444:). It is a testing method that measures the change in color when the product is mixed with certain chemicals. The greater the color changes, the higher the PCOs content is. However, the Procyanidolic Index is a relative value that can measure well over 100. Unfortunately, a Procyanidolic Index of 95 was erroneously taken to mean 95% PCO by some and began appearing on the labels of finished products. All current methods of analysis suggest that the actual PCO content of these products is much lower than 95%.
900:. Although red wine may contain more proanthocyanidins by mass per unit of volume than does red grape juice, red grape juice contains more proanthocyanidins per average serving size. An eight US fluid ounces (240 ml) serving of grape juice averages 124 milligrams proanthocyanidins, whereas a five US fluid ounces (150 ml) serving of red wine averages 91 milligrams (
1968:
Taheri, Rod; Connolly, Bryan A.; Brand, Mark H.; Bolling, Bradley W. (2013). "Underutilized
Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) Accessions Are Rich Sources of Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Hydroxycinnamic Acids, and Proanthocyanidins".
2276:
Vernhet, A.; Dubascoux, S. P.; Cabane, B.; Fulcrand, H. L. N.; Dubreucq, E.; Poncet-Legrand, C. L. (2011). "Characterization of oxidized tannins: Comparison of depolymerization methods, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and small-angle X-ray scattering".
2239:
Vernhet, A.; Dubascoux, S. P.; Cabane, B.; Fulcrand, H. L. N.; Dubreucq, E.; Poncet-Legrand, C. L. (2011). "Characterization of oxidized tannins: Comparison of depolymerization methods, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and small-angle X-ray scattering".
2679:
Sánchez-Moreno, Concepción; Cao, Guohua; Ou, Boxin; Prior, Ronald L. (2003). "Anthocyanin and
Proanthocyanidin Content in Selected White and Red Wines. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Comparison with Nontraditional Wines Obtained from Highbush Blueberry".
985:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to CranMax® and reduction of the risk of urinary tract infection by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"
2115:
Matthews, S.; Mila, I.; Scalbert, A.; Pollet, B.; Lapierre, C.; Hervé Du
Penhoat, C. L. M.; Rolando, C.; Donnelly, D. M. X. (1997). "Method for Estimation of Proanthocyanidins Based on Their Acid Depolymerization in the Presence of Nucleophiles".
1738:
Stringano, E; Gea, A; Salminen, J. P.; Mueller-Harvey, I (2011). "Simple solution for a complex problem: Proanthocyanidins, galloyl glucoses and ellagitannins fit on a single calibration curve in high performance-gel permeation chromatography".
2369:
Douglas-Fir Bark: Characterization of a
Condensed Tannin Extract, by Hong-Keun Song, A thesis submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, December 13,
2467:
Luís, Â; Domingues, F; Pereira, L (10 March 2017). "Can
Cranberries Contribute to Reduce the Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Clinical Trials".
1007:
A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of CranMax® and reduction of the risk of urinary tract infection by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary
1774:
Engström, M. T.; Pälijärvi, M; Fryganas, C; Grabber, J. H.; Mueller-Harvey, I; Salminen, J. P. (2014). "Rapid
Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Proanthocyanidin Oligomers and Polymers by UPLC-MS/MS".
904:, 145.6 milligrams per 8 fl. oz. or 240 mL). Many other foods and beverages may also contain proanthocyanidins, but few attain the levels found in red grape seeds and skins, with a notable exception being
408:
is a dye that is particularly useful for localization of proanthocyanidin compounds in plant histology. The use of the reagent results in blue staining. It can also be used to titrate proanthocyanidins.
1228:
Pacheco-Palencia LA, Mertens-Talcott S, Talcott ST (Jun 2008). "Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)".
871:"Current evidence is insufficient to support Pycnogenol(®) use for the treatment of any chronic disorder. Well-designed, adequately powered trials are needed to establish the value of this treatment."
810:
concluded that cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of UTIs, indicating that cranberry products may be effective particularly for individuals with recurrent infections. In 2019, the
791:
have produced mixed results when asking the question to confirm that PACs, particularly from cranberries, were an alternative to antibiotic prophylaxis for UTIs: 1) a 2014 scientific opinion by the
1023:
Williams, Gabrielle; Stothart, Christopher I.; Hahn, Deirdre; Stephens, Jacqueline H.; Craig, Jonathan C.; Hodson, Elisabeth M. (2023-11-10). "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections".
1925:
Carpenter JL, Caruso FL, Tata A, Vorsa N, Neto CC (2014). "Variation in proanthocyanidin content and composition among commonly grown North
American cranberry cultivars (Vaccinium macrocarpon)".
1342:
Hatano, T; Miyatake, H; Natsume, M; Osakabe, N; Takizawa, T; Ito, H; Yoshida, T (2002). "Proanthocyanidin glycosides and related polyphenols from cacao liquor and their antioxidant effects".
711:
In general, reactions are made in methanol, especially thiolysis, as benzyl mercaptan has a low solubility in water. They involve a moderate (50 to 90 °C) heating for a few minutes.
