482:
470:
195:
210:
458:
418:
176:
406:
536:
521:
75:
40:
161:
552:
226:
66:, where traffic has removed broken pieces of the pavement. It is usually the result of water in the underlying soil structure and traffic passing over the affected area. Water first weakens the underlying soil; traffic then fatigues and breaks the poorly supported asphalt surface in the affected area. Continued traffic action ejects both asphalt and the underlying soil material to create a hole in the pavement.
339:(FHWA) offers an overview of best practices which includes several repair techniques; throw-and-roll, semi-permanent, spray injection, and edge seal. The FHWA suggests the best patching techniques, at times other than winter, are spray injection, throw-and-roll, semi-permanent, or edge seal procedures. In winter, the throw-and-roll technique may be the only available option. The
399:(using microwaves at a specific frequency) to heat the mixed asphalt. The mixture used a compound of between 1% and 2% magnetite. The group discovered that material could be heated for a patch to 100 °C (212 °F) in approximately ten minutes which then applied a more effective repair and drove out moisture which improved adhesion.
684:, India, have used artwork as a commentary on potholes by placing mosaics (depicting ice cream in various manifestations) or sculpture (in the form of a crocodile) in potholes. Elsewhere, activists in Russia used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In
331:
patching compound placed in an expedient manner to temporarily restore pavement smoothness. Semi-permanent patching uses more care in reconstructing the perimeter of the failed area to blend with the surrounding pavement and usually employs a hot-mix asphalt fill above replacement of appropriate base
379:
This method is widely used due to its simplicity and speed, especially as an expedient method when the material is placed under unfavorable conditions of water or temperature. It can also be employed at times when the pothole is dry and clean with more lasting results. Eaton, et al., noted that the
270:
At-risk pavement are more often local roads with lower structural standards and more complicating factors, like underground utilities, than major arteries. Pavement condition monitoring can lead to timely preventive action. Surveys address pavement distresses, which both diminishes the strength of
355:
Asphaltic patch materials consist of a binder and aggregate that come in two broad categories, hot mix and cold mix. Hot mixes are used by some agencies, they are produced at local asphalt plants. The FHWA manual cites three types of cold mixes, those produced by a local asphalt plant, either 1)
593:
An FHWA-sponsored study determined that the "throw-and-roll technique proved as effective as the semi-permanent procedure when the two procedures were compared directly, using similar materials". It also found the throw-and-roll procedure to be generally more cost-effective when using quality
279:
Drainage structures, including ditching and storm sewers are essential for removing water from pavements. Avoiding other risk factors with good construction includes well-draining base and sub-base soils that avoid frost action and promote drying of the soil structure. Adequate crowns promote
717:
that had inspired the first two verses. Under the headline "The holes in our roads", the brief stated: "There are 4,000 holes in the road in
Blackburn, Lancashire, or one twenty-sixth of a hole per person, according to a council survey. If Blackburn is typical, there are two million holes in
194:
94:, pothole formation requires two factors to be present at the same time: water and traffic. Water weakens the soil beneath the pavement while traffic applies the loads that stress the pavement past the breaking point. Potholes form progressively from
535:
656:, more than half a million pot holes were reported in 2017, an increase of 44% on the 2015 figure. There are processes in place to report potholes at different levels of jurisdiction. The process for claiming compensation varies by jurisdiction.
481:
742:
keychain that says "Holy Cow" when activated. He then retraces his steps, and returns to a street where he had jumped over a pothole, which is now filled in with asphalt. The "Holy Cow" phrase is heard when a car runs over it.
584:
In this procedure, waiting for any water to dry may require a second visit to place the tack coat. The tack material prevents water from getting through the edge of the patch and helps bond the patch to the surrounding pavement.
