, H. 3/4 (3/4): 529–556.
1554:(2). SAGE Publications: 223–244.
1548:Contributions to Indian Sociology
600:. Additional ingredients such as
527:, the Sun God and corresponds to
3544:
3543:
2966:
2890:from the original on 5 July 2015
2860:from the original on 5 July 2015
2786:from the original on 5 July 2015
2702:from the original on 5 July 2015
2638:from the original on 5 July 2015
2128:K.R. Gupta; Amita Gupta (2006).
1951:Rural Society in Southeast India
1695:. Chennai Mathematical Institute
1295:(9): 279–281, context: 270–303.
1241:. East West Books. p. 223.
415:, the forces of nature, and the
234:
210:
2973:Festivals in the Hindu calendar
2750:"History of the Tamil Diaspora"
1033:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016
371:is a portmanteau of two words:
2776:"Hindus celebrate Thai Pongal"
2575:. Lonely Planet. p. 490.
2572:Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei
2370:Concise Encyclopaedia of India
2131:Concise Encyclopaedia of India
1717:Jagannathan, Maithily (2005).
1590:. Abc-Clio. pp. 336–337.
1427:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548.
421:people who support agriculture
1:
1627:. Bd. 103, H. 1 (1): 86–108.
2280:Norbert C. Brockman (2011).
1898:James G. Lochtefeld (2001).
29:Tamil Hindu harvest festival
1560:10.1177/0069966783017002005
991:Virginia House of Delegates
3635:
3609:Harvest festivals in India
2658:"Meaning of 'Thai Pongal'"
2225:"A Celebration of Harvest"
2053:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
1625:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
1283:Gutiérrez, Andrea (2018).
608:along with spices such as
570:
31:
3539:
3455:Shravana Putrada Ekadashi
2309:Journal of Ritual Studies
1873:"Pongal Harvest Festival"
1421:J. Gordon Melton (2011).
1343:Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017).
1031:"Pongal (Hindu festival)"
1003:List of Harvest Festivals
884:Pongala is celebrated in
629:) are distributed as the
496:Observance and traditions
48:
3614:Hindu festivals in India
3284:Kashmiri Hindu festivals
2286:. ABC-CLIO. p. 22.
1948:Gough, Kathleen (2008).
1194:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
902:Attukal Bhagavati Temple
660:decoration during Pongal
3589:Festivals in Tamil Nadu
3420:Pausha Putrada Ekadashi
2334:Jenett, Dianne (2005).
2197:"Pongal mela on Sunday"
270:), also referred to as
2230:The New Indian Express
1584:Susan de-Gaia (2018).
852:
843:Contemporary practices
813:
770:
733:
661:
585:
508:Pongal is a multi-day
505:
2472:Nikita Desai (2010).
2445:Singha, H.S. (2005).
2353:10.1353/jfs.2005.0009
2167:M. N. Pushpa (2012).
1053:"Religious Festivals"
850:
808:
768:
731:
655:
580:
503:
301:) and corresponds to
2748:Sivasupramaniam, V.
985:. In 2017, Delegate
521:Tamil solar calendar
324:when the sun enters
287:Tamil solar calendar
3579:January observances
3440:Sankashti Chaturthi
3425:Prabodhini Ekadashi
3198:Sajibu Nongma Panba
3018:Krishna Janmashtami
2886:. 14 January 2015.
2856:. 19 January 2015.
2782:. 14 January 1937.
2698:. 15 January 2015.
2666:. 14 January 2008.
2546:. 14 January 2021.
2406:Knott, Kim (2016).
2028:. 18 January 2019.
1691:Dr.Gift Siromoney.
1157:. 23 October 2019.