1905:
2039:
Kandil, F. E.; Song, L.; Pezzuto, J. M.; Marley, K.; Seigler, D. S.; Smith, M. A. L. (2000). "Isolation of oligomeric proanthocyanidins from flavonoid-producing cell cultures".
2775:
Wu X, Gu L, Prior RL, McKay S (2004). "Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and
Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity".
2146:
Liu, H; Zou, T; Gao, J. M.; Gu, L (2013). "Depolymerization of cranberry procyanidins using (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate as chain breakers".
518:
of purple or red pigmented plants contain large amounts of OPCs. They are dense in grape seeds and skin, and therefore in red wine and grape seed extract, cocoa, nuts and all
67:
Proanthocyanidins were discovered in 1947 by
Jacques Masquelier, who developed and patented techniques for the extraction of oligomeric proanthocyanidins from pine bark and
2004:
Rösch, Daniel R.; Mügge, Clemens; Fogliano, Vincenzo; Kroh, Lothar W. (2004). "Antioxidant
Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) Pomace".
2636:
Gonzalo-Diago, A; Dizy, M; Fernández-Zurbano, P (2013). "Taste and mouthfeel properties of red wines proanthocyanidins and their relation to the chemical composition".
2931:
1560:
814:
released guidelines stating that a moderate level of evidence supports the use of cranberry products containing PACs for possible prevention from recurrent UTIs.
3086:
87:
Proanthocyanidins, including the lesser bioactive and bioavailable polymers (four or more catechins), represent a group of condensed flavan-3-ols, such as
2813:
Grape seed extract, US National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014
2181:
Kennedy, J. A.; Jones, G. P. (2001). "Analysis of Proanthocyanidin Cleavage Products Following Acid-Catalysis in the Presence of Excess Phloroglucinol".
191:
bears 65–75 percent proanthocyanidins (procyanidins). Thus a 100 mg serving would contain 65 to 75 mg of proanthocyanidins (procyanidins).
2839:
1845:
Jorgensen, Emily M.; Marin, Anna B.; Kennedy, James A. (2004). "Analysis of the Oxidative Degradation of Proanthocyanidins under Basic Conditions".
395:
172:
Apples contain on average per serving about eight times the amount of proanthocyanidin found in wine, with some of the highest amounts found in the
1307:
Rohdewald, P (2002). "A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology".
2593:
Absalon, C; Fabre, S; Tarascou, I; Fouquet, E; Pianet, I (2011). "New strategies to study the chemical nature of wine oligomeric procyanidins".
1385:
Merghem, R.; Jay, M.; Brun, N.; Voirin, B. (2004). "Qualitative analysis and HPLC isolation and identification of procyanidins fromvicia faba".
145:, and other plants also contain these flavonoids. Cocoa beans contain the highest concentrations. Proanthocyanidins also may be isolated from
3204:
700:
like methanol. The reaction leads to the formation of free and derived monomers that can be further analyzed or used to enhance procyanidin
3399:
454:
2383:"HPLC, NMR and MALDI-TOF MS Analysis of Condensed Tannins from Lithocarpus glaber Leaves with Potent Free Radical Scavenging Activity"
2368:
965:
1722:
681:
1512:
Qa’Dan, F.; Petereit, F.; Mansoor, K.; Nahrstedt, A. (2006). "Antioxidant oligomeric proanthocyanidins fromCistus salvifolius".
3910:
3079:
1652:
Cabrera, A.; Martin, A. (2009). "Genetics of tannin content and its relationship with flower and testa colours in Vicia faba".
811:
3836:
1128:
Souquet, J; Cheynier, Véronique; Brossaud, Franck; Moutounet, Michel (1996). "Polymeric proanthocyanidins from grape skins".
792:
1430:"The digestibility in piglets of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by breeding towards the absence of condensed tannins"
1810:
Torres, J. L.; Lozano, C. (2001). "Chromatographic characterization of proanthocyanidins after thiolysis with cysteamine".
1911:
1198:
701:
447:
2832:
718:
Phloroglucinolysis can be used for instance for proanthocyanidins characterisation in wine or in grape seeds and skin.
586:
399:
908:, which has the highest recorded level of proanthocyanidins among fruits assessed to date (664 milligrams per 100 g).
772:
have A2-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) which may be important for the ability of PACs to bind to proteins, such as the
3915:
3072:
937:
2432:
Howell, AB (2007). "Bioactive compounds in cranberries and their role in prevention or urinary tract infections".
3197:
721:
Thioglycolysis can be used to study proanthocyanidins or the oxidation of condensed tannins. It is also used for
617:
Proanthocyanidin has low bioavailability, with 90% remaining unabsorbed from the intestines until metabolized by
799:
evidence that cranberry PACs have a role in inhibiting bacterial pathogens involved in UTIs; 2) an updated 2023
3392:
1073:
Mateos-Martín ML, Fuguet E, Quero C, et al. (2012). "New identification of proanthocyanidins in cinnamon (
784:
488:
439:
1720:
Grape Seed Extract, White paper, The Grape Seed Method Evaluation Committee, Under the Auspices of NNFA ComPli
1558:
Luca SV, Macovei I, Bujor A, Trifan A (2020). "Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites".
