1349:). (In the U.S., many city, county and school board elections are non-partisan, although often the political affiliations of candidates are commonly known.) In some states and localities, candidates receiving more than 50% of the vote in the primary are automatically elected, without having to run again in the general election. In other states, the primary can narrow the number of candidates advancing to the general election to the top two, while in other states and localities, twice as many candidates as can win in the general election may advance from the primary.
1792:, the PES Congress that took place in Prague in December 2009 made the decision that PES would designate its own candidate before the 2014 European elections. A Campaign for a PES primary was then launched by PES supporters in June 2010, and it managed to convince the PES Council meeting in Warsaw in December 2010 to set up Working Group "Candidate 2014" in charge of proposing a procedure and timetable for a "democratic" and "transparent" designation process "bringing on board all our parties and all levels within the parties".
1520:(DNC) proposed a new schedule and a new rule set for the 2008 presidential primary elections. Among the changes: the primary election cycle would start nearly a year earlier than in previous cycles, states from the West and the South would be included in the earlier part of the schedule, and candidates who run in primary elections not held in accordance with the DNC's proposed schedule (as the DNC does not have any direct control over each state's official election schedules) would be penalized by being stripped of
944:
1758:: "A series of primary elections would be held at two-week intervals in February and March 2009. The primaries would start in the five smallest countries and continue every two weeks until the big five voted in late March. To avoid swamping by the parties from the big countries, one could divide the number of votes cast for each candidate in each country by that country's voting weight in the Council of Ministers. Candidates for the post of president would have to declare by 1 January 2009."
2351:. The most massive were 22 May 2016 primaries of the United Russia, which could vote for every citizen who has an active electoral right. However, the primaries, as well as earlier, were not binding for the leadership of United Russia: a number of winners of the primaries were withdrawn by the leadership without any explanation of reasons, and in 18 single-seat constituencies the party did not nominate any candidates. A striking example was the
2374:. These are the first presidential primaries in the history of Russia. However, voting for candidates will take place via the Internet within three months, and, according to the spokesman of the party, the results of the primaries will not be mandatory for the nomination of the candidate and the party convention may nominate another candidate who does not even participate in the primaries, or even not nominate candidates and support President
79:
919:
2447:
2174:
1578:
1535:'s (RNC) rules regarding presidential primary elections. "No presidential primary, caucus, convention, or other meeting may be held for the purpose of voting for a presidential candidate and/or selecting delegates or alternate delegates to the national convention, prior to the first Tuesday of February in the year in which the national convention is held." In 2028, this date is February 1.
2637:(in a province or territory) should their party secure the confidence of parliament (usually by winning the most seats). Thus, a leadership election is also considered to be one for the party's de facto candidate for Prime Minister or Premier. If the party does not secure the confidence of parliament, but wins the next most amount of seats, the party leader will become Leader of the
2320:. This vote was called the "All-People's Primaries", but in fact it was not. Candidates for the primaries were selected by special committees. Not even all party members had the right to vote, but only about 200,000 specially selected electors. In addition, the results of voting on the primaries were in most cases ignored. Of the 80 lists of regional groups of candidates for the
931:
1539:
select candidates and propose policies". Both primaries and caucuses are used in the presidential nomination process, beginning in
January or February and culminating in the late summer political party conventions. Candidates may earn convention delegates from each state primary or caucus. Sitting presidents generally do not face serious competition from their party.
2324:, nominated by the congress of Unitpared Russia, only 8 lists coincided with the lists of winners of the primaries. All the same, the event played a role in the elimination of candidates: there were cases when the current deputies of the State Duma, having seen that they did not enjoy the support of electors, withdrew their candidacies.
1942:, an independent left-leaning think tank, in a 2008 report. It was also criticized for going against the nature of the regime. The open primary was not state-organized : the party took charge of all the electoral procedures, planning to set up 10,000 voting polls. All citizens on the electoral rolls, members of the
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in the United States). Would-be candidates will then file nomination papers with the association, and usually will devote time to solicit existing party members, and to sign up new party members who will also support them at the nomination meeting. At the meeting, typically each candidate will speak,
1125:
People may vote in a party's primary only if they are registered members of that party prior to election day. Independents cannot participate. Because some political parties name themselves independent, the terms "non-partisan" or "unaffiliated" often replace "independent" when referring to those who
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held primaries in several regions. However, its results were not sufficiently taken into account when nominating candidates from the party. For example, the congress of United Russia included in the regional party list in the Samara region not the winners of the primaries, but those who did not even
1559:
Perhaps the most dramatic effect this classification system has on the primary process is its influence on the candidates themselves. Whether a system is open or closed dictates the way candidates run their campaigns. In a closed system, from the time a candidate qualifies to the day of the primary,
1447:
offices, all candidates running in a primary election regardless of party will appear on a single primary election ballot and voters may vote for any candidate, with the top two vote-getters overall moving on to the general election regardless of party. The effect of this is that it will be possible
1150:
Sixteen states – Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, and West Virginia – have semi-closed primaries that allow voters to register or change party preference on
1982:
At the local level, membership primaries are the rule for
Socialist Party's candidates, but these are usually not competitive. In order to tame potential feud in his party, and prepare the ground for a long campaign, Sarkozy pushed for a closed primary in 2006 to designate the UMP candidate for the
1906:
was over. The latter showed strong ideological divisions within the left-wing spectrum, and the
Socialist Party itself. This prevented the possibility of a primary spanning the whole left-wing, that would give its support to a presidential candidate. Given that no majority supported either a leader
1551:
As far as the electorate is concerned, the extent of participation allowed to weak partisans and independents depends almost solely on which of the aforementioned categories best describes their state's primary system. Open and semi-open systems favor this type of voter, since they can choose which
1512:
A criticism of the current presidential primary election schedule is that it gives undue weight to the few states with early primaries, as those states often build momentum for leading candidates and rule out trailing candidates long before the rest of the country has even had a chance to weigh in,
2600:
system; if no candidate has over 50% of the votes, the candidate with the lowest number of votes will be dropped and another ballot will be held. Also, other candidates who recognize that they will probably not win may withdraw between ballots, and may "throw their support" to (encourage their own
1538:
Candidates for U.S. President who seek their party's nomination participate in primary elections run by state governments, or caucuses run by the political parties. Unlike an election where the only participation is casting a ballot, a caucus is a gathering or "meeting of party members designed to
1398:
872 in 2004 to establish a blanket primary for partisan races, thereby allowing voters to once again cross party lines in the primary election. The two candidates with the most votes then advance to the general election, regardless of their party affiliation. Supporters claimed it would bring back
2612:
At times, party headquarters may overturn an association's chosen candidate; for example, if any scandalous information about the candidate comes to light after the nomination. A party headquarters may also "parachute" a prominent candidate into an easy-to-win riding, removing the need to have a
1555:
This classification further affects the relationship between primary elections and election commissioners and officials. The more open the system, the greater the chance of raiding, or voters voting in the other party's primary in hopes of getting a weaker opponent chosen to run against a strong
1463:
approved at its bi-annual convention an amendment to its party rules that changes its primary from an open primary to a closed primary, in which only voters registered with the
Republican party may now vote in the Republican primary election. State law in Texas currently mandates open primaries,
1807:
Finally, the
European Parliament envisaged to introduce a requirement for internal democracy in the regulation on the statute of European political parties. European parties would therefore have to involve individual members in the major decisions such as designating the presidential candidate.