209:
440:
2. Making clean cuts along the sides of prospective patch area to assure that vertical sides of the repair are in sound pavement (Eaton, et al., recommend a bituminous tack coat in the open cavity, prior to placement of patch
364:
The FHWA manual cites the throw-and-roll method as the most basic method, best used as a temporary repair under conditions when it is difficult to control the placement of material, such as winter-time. It consists of:
117:, thaw of pavements accelerates this process when the thawing of upper portions of the soil structure in a pavement cannot drain past still-frozen lower layers, thus saturating the supporting soil and weakening it.
469:
457:
356:
using the available aggregate and binder or 2) according to specifications set by the agency that will use the mix. The third type is a proprietary cold mix, which is manufactured to an advertised standard.
175:
160:
384:
of expedient repairs is high and that they can cost as much as five times the cost of properly done repairs. They advocate this type of repair only when weather conditions prevent proper techniques.
520:
288:
Preventive maintenance adds maintaining pavement structural integrity with thickness and continuity to the mix of preventing water penetration and promoting water migration away from the roadway.
327:
Pothole patching methods may be either temporary or semi-permanent. Temporary patching is reserved for weather conditions that are not favorable to a more permanent solution and usually uses a
417:
405:
551:
1212:
200:
Example of a pothole reappearing on a newly patched roadway, also showing the transition between crocodile cracking and the pothole, with water dried up, in a road on the
120:
Potholes can grow to several feet in width, though they usually only develop to depths of a few inches. If they become large enough, damage to tires, wheels, and vehicle
497:
The FHWA manual cites the spray-injection procedure as an efficient alternative to semi-permanent repair. It requires specialized equipment, however. It consists of:
451:
While this repair procedure provides durable results, it requires more labor and is more equipment-intensive than the throw-and-roll or the spray-injection procedure.
91:
1057:
992:
340:
649:
India has historically lost over 3,000 people per year to accidents caused by potholes. This situation has engendered citizen movement to address the problem.
433:
The FHWA manual cites the semi-permanent repair method as one of the best for repairing potholes, short of full-depth roadway replacement. It consists of:
78:
Factors leading to pothole failure by fatigue in areas subject to freezing and thawing are: 1. Precipitation adds moisture to supporting soil structure. 2.
1086:
898:
618:
with a cost of $ 3 billion a year. In India, between 2015 and 2017, an average of 3,000 people per year were killed in accidents involving potholes.
606:
estimated in the five years prior to 2016 that 16 million drivers in the United States have suffered damage from potholes to their vehicle including
594:
materials. It further found that spray-injection repairs were as effective as control patches, depending on the expertise of the equipment operator.
577:
2. After the repaired section has dried, placing a ribbon of asphaltic tack material on top of the patch edge, overlapping the pavement and the patch
1503:
106:. Eventually, chunks of pavement between the fatigue cracks gradually work loose, and may then be plucked or forced out of the surface by continued
985:
1611:
1556:
1380:
319:
manual advocates semiannual inspection of pavement cracks with crack sealing commencing on cracks that exceed 6.4 millimetres (0.25 in)
1441:
148:
Pavement defects and cracks left unmaintained and unsealed so as to admit moisture and compromise the structural integrity of the pavement
1349:
271:
the asphalt layer and admits water into the pavement, and effective drainage of water from within and around the pavement structure.
2821:
1951:
1414:
1025:
822:
603:
906:. Special Report. Vol. 81–21. US Army Corps of Engineers—Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory. p. 34.
300:
with specifications that avoid loss of structural continuity of pavements and flaws or failures that allow water penetration.