3905:
3724:
3258:
3222:
2825:
922:
917:
72:
1605:"The Grapevine Transcription Factor VvMYBPA1 Regulates Proanthocyanidin Synthesis during Fruit Development"
3886:
3846:
3841:
823:
800:
780:
1469:
Griffiths, D. W. (1981). "The polyphenolic content and enzyme inhibitory activity of testas from bean (
1172:
822:
Proanthocyanidins are the principal polyphenols in red wine that are under research to assess risk of
3701:
3328:
3190:
2936:
2549:
1934:
1486:
1394:
1351:
1137:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3248:
2536:
Corder, R.; Mullen, W.; Khan, N. Q.; Marks, S. C.; Wood, E. G.; Carrier, M. J.; Crozier, A. (2006).
3545:
3385:
3302:
423:
225:
1880:
Li, Hui-Jing; Deinzer, Max L (2007). "Tandem mass spectrometry for sequencing proanthocyanidins".
510:
of catechins. OPCs are found in most plants and thus are common in the human diet. Especially the
3613:
3043:
2941:
2849:
2618:
2575:
2493:
2302:
2265:
2056:
1827:
1669:
1585:
1537:
1110:
748:
666:
504:
2216:
Sears, K. D.; Casebier, R. L. (1968). "Cleavage of proanthocyanidins with thioglycollic acid".
597:
In nature, proanthocyanidins serve among other chemical and induced defense mechanisms against
3795:
3124:
2792:
2754:
2736:
2697:
2661:
2610:
2567:
2485:
2449:
2414:
2351:
2322:"Elicitor-Induced Spruce Stress Lignin (Structural Similarity to Early Developmental Lignins)"
2294:
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1986:
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1199:"Proanthocyanidins from Quercus petraea and Q. robur heartwood: quantification and structures"
1102:
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1040:
961:
807:
803:
review supported the use of cranberry products for the prevention of UTIs for certain groups.
773:
689:
662:
646:
577:
500:
470:
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387:
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Condensed tannins can undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of (or an excess of) a
3625:
3516:
3144:
3129:
3095:
2984:
2784:
2744:
2728:
2689:
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2013:
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1210:
1145:
1094:
1086:
1048:
1032:
996:
677:
638:
474:
391:
361:
61:
71:. Proanthocyanidins are under preliminary research for the potential to reduce the risk of
3861:
3856:
3851:
3806:
3242:
3134:
3028:
2512:"Recurrent Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women: AUA/CUA/SUFU Guideline (2019)"
1726:
705:
598:
220:
147:
2715:
Robertson, Nina U.; Schoonees, Anel; Brand, Amanda; Visser, Janicke (29 September 2020).
2553:
1938:
1719:
1490:
1428:
Van Der Poel, A. F. B.; Dellaert, L. M. W.; Van Norel, A.; Helsper, J. P. F. G. (2007).
1398:
1355:
1141:
60:. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of
3866:
3736:
3692:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3297:
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3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3236:
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1629:
1604:
788:
697:
634:
553:
536:
507:
466:
206:
162:
121:
112:
91:, prodelphinidins and propelargonidins. They can be found in many plants, most notably
2812:
2346:
2321:
1363:
849:), was substantially higher (177 mg/L) than that in white wines (9 mg/L).
708:. The free monomers correspond to the terminal units of the condensed tannins chains.
3899:
3621:
3573:
3166:
3038:
2969:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2497:
1149:
858:
796:
740:
712:
569:
450:(GPC) analysis allows separation of monomers from larger proanthocyanidin molecules.
405:
216:
184:
173:
153:
134:
96:
2060:
1831:
1673:
1589:
1114:
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3160:
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3012:
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2923:
2880:
842:
835:
752:
leaves have been analysed through acid-catalyzed degradation in the presence of
733:
729:
693:
654:
630:
545:
462:
88:
54:
50:
2481:
2074:
Amil-Ruiz, F.; Blanco-Portales, R.; Munoz-Blanco, J.; Caballero, J. L. (2011).
1214:
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2606:
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1665:
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932:
893:
863:
831:
753:
650:
526:
478:
461:. Condensed tannins can undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of a
414:
211:
188:
158:
108:
68:
35:
23:
2740:
1689:"A non-destructive screening method for proanthocyanidin-free barley mutants"
1603:
Bogs, J.; Jaffe, F. W.; Takos, A. M.; Walker, A. R.; Robinson, S. P. (2007).
1281:
1264:
1044:
1001:
984:
3814:
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3636:
3493:
3466:
3458:
3417:
3409:
3171:
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1498:
1263:
Hammerstone, John F.; Lazarus, Sheryl A.; Schmitz, Harold H. (August 2000).