1403:
and independents from general election ballots, could result in
Democratic or Republican-only races in certain districts, and would in fact reduce voter choice. The initiative was put to a public vote in November 2004 and passed. On 15 July 2005, the initiative was found unconstitutional by the
1292:
The direct primary became important in the United States at the state level starting in the 1890s and at the local level in the 1900s. The first primary elections came in the
Democratic Party in the South in the 1890s starting in Louisiana in 1892. By 1897 the Democratic party held primaries to
1689:). The underlying reason for that is that most European countries are parliamentary democracies. National governments are derived from the majority in the Parliament, which means that the head of the government is generally the leader of the winning party. France is one exception to this rule.
1276:
The selection of candidates for federal, state, and local general elections takes place in primary elections organized by the public administration for the general voting public to participate in for the purpose of nominating the respective parties' official candidates; state voters start the
1547:
While it is clear that the closed/semi-closed/semi-open/open classification commonly used by scholars studying primary systems does not fully explain the highly nuanced differences seen from state to state, still, it is very useful and has real-world implications for the electorate, election
2884:
In
Uruguay, a blanket primary election is held every five years to elect the national and department conventions of each party, which select their presidential and intendant candidates. All parties must participate, however voting is voluntary unlike the other instances in the electoral
1734:
must be taken into account in selecting the
President of the Commission; the Commission is in some respects the executive branch of the EU and so its president can be regarded as the EU prime minister. Parties are therefore encouraged to designate their candidates for
2656:. Local riding associations would choose delegates, usually in a manner similar to how they would choose a candidate for election. These delegates typically said explicitly which leadership candidate they would support. Those delegates, as well as other delegates (
1277:
electoral process for governors and legislators through the primary process, as well as for many local officials from city councilors to county commissioners. The candidate who moves from the primary to be successful in the general election takes public office.
1408:. The U.S. Supreme Court heard the Grange's appeal of the case in October 2007. In March 2009, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Grange-sponsored Top 2 primary, citing a lack of compelling evidence to overturn the voter-approved initiative.
1513:
leaving the last states with virtually no actual input on the process. The counterargument to this criticism, however, is that, by subjecting candidates to the scrutiny of a few early states, the parties can weed out candidates who are unfit for office.
2769:
system. Within this framework, voters have the freedom to select a single candidate for each available position, irrespective of party affiliations. This approach holds historical significance, as it was previously employed in the United States as
1037:, which aimed to take the power of candidate nomination from party leaders to the people. However, political parties control the method of nomination of candidates for office in the name of the party. Other methods of selecting candidates include
1272:
The United States is one of a handful of countries to select candidates through popular vote in a primary election system; most other countries rely on party leaders or party members to select candidates, as was previously the case in the U.S.
2601:
supporters to vote for) another candidate. After the nomination meeting, the candidate and the association will obtain approval from party headquarters, and file the candidate's official nomination papers and necessary fees and deposits with
2139:
were called to choose the party leader among a list of six, their representatives to the Constituent Assembly and the local leaders. The primary was a success, involving more than 3,500,000 people across Italy, and gave to the winner
1958:), including minors of 15 to 18 years old, were entitled to vote in exchange for one euro to cover the costs. More than 3 million people participated in this first open primary, which was considered a success, and former party leader
3711:
1419:
is a concern, primaries can be very important in preventing "clone" candidates that split their constituency's vote because of their similarities. Primaries allow political parties to select and unite behind one candidate. However,
2000:
In Germany, top candidates for the federal election can be selected in primaries. For party leaders, however, the selection at delegate conferences is required by law. It is, nevertheless, possible to hold a non-binding primary.
1556:
candidate in the general election. Raiding has proven stressful to the relationships between political parties, who feel cheated by the system, and election officials, who try to make the system run as smoothly as possible.
1169:
regardless of his or her own party affiliation. Fourteen states – Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin – have open
1801:
1110:. All voters can take part in an open primary and may cast votes on a ballot of any party. The party may require them to express their support to the party's values and pay a small contribution to the costs of the primary.
1293:
select candidates in 11 Southern and border states. Unlike the final election run by government officials, primaries were run by party officials rather than being considered official elections, allowing them to exclude
2679:
for federal leadership. A leadership convention is still scheduled, but all party members have a chance to vote for the new leader. Typically, members may vote either in person at the convention, online, or through a
1151:
election day. Massachusetts allows unenrolled voters or members of minor parties to vote in the primary of either major party, but registration or party changes must be done no fewer than 20 days prior to the primary.
1678:, primaries are not organized by the public administration but by parties themselves, and legislation is mostly silent on primaries. However, parties may need government cooperation, particularly for open primaries.
1146:
to choose a party to participate in as well. Depending on the state, independents either make their choice of party primary privately, inside the voting booth, or publicly, by registering with any party on Election
1000:. Depending on the country and administrative division, there may be an "open primary", in which all voters are eligible to participate, or a "closed primary", in which only members of a political party can vote.
1200:
A primary where voters do not have to select one specific political party for which the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party, and where the top candidate from each party advances to the general
2355:, where the candidate from the United Russia was approved candidate, who took the 4th place in the primaries. Finally, a number of candidates were included in the party list on the proposal of the party leader
1181:
and voting in the primary of another party, effectively allowing a party to choose a weak opponent in the election. An example of this can be seen in the 1998 Vermont senatorial primary with the nomination of
2327:
In the future, United Russia has sometimes resorted to an "open" model of primaries, which allows voting to all interested voters. In 2014, in the primaries of the "United Russia" before the elections to the
1895:. Later in 2002, although the candidacy of then-PM Jospin was undisputed in his party, each of the five left-wing parties of the government he led sent a candidate, paving the way for all five to lose by the
1879:
has been plagued by internal divisions since the latter departed from politics. Rather than forming a new party, which is the habit on the right-wing, the party started to elect its nominee internally.
1773:. It was to be open to all citizens of the EU over the age of 16 who "supported green values" They elected two transnational candidates who were to be the face of the common campaign of the European
1935:
2037:
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1405:
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Closed primaries happen in many European countries, while open primaries have so far only occurred in the socialist and social-democratic parties in Greece and Italy, whereas France's
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ahead of the next election in 2014, in order to allow voters to vote with a full knowledge of the facts. Various have suggested using primaries to elect these candidates.
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1908:
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they tend to have to cater to partisans, who tend to lean to the more extreme ends of the ideological spectrum. In the general election, under the assumptions of the
2416:
2672:), would then vote, again using the exhaustive ballot method, until a leader was chosen. Some provincial political parties retain the delegated convention format.
4548:
1824:-wide primary election. The party asked the people of their recommendation of who they should nominate as their candidate for the upcoming presidential election.
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primary they vote in on a yearly basis under these models. In closed primary systems, true independents are, for all practical purposes, shut out of the process.
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2711:
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2032:
The first party to use a (non-binding) closed primary to select its party leader at the federal level was the SPD in 1993. After the surprising resignation of
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2367:
1903:
1326:
1322:
4160:
663:
2645:, the leader will still be recognized as the leader of their party, and will be responsible for co-ordinating the activities and affairs of their party's
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for two Republicans or two Democrats to compete against each other in a general election if those candidates receive the most primary-election support.
4573:
4134:
1104:. (synonyms: internal primaries, party primaries) In the case of closed primaries, internal primaries, or party primaries, only party members can vote.
2718:
as party leader through IRV in a national leadership election. The Conservative Party used IRV (where each of the party's 338 riding associations are
4651:
2984:
In 2018, the New South Wales branch of the Liberal Party rejected a motion by former Prime Minister Tony Abbott to have primary-style preselections.