2826:
1941:
1926:
1541:
831:
688:, a graffiti artist painted images of penises around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
388:
336:
225:
113:
In areas subject to freezing and thawing, frost heaving can damage a pavement and create openings for water to enter. In the
1245:
968:
2803:
2793:
2030:
1921:
1566:
1324:
2798:
2612:
2137:
2000:
642:
coordinates. It is estimated there are 55 million potholes in the United States. The self-proclaimed pothole capital,
2519:
2409:
1606:
447:
4. Compacting the patch with a device that is smaller than the patch area, e.g. vibratory rollers or a vibratory plate
74:
39:
2847:
1697:
87:
2808:
2627:
1483:
48:
2788:
2514:
2509:
2484:
1601:
1521:
1434:
31:
1298:
396:
316:
2721:
2688:
2025:
1995:
1936:
1901:
1576:
1272:
1155:
2852:
2683:
2020:
1911:
1511:
135:
Insufficient pavement thickness to support traffic during freeze/thaw periods without localized failures
2404:
570:
The FHWA manual cites the edge seal method as an alternative to the above techniques. It consists of:
280:
drainage to the sides. Good crack control prevents water penetration into the pavement soil structure.
2726:
2424:
2147:
2045:
1931:
1531:
1516:
1160:
996:
677:
622:
has estimated that the cost of fixing all roads with potholes in the country would cost ÂŁ12 billion.
615:
215:
Small potholes, showing isolated failures of the pavement and its subsurface structure, in a road in
121:
2678:
2552:
2271:
2227:
2115:
1967:
1906:
1662:
1647:
1642:
1536:
1470:
1427:
685:
942:
2582:
2396:
2381:
2192:
2127:
2050:
2035:
1980:
1956:
1916:
1884:
1818:
1808:
1779:
1716:
1586:
1551:
1111:
923:
304:
166:
103:
95:
824:
Materials and
Procedures for Repair of Potholes in Asphalt-Surfaced Pavements—Manual of Practice
900:
Pothole primer—A public administrator's guide to understanding and managing the pothole problem
2642:
2455:
2445:
2376:
2326:
2065:
1946:
1784:
1756:
1741:
1726:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1220:
700:
82:
can damage pavement. 3. Thawing can weaken soil structure. 4. Traffic can break the pavement.
2499:
2261:
2177:
2172:
2087:
1890:
1845:
1687:
1493:
1488:
1133:
915:
907:
854:
762:
752:
646:, Alberta, Canada reportedly spends $ 4.8 million on 450,000 potholes annually, as of 2015.
328:
63:
2736:
2696:
2607:
2597:
2567:
2557:
2542:
2504:
2460:
2286:
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2207:
1823:
1526:
845:
Croll, James G. A. (January 2009). "The role of thermal ratcheting in pavement failures".
735:
128:
can occur as a direct result, especially on those roads where vehicle speeds are greater.
114:
463:
Semi-permanent pothole repair procedure—straightening edges using hand-held pavement saw
169:
showing moisture seepage, a sign of a weakened soil structure beneath the failed asphalt
2857:
2706:
2668:
2637:
2617:
2602:
2414:
2296:
1838:
1766:
1637:
1632:
1571:
1561:
1453:
1396:
1299:"How A Bengaluru Artist's 'Crocodile' In The Middle Of A Busy Road Got A Pothole Fixed"
653:
558:
125:
2841:
2716:
2673:
2622:
2562:
2527:
2494:
2361:
2311:
2301:
2202:
2132:
2122:
2015:
1985:
1874:
1833:
1751:
1627:
1461:
927:
782:
619:
527:
201:
79:
44:
487:
Semi-permanent pothole repair procedure—small vibratory compactor for larger repairs
2741:
2731:
2632:
2587:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2489:
2371:
2366:
2291:
2217:
2187:
2079:
2060:
1990:
1828:
1736:
1478:
757:
739:
381:
344:
241:
The following steps can be taken to avoid pothole formation in existing pavements:
99:
59:
475:
Semi-permanent pothole repair procedure—compaction using vibratory-plate compactor
514:
This procedure requires no compaction after the cover aggregate has been placed.