885:
769:
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482:
427:
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42:
31:
27:
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2418:
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2101:
2025:
1990:
1954:
1901:
1866:
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1638:
1581:
1533:
1414:
1371:
1328:
1290:
1249:
1106:
1056:
2817:
2337:
1620:
1455:
3783:
3709:
3598:
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3560:
3489:
3443:
3007:
3002:
2946:
2865:
2857:
2225:
2092:
2075:
1173:"USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods – 2004"
881:
867:
were not found (in 2012) to be effective as a treatment for any disease:
737:
658:
589:
maintains a database of botanical and food sources of proanthocyanidins.
531:
371:
341:
316:
126:
116:
100:
76:
46:
39:
3182:
2657:
1446:
1429:
3751:
3447:
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3048:
2913:
1823:
1705:
1688:
1197:
Vivas, N; Nonier, M; Pianet, I; Vivasdegaulejac, N; Fouquet, E (2006).
1098:
827:
565:
351:
3377:
2788:
2693:
2649:
2194:
2129:
2017:
1982:
1946:
1893:
1858:
1788:
1241:
485:) leading to the formation of oligomers that can be further analyzed.
3791:
3530:
3497:
2979:
1320:
927:
905:
897:
722:
557:
520:
419:
104:
3064:
2562:
2537:
1406:
453:
Monomers of proanthocyanidins can be characterized by analysis with
1265:"Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods"
281:
261:
92:
57:
544:), along with many other pine species. OPCs also can be found in
291:
3381:
3186:
3068:
2821:
2717:"Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders"
1309:
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2076:"The Strawberry Plant Defense Mechanism: A Molecular Review"
1068:
1066:
524:
fruits (most concentrated in the skin), and in the bark of
783:
and were thought to inhibit bacterial infections, such as
426:, resulting in a red color of the test in the presence of
390:
may be characterised by a number of techniques including
696:
intermediate under strongly acidic conditions in polar
2320:
Lange, B. M.; Lapierre, C.; Sandermann Jr, H. (1995).
880:
Proanthocyanidins are present in fresh grapes, juice,
857:
Proanthocyanidins found in the proprietary extract of
2538:"Oenology: Red wine procyanidins and vascular health"
2041:
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant
499:
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) strictly refer to
3827:
3805:
3782:
3773:
3750:
3723:
3700:
3691:
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3635:
3612:
3583:
3554:
3538:
3529:
3507:
3480:
3457:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3337:
3318:(epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin)
3257:
3221:
3153:
3102:
3021:
2993:
2955:
2922:
2879:
2856:
960:. Publishing rights search incomplete. p. 15.
575:Oligomeric proanthocyanidins can be extracted via
223:and could have an inhibitory activity on enzymes.
3312:(epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→6)-catechin)
75:(UTIs) by consuming cranberries, grape seeds or
2932:1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
1553:
1551:
1561:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1479:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
169:), is rich in numerous procyanidin oligomers.
3393:
3198:
3080:
2833:
8:
1077:L.) using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry".
884:, and other darkly pigmented fruits such as
433:Proanthocyanidins can be titrated using the
229:also contains oligomeric proanthocyanidins.
215:) contain proanthocyanidins that affect the
165:, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (
2721:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1025:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
841:In red wines, total OPC content, including
491:can be used to sequence proanthocyanidins.
111:, grape seed, grape skin (procyanidins and
3779:
3697:
3535:
3431:
3422:
3400:
3386:
3378:
3324:(catechin-(4α→8)-catechin-(4α→8)-catechin)
3205:
3191:
3183:
3087:
3073:
3065:
2840:
2826:
2818:
2777:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2682:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2638:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2183:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2118:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2006:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1971:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1847:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1777:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
99:bark and that of most other pine species,
2748:
2561:
2408:
2398:
2345:
2091:
1704:
1628:
1445:
1280:
1000:
830:, they also influence the aroma, flavor,
684:or percentage of galloylation. These are
16:Class of polyphenols found in many plants
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
396:asymmetric flow field flow fractionation
231:
2518:. American Urological Association. 2019
948:
625:Non-oxidative chemical depolymerisation
2595:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2279:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2242:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2141:
2139:
1079:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
979:
977:
676:These techniques are generally called
637:(reaction called phloroglucinolysis),
621:to the more bioavailable metabolites.
469:(reaction called phloroglucinolysis),
2770:
2768:
728:. Reaction on condensed tannins from
688:, a type of substitution reaction in
7:
1687:Kristensen, H.; Aastrup, S. (1986).
1018:
1016:
649:(reaction called thioglycolysis) or
412:Proanthocyanidins from field beans (
125:(the European wine grape). However,
1654:The Journal of Agricultural Science
826:and lower overall mortality. With
14:
2381:Zhang, L. L.; Lin, Y. M. (2008).
1693:Carlsberg Research Communications
682:average degree of polymerisation
661:produce short-chain procyanidin
3305:(ent-Epicatechin(4α→8)catechin)
812:American Urological Association
3837:List of phytochemicals in food
2733:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5
2160:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.003
1037:10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7
793:European Food Safety Authority
540:(pine bark; formerly known as
422:have been estimated using the
26:found in many plants, such as
1:
1574:10.1080/10408398.2018.1546669
1364:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00051-1
680:and give information such as
448:Gel permeation chromatography
1753:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.082
1434:British Journal of Nutrition
1150:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00301-9
587:US Department of Agriculture
495:Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
400:small-angle X-ray scattering
1741:Journal of Chromatography A
673:which are more absorbable.