2387:
695:
557:
552:
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In modern politics, primary elections have been described as a vehicle for transferring decision-making from political insiders to voters, though
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2305:. Anyone could vote for them, for which special items were opened. However, in the future, A Just Russia did not begin to pursue the primaries.
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Oregon was the first American state in which a binding primary election was conducted entirely via the internet. The election was held by the
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3032:
2089:
For the 2022 parliamentary elections, the opposition parties organized a primary to select both their candidates for MPs and prime minister.
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One of the more recent developments is organizing primaries on the European level. European parties that organized primaries so far were the
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As a result of a federal court decision in Idaho, the 2011 Idaho Legislature passed House Bill 351 implementing a closed primary system.
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2584:
2556:
1157:
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1685:, a few political parties in Europe have opted for open primaries. Parties generally organize primaries to nominate the party leader (
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958:
3867:"Des réformes institutionnelles à la politisation – Ou comment l'Union européenne du Traité de Lisbonne peut intéresser ses citoyens"
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are not organized by the public administration but by parties themselves. Political parties participate in federal elections to the
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3869:[From institutional reforms to politicization - Or how the European Union of the Lisbon Treaty can interest its citizens]
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nomination meeting. These situations only come up infrequently, as they tend to cause disillusionment among a party's supporters.
1310:
The direct primary was promoted primarily by regular party leaders as a way to promote party loyalty. Progressive reformers like
3814:
1837:
1234:
1142:
As in closed primaries, registered party members can vote only in their own party's primary. Semi-closed systems, however, allow
1097:
Where primary elections are organized by parties, not the administration, two types of primaries can generally be distinguished:
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in that the candidate that ultimately wins would not have been beaten in a two-way race with every one of the other candidates.
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2108:
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where voters select which primary to vote in when they go to vote rather than affiliating with a party prior to the primary.
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election, respectively, and often give a candidate the momentum to win their party's nomination. Since 2000, the primary in
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Cohen, Marty. The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and after Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2008.
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called the move, "the biggest shift in the way Democrats have nominated their presidential candidates in 30 years."
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4676:(2002)], the invention of primaries around 1900 --they were promoted by regular party leaders as well as reformers
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3423:
Michael J. Klarman, "The White Primary Rulings: A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking".
3005:, which states that the loser in a primary election cannot thereafter run as an independent in the general election
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1955:
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Louisiana has famously operated under this system, which has been nicknamed the "jungle primary", since the 1980s.
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should that party win a majority of seats in the legislature, meaning leadership elections often select a party's
586:
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1947:
1927:
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1460:
1391:
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1022:, particularly in two-party systems; these similarities have led to the two-round system being described as the "
634:
627:
111:
1531:
Of note regarding the DNC's proposed 2008 presidential primary election schedule is that it contrasted with the
1357:
When a qualifying primary is applied to a partisan election, it becomes what is generally known as a blanket or
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2136:
1951:
1943:
1923:
1872:
1859:
1855:, organized an approval "primary" without any opponent. He won by 98% and made his candidacy speech thereafter.
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1720:
1693:
688:
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605:
468:
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438:
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42:
2335:
In 2016, the primaries for the selection of candidates for parliamentary elections were held by four parties:
2014:
1988:
1284:
research indicates that the formal party organizations retain significant influence over nomination outcomes.
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A democratic and transparent process for designating the PES candidate for the European Commission Presidency
2999:, a similar process used to select the party's internal leadership instead of a candidate for external office
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2206:
1610:
4312:
2825:
2798:
2695:
2348:
1939:
1744:
814:
668:
351:
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4677:
4161:"Karácsony Gergely nyerte a budapesti előválasztás első fordulóját – percről percre a Mércén « Mérce"
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1976:
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from the general election, and frequently the general election becomes a single-party election. Unlike a
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192:
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momentum in a difficult period for the government and the centre-left coalition. The centre-right (see
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809:
2024:
Primary elections are used much more frequently by parties at the regional than at the federal level.
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Because many Washington residents were disappointed over the loss of their blanket primary, which the
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2160:) has never held a primary at the national level, but held some experiments at the very local level.
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of Wisconsin also campaigned for primaries, leading Wisconsin to approve them in a 1904 referendum.
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1972:
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The means by which the candidate of an established political party is selected has evolved. Until
1317:
Despite this, presidential nominations depended chiefly on party conventions until 1972. In 1968,
4097:"Mehr Basisdemokratie wagen? Organisationsreformen der deutschen Mitgliederparteien im Vergleich"
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In the past, Canadian political parties chose party leaders through an American-style delegated
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897:
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2710:, allowing each member to choose one format or the other for their vote (as was used in their
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2010:
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1730:, which entered into force in December 2009, lays down that the outcome of elections to the
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In California, under Proposition 14 (Top Two Candidates Open Primary Act), a voter-approved
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1372:
1224:
1211:
1178:
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This system is sometimes criticized for increasing the ease with which voters can engage in
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58:
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2547:, nomination meetings and leadership elections (somewhat similar to primary elections) in
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1991:
was elected in a four-way race. However, she did not clinch the mayorship two years later.
1848:
1421:
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which required all states to hold primaries, and the Republican party soon followed suit.
1318:
1260:
1251:
1227:. The top two candidates advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation.
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234:
176:
54:
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Unlike the kinds of primaries mentioned above, St. Louis uses a nonpartisan primary with
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2021:
and Katrin Göring-Eckardt) in a primary election by all party members (closed primary).
78:
4674:
The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North
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The American direct primary: party institutionalization and transformation in the North
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2375:
2286:
election offered citizens to choose a single candidate from the democratic opposition.
2271:
2083:
2078:, Hungary in 2019 between four opposition parties, to select a single candidate to the
2049:
2018:
1984:
1896:
1892:
1844:
The right didn't hold often primary elections to decide for their national candidates.
1502:
1046:
793:
733:
718:
529:
398:
373:
224:
4689:
3478:
Karen M. Kaufmann, et al., "A Promise Fulfilled? Open Primaries and Representation,"
3272:"Tishaura Jones, Cara Spencer advance to general election in race for St. Louis Mayor"
1424:
is sometimes a concern in non-partisan primaries as members of the opposite party can
918:
4707:
4698:
4636:
Jeremias, Ralf. "Primary Elections in the USA: Between Republicanism and Democracy".
4081:
4034:
2837:
2806:
2731:
2681:
2596:
and then members in attendance will vote. The electoral system most often used is an
2336:
2309:
2298:
2290:
2033:
2009:
The Greens nominated their top candidates for the 2013 federal election (election of
1888:
1862:
held, on 20 and 27 November, primaries to decide of their presidential candidate for
1774:
1727:
1564:, the candidate must move more towards the center in hopes of capturing a plurality.
1425:
1298:
1174:
1034:
802:
502:
290:
128:
91:
66:
31:
3495:
3228:
3048:
2829:
2665:
2622:
2132:
2041:
1797:
1766:
1050:
542:
306:
299:
229:
4439:
4018:
2429:. Further open primaries were used to select some Conservative candidates for the
1907:
or a split, a registration campaign, enabling membership for only 20 euros, and a
4112:
4065:
3070:
1938:, it was seen as a way to reinvigorate the party. The idea was first proposed by
4646:
Communication in the Presidential Primaries: Candidates and the Media, 1912–2000
4135:"Germany's CDU opens up leadership vote to all members in bid to start 'afresh'"
2927:
2845:
2446:
2433:, and there are hopes other parties may nominate future candidates in this way.