1057:Government of India
352:and other parts of
307:Indian subcontinent
3594:Festivals in India
3486:Balinese festivals
3465:Varuthini Ekadashi
3460:Vaikuntha Ekadashi
3405:Naraka Chaturdashi
3375:Ananta Chaturdashi
2609:The Times of India
2025:The Times of India
2000:on 26 January 2021
1857:has generic name (
1302:10.3390/rel9090270
853:
814:
771:
734:
694:Azadirachta indica
662:
586:
506:
427:attributed to the
425:Viraraghava temple
164:Monday, 15 January
32:For the dish, see
3604:Harvest festivals
3561:
3560:
3299:Mahalakshmi Vrata
3143:Chaitra Navaratri
3054:Harvest festivals
2916:. 20 January 2023
2582:978-1-74059-708-1
2485:978-1-4438-2310-4
2458:978-81-7010-245-8
2419:978-0-19-874554-9
2380:978-81-269-0639-0
2293:978-1-59884-655-3
2261:. 15 January 2021
2233:. 15 January 2018
2205:. 15 January 2012
2141:978-81-269-0639-0
2109:. 15 January 2016
1961:978-0-521-04019-8
1911:978-0-8239-3180-4
1730:978-81-7017-415-8
1672:. Indian Heritage
1597:978-1-4408-4850-6
1517:978-9-8132-3475-8
1461:978-0-930741-98-3
1434:978-1-59884-206-7
1395:978-93-80325-91-0
1382:Abbas, R (2011).
1356:978-1-5381-0686-0
1248:978-81-88661-64-0
1204:978-0-7007-1267-0
934:Sri Lankan Tamils
906:Thiruvanathapuram
894:Sangam literature
539:, also called as
274:, is a multi-day
206:
205:
16:(Redirected from
3626:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3487:
3450:Shayani Ekadashi
3415:Nirjala Ekadashi
3380:Ashadhi Ekadashi
3365:Amalaka Ekadashi
3120:
3055:
3008:Ganesh Chaturthi
2974:
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2612:. 9 January 2024
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1988:"Pongalo pongal"
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698:Senna auriculata
513:harvest festival
279:harvest festival
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61:Observed by
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3619:Winter solstice
3599:Hindu festivals
3574:Tamil festivals
3564:
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3562:
3557:
3551:Hindu festivals
3550:
3535:
3504:
3485:
3479:
3470:Vasant Panchami
3390:Kamada Ekadashi
3360:Akshaya Tritiya
3348:
3344:Vaikasi Visakam
3309:Panguni Uthiram
3274:Karthika Deepam
3264:Hanuman Jayanti
3227:Other festivals
3222:
3188:Pahela Baishakh
3158:Mesha Sankranti
3119:New year's days
3118:
3112:
3083:Makar Sankranti
3078:Maghe Sankranti
3053:
3047:
3023:Maha Shivaratri
2981:Major festivals
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2544:Telangana Today
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910:Attukal Pongala
845:
832:
763:
726:
678:
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627:Sakkarai Pongal
575:
569:
533:winter solstice
529:Makar Sankranti
498:
409:
366:
318:winter solstice
303:Makar Sankranti
237:
233:
227:
226:
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215:
197:Maghe Sankranti
181:Makar Sankranti
177:Related to
56:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3445:Sharad Purnima
3442:
3437:
3435:Rishi Panchami
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Narali Purnima
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:Kartik Purnima
3392:
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3356:
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3319:Raksha Bandhan
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3183:Pana Sankranti
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2884:Liberal Canada
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975:United Kingdom
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787:transportation
779:dairy products
762:
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714:Andhra Pradesh
677:
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656:A traditional
649:
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571:Main article:
568:
565:
515:celebrated by
497:
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450:Manikkavacakar
408:
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377:Tamil calendar
365:
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281:celebrated by
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161:2024 date
158:
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154:Tamil calendar
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3329:Savitri Vrata
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3128:Balipratipada
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3521:Pitru Paksha
3509:Holy periods
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3289:Lakshmi Puja
3279:Karva Chauth
3234:Aadi Perukku
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963:South Africa
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702:Aerva lanata
679:
663:
635:
633:in temples.