3932:
2482:10.1016/j.juro.2017.03.078
1215:10.1016/j.crci.2005.09.001
995:(5): 3657 (11 pgs). 2014.
938:Phenolic compounds in wine
3884:
2607:10.1007/s00216-011-4988-1
2400:10.3390/molecules13122986
2291:10.1007/s00216-011-5076-2
2254:10.1007/s00216-011-5076-2
2080:Plant and Cell Physiology
2053:10.1007/s11627-000-0088-1
1666:10.1017/S0021859600084665
1526:10.1080/14786410600899225
1275:(8S Suppl): 2086S–2092S.
1091:10.1007/s00216-011-5557-3
956:Schwitters, Bert (1995).
3259:B type proanthocyanidins
3223:A-type proanthocyanidins
1514:Natural Product Research
1269:The Journal of Nutrition
1002:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3657
785:urinary tract infections
765:Urinary tract infections
489:Tandem mass spectrometry
73:urinary tract infections
45:. Many are oligomers of
38:. Chemically, they are
3847:O-methylated flavonoids
3842:C-methylated flavonoids
2218:Chemical Communications
1499:10.1002/jsfa.2740320808
923:B type proanthocyanidin
918:A type proanthocyanidin
746:Condensed tannins from
157:heartwood (wine barrel
3911:Flavonoid antioxidants
3887:Flavonoid biosynthesis
3725:3-hydroxyanthocyanidin
2446:10.1002/mnfr.200700038
1387:Phytochemical Analysis
1282:10.1093/jn/130.8.2086S
824:coronary heart disease
801:Cochrane Collaboration
430:or proanthocyanidins.
83:Distribution in plants
3702:3-deoxyanthocyanidins
2338:10.1104/pp.108.3.1277
1621:10.1104/pp.106.093203
1203:Comptes Rendus Chimie
1075:Cinnamomum zeylanicum
198:can be isolated from
2937:Bisdemethoxycurcumin
2226:10.1039/C19680001437
1882:Analytical Chemistry
657:compounds used with
605:, such as occurs in
2554:2006Natur.444..566C
1939:2014JSFA...94.2738C
1491:1981JSFA...32..797G
1447:10.1079/BJN19920134
1399:2004PChAn..15...95M
1356:2002PChem..59..749H
1142:1996PChem..43..509S
435:Procyanidolic Index
424:vanillin-HCl method
226:Cistus salviifolius
3125:Proguibourtinidins
3044:Phycoerythrocyanin
2942:Desmethoxycurcumin
2470:Journal of Urology
2093:10.1093/pcp/pcr136
1824:10.1007/BF02491211
1725:2002-12-24 at the
1706:10.1007/BF02906893
1477:spp.) varieties".
749:Lithocarpus glaber
585:cell culture. The
481:(processes called
473:(thioglycolysis),
3916:Condensed tannins
3893:
3892:
3880:
3879:
3823:
3822:
3796:Isoliquiritigenin
3746:
3745:
3687:
3686:
3525:
3524:
3375:
3374:
3327:Tetramers :
3180:
3179:
3145:Proteracacinidins
3130:Promelacacinidins
3096:Condensed tannins
3062:
3061:
2985:Condensed tannins
2789:10.1021/jf0486850
2783:(26): 7846–7856.
2694:10.1021/jf030081t
2688:(17): 4889–4896.
2650:10.1021/jf401041q
2644:(37): 8861–8870.
2434:Mol Nutr Food Res
2393:(12): 2986–2997.
2195:10.1021/jf001030o
2130:10.1021/jf9607573
2086:(11): 1873–1903.
2018:10.1021/jf040241g
2012:(22): 6712–6718.
1983:10.1021/jf402449q
1977:(36): 8581–8588.
1947:10.1002/jsfa.6618
1933:(13): 2738–2745.
1894:10.1021/ac061823v
1859:10.1021/jf035311i
1789:10.1021/jf500745y
1783:(15): 3390–3399.
1747:(43): 7804–7812.
1520:(13): 1216–1224.
1242:10.1021/jf800161u
1236:(12): 4631–4636.
1230:J Agric Food Chem
808:systematic review
690:organic chemistry
647:thioglycolic acid
641:(reaction called
578:Vaccinium pahalae
471:thioglycolic acid
459:mass spectrometry
437:(also called the
388:Condensed tannins
380:
379:
238:Proanthocyanidin
194:Proanthocyanidin
62:condensed tannins
20:Proanthocyanidins
3923:
3862:Prenylflavonoids
3857:Pyranoflavonoids
3852:Furanoflavonoids
3780:
3698:
3626:Leucodelphinidin
3614:Flavan-3,4-diols
3536:
3517:Dalbergichromene
3432:
3423:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3135:Propelargonidins
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2819:
2801:
2800:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2601:(5): 1485–1495.
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2332:(3): 1277–1287.