2711:
2356:
2346:
2321:
2246:
2157:
2105:
2055:
1860:
1792:
1761:
858:
830:. Strategic Highway Research Program. Vol. FHWA-RD-99-168. Washington, DC:
731:
704:
696:
635:
297:
255:
182:
2701:
2577:
2450:
2386:
2351:
2331:
2212:
2182:
2152:
2092:
2040:
1692:
1189:
853:(3) (3 ed.). Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: 127–140.
713:
673:
631:
1224:
181:
Detail of pothole, showing presence of water in soil structure, on a road in
2572:
2419:
2306:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2142:
2010:
2005:
1855:
1774:
1731:
1682:
1672:
1667:
1657:
681:
607:
392:
107:
186:
545:, which allows the operator to work from the comfort and safety of the cab
2765:
2760:
2592:
2341:
2336:
2197:
2162:
2110:
2100:
1746:
1721:
1546:
727:
643:
634:
for pothole-reporting. These allow citizens to report potholes and other
580:
3. Placing sand on the tack material to prevent tracking by vehicle tires
542:
557:
Spray-injection device for pothole repair—all-in-one repair unit in the
526:
Spray-injection device for pothole repair—truck and trailer unit in the
504:
2. Spraying a tack coat of binder on the sides and bottom of the pothole
17:
2663:
2647:
2474:
2167:
1677:
1652:
919:
911:
216:
142:
2770:
2440:
1850:
1813:
1184:
1415:
Federal
Highway Administration Manual of Practice for Pothole Repair
541:
Spray-injection device for pothole repair—all-in-one repair unit in
1185:"Asphalt Nerds The alchemy of pavement in Canada's pothole capital"
375:
Achieving a crown on the compacted patch of between 3 and 6 mm
611:
73:
38:
1489:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
1419:
1273:"Artist Jim Bachor Fixes Chicago Potholes With Ice Cream Mosaics"
897:
Eaton, Robert A.; Joubert, R. H.; Wright, E. A. (December 1989).
1450:
1423:
738:
discovers that he has lost his keys, including a commemorative
2281:
639:
1325:"Russian politicians mocked with guerrilla pothole portraits"
847:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport
307:
to identify responsible parties of the deteriorated patches.
1087:"Over 9300 deaths, 25000 injured in 3 years due to potholes"
423:
Throw-and-roll pothole repair procedure—compaction of patch
411:
Throw-and-roll pothole repair procedure—material placement
664:
Potholes have been commented on both in various media.
102:
which can lead to a precursor failure pattern known as
510:
4. Covering the patched area with a layer of aggregate
369:
Placing the hot or cold patch material into a pothole
1246:"How to make a claim for pothole damage to your car"
391:
have tested mixing asphalt with iron ore containing
372:
Compacting the patch with a vehicle, such as a truck
2779:
2750:
2656:
2473:
2433:
2395:
2237:
2226:
2078:
1965:
1882:
1873:
1801:
1706:
1620:
1502:
1469:
1460:
347:offers similar methods for the repair of potholes.
303:Some municipalities require contractors to install
711:news brief, in the same 17 January edition of the
1213:"Bengaluru has a superhero...he's 'Pothole Raja'"
507:3. Blowing asphalt and aggregate into the pothole
296:Eaton, et al., advocate a permitting process for
92:Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
1080:
1078:
993:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
341:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
1435:
1400:. No. 21994. 17 January 1967. p. 7.
1350:"Meet the man using penises to fill potholes"
444:3. Placing the hot or cold patch mix material
437:1. Removing water and debris from the pothole
43:A deep pothole with a nearby patched area on
8:
973:. Air Force Engineering and Services Center.
501:1. Blowing water and debris from the pothole
1134:"Citizens Connect: Making Boston Beautiful"
707:wrote the song's final verse inspired by a
141:Failures at utility trenches and castings (
131:Potholes may result from four main causes:
2234:
1879:
1466:
1442:
1428:
1420:
1394:"Far & Near: The holes in our roads".
