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it replaced. In their view there could be no accommodation with the old world; the proletariat on the basis of its experience would create a new culture that would reflect the spirit of the collective. It followed that the new art had to emphasize not the accomplishments of individuals but those of the workers and peasants. Eisenstein was attracted to this movement because it justified the necessity of a complete break with the art of the '
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part of their own purview; local
Communist Party committees, which sought centralization under their own direction rather than a hodge-podge of autonomous civic institutions; and the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros), which believed its own mission included the cultural training of the working class. Of these, Narkompros proved the most outspoken and unyielding in its criticism.
1666:— the wife of Vladimir Lenin — had sought to rein in Proletkult and integrate it under the agency in which she herself played a leading role, the Adult Education Division of Narkompros. A May 1919 conference of adult education workers had, spurred on by Krupskaya, determined that Proletkult was an adult education agency owing to its studio system, and therefore rightfully part of Narkompros.
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578:. The conclave was called by Lunacharsky in his role as head of the Cultural-Educational Commission of the Petrograd Bolshevik organization and was attended by 208 delegates representing Petrograd trade unions, factory committees, army and youth groups, city and regional dumas, as well as the Petrograd Committee of the Bolshevik and
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1681:, an international organization headed by Anatoly Lunacharsky. The group's grandiose vision and practical efforts to expand the Proletkult movement globally was particularly concerning to Lenin, himself a man of staid and traditional cultural tastes who had already come to see Proletkult as utopian and wasteful.
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activists disputed the authority of the central state, the role of the
Communist Party within it, and the influence national agencies should wield over local groups. Altercations over scarce resources and institutional authority were intertwined with theoretical debates over the ideal structure of the new policy.
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unions, factory organizations, cooperatives, and workers' clubs. Delegates were split between those favoring an autonomous and leading role for the organization in general education in Soviet society and those who favored a more narrow focus for the group as a subordinate part of the
Narkompros bureaucracy.
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The intellectual content of early films was profoundly influenced by his earlier association with
Proletkult, a complex politicocultural movement that reached the height of its influence during the revolutionary period. argued that the new, socialist culture would be profoundly different from what
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Bureaucratic wrangling between top leaders of
Proletkult and the Adult Education Division of Narkompros had produced a working agreement in the summer of 1919 bringing Proletkult formally under the auspices of the latter, albeit with its own separate budget. This proved, however, to be a stop-gap and
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Throughout its short history, Proletkult had sought both autonomy from state control and hegemony in the cultural field. This had created a substantial number of critics and rivals. These included leaders of the Soviet trade union movement, who saw the management of workers' cultural opportunities as
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words) "an organization where futurists, idealists, and other undesirable bourgeois artists and intellectuals addled the minds of workers who needed basic education and culture..." Lenin also may have had political misgivings about the organization as a potential base of power for his long-time rival
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took the lead at a conference of "proletarian writers" held in that city in the fall of 1919, declaring that while previously "we allowed the most nonsensical futurism to get a reputation almost as the official school of
Communist art" and let "doubtful elements attach themselves to our Proletkults."