2326:Plant Physiology
2317:
2311:
2310:
2285:(5): 1559–1569.
2273:
2248:(5): 1559–1569.
2236:
2230:
2229:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2189:(4): 1740–1746.
2178:
2172:
2171:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2124:(4): 1195–1201.
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1927:J Sci Food Agric
1922:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1888:(4): 1739–1748.
1877:
1871:
1870:
1853:(8): 2292–2296.
1842:
1836:
1835:
1818:(7–8): 523–526.
1807:
1801:
1800:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1735:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1615:(3): 1347–1361.
1609:Plant Physiology
1600:
1594:
1593:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1321:10.5414/cpp40158
1304:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1085:(3): 1327–1336.
1070:
1061:
1060:
1051: 10636779.
1031:(11): CD001321.
1020:
1011:
1010:
1004:
981:
972:
971:
953:
818:Wine consumption
678:depolymerisation
639:benzyl mercaptan
475:benzyl mercaptan
392:depolymerisation
362:Baking chocolate
232:
209:of field beans (
167:Euterpe oleracea
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3876:
3819:
3807:Dihydrochalcone
3801:
3769:
3742:
3719:
3683:
3659:
3631:
3608:
3587:
3579:
3558:
3550:
3521:
3503:
3476:
3453:
3412:
3406:
3376:
3371:
3333:
3329:Cinnamtannin A2
3253:
3243:Cinnamtannin B1
3217:
3211:
3181:
3176:
3163:(phlobatannins)
3149:
3140:Prorobinetidins
3120:Profisetinidins
3115:Prodelphinidins
3098:
3093:
3063:
3058:
3029:Allophycocyanin
3017:
2989:
2951:
2918:
2875:
2852:
2846:
2809:
2804:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2727:(9): CD008294.
2714:
2713:
2709:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2563:10.1038/444566a
2535:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2275:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1908:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1812:Chromatographia
1809:
1808:
1804:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1727:Wayback Machine
1718:
1714:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1407:10.1002/pca.731
1384:
1383:
1379:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1022:
1021:
1014:
983:
982:
975:
968:
958:OPC in Practice
955:
954:
950:
946:
914:
878:
855:
820:
789:Clinical trials
767:
762:
706:bioavailability
698:protic solvents
627:
615:
613:Bioavailability
599:plant pathogens
595:
508:polymerizations
497:
385:
235:Dietary source
148:Quercus petraea
113:prodelphinidins
85:
22:are a class of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Food chemistry
3898:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3867:Methylenedioxy
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3737:Guibourtinidin
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3693:Anthocyanidins
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3595:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3566:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3365:Arecatannin C1
3362:
3360:Arecatannin B2
3357:
3355:Arecatannin A3
3352:
3350:Arecatannin A1
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3322:Procyanidin C2
3319:
3316:Procyanidin C1
3313:
3310:Arecatannin B1
3306:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3268:Procyanidin B1
3266:Dimers :
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3249:Arecatannin A2
3245:
3239:
3234:
3232:Procyanidin A1
3230:Dimers :
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3167:Tannin sources
3164:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2970:Anthocyanidins
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:plant pigments
2847:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2807:External links
2805:
2803:
2802:
2764:
2707:
2671:
2628:
2585:
2528:
2516:www.auanet.org
2503:
2476:(3): 614–621.
2459:
2440:(6): 732–737.
2424:
2373:
2361:
2312:
2231:
2208:
2173:
2154:(1): 488–494.
2148:Food Chemistry
2135:
2107:
2066:
2047:(6): 492–500.
2031:
1996:
1960:
1917:
1872:
1837:
1802:
1766:
1730:
1712:
1699:(7): 509–513.
1679:
1644:
1595:
1568:(4): 626–659.
1547:
1504:
1485:(8): 797–804.
1461:
1440:(3): 793–800.
1420:
1377:
1350:(7): 749–758.
1344:Phytochemistry
1334:
1315:(4): 158–168.
1299:
1255:
1220:
1189:
1155:
1136:(2): 509–512.
1130:Phytochemistry
1120:
1062:
1012:
973:
967:978-8886035132
966:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
913:
910:
877:
874:
873:
872:
854:
851:
838:of red wines.
819:
816:
766:
763:
761:
758:
741:thioglycolates
732:bark produces
692:, involving a
635:phloroglucinol
626:
623:
614:
611:
594:
591:
554:procyanidin A2
542:Pinus maritima
537:Pinus pinaster
496:
493:
467:phloroglucinol
384:
381:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
354:
352:Sorghum grains
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
335:
329:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
313:
312:
310:
304:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
255:
249:
248:
246:
243:
242:
236:
183:An extract of
122:Vitis vinifera
84:
81:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3928:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:Miscellaneous
3826:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3622:Leucocyanidin
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3574:Gallocatechol
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3546:Luteoliflavan
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3509:Neoflavonoids
3506:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Anthoxanthins
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Phycoerythrin
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Anthoxanthins
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Chlorophyll f
2907:
2905:
2904:Chlorophyll d
2902:
2900:
2899:Chlorophyll c
2897:
2895:
2894:Chlorophyll b
2892:
2890:
2889:Chlorophyll a
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:(7119): 566.