630:
626:
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560:
557:Mattu Pongal
556:
553:Surya Pongal
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549:Bhogi Pongal
548:
507:
490:South Indian
477:
473:
470:Vijayanagara
465:
462:tiruponakam,
461:
457:
445:Tiruvempavai
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433:Kulottunga I
417:farm animals
410:
384:
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372:
368:
367:
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315:
271:
229:
228:
138:Celebrations
130:Significance
102:South Africa
66:Tamil Hindus
38:
26:
3516:Chaturmasya
3475:Vat Purnima
3324:Ratha-Yatra
3259:Gowri Habba
3254:Gaura Parva
3148:Cheti Chand
3033:Rama Navami
2988:Ayudha Puja
2113:25 February
2107:India Today
1855:|last=
947:South India
862:Uri Adithal
858:Pongal mela
785:, used for
783:fertilizers
638:agriculture
482:pongal dish
454:Tamil texts
369:Thai Pongal
354:South India
295:solar deity
272:Thai Pongal
3568:Categories
3526:Uttarayana
3294:Kumbh Mela
3153:Gudi Padwa
3138:Bisu Parba
3133:Bohag Bihu
3003:Durga Puja
2920:1 December
2914:Gulf Times
2834:14 January
2733:1 December
2616:12 January
2554:24 October
2524:20 January
2518:Daily News
2391:31 October
2265:1 December
2237:31 October
2181:31 October
2152:31 October
2087:1 December
2004:1 December
1972:30 October
1922:31 October
1837:14 January
1806:13 January
1770:14 January
1766:(in Tamil)
1699:12 January
1676:13 January
1608:30 October
1528:30 October
1472:30 October
1406:30 October
1367:30 October
1259:30 October
1215:30 October
1165:30 October
1037:15 January
1009:References
981:, and the
867:Pallanguḻi
839:children.
819:Jallikattu
810:Jallikattu
706:Kongu Nadu
670:rice flour
598:cane sugar
545:Tamil Nadu
541:Uttarayana
395:boiled in
350:Tamil Nadu
322:Uttarayana
189:Uttarayana
64:Primarily
3353:Holy days
3304:Mahamaham
3269:Kali Puja
3249:Dhanteras
3203:Sankranti
3168:Jur Sital
3038:Thaipusam
3028:Navaratri
2824:0971-751X
2815:The Hindu
2663:The Hindu
2588:3 January
2496:5 January
2430:3 January
2258:The Hindu
2202:The Hindu
2081:The Hindu
1883:3 January
1847:cite news
1801:0971-751X
1792:The Hindu
1648:Anthropos
1568:145809405
1311:2077-1444
1289:Religions
1154:The Hindu
1133:5 January
1106:0025-1496
1062:1 October
967:Singapore
959:Mauritius
951:Sri Lanka
941:Geography
898:Kathakali
743:sugarcane
718:Telangana
710:Karnataka
686:Marghazhi
537:Capricorn
364:Etymology
358:Sri Lanka
326:Capricorn
224:standard.
222:ISO 15919
185:Magh Bihu
169:Frequency
110:Australia
94:Singapore
90:Mauritius
86:Indonesia
74:Sri Lanka
3495:Galungan
3430:Pradosha
3370:Amavasya
3239:Bhaubeej
3213:Vaisakhi
3193:Puthandu
3163:Mha Puja
3108:Shakrain
2888:Archived
2858:Archived
2828:Archived
2784:Archived
2754:Archived
2700:Archived
2668:Archived
2636:Archived
2548:Archived
2490:Archived
2424:Archived
2385:Archived
2321:44737780
2175:Archived
2146:Archived
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2036:27 April
2030:Archived
1966:Archived
1916:Archived
1877:Archived
1831:Archived
1656:40459138
1633:25841633
1602:Archived
1522:Archived
1466:Archived
1400:Archived
1361:Archived
1253:Archived
1209:Archived
1159:Archived
997:See also
955:Malaysia
817:such as
796:shikakai
792:turmeric
631:prasadam
622:clay pot
610:cardamom
596:and raw
594:cow milk
486:prasadam
299:Hinduism
201:Shakrain
78:Malaysia
2209:7 March
1764:Vikatan
1693:"KOLAM"
1114:2797924
937:Bhogi.
880:Pongala
873:Kabbadi
800:kumkuma
755:Ganesha
642:Parvati
618:cashews
614:raisins
602:coconut
567:Cuisine
478:ponkal,
474:ponakam
458:ponakam
407:History
401:jaggery
334:jaggery
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2993:Chhath
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381:Pongal
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230:Pongal
172:annual
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3103:Pusnâ
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3068:Lohri
3063:Bhogi
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2057:JSTOR
1652:JSTOR
1629:JSTOR
1564:S2CID
1110:JSTOR
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676:Bhogi
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648:Kolam
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311:Bhogi
293:(the
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2896:2015
2866:2015
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2762:2015
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