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In
September 1918, the first national conference of Proletkult was convened in Moscow, including 330 delegates and 234 guests from local organizations from around Soviet Russia. While no delegate list has survived, the stenogram of the conference indicates that the bulk of attendees hailed from trade
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In the view of
Alexander Bogdanov and other Proletkult theoreticians, the arts were not the province of a specially gifted elite, but rather were the physical output of individuals with a set of learned skills. All that was required, it was assumed, was for one to study basic artistic technique in a
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While the
Proletkult movement began as independent groups in Petrograd (October 1917) and Moscow (February 1918), it was not long before the group's patrons in the Soviet state intervened to help forge a national organization. The Soviet government itself moved from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918
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The already scheduled
National Congress of Proletkult, held in Moscow from October 5 to 12, 1920, was to be the occasion for the announcement. While Lunacharsky, head of Narkompros but a patron of Proletkult and its interests, dragged his feet on the merger, the congress eventually — following long
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Proletkult expended great energy in attempting to launch a wave of worker-poets, with only limited artistic success. The insistence upon developing new poets of questionable talent led to a split of the Proletkult in 1919, when a large group of young writers, most of whom were poets, broke from the
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Lunacharsky's factional ally, Alexander Bogdanov, remained sharply critical of Lenin and his political tactics and never rejoined the Communist Party, however. Instead he served at the front as a doctor during World War I, returning home to Moscow in 1917 and becoming involved there as a founder of
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The Proletkult organizations of Petrograd and Moscow controlled their own dramatic theatrical network, including under its umbrella a number of smaller city clubs maintaining their own theatrical studios. Petrograd Proletkult opened a large central studio early in 1918 which staged a number of new
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The task of the 'Proletkults' is the development of an independent proletarian spiritual culture, including all areas of the human spirit — science, art, and everyday life. The new socialist epoch must produce a new culture, the foundations of which are already being laid. This culture will be the
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Proletkult made use of different organizational forms. In large industrial cities, the organization set up an elaborate bureaucratic apparatus resembling that of Narkompros. Moscow Proletkult, for example, had departments for literary publishing, theatre, music, art, and clubs. In addition to this
653:), a bureaucratic apparatus which quickly came to include no fewer than 17 different departments. Headed by Anatoly Lunacharsky, this organization sought to expand adult literacy and to establish a broad and balanced general school curricula, in opposition to pressure from the trade unions and the
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into the socialist edifice. (Lunacharsky had studied under Avenarius in Zurich and was responsible for introducing Bogdanov to his ideas.) Bogdanov believed that the socialist society of the future would require forging a fundamentally new perspective of the role of science, ethics, and art with
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Although the Proletkult was autonomous, it still expected Narkompros to foot the bills. The government would supply the central Proletkult with a subsidy, to be distributed among provincial affiliates. But because financial dependence on the state clearly contradicted the organization's claims to
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Moscow Proletkult, in which Alexander Bogdanov played a leading role, attempted to extend its independent sphere of control even further than the Petrograd organization, addressing questions of food distribution, hygiene, vocational education, and issuing a call for establishment of a proletarian
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Proletkult and its studios and clubs gained a certain measure of popularity among a broad segment of the urban Russian population, particularly factory workers. By the end of 1918 the organization counted 147 local affiliates, although the actual number of functioning units was probably somewhat
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Ultimately, however, the vision of Proletkult as the rival and guiding light of Narkompros fell by the wayside, subdued by the Proletkult's financial reliance on the Commissariat for operational funding. Proletkult received a budget of 9.2 million gold rubles for the first half of 1918 — nearly
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With its adherent Anatoly Lunacharsky at the helm of Narkompros, the Proletkult movement had an important patron with considerable influence over state policy and the purse. This did not mean an easy relationship between these institutions, however. Early in 1918 leaders of Petrograd Proletkult
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All early Soviet institutions struggled against what was called 'parallelism,' the duplication of services by competing bureaucratic systems. The revolution raised difficult questions about governmental organization that were only slowly answered during the first years of the regime. Political
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Proletkult constituted the leading center of a radical minority within the theatrical community of the day which aspired to promote so-called "proletarian theater." Development of this new form was defined in one early conference resolution as "the task of workers themselves, along with those
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But in creating its own culture, the working class by no means should reject the rich cultural heritage of the past, the material and spiritual achievements, made by classes which are alien and hostile to the proletariat. The proletarian must look it over critically, choose what is of value,
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Lines became blurred between the Proletkult organization and the Division for Proletarian Culture of the People's Commissariat of Education, headed by Proletkult activist Fyodor Kalinin. While the organization retained its staunch supporters in the Narkompros apparatus seeking to coordinate
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The aim of unifying the cultural and educational activities of the Russian labour movements first occurred at the Agitation Collegium of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet which met on 19 July 1917 with 120 participants. It was attended by many different currents, and when the
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Among the Left Bolsheviks, Anatoly Lunacharsky in particular had been intrigued with the possibility of making use of art as a means to inspire revolutionary political action. In addition, together with the celebrated Gorky, Lunacharsky hoped to found a "human religion" around the idea of
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Narkompros, for its part, sought to influence Proletkult to concentrate its efforts upon the expansion of the network of studios. In April 1919, People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky declared that Proletkult "should concentrate all its attention on studio work, on the discovery and
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Praesidium of the national Proletkult organisation elected at the first national conference, September 1918. Sitting from left to right: Fedor Kalinin, Vladimir Faidysh, Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii, Aleksei Samobytnik-Mashirov I. I. Nikitin and Vasili Ignatov. Standing from left to right:
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Spurred to action by Lenin, in the fall of 1920 the governing Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) began to take an active interest in the relationship of Proletkult with other Soviet institutions for the first time. Lenin sought and obtained information from
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Moreover, in the early revolutionary period control over local institutions by the central government of the Soviet state was weak, with factory workers often ignoring their trade unions and teachers the curriculum instructions of central authorities. In this political environment any
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centrally-devised scheme for a division of authority between Narkompros and the federated artistic societies of Proletkult remained largely a theoretical exercise. In the early days of the Bolshevik regime the local apparatus of Proletkult retained the most powerful hand.