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
969:
963:
959:
952:
949:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
870:
869:
868:
866:
865:
860:
859:maritime pine
852:
850:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
817:
815:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
797:physiological
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
764:
759:
757:
755:
751:
750:
744:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
719:
716:
714:
713:Epimerisation
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:SN1 reactions
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
593:Plant defense
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:
573:
571:
570:sea buckthorn
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
533:
529:
528:
523:
522:
517:
514:, seeds, and
513:
509:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
443:
441:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
410:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:
342:Cinnamon bark
340:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
327:
325:
324:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
273:
270:
269:
265:
263:
260:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
247:
245:
244:
241:
237:
234:
233:
230:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:digestibility
214:
213:
208:
203:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
185:maritime pine
181:
179:
175:
174:Red Delicious
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
135:black currant
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:maritime pine
94:
90:
82:
80:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3828:
3733:Apigeninidin
3678:Aromadendrin
3585:Flavan-4-ols
3556:Flavan-3-ols
3345:Arecatannins
3215:procyanidins
3161:Phlobaphenes
3110:Procyanidins
3013:Xanthophylls
2965:Anthocyanins
2924:Curcuminoids
2871:Betaxanthins
2780:
2776:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2658:10261/144130
2641:
2637:
2631:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2520:. Retrieved
2515:
2506:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2364:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2282:
2278:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2220:(22): 1437.
2217:
2211:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2151:
2147:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1715:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1565:
1559:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1393:(2): 95–99.
1390:
1386:
1380:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1178:. USDA. 2004
1133:
1129:
1123:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1028:
1024:
1006:
992:
989:EFSA Journal
988:
957:
951:
901:
890:blackcurrant
879:
862:
861:bark called
856:
846:
843:flavan-3-ols
840:
821:
805:
777:
768:
747:
745:
726:quantitation
720:
717:
715:may happen.
710:
675:
628:
616:
607:strawberries
596:
582:
576:
574:
541:
535:
525:
519:
498:
487:
452:
446:
438:
434:
432:
413:
411:
404:
386:
332:
307:
252:
239:
224:
210:
204:
200:cocoa liquor
193:
187:bark called
182:
178:Granny Smith
171:
166:
152:
146:
120:
89:procyanidins
86:
66:
19:
18:
3872:Castavinols
3714:Delphinidin
3665:Flavanonols
3655:Eriodictyol
3482:Isoflavones
3247:Tetramers:
3054:Xanthonoids
3034:Phycocyanin
2995:Carotenoids
2881:Chlorophyll
2866:Betacyanins
1473:) and pea (
1209:: 120–126.
1099:10261/88579
836:astringency
776:present on
770:Cranberries
734:epicatechin
730:Douglas fir
694:carbocation
655:Flavan-3-ol
631:nucleophile
550:cranberries
546:blueberries
463:nucleophile
440:Bates-Smith
272:Blueberries
262:Grape seeds
180:varieties.
109:cocoa beans
69:grape seeds
55:gallic acid
51:epicatechin
36:grape seeds
24:polyphenols
3900:Categories
3765:Leptosidin
3760:Aureusidin
3650:Naringenin
3645:Hesperidin
3637:Flavanones
3603:Luteoforol
3471:Kaempferol
3418:Flavonoids
3410:flavonoids
2957:Flavonoids
2522:2019-11-11
1471:Vicia faba
944:References
933:Polyphenol
894:elderberry
864:Pycnogenol
832:mouth-feel
754:cysteamine
702:absorption
651:cysteamine
527:Cinnamomum
516:seed coats
479:cysteamine
415:Vicia faba
240:(mg/100g)
212:Vicia faba
196:glycosides
189:Pycnogenol
53:and their
43:flavonoids
40:oligomeric
3815:Phloretin
3784:Chalcones
3775:Chalcones
3673:Taxifolin
3590:flavanols
3561:flavanols
3494:Genistein
3467:Quercetin
3459:Flavonols
3408:Types of
3308:Trimers:
3213:Types of
3172:Tannosome
3103:Oligomers
3008:Retinoids
3003:Carotenes
2858:Betalains
2848:Types of
2741:1469-493X
2498:206632675
2387:Molecules
1660:: 93–98.
1045:1469-493X
886:cranberry
847:catechins
795:rejected
671:tetramers
643:thiolysis
619:gut flora
603:predators
552:(notably
483:thiolysis
428:catechins
317:Hazelnuts
205:The seed
143:black tea
139:green tea
131:cranberry
117:red wines
32:blueberry
28:cranberry
3710:Cyanidin
3599:Apiforol
3570:Catechin
3490:Daidzein
3444:Apigenin
3436:Flavones
3241:Trimers:
3049:Quinones
2947:Curcumin
2797:15612766
2759:32990945
2702:12903941
2666:23889258
2615:21573848
2572:17136085
2490:28288837
2454:17487930
2419:19052523
2356:12228544
2299:21573842
2262:21573842
2203:11308320
2168:23768384
2102:21984602
2061:25781920
2026:15506806
1991:23941506
1955:24532348
1912:18534021
1902:17297981
1867:15080635
1832:95355684
1797:24665824
1761:21930278
1723:Archived
1674:84456901
1639:17208963
1590:58651581
1582:30614249
1534:17127512
1415:15116939
1372:11909632
1329:11996210
1295:Figure 5
1291:10917927
1250:18522407
1182:24 April
1115:23120410
1107:22101466
1057:37947276
912:See also
882:red wine
787:(UTIs).