245:1. Surveying of pavements for risk factors
248:2. Providing adequate drainage structures
1379:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRiley2011 (
1114:. Minnesota Department of Transportation
892:
890:
888:
821:Wilson, T.P.; Romine, A.R. (June 1999).
718:Britain's roads and 300,000 in London."
638:, optionally including a photograph and
1019:
1017:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
774:
574:1. Following the "throw-and-roll" steps
516:
453:
401:
156:
1085:Sandhu, Kamaljit Kaur (24 July 2018).
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
2538:Median / Central reservation
1374:
630:Some jurisdictions offer websites or
231:Potholes on an unpaved road in Sweden
7:
1052:
1050:
2456:Risk compensation (road transport)
970:Asphalt Crack Repair: Field Manual
25:
104:crocodile (or alligator) cracking
2822:Glossary of road transport terms
1183:Hingston, Michael (April 2015).
1035:. Federal Highway Administration
550:
534:
519:
480:
468:
456:
416:
404:
224:
208:
193:
174:
159:
58:is a pot-shaped depression in a
1024:Symons, Monte (November 1999).
604:American Automobile Association
1323:Schreck, Carl (19 June 2015).
1271:Fallon, Claire (25 May 2015).
1211:K.C., Deepika (1 March 2017).
941:Lukas, Paul (15 August 2014).
832:Federal Highway Administration
389:University of Minnesota Duluth
337:Federal Highway Administration
1:
2804:Pavement performance modeling
2794:International roughness index
1297:Bose, Adrija (19 June 2015).
986:"Potholes—Repair of Potholes"
2799:Present serviceability index
2593:Sidewalk / Pavement
2138:Diamond grinding of pavement
124:is liable to occur. Serious
27:Road surface disruption type
2771:Underpass / Tunnel
2766:Overpass / Flyover
2520:High-occupancy vehicle lane
2410:Driving under the influence
1484:Freeway / Motorway
859:10.1680/tran.2009.162.3.127
395:which is then heated using
2874:
1698:Highway systems by country
943:"The Street's Secret Code"
589:Efficacy of repair methods
88:US Army Corps of Engineers
29:
2817:
2809:Granular base equivalency
2628:Traffic signal preemption
2036:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1942:Single-point urban (SPUI)
261:5. Sealing asphalt cracks
251:3. Preventive maintenance
2789:Pavement condition index
2515:High-occupancy toll lane
2510:Contraflow lane reversal
2485:Barrier transfer machine
967:Lynch, Larry N. (1991).
32:Pothole (disambiguation)
1643:Express-collector setup
787:www.merriam-webster.com
783:"Definition of POTHOLE"
703:" references potholes.
397:ferromagnetic resonance
2827:Road types by features
2722:Raised pavement marker
2689:Constant-slope barrier
2613:Traffic directionality
2603:Street running railway
2026:Protected intersection
493:Spray-injection repair
311:Sealing asphalt cracks
292:Utility cut management
284:Preventive maintenance
83:
51:
2684:Concrete step barrier
2021:Offset T-intersection
429:Semi-permanent repair
387:Researchers from the
360:Throw-and-roll repair
138:Insufficient drainage
110:to create a pothole.
77:
42:
2727:Road surface marking
2425:Single-vehicle crash
2148:Full depth recycling
2046:Seagull intersection
1112:"Reporting potholes"
678:Baadal Nanjundaswamy
30:For other uses, see
2553:Pedestrian crossing
2116:Reinforced concrete
1952:Three-level diamond
1663:Two-lane expressway
1648:Farm-to-market road
1303:The Huffington Post
1277:The Huffington Post
984:Paige-Green, Phil.
686:Manchester, England
598:Costs to the public
305:utility repair tags
266:Survey of pavements
2583:Runaway truck ramp
2405:Driver's education
2193:Rubberized asphalt
2128:Crocodile cracking
2051:Split intersection
1819:Hierarchy of roads
1780:Single carriageway
1377:, pp. 339–40.