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central bureaucracy, Proletkult established factory cells attached to the highly concentrated mills and manufacturing facilities. Finally, Proletkult established "studios" — independent facilities in which workers learned and developed the techniques of the various arts.
1579:. Despite lip service paid to classical forms of poetry, drama, writing, sculpture, and painting, strong encouragement was given to the use of new techniques and forms in so-called "proletarian art," including the use of photography, cinematography, and collage.
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Bukharin provided favorable coverage for Proletkult during the organization's formative period, welcoming the idea that the group represented a "laboratory of pure proletarian ideology" with a legitimate claim to independence from Soviet governmental control.
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very few lessons, after which anyone was capable of becoming a proletarian artist. The movement by Proletkult to establish a network of studios in which workers could enroll was seen as an essential part of training this new cohort of proletarian artists.
605:, another former member of Bogdanov and Lunacharsky's émigré political group. Many of these would be catapulted into leading roles in the People's Commissariat of Education following the Bolshevik seizure of power which followed less than two weeks later.
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Despite the organization's rhetoric about its proletarian exclusivity, however, the movement was guided by intellectuals throughout its entire brief history, with its efforts to promote workers from the bench to leadership positions largely unsuccessful.
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one-third of the entire budget for Narkompros's Adult Educational Division. Requisitioned buildings were put to the organization's use, with the Petrograd organization receiving a large and posh facility located on one of the city's main thoroughfares,
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The integration was not a smooth one, however, and Proletkult activists fought to the last ditch to retain organizational autonomy even within Narkompros. The Central Committee reacted with a scathing decree denouncing Proletkult that was published in
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Despite its formal termination as an organization, the Proletkult movement continued to influence and inform early Soviet culture. Historian Peter Kenez has noted the heavy influence of the Proletkult ethic in the work of pioneer Soviet filmmaker
1689:, second in command at Narkompros, and top Proletkult leaders about the organization's budget and semi-independent status and pushed through a decision to absorb Proletkult into Narkompros to end the situation of parallelism once and for all.
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believed, the new proletarian ruling class would develop its own distinct class culture to supplant the former culture of the old ruling order. Proletkult was seen as a primary vehicle for the development of this new "proletarian culture."
646:. The new government of Soviet Russia was quick to understand that these rapidly proliferating clubs and societies offered a potentially powerful vehicle for the spread of the radical political, economic, and social theories it favored.
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peasants who are willing to accept their ideology." Conventional modes of performance were discouraged, in favor of unconventional stagings designed to promote "mass action" — including public processions, festivals, and social dramas.
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and the working class was that of teacher and student. This situation presumed a "higher" level of culture on the part of the aristocratic teachers — an accepted premise of the Bolsheviks themselves during the pre-revolutionary period.
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Lenin ultimately emerged triumphant in the struggle for hegemony of the Bolshevik faction. Relations between them in Western European exile remained tense. During the first decade of the 20th Century Bogdanov wrote two works of
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The October Revolution led to a marked increase in the number of new cultural organizations and informal groups. Clubs and cultural societies sprung up affiliated with newly empowered factories, unions, cooperatives, and
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university at its founding convention in February 1918. Some hardliners in the Proletkult organization even insisted that Proletkult be recognized as the "ideological leader of all public education and enlightenment."
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At its peak in 1920, Proletkult had 84,000 members actively enrolled in about 300 local studios, clubs, and factory groups, with an additional 500,000 members participating in its activities on a more casual basis.