2301:
held the primaries to determine the candidate for the Gubernatorial election in
2173:
2057:
1577:
1486:
1183:
420:
378:
321:
266:
4623:
The promise and challenge of party primary elections: a comparative perspective
3831:
1891:
won the nomination three months before the election. He lost in the run-off to
1126:
are not affiliated with a political party. As of 2016, thirteen states and the
2861:
2714:
leadership election). In 2013, members of the Liberal Party of Canada elected
2690:
is used in whole or in part to elect the leaders of the three largest federal
2321:
2302:
1432:
1345:
elections to reduce the set of candidates that go on to the general election (
4120:
4073:
4026:
3690:
2115:
coalition held open primaries in order to select candidates for President of
1971:
Other parties organize membership primaries to choose their nominee, such as
3966:
2968:
2897:
1915:
won. She qualified to the national run-off that she lost to Nicolas Sarkozy.
1061:
388:
383:
4694:
2123:. A more politically significant primary was held on 16 October 2005, when
1233:
California has used a nonpartisan blanket primary since 2012 after passing
1018:, highlighting the structural and behavioral similarity of such systems to
27:
Election that narrows the field of candidates before an election for office
4621:
Cross, William P., Kenig, Ofer, Pruysers, Scott, and Rahat, Gideon. 2016.
3547:
2425:, the Conservative Party used open primaries to select two candidates for
930:
3903:
Constitutional Affairs Committee discusses pan-European political parties
3184:"Register to Vote and Update Your Registration - Ohio Secretary of State"
2787:
2120:
2075:
1364:
1220:
639:
17:
4290:
1010:
for both primary and general elections are often described as using the
4609:
First in the Nation: New Hampshire and the Premier Presidential Primary
3483:
2579:
Typically, in the months before an anticipated general election, local
2568:
2275:
2198: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1840:
elected through direct election faced a competitive internal election.
1821:
1375:
that is in effect a run-off. This often has the effect of eliminating
1223:. Instead, the election would correctly be called the first round of a
425:
3761:
American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials 2011-12 Edition
3627:"Texas GOP Passes New Rule to Close Primaries from Democrat Influence"
3467:
2270:
The first primaries in the history of Russia were held in May 2000 in
2646:
2592:
2548:
2544:
2116:
1675:
1494:
1038:
4598:
Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, 8th Edition
3873:(in French). Les Brefs de Notre Europe. October 2010. Archived from
3679:"Highlights From the South Carolina Primary and Joe Biden's Big Win"
2981:
have conducted limited experiments with primary-style preselections.
2625:. Not only will the party leader run for a seat in their own chosen
2048:
was elected. The CDU used the procedure for the first time in 2021.
4667:
Stormy Weather: The New Hampshire Primary and Presidential Politics
3959:"The Occasional Democratisation of Leadership Selection in Germany"
3784:
American-style primaries would breathe life into European elections
2765:
In Argentina, the presidential primary election is structured as a
2135:
won hands down. Two years later, on 14 October 2007, voters of the
2127:
asked its voters to decide the candidate for Prime Minister in the
1263:, where voters may support any number of candidates instead of one.
1219:
Technically not a primary, as the term "nonpartisan primary" is an
4050:"The Rare Event of Choice: Party Primaries in German Land Parties"
2944:
2560:
2393:
2020 Confederation Liberty and Independence presidential primaries
1493:
have drawn attention every four years because they hold the first
4604:
and Russell L. Hanson. Washington D.C.: CQ Press, pp. 62–100
4320:
1084:
candidate for prime minister, much like a presidential primary.
4477:"Liberals vote overwhelmingly in favour of one-member, one-vote"
4264:
3797:"EGP announce innovative common campaign for European Elections"
2876:, have all run primary elections on several different occasions.
2722:, regardless of how many members voted in each riding) to elect
2621:
Canadian political parties also organize their own elections of
2359:
from among those who did not even participate in the primaries.
1918:
In 2011, the Socialist Party decided to organise the first ever
1800:
also suggested European parties should designate candidates for
4574:"NSW Liberals reject Tony Abbott-backed plan for preselections"
4440:"Chapter 7: Candidate Nomination in Canada's Political Parties"
4361:"Члены Партии роста предложили Путину уйти с поста президента"
4003:"Effects of Party Primaries in German Regional Party Branches"
3518:"WASHINGTON STATE GRANGE v. WASHINGTON STATE REPUBLICAN PARTY"
3090:
3088:
2591:
will schedule and announce a Nomination Meeting (similar to a
2440:
2332:, any Muscovite could vote, and not only registered electors.
2167:
1571:
1056:
A similar procedure for selecting individual candidates under
1902:
The idea made progress as the 2007 race approached, once the
1765:(EGP) announced that it would run a first ever European-wide
4660:
The New Hampshire Primary and the American Electoral Process
2706:, albeit the New Democratic Party uses a mixture of IRV and
2675:
Lately, Canada's major political parties have moved towards
1696:
organised the first open primary in France in October 2011.
77:
3919:(English Supplement ed.). 3 December 2007. p. E1.
2664:, or delegates from party-affiliated organizations such as
2103:
Primary election were introduced in Italy to establish the
1962:
was designated the Socialist and Radical candidate for the
1505:
has also become increasingly important, as it is the first
1114:
In the United States, further types can be differentiated:
1064:
systems; in such systems, the primary is combined with the
4343:""Единая Россия" отменила итоги праймериз в Нижнем Тагиле"
3921:
A Yerkir agency report from the Armenian capital, Yerevan.
2316:, held primaries for the nomination of candidates for the
1777:
united in the EGP, and who also were their candidates for
1406:
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington
4615:
The Center for Election Science. Electoral System Summary
3388:
The Party's Primary: Control of Congressional Nominations
2405:
2014 Portuguese Socialist Party prime ministerial primary
1367:
in the primary, the two candidates receiving the highest
4213:"Baranyi Krisztina nyerte a ferencvárosi előválasztást"
3958:
3563:"Calif. Voting Change Could Signal Big Political Shift"
1681:
Whereas closed primaries are rather common within many
1509:
state to hold a primary election in the calendar year.
4187:"Karácsony wins opposition primary for Budapest mayor"
2916:
2019 Democratic Progressive Party presidential primary
1297:
voters. The US Supreme Court would later declare such
1029:
The origins of primary elections can be traced to the
4526:"Pre-selecting candidates using US-style 'primaries'"
2082:. A smaller primary was also held in the district of
3932:"Pour une primaire à la Française | Terra Nova"
3049:"Closed Primary Election Law & Legal Definition"
1802:
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs
1186:
as the Republican candidate in the general election.
4611:. Portsmouth, NH: Peter E. Randall Publishers, 1987
3315:
We the People: An Introduction to American Politics
2471:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1602:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
34:-based description of the method's properties, see
4638:Topos. Journal for Philosophy and Cultural Studies
4632:. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. pp. 157–73
4445:. In Jon H. Pammett and Christopher Dornan (ed.).
4283:"Предварительное голосование "Трибуна Роста" 2016"
3758:
3345:
3125:
2938:United New Democratic Party presidential primaries
2864:: the country's three main political parties, the
2641:; if the party comes third or lower but maintains
1950:, and members of the parties' youth organisation (
1327:substantial controversy at the national convention
1243:has used a nonpartisan blanket primary since 2008.