1252:. 30 December 2018
912:10.21236/ada107294
660:In popular culture
167:Crocodile cracking
145:and drain casings)
84:
52:
2848:Road construction
2835:
2834:
2643:Wide outside lane
2469:
2468:
2446:Automotive safety
2327:Road slipperiness
2074:
2073:
1922:Diverging diamond
1869:
1868:
1785:Single-track road
1727:Bicycle boulevard
1161:Harper's Magazine
701:A Day in the Life
86:According to the
16:(Redirected from
2865:
2679:Cat's eye (road)
2500:Complete streets
2272:Dead Man's Curve
2235:
2173:Pavement milling
2088:Asphalt concrete
2031:Quadrant roadway
1972:
1894:
1880:
1846:Street hierarchy
1494:Elevated highway
1467:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1329:New East Network
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1156:"Harper's Index"
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1136:. City of Boston
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1058:"The hole story"
1054:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1026:"Pothole Repair"
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1001:
995:. Archived from
990:
981:
975:
974:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
938:
932:
931:
905:
894:
863:
862:
842:
836:
835:
829:
818:
799:
798:
796:
794:
779:
763:Chicago rat hole
753:Asphalt concrete
566:Edge seal repair
554:
538:
523:
484:
472:
460:
420:
408:
329:cold mix asphalt
228:
212:
197:
178:
163:
64:asphalt pavement
21:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2813:
2781:
2775:
2746:
2737:Traffic barrier
2697:F-Shape barrier
2652:
2608:Traffic calming
2568:Reversible lane
2558:Pedestrian zone
2543:Motorcycle lane
2505:Contraflow lane
2477:time allocation
2476:
2465:
2461:Underride guard
2429:
2391:
2277:Expansion joint
2239:
2229:
2222:
2208:Stamped asphalt
2070:
2001:Continuous flow
1974:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1895:
1891:grade-separated
1888:
1887:
1865:
1824:Private highway
1797:
1702:
1616:
1498:
1456:
1448:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1356:. 29 April 2015
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
1002:on 4 March 2016
999:
988:
983:
982:
978:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
940:
939:
935:
903:
896:
895:
866:
844:
843:
839:
827:
820:
819:
802:
792:
790:
781:
780:
776:
771:
749:
724:
694:
676:of Chicago and
670:
662:
628:
600:
591:
568:
561:
555:
546:
539:
530:
524:
495:
488:
485:
476:
473:
464:
461:
431:
424:
421:
412:
409:
362:
353:
325:
313:
294:
286:
277:
268:
239:
232:
229:
220:
213:
204:
198:
189:
179:
170:
164:
155:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Jersey barrier
2704:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Unused highway
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Traffic island
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Drowsy driving
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Level crossing
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Channelization
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:3-way junction
1977:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1883:
1877:
1875:Road junctions
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1839:business route
1836:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1767:Primitive road
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:County highway
1635:
1633:Collector road
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1607:United Kingdom
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Czech Republic
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1471:Limited-access
1464:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:External links
1407:
1404:
1403:
1397:The Daily Mail
1386:
1367:
1341:
1315:
1289:
1263:
1250:The Swindonian
1237:
1203:
1175:
1147:
1125:
1103:
1074:
1046:
1013:
976:
959:
933:
864:
837:
800:
789:. 30 July 2024
773:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
760:
755:
748:
745:
723:
720:
709:Far & Near
693:
690:
669:
666:
661:
658:
654:United Kingdom
627:
624:
614:, and damaged
608:tire punctures
599:
596:
590:
587:
582:
581:
578:
575:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:Czech Republic
556:
549:
547:
540:
533:
531:
525:
518:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
479:
477:
474:
467:
465:
462:
455:
449:
448:
445:
442:
438:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
415:
413:
410:
403:
377:
376:
373:
370:
361:
358:
352:
349:
324:
321:
312:
309:
293:
290:
285:
282:
276:
273:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
252:
249:
246:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
223:
221:
214:
207:
205:
199:
192:
190:
180:
173:
171:
165:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
139:
136:
126:road accidents
71:
68:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Noise barrier
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Cable barrier
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Traffic lanes
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Refuge island
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Living street
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Climbing lane
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:Human factors
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Traffic light
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Oversize load
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Manhole cover
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Crushed stone
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Michigan left
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1968:Intersections
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Directional T
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:special route
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Frontage road
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Arterial road
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1612:United States
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Types of road
1459:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1355:
1354:The Telegraph
1351:
1345:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1062:The Economist
1059:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
998:
994:
987:
980:
977:
972:
971:
963:
960:
948:
944:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
901:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
849:. Transport.