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over forced grain requisitioning resulted in isolated uprisings. All of these factors prompted a wave of debate about the institutions that had sprung up in Soviet society during wartime, including Proletkult.
474:. He would later be reinvigorated by the course of events to become a leading figure in the Moscow Proletkult organization — a fact which emphasizes the tension between that organization and state authorities.
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fruit of the creative efforts of the working class and will be entirely independent. Work on behalf of proletarian culture should stand on a par with the political and economic struggle of the working class.
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activities, it also contained no small number of activists like Alexander Bogdanov who tried to promote the organization as an independent cultural institution with a homogeneous working class constituency.
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apparatus of the Tsarist regime had stumbled briefly during the upheaval, broadening horizons, but the revolution had ultimately failed, resulting in dissatisfaction and second-guessing, even within
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713:(Proletarian Culture) was a journal issued by Proletkult from July 1918 to February 1921. The issues had a series numbered up to 21, which with double issues comprised 13 different publications
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While those favoring autonomy were in the majority at the first national conference, the ongoing problem of organizational finance remained a real one, as historian Lynn Mally has observed:
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This work on a new culture ought to proceed along a completely independent path. 'Proletkults' should be class-restricted, workers' organizations, completely autonomous in their activities.
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to organise a second conference of "proletarian cultural-educational organizations" to bring them together in a centralized organization. A first conference of these groups was held in
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Lynn Mally argues that this traditional emphasis on Alexander Bogdanov as the "best known leader" of Proletkult helps obscure the fact that Proletkult's ongoing battle for "autonomy"
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and experimental works with a view to inspiring similar performances in other amateur theaters around the city. Moscow Proletkult opened its own central theater several months later.
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This October 1917 conference elected a Central Committee of Proletarian Cultural-Educational Organizations of Petrograd which included among its members Lunacharsky, Lenin's wife
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546:, returned to Russia in May 1917 and rejoined the party in August. Following the October Revolution, Lunacharsky was appointed Commissar of Education of the new government.
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At the peak of the organization's strength in 1920, Proletkult claimed a total of 84,000 members in 300 local groups, with an additional 500,000 more casual followers.
1646:, a common enemy which united disparate factions around the Soviet banner, much unity was loosened. Dissident groups such as the so-called Workers' Opposition and the
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This commitment to experimentalism drew the fire of those party leaders who preferred more classical modes of artistic expression. Petrograd Communist Party leader
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1903:
Abraham Fineberg, trans. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1962; pp. 17-361. Details of Lenin's writing process may be found in the same volume, page 366, footnote 11.
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These ideas did not exist in a vacuum; there was a political component as well. During the period between the failure of the 1905 revolution and the outbreak of
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refused to cooperate with an effort by Narkompros to form a citywide theatre organization, declaring their refusal to work with non-proletarian theatre groups.
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The radical intelligentsia of Russia was mobilized by these events. Anatoly Lunacharsky, who had briefly broken with Lenin and the Bolshevik Party to become a
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1594:. At a public speech in May 1919 Lenin declared any notions of so-called "proletarian culture" to be "fantasies" which he opposed with "ruthless hostility."
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encouragement of original talent among the workers, on the creation of circles of writers, artists, and all kinds of young scholars from the working class".
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Working along similar lines simultaneously was Lunacharsky's brother-in-law Bogdanov, who even in 1904 had published a weighty philosophical tome called
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debate and a stern appeal to party discipline — formally approved the Central Committee's decision to directly integrate Proletkult into Narkompros.
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This confusing welter of competing institutions and organizations was by no means unique to the cultural field, as historian Lynn Mally has noted:
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By the fall of 1920, it became increasingly clear that the Soviet regime would emerge from the Russian Civil War victorious. With the fall of the
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foundation of Marxism. So disturbed was Lenin that he spent much of 1908 combing more than 200 books to pen a thick polemical volume in reply —
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A total of 15 different Proletkult periodicals were produced over the course of the organization's short existence, including most importantly
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Together all these ideas of Bogdanov, Lunacharsky, Gorky, and their co-thinkers came to be known in the language of the day as "god-building"
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Anatoly Lunacharsky, a founding father of the Proletkult organization, was People's Commissar of Education of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1929
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Also among those critical of the Proletkult movement and its vision to create a wholly new proletarian culture was top Soviet party leader
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2207:"%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F %D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0 — BuyaBook"
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The pair went their separate ways, with Bogdanov dropping out of radical politics at the end of 1913, returning home with his wife to
2498:(The October Overturn and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat). Moscow: 1919; pp. 154-161. Reprinted in William G. Rosenberg (ed.),
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Lynn Mally Culture of the Future: The Proletkult Movement in Revolutionary Russia (Complete online text provided by the publisher.)