2950:2022 Indian National Congress leadership election
2017:) and for the 2017 federal election (election of
30:"Plurality-with-primaries" redirects here. For a
4101:Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften
3159:"Maine joins list of states with open primaries"
3027:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 189–190.
1754:, advocated for American-style primaries in the
1329:. To prevent a recurrence, Democrats set up the
2417:Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary primaries
1041:, internal selection by a party body such as a
3712:"Democrats Set Primary Calendar and Penalties"
2060:in an online ballot of all CDU party members.
1399:voter choice; opponents said it would exclude
1371:, regardless of party affiliation, go on to a
1323:without entering any of the 14 state primaries
3254:"History of Washington State Primary Systems"
3217:. New Jersey: Pearson Education. p. 152.
3119:
3117:
2289:In 2007, before the parliamentary elections,
1428:in order to face an easier general election.
1076:. A party's leader will typically become the
966:
8:
3496:"Blanket Primary Law & Legal Definition"
3352:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp.
2955:Prime ministerial candidacy of Narendra Modi
1723:consider organizing a presidential primary.
3102:. National Conference of State Legislatures
2824:, four parties held primary elections: The
1394:helped institute in 1935, the Grange filed
4630:Political Parties in America, 12th Edition
3815:"Green Party Candidate Selection Infogram"
3348:State and Local Government: The Essentials
3319:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p.
3128:State and Local Government: The Essentials
1548:officials, and the candidates themselves.
1177:. Raiding consists of voters of one party
973:
959:
49:
4596:Bibby, John, and Holbrook, Thomas. 2004.
3845:Resolution of the PES Council in Warsaw,
3782:Article by Tom Spencer in European Voice
3071:"Open Primary Law & Legal Definition"
2563:. (The legislatures and elections in the
2531:Learn how and when to remove this message
2370:for the nomination of candidates for the
2258:Learn how and when to remove this message
2074:A two-round primary election was held in
1662:Learn how and when to remove this message
4549:"Nationals face up to primary challenge"
4479:. Liberal.ca. 2 May 2009. Archived from
2662:members of Parliament or the legislature
2388:2019 Civic Platform presidential primary
1820:political party conducted a non-binding
3015:
2933:2017 South Korean presidential election
65:
4547:van Onselen, Peter (17 January 2009).
3983:
3972:
2903:2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries
2555:, in legislative elections in all ten
1058:party-list proportional representation
4503:"What Comes Next in the Liberal Vote"
4448:The Canadian Federal Election of 2006
4239:"Opposition primary starts in August"
4095:Decker, Frank; Küppers, Anne (2015).
3677:Corasaniti, Nick (29 February 2020).
2036:, the SPD held another party primary
1904:referendum on a European constitution
7:
4690:The Green Papers – Voter Eligibility
2921:2019 Kuomintang presidential primary
2469:adding citations to reliable sources
2274:, the local branches of the parties
2196:adding citations to reliable sources
1737:President of the European Commission
1600:adding citations to reliable sources
1363:: typically, if no candidate wins a
996:selects a candidate for an upcoming
4451:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. pp.
3901:European Parliament press release,
3425:Florida State University Law Review
2781:2017 Chilean presidential primaries
2111:. In that occasion the centre-left
1973:Europe Ecologie – Les Verts (EE-LV)
1383:system, a run-off system meets the
1165:A registered voter may vote in any
4379:"GP wins Tory 'open primary' race"
3215:Politics in States and Communities
2378:, if he decides to be re-elected.
2052:prevailed against two competitors
2038:to determine her successor in 2019
1481:United States presidential primary
25:
3765:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. p.
3132:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. p.
2805:held primary elections, electing
2131:: 4,300,000 voters showed up and
2070:2021 Hungarian opposition primary
1818:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1068:. Parties in countries using the
4524:Holmes, Brenton (18 July 2011).
4409:"Tories test the mood in Totnes"
3654:. oregonlive.com. Archived from
3625:Waltens, Brandon (24 May 2024).
3599:. idahovotes.gov. Archived from
2445:
2172:
1816:On 24 and 25 November 2007, the
1576:
942:
929:
917:
865:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
511:Semi-proportional representation
143:First preference plurality (FPP)
4415:. 4 August 2009. Archived from
4385:. 4 August 2009. Archived from
4167:(in Hungarian). 3 February 2019
3561:McKinley, Jesse (9 June 2010).
3544:"California Secretary of State"
3025:Governing States and Localities
2456:needs additional citations for
2183:needs additional citations for
1790:European elections of June 2009
1587:needs additional citations for
1020:plurality-with-runoff elections
4211:Dániel, Ács (16 August 2019).
4001:Küppers, Anne (3 April 2021).
3390:. Cambridge University Press.
3096:"State Primary Election Types"
2809:as the Liberal candidate, and
2605:or the provincial/territorial
2294:participate in the primaries.
2080:2019 Budapest mayoral election
1321:won the Democratic nomination
903:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
860:Moulin's impossibility theorem
825:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
4019:10.1080/09644008.2020.1748602
3957:Küppers, Anne (11 May 2022).
3464:Wisconsin Magazine of History
2852:chose former mayor of Bogota
1779:European Commission president
1533:Republican National Committee
1524:won in offending states. The
1518:Democratic National Committee
1426:vote for the weaker candidate
729:Frustrated majorities paradox
4695:How Political Primaries Work
4113:10.5771/1610-7780-2015-3-397
4066:10.1080/09644008.2013.794451
3915:"ARF conducts 'Primaries'".
3386:Hassell, Hans J. G. (2018).
3270:Clancy, Sam (2 March 2021).
2870:Social Christian Unity Party
2700:Conservative Party of Canada
1975:(2006, 2011, 2016), and the
1786:Party of European Socialists
1784:Following the defeat of the
1705:Party of European Socialists
898:Condorcet dominance theorems
838:Social and collective choice
3311:Ginsberg, Benjamin (2011).
2822:2010 presidential elections
2815:Alternative Democratic Pole
2803:Alternative Democratic Pole
2795:2006 presidential elections
2692:political parties in Canada
2633:(in a federal election) or
1769:as the preparation for the
1469:Independent Party of Oregon
1208:Nonpartisan blanket primary
1053:, and nomination meetings.
1049:, direct nomination by the
564:By mechanism of combination
335:Proportional representation
4735:
4653:Primaries: Open and Closed
4048:Detterbeck, Klaus (2013).
3832:Campaign for a PES primary
3580:Republican Party v. Ysursa
2910:Republic of China (Taiwan)
2414:
2314:All-Russian People's Front
2099:Primary elections in Italy
2096:
2067:
1964:2012 presidential election
1932:2012 presidential election
1871:On the left, however, the
1771:European elections in 2014
1721:European political parties
1478:
1331:McGovern–Fraser Commission
762:Multiple districts paradox
493:Fractional approval voting
481:Interactive representation
40:
29:
4528:. Parliament of Australia
4505:. Maclean's. 5 April 2013
4191:Budapest Business Journal
3852:27 September 2011 at the
3734:. Gop.com. Archived from
3652:"E-voting? Not ready yet"
3466:26#2 (1942), pp. 219–21.
2866:National Liberation Party
2353:Nizhny Tagil constituency
1948:Radical Party of the Left
1928:Radical Party of the Left
1461:Republican Party of Texas
1385:Condorcet loser criterion
1341:Primaries can be used in
1016:partisan two-round system
992:are elections in which a
709:Paradoxes and pathologies
558:Mixed-member proportional
553:Mixed-member majoritarian
548:By results of combination
439:Approval-based committees
3757:Bardes, Barbara (2012).