848:
841:
838:
834:. p. 85.
833:
826:
825:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
801:
788:
784:
778:
775:
768:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
719:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:Two artists,
667:
665:
659:
657:
655:
650:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
588:
586:
579:
576:
573:
572:
571:
565:
560:
553:
548:
544:
537:
532:
529:
528:United States
522:
517:
515:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
498:
492:
483:
478:
471:
466:
459:
454:
452:
446:
443:
439:
436:
435:
434:
428:
419:
414:
407:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
374:
371:
368:
367:
366:
359:
357:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
330:
322:
320:
318:
310:
308:
306:
301:
299:
291:
289:
283:
281:
274:
272:
265:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
242:
236:
227:
222:
218:
211:
206:
203:
202:Isle of Wight
196:
191:
188:
184:
177:
172:
168:
162:
157:
152:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
127:
123:
118:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
80:Frost heaving
76:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
50:
49:Second Avenue
46:
45:New York City
41:
37:
33:
19:
2853:Road hazards
2742:Traffic cone
2732:Rumble strip
2633:Truck bypass
2588:Shared space
2548:Passing lane
2533:Managed lane
2490:Bicycle lane
2372:Washboarding
2367:Traffic sign
2316:
2292:Hairpin turn
2061:Texas U-turn
1991:Box junction
1885:Interchanges
1829:Route number
1737:Country lane
1479:Bike freeway
1395:
1389:
1370:
1360:24 September
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1334:24 September
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1318:
1308:24 September
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1282:24 September
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1216:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1188:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1159:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1037:. Retrieved
1032:
1004:. Retrieved
997:the original
979:
969:
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:
936:
899:
850:
846:
840:
823:
791:. Retrieved
786:
777:
758:Road surface
740:Phil Rizzuto
725:
712:
708:
695:
671:
663:
651:
648:
636:road hazards
629:
601:
592:
583:
569:
513:
496:
450:
432:
386:
382:failure rate
378:
363:
354:
345:South Africa
334:
326:
317:US Air Force
314:
302:
298:utility cuts
295:
287:
278:
269:
240:
130:
119:
112:
100:road surface
85:
60:road surface
55:
53:
36:
2780:Performance
2712:Kassel kerb
2669:Botts' dots
2657:Demarcation
2357:Storm drain
2322:Road debris
2247:Aquaplaning
2240:environment
2228:Road safety
2106:Cobblestone
2056:Superstreet
1861:Winter road
1809:Concurrency
1802:Other terms
1793:Sunken lane
1762:Main street
1707:Local roads
1164:. June 1985
1140:18 February
1118:18 February
1091:India Today
1067:11 February
1039:18 February
1006:18 February
920:11681/12121
732:The Pothole
705:John Lennon
697:The Beatles
632:mobile apps
616:suspensions
612:bent wheels
332:materials.