781:fimbriae
774:adhesins
760:Research
738:catechin
659:methanol
583:in vitro
562:hawthorn
532:cinnamon
383:Analysis
372:Red wine
163:Açaí oil
154:Q. robur
127:bilberry
101:cinnamon
77:red wine
47:catechin
3798:, et.c.
3752:Aurones
3739:, et.c.
3716:, et.c.
3680:, et.c.
3628:, et.c.
3605:, et.c.
3576:, et.c.
3531:Flavans
3473:, et.c.
3450:, et.c.
3448:Chrysin
2980:Flavans
2914:Chlorin
2750:8094515
2623:8145537
2580:4303406
2550:Bibcode
2410:6245341
2307:4645218
2270:4645218
1935:Bibcode
1630:1820911
1487:Bibcode
1456:1493141
1395:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
1138:Bibcode
876:Sources
828:tannins
806:A 2017
778:E. coli
667:trimers
566:rosehip
286:70–141
221:piglets
115:), and
107:fruit,
3792:Butein
3539:Flavan
3498:Orobol
2795:
2757:
2747:
2739:
2700:
2664:
2621:
2613:
2578:
2570:
2542:Nature
2496:
2488:
2452:
2417:
2407:
2354:
2347:157483
2344:
2305:
2297:
2268:
2260:
2201:
2166:
2100:
2059:
2024:
1989:
1953:
1909:
1900:
1865:
1830:
1795:
1759:
1672:
1637:
1627:
1588:
1580:
1542:254865
1540:
1532:
1454:
1413:
1370:
1327:
1289:
1248:
1113:
1105:
1055:
1043:
964:
928:Tannin
906:aronia
898:aronia
896:, and
723:lignin
663:dimers
568:, and
558:aronia
534:) and
521:Prunus
505:trimer
420:barley
296:32–42
282:Apples
253:Fruits
207:testas
105:aronia
93:apples
58:esters
34:, and
3500:et.c.
3338:Types
3154:Misc.
3022:Other
2619:S2CID
2576:S2CID
2494:S2CID
2303:S2CID
2266:S2CID
2057:S2CID
1906:INIST
1828:S2CID
1670:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1475:Pisum
1176:(PDF)
1111:S2CID
1008:tract
853:Other
669:, or
633:like
581:from
501:dimer
465:like
442:Assay
418:) or
406:DMACA
366:1636
356:3965
346:8108
333:Other
292:Pears
266:3532
2793:PMID
2755:PMID
2737:ISSN
2725:2020
2698:PMID
2662:PMID
2611:PMID
2568:PMID
2486:PMID
2450:PMID
2415:PMID
2370:1984
2352:PMID
2295:PMID
2258:PMID
2199:PMID
2164:PMID
2098:PMID
2022:PMID
1987:PMID
1951:PMID
1898:PMID
1863:PMID
1793:PMID
1757:PMID
1745:1218
1635:PMID
1578:PMID
1530:PMID
1452:PMID
1411:PMID
1368:PMID
1325:PMID
1287:PMID
1246:PMID
1184:2014
1103:PMID
1053:PMID
1041:ISSN
1029:2023
962:ISBN
902:i.e.
834:and
736:and
704:and
601:and
512:skin
503:and
457:and
455:HPLC
376:313
321:501
308:Nuts
276:332
176:and
159:oaks
151:and
49:and
2785:doi
2745:PMC
2729:doi
2690:doi
2654:hdl
2646:doi
2603:doi
2599:401
2558:doi
2546:444
2478:doi
2474:198
2442:doi
2405:PMC
2395:doi
2342:PMC
2334:doi
2330:108
2287:doi
2283:401
2250:doi
2246:401
2222:doi
2191:doi
2156:doi
2152:141
2126:doi
2088:doi
2049:doi
2014:doi
1979:doi
1943:doi
1890:doi
1855:doi
1820:doi
1785:doi
1749:doi
1701:doi
1662:doi
1658:113
1625:PMC
1617:doi
1613:143
1570:doi
1522:doi
1495:doi
1442:doi
1403:doi
1360:doi
1317:doi
1277:doi
1273:130
1238:doi
1211:doi
1146:doi
1095:hdl
1087:doi
1083:402
1049:PMC
1033:doi
997:doi
645:),
556:),
477:or
398:or
219:in
161:).
119:of
3902::
3794:,
3735:,
3712:,
3624:,
3601:,
3572:,
3496:,
3492:,
3469:,
3446:,
3298:B8
3293:B6
3288:B5
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