3023:Smith, Kevin B. (2011).
2828:elected former minister
2629:, they will also become
1796:The European think-tank
1743:In April 2004, a former
1445:county central committee
1136:Semi-closed or semi-open
1012:plurality-with-primaries
888:Condorcet's jury theorem
689:Double simultaneous vote
664:Rural–urban proportional
659:Dual-member proportional
621:
610:
577:Parallel (superposition)
469:Fractional social choice
456:Expanding approvals rule
285:
270:
255:
186:
175:
151:
43:Primary (disambiguation)
4438:Cross, William (2006).
3917:Horizon Armenian Weekly
3213:Dye, Thomas R. (2009).
2696:Liberal Party of Canada
2297:In the same year 2007,
2040:. A dual leadership of
1756:European People's Party
1543:Primary classifications
1392:Washington State Grange
815:Tyranny of the majority
592:Fusion (majority bonus)
409:Quota-remainder methods
3982:Cite journal requires
3482:65#2 (2003): 457-476.
3427:(2001). 29#1: 55–107
2975:Australian Labor Party
2874:Citizens' Action Party
2341:People's Freedom Party
2154:centre-right coalition
2109:2005 regional election
2046:Norbert Walter-Borjans
1977:French Communist Party
1922:in France to pick the
1485:In the United States,
1475:Presidential primaries
1235:Proposition 14 in 2010
1130:used closed primaries.
949:Mathematics portal
855:Majority impossibility
844:Impossibility theorems
640:Negative vote transfer
461:Method of equal shares
82:
4644:Kendall, Kathleen E.
3967:10.31219/osf.io/ys3r9
3414:(Cambridge UP, 2002).
3229:"Registering to Vote"
2654:leadership convention
2643:official party status
2565:Northwest Territories
2431:2015 general election
2423:2010 general election
2372:presidential election
2280:Union of Right Forces
2150:The People of Freedom
2129:2006 general election
2015:Katrin Göring-Eckardt
1989:Françoise de Panafieu
1983:2008 election of the
1911:was organized, which
1312:Robert M. La Follette
752:Best-is-worst paradox
741:Pathological response
476:Direct representation
129:Single-winner methods
81:
4640:, 1/2021, pp. 55-72.
4269:volna.parnasparty.ru
3524:. U.S. Supreme Court
3451:Wisconsin: A History
3344:Bowman, Ann (2006).
3124:Bowman, Ann (2012).
2813:as candidate of the
2801:, and the socialist
2704:New Democratic Party
2670:New Democratic Party
2649:in the legislature.
2607:election commissions
2465:improve this article
2427:Member of Parliament
2312:, together with the
2192:improve this article
1763:European Green Party
1745:British conservative
1701:European Green Party
1596:improve this article
1562:median voter theorem
1417:strategic nomination
1301:unconstitutional in
1268:In the United States
1128:District of Columbia
1074:leadership elections
1070:parliamentary system
1031:progressive movement
936:Economics portal
883:Median voter theorem
102:Comparative politics
41:For other uses, see
4582:. 10 February 2018.
3738:on 30 November 2008
3593:Idaho Voter's Guide
3550:on 18 January 2012.
3480:Journal of Politics
3462:Irvine L. Lenroot,
3298:"Murphy Transcript"
3233:www.sec.state.ma.us
3194:on 25 November 2020
3188:www.sos.state.oh.us
2997:Leadership election
2726:as party leader in
2668:in the case of the
2639:Official Opposition
2581:riding associations
2571:are non-partisan.)
1936:2008 U.S. primaries
1877:François Mitterrand
1851:, President of the
1732:European Parliament
1715:With a view to the
1687:leadership election
1411:In elections using
1144:unaffiliated voters
1024:nonpartisan primary
1008:first-past-the-post
924:Politics portal
635:Vote linkage system
606:Seat linkage system
193:Ranked-choice (RCV)
4628:Hershey, Majorie.
4607:Brereton Charles.
4389:on 26 January 2016
3938:on 22 January 2015
3717:The New York Times
3683:The New York Times
3658:on 8 December 2015
3606:on 22 January 2015
3567:The New York Times
3449:Robert C. Nesbit,
2842:Conservative Party
2832:as candidate, the
2589:electoral district
2480:"Primary election"
2207:"Primary election"
1934:. Inspired by the
1836:, none of the six
1717:European elections
1683:European countries
1611:"Primary election"
1347:qualifying primary
1304:Smith v. Allwright
1078:head of government
820:Discursive dilemma
779:Lesser evil voting
654:Supermixed systems
357:Largest remainders
215:Round-robin voting
83:
4719:Electoral systems
4714:Primary elections
4658:Palmer, Niall A.
4462:978-1-55002-650-4
4419:on 10 August 2018
4367:. 10 August 2017.
4317:russian-greens.ru
4141:. 2 November 2021
3905:, 31 January 2011
3856:, 2 December 2010
3720:. 20 August 2006.
3397:978-1-108-42099-0
3034:978-1-60426-728-0
2844:chose ambassador
2708:exhaustive voting
2598:exhaustive ballot
2593:nominating caucus
2585:political parties
2541:
2540:
2533:
2515:
2282:, who before the
2268:
2267:
2260:
2242:
2146:House of Freedoms
1960:François Hollande
1672:
1671:
1664:
1646:
1459:In May 2024, the
1413:electoral systems
1360:Louisiana primary
1282:political science
1004:Electoral systems
990:primary elections
983:
982:
870:Gibbard's theorem
810:Dominance paradox
747:Perverse response
451:Phragmen's method
317:Majority judgment
245:Positional voting
203:Condorcet methods
71:electoral systems
16:(Redirected from
4726:
4665:Scala, Dante J.
4584:
4583:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
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4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4444:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4319:. Archived from
4313:"Альянс Зеленых"
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4289:. Archived from
4279:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
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3998:
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3991:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3970:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3934:. Archived from
3928:
3922:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3588:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3546:. Archived from
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3492:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3351:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3318:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3190:. Archived from
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3131:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3020:
2836:elected senator
2720:weighted equally
2677:direct elections
2609:as appropriate.
2603:Elections Canada
2575:Local candidates
2553:House of Commons
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2473:
2449:
2441:
2330:Moscow City Duma
2263:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2200:
2176:
2168:
2137:Democratic Party
1930:nominee for the
1667:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1604:
1580:
1572:
1381:plurality voting
1373:general election
1295:African American
1225:two-round system
1212:Two-round system
1066:general election
1060:can be found in
998:general election
975:
968:
961:
947:
946:
934:
933:
922:
921:
877:Positive results
772:Strategic voting
669:Majority jackpot
626:
615:
486:Liquid democracy
362:National remnant
352:Highest averages
289:
274:
259:
191:
182:Alternative vote
180:
164:Partisan primary
156:
97:Mechanism design
50:
36:two-round system
21:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4704:
4703:
4686:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4579:TheGuardian.com
4572:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4265:"Волна перемен"
4263:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4054:German Politics
4047:
4046:
4042:
4007:German Politics
4000:
3999:
3995:
3981:
3971:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3880:on 25 July 2011
3877:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3854:Wayback Machine
3842:
3841:
3837:
3830:Website of the
3827:
3826:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3801:European Greens
3795:
3794:
3790:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3631:Texas Scorecard
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3477:
3473:
3461:
3457:
3453:(1973) 412-415.
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3278:. St. Louis, MO
3269:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3157:Meyers, David.