256:Utility cut
122:suspensions
108:wheel loads
2842:Categories
2782:indicators
2751:Structures
2702:Guard rail
2578:Road verge
2451:Seat belts
2387:Snowsquall
2352:Speed bump
2332:Road train
2153:Glassphalt
2093:Bioasphalt
2066:Turnaround
2041:Roundabout
1971:(at-grade)
1937:Roundabout
1902:Cloverleaf
1757:Green lane
1693:Trunk road
1621:Main roads
1504:By country
1375:Riley 2011
1190:The Walrus
1168:14 October
1033:Tech Brief
769:References
722:Television
714:Daily Mail
674:Jim Bachor
668:Visual art
441:material.)
258:management
237:Prevention
62:, usually
2573:Road diet
2475:Space and
2420:Road rage
2307:Oil spill
2267:Crosswind
2257:Black ice
2252:Avalanche
2178:Permeable
2011:Jughandle
2006:Hook turn
1912:Free-flow
1856:Toll road
1775:Side road
1732:Boulevard
1688:Super two
1683:Ring road
1658:Link road
1557:Hong Kong
1512:Australia
1454:hierarchy
1256:2 January
1225:0971-751X
1217:The Hindu
952:21 August
928:106820435
682:Bangalore
626:Reporting
393:magnetite
351:Materials
70:Formation
2761:Causeway
2598:Shoulder
2434:Vehicles
2382:Whiteout
2342:Rockfall
2337:Roadkill
2262:Bleeding
2238:Road and
2198:Sealcoat
2123:Corduroy
2111:Concrete
2101:Chipseal
2080:Surfaces
1932:Raindrop
1747:Driveway
1742:Dead end
1722:Backroad
1673:2+2 road
1668:2+1 road
1592:Portugal
1582:Pakistan
1230:4 August
1196:20 March
1096:4 August
793:7 August
747:See also
730:episode
728:Seinfeld
644:Edmonton
543:Montreal
275:Drainage
183:Montréal
18:Potholes
2664:Bollard
2648:Woonerf
2377:Washout
2317:Pothole
2230:factors
2218:Texture
2188:Plastic
2168:Macadam
1957:Trumpet
1907:Diamond
1678:Parkway
1653:Highway
1567:Ireland
1547:Germany
1537:Croatia
1517:Belgium
726:In the
652:In the
620:Britain
217:Banbury
153:Gallery
143:manhole
98:of the
96:fatigue
56:pothole
2757:Bridge
2441:Airbag
2213:Tarmac
2158:Gravel
1986:Bowtie
1927:Parclo
1851:Stroad
1814:Detour
1789:Street
1717:Avenue
1602:Taiwan
1587:Poland
1552:Greece
1527:Canada
1522:Brazil
1223:
947:Medium
926:
736:George
699:song "
323:Repair
187:Québec
115:spring
2858:Holes
2183:Plank
2097:Brick
1947:Stack
1713:Alley
1597:Spain
1577:Nepal
1572:Italy
1562:India
1532:China
1029:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
989:(PDF)
924:S2CID
904:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
2693:Curb
2524:Lane
2287:Ford
2203:Sett
2143:Dirt
1771:Road
1451:Road
1381:help
1362:2015
1336:2015
1310:2015
1284:2015
1258:2019
1232:2019
1221:ISSN
1198:2015
1170:2014
1142:2014
1120:2014
1098:2019
1069:2017
1041:2014
1008:2014
954:2023
795:2024
692:Song
602:The
335:The
219:, UK
2347:Rut
2282:Fog
2163:Ice
916:hdl
908:doi
855:doi
851:162
680:of
640:GPS
343:in
254:4.
90:'s
47:'s
2844::
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1327:.
1301:.
1275:.
1248:.
1219:.
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1187:.
1158:.
1089:.
1077:^
1060:.
1049:^
1031:.
1016:^
991:.
945:.
922:.
914:.
867:^
803:^
785:.
734:,
610:,
315:A
185:,
54:A
1893:)
1889:(
1443:e
1436:t
1429:v
1383:)
1364:.
1338:.
1312:.
1286:.
1260:.
1234:.
1200:.
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956:.
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857::
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34:.
20:)
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