3156:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3012:
2993:
2965:
2894:
2834:Democratic Pole
2767:blanket primary
2757:
2752:
2619:
2577:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2450:
2439:
2419:
2413:
2401:
2384:
2364:Party of Growth
2357:Dmitry Medvedev
2345:Party of Growth
2264:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2177:
2166:
2142:Walter Veltroni
2107:candidates for
2101:
2095:
2072:
2066:
2054:Norbert Röttgen
2030:
2007:
1998:
1944:Socialist party
1924:Socialist party
1883:A first try in
1873:Socialist Party
1860:The Republicans
1849:Nicolas Sarkozy
1830:
1814:
1713:
1694:Socialist Party
1668:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1605:
1603:
1593:
1581:
1570:
1545:
1483:
1477:
1471:in July, 2010.
1454:
1435:, in all races
1422:tactical voting
1355:
1339:
1319:Hubert Humphrey
1299:white primaries
1290:
1270:
1261:approval voting
1252:Unified primary
1216:
1197:
1193:Blanket primary
1162:
1139:
1122:
1095:
1090:
994:political party
986:Party primaries
979:
941:
940:
928:
916:
908:
907:
874:
850:Arrow's theorem
840:
830:
829:
798:
768:
757:No-show paradox
738:
724:Cloning paradox
714:Spoiler effects
711:
701:
700:
675:
562:
545:
535:
534:
507:
498:Maximal lottery
465:
446:Thiele's method
435:
405:
337:
327:
326:
312:Approval voting
300:Cardinal voting
296:
241:
235:Maximal lottery
199:
131:
121:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4692:
4685:
4684:External links
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4565:
4553:The Australian
4539:
4516:
4494:
4468:
4461:
4430:
4400:
4370:
4352:
4347:УралИнформБюро
4334:
4304:
4293:on 29 May 2016
4274:
4256:
4245:(in Hungarian)
4229:
4203:
4178:
4152:
4126:
4107:(3): 397–419.
4087:
4060:(3): 270–287.
4040:
4013:(2): 208–226.
3993:
3984:|journal=
3949:
3923:
3907:
3891:
3858:
3835:
3820:
3806:
3788:
3772:
3749:
3723:
3703:
3669:
3643:
3617:
3583:
3572:
3553:
3535:
3509:
3487:
3471:
3455:
3442:
3433:
3416:
3403:
3396:
3378:
3369:
3362:
3336:
3329:
3303:
3289:
3262:
3245:
3220:
3205:
3175:
3149:
3142:
3113:
3084:
3062:
3040:
3033:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:Sore loser law
3000:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:National Party
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2877:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:Antanas Mockus
2818:
2811:Carlos Gaviria
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2740:Stephen Harper
2716:Justin Trudeau
2688:Instant-runoff
2682:mail-in ballot
2660:sitting party
2631:Prime Minister
2618:
2615:
2576:
2573:
2539:
2538:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2415:Main article:
2412:
2411:United Kingdom
2409:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2376:Vladimir Putin
2349:Green Alliance
2272:St. Petersburg
2266:
2265:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2097:Main article:
2094:
2091:
2065:
2062:
2050:Friedrich Merz
2029:
2026:
2011:Jürgen Trittin
2006:
2005:Top candidates
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1985:Mayor of Paris
1980:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1916:
1913:Ségolène Royal
1909:closed primary
1900:
1897:spoiler effect
1893:Jacques Chirac
1869:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1829:
1826:
1813:
1810:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1759:
1712:
1711:European Union
1709:
1703:(EGP) and the
1670:
1669:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1544:
1541:
1526:New York Times
1503:South Carolina
1479:Main article:
1476:
1473:
1453:
1450:
1441:U.S. president
1354:
1351:
1338:
1335:
1289:
1286:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1119:Closed primary
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1102:Closed primary
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1072:may also hold
1047:party congress
981:
980:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
952:
951:
939:
938:
926:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
841:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
797:
796:
794:Turkey-raising
791:
786:
781:
767:
766:
765:
764:
754:
749:
737:
736:
734:Center squeeze
731:
726:
721:
719:Spoiler effect
712:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
693:
692:
691:
678:By ballot type
674:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
651:
650:
649:
648:
647:
642:
632:
631:
630:
619:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
561:
560:
555:
546:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
530:Limited voting
527:
526:
525:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
489:
488:
483:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
404:
403:
402:
401:
399:Localized list
396:
391:
386:
381:
371:
370:
369:
367:Biproportional
364:
359:
354:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
295:
294:
279:
264:
240:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
212:
198:
197:
196:
195:
184:
171:Instant-runoff
168:
167:
166:
158:Jungle primary
145:
134:Single vote -
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
85:
84:
74:
73:
63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4700:
4699:HowStuffWorks
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:Virginia Gray
4599:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4527:
4520:
4517:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4483:on 4 May 2011
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4434:
4431:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4323:on 7 May 2016
4322:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4244:
4240:
4237:www.napi.hu.
4233:
4230:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3892:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3753:
3750:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3523:
3522:18 March 2008
3519:
3513:
3510:
3498:. USLegal.com
3497:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3363:9780618522811
3359:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3330:9780393935233
3326:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3143:9781111341497
3139:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3073:. USLegal.com
3072:
3066:
3063:
3051:. USLegal.com
3050:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:Gustavo Petro
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:Liberal Party
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:Horacio Serpa
2804:
2800:
2799:Liberal Party
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2732:Andrew Scheer
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:party leaders
2617:Party leaders
2616:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2524:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482: –
2481:
2477:
2476:Find sources:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2454:This article
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:In 2017, the
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:United Russia
2333:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:Duma election
2315:
2311:
2310:United Russia
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:A Just Russia
2295:
2292:
2291:United Russia
2287:
2285:
2284:Gubernatorial
2281:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2259:
2251:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209: –
2208:
2204:
2203:Find sources:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2181:This section
2179:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:Andrea Nahles
2028:Party leaders
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Lionel Jospin
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:green parties
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:In July 2013
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:Lisbon treaty
1724:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613: –
1612:
1608:
1607:Find sources:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1585:This article
1583:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:New Hampshire
1488:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:for that for
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:third parties
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:minor parties
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1179:crossing over
1176:
1175:party raiding
1172:
1168:
1167:party primary
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:United States
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
956:
954:
953:
950:
945:
937:
932:
927:
925:
920:
915:
914:
912:
911:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:May's theorem
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
839:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
805:
804:
803:majority rule
801:Paradoxes of
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
773:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
742:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
710:
705:
704:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:
679:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
629:
624:
620:
618:
613:
609:
608:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
566:
565:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
544:
543:Mixed systems
539:
538:
531:
528:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
504:
503:Random ballot
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
410:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
347:Apportionment
345:
344:
343:
342:
336:
331:
330:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
292:
288:
283:
282:Antiplurality
280:
277:
273:
268:
265:
262:
258:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
211:
210:Condorcet-IRV
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
194:
189:
185:
183:
178:
174:
173:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
159:
154:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
137:
130:
125:
124:
117:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
92:Social choice
90:
89:
87:
86:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:Social choice
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
32:social choice
19:
4673:
4672:Ware, Alan.
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4608:
4597:
4577:
4568:
4556:. Retrieved
4552:
4542:
4530:. Retrieved
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4481:the original
4471:
4447:
4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:the original
4412:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4387:the original
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4321:the original
4316:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4291:the original
4287:dvigrosta.ru
4286:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4242:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4216:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4190:
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4164:
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4138:
4129:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3975:cite journal
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:the original
3926:
3916:
3910:
3899:(in English)
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3875:the original
3861:
3843:(in English)
3838:
3828:(in English)
3823:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3780:(in English)
3775:
3760:
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3736:the original
3726:
3715:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3682:
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3656:the original
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3601:the original
3592:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3556:
3548:the original
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3521:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3490:
3479:
3474:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3436:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3347:
3339:
3314:
3306:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3275:
3265:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3232:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3187:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:
3152:
3127:
3104:. Retrieved
3099:
3075:. Retrieved
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3043:
3024:
3018:
2830:Rafael Pardo
2724:Erin O'Toole
2686:
2674:
2666:labor unions
2657:
2651:
2620:
2611:
2578:
2542:
2527:
2518:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2475:
2463:Please help
2458:verification
2455:
2420:
2361:
2334:
2326:
2307:
2296:
2288:
2269:
2254:
2245:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2202:
2190:Please help
2185:verification
2182:
2158:Forza Italia
2133:Romano Prodi
2102:
2088:
2073:
2042:Saskia Esken
2031:
2023:
2008:
1999:
1920:open primary
1831:
1815:
1806:
1798:Notre Europe
1795:
1767:open primary
1726:Indeed, the
1725:
1714:
1698:
1691:
1680:
1673:
1658:
1649:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1606:
1594:Please help
1589:verification
1586:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1484:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1410:
1389:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1340:
1337:Non-partisan
1316:
1309:
1302:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1206:
1191:
1166:
1158:Open primary
1156:
1135:
1118:
1113:
1108:Open primary
1107:
1101:
1096:
1081:
1055:
1051:party leader
1028:
1015:
1011:
1002:
989:
985:
984:
876:
875:
842:
800:
799:
784:Exaggeration
770:
769:
740:
739:
713:
677:
676:
645:Mixed ballot
600:Compensatory
598:
571:compensatory
568:
563:
547:
509:
508:
467:
466:
437:
436:
407:
406:
394:List-free PR
339:
307:Score voting
298:
297:
243:
242:
230:Ranked pairs
201:
200:
133:
47:
4625:. Montreal.
4249:4 September
4222:13 February
4196:13 February
4171:13 February
3942:11 February
3440:Ware, 2003.
3410:Alan Ware,
3163:The Fulcrum
2928:South Korea
2850:Green Party
2846:Noemi Sanin
2105:centre-left
2084:Ferencváros
2058:Helge Braun
2019:Cem Özdemir
1788:during the
1752:Tom Spencer
1369:pluralities
1343:nonpartisan
1184:Fred Tuttle
684:Single vote
587:Conditional
582:Coexistence
431:Quota Borda
421:Schulze STV
379:Closed list
322:STAR voting
267:Borda count
4708:Categories
4591:References
3884:6 February
3786:22.04.2004
3742:30 January
3696:29 January
3502:7 November
3077:7 November
3055:7 November
2872:, and the
2862:Costa Rica
2848:, and the
2702:, and the
2491:newspapers
2366:holds the
2322:State Duma
2303:Altai Krai
2218:newspapers
2068:See also:
1940:Terra Nova
1838:Presidents
1622:newspapers
1433:referendum
1396:Initiative
1325:, causing
1241:Washington
1170:primaries.
1043:convention
789:Truncation
518:Cumulative
341:Party-list
116:By country
107:Comparison
4327:15 August
4297:15 August
4121:1610-7780
4082:153409906
4074:0964-4008
4035:216491161
4027:0964-4008
3732:"GOP.com"
3691:0362-4331
3662:11 August
3238:13 August
2969:Australia
2898:Hong Kong
2761:Argentina
2750:Elsewhere
2559:, and in
2557:provinces
2521:June 2024
2437:In Canada
2368:primaries
2308:In 2011,
2248:June 2024
2125:The Union
2113:The Union
1858:In 2016,
1847:In 2007,
1652:June 2024
1568:In Europe
1522:delegates
1307:in 1944.
1201:election.
1062:open list
696:Dual-vote
389:Panachage
384:Open list
374:List type
252:Plurality
148:Two-round
136:plurality
59:Economics
18:Primaries
4558:29 March
4532:29 March
4509:17 April
4487:17 April
4413:BBC News
4383:BBC News
4139:POLITICO
3850:Archived
3528:22 April
2991:See also
2977:and the
2885:process.
2788:Colombia
2755:Americas
2587:in each
2421:For the
2399:Portugal
2347:and the
2278:and the
2121:Calabria
2076:Budapest
1979:in 2011.
1946:and the
1926:and the
1507:Southern
1452:Partisan
1365:majority
1221:oxymoron
1082:de facto
1039:caucuses
416:Hare STV
55:Politics
53:A joint
4453:171–195
4243:Napi.hu
4145:29 July
3610:14 June
3168:20 June
3106:5 April
2963:Oceania
2880:Uruguay
2820:In the
2793:In the
2635:Premier
2569:Nunavut
2505:scholar
2276:Yabloko
2232:scholar
2064:Hungary
1996:Germany
1822:Armenia
1812:Armenia
1719:, many
1636:scholar
1499:primary
1353:Blanket
1288:History
1093:General
1033:in the
426:CPO-STV
276:Baldwin
225:Schulze
220:Minimax
138:methods
4678:online
4669:(2003)
4662:(1997)
4648:(2000)
4600:. Ed.
4459:
4423:22 May
4393:22 May
4119:
4080:
4072:
4033:
4025:
3689:
3636:2 June
3484:online
3468:online
3429:online
3394:
3360:
3327:
3282:22 May
3198:16 May
3140:
3031:
2868:, the
2840:, the
2797:, the
2738:, and
2698:, the
2694:: the
2647:caucus
2627:riding
2549:Canada
2545:Europe
2543:As in
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2382:Poland
2343:, the
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2164:Russia
2117:Apulia
1828:France
1707:(PES)
1676:Europe
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1495:caucus
1437:except
1415:where
1006:using
291:Coombs
61:series
4443:(PDF)
4165:Mérce
4078:S2CID
4031:S2CID
3878:(PDF)
3871:(PDF)
3604:(PDF)
3597:(PDF)
3354:75–77
3257:(PDF)
3010:Notes
2945:India
2776:Chile
2770:well.
2561:Yukon
2512:JSTOR
2498:books
2239:JSTOR
2225:books
2093:Italy
1643:JSTOR
1629:books
1088:Types
628:'MMP'
617:'AMS'
4560:2017
4534:2017
4511:2013
4489:2011
4457:ISBN
4425:2010
4395:2010
4329:2017
4299:2017
4251:2021
4224:2020
4198:2020
4173:2020
4147:2022
4117:ISSN
4070:ISSN
4023:ISSN
3988:help
3944:2015
3886:2011
3744:2009
3698:2021
3687:ISSN
3664:2010
3638:2024
3612:2021
3530:2012
3504:2012
3392:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3284:2024
3276:KSDK
3240:2020
3200:2018
3170:2023
3138:ISBN
3108:2016
3100:NCSL
3079:2012
3057:2012
3029:ISBN
2973:The
2892:Asia
2744:2004
2736:2017
2728:2020
2712:2017
2658:e.g.
2567:and
2484:news
2211:news
2156:and
2119:and
2056:and
2044:and
2013:and
1954:and
1885:1995
1864:2017
1834:2012
1615:news
1516:The
1497:and
1489:and
1487:Iowa
1443:and
1147:Day.
1026:".
569:Non-
523:SNTV
112:List
69:and
57:and
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