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The ethic of Proletkult is found in the early cinematic works of Sergei Eisenstein. This promotional poster for his 1926 film
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The earliest roots of the Proletarian Culture movement, better known as Proletkult, are found in the aftermath of the failed
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submitted in 1964 and published in 1966 was acclaimed by Zenovia Sochor in 1988 as "the most thorough of the early works".
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More specifically, Lenin had profound misgivings about the entire institution of Proletkult, viewing it as (in historian
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independence, the central leaders held out the hope that their affiliates would soon discover their own means of support.
661:. The as-yet loosely organized Proletkult movement emerged as another potential competitor to the primacy of Narkompros.
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Artists in the Proletkult movement, while not by any means a homogeneous bloc, were influenced to a great extent by the
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aesthetic, which drew its inspiration from the construction of modern industrial society in backward, agrarian Russia.
601:, among others. Also playing a key role was the future Chairman of the Organising Bureau of the National Proletkult,
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To the intellectually rigid Lenin, Bogdanov was not only a political rival, but also a positive threat to the
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Proletkult leaders subsequently made an effort to expand their movement on an international basis at the
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fields. Proletkult aspired to radically modify existing artistic forms by creating a new, revolutionary
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was in essence a fight with the state bureaucracy rather than the Communist Party, per se. See: Mally,
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1499:(Proletarian Culture) demanded that "the proletariat start right now, immediately, to create its own
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Zenovia Sochor: Revolution and Culture:The Bogdanov-Lenin Controversy, Cornell University Press 1988
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The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky.
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The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky.
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In the aftermath of the Tsar's reassertion of authority a radical political tendency known as the "
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1741:' world. All of his early films expressed, though in his own idiom, the ideology of Proletkult.
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This article is about the Soviet artistic organization. For the album by Sascha Konietzko, see
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370:-dominated Bolsheviks must begin following more inclusive tactics and working to develop more
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The chief cultural authority of the Soviet state was its People's Commissariat of Education (
455:(1913), was pronounced by Lenin to be "so vague that neither a worker nor a stupid editor at
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political activists to assume leadership roles in the next round of anti-Tsarist revolution.
2985:(Proletkult). Fundamental Electronic Library of Russian Literature and Folklore, feb-web.ru
2453:(Proletkult). Fundamental Electronic Library of Russian Literature and Folklore, feb-web.ru/
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elucidate it with his own point of view, use it with a view to producing his own culture.
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Proletkult and its desire for autonomy also had another powerful patron in the person of
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should be excluded, but this was soundly rejected. Consequently, the Central Council of
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There was a resurgence of interest in Bogdanov and Proletkult in the 1960s and 1970's.
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organization due to what they believed to be a stifling of individual creative talent.
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was another matter altogether — a long and brutal struggle which strained every sinew.
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Dementiev suggested that the meeting just be confined to public lectures and that the
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Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution.
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associated with the dominant class in society — in the Russian instance, that of the
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These defectors from Proletkult initially formed a small, elite organization called
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The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929.
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and the center of Proletkult's own organizational gravity shifted simultaneously.
638:, in addition to similar groups attached to more formal institutions such as the
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Materialism and Empirio-Criticism: Critical Comments on a Reactionary Philosophy
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The poet as graphic artist: "proletarian art" in a civil war era poster by the
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which overthrew the Tsarist regime came comparatively easily. So, too, did the
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John Biggart, "Bukharin and the Origins of the 'Proletarian Culture' Debate,"
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A. Lunacharsky, "Once Again on Proletkult and Soviet Cultural Organizations,"
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Second Edition. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1990; pp. 80-81.
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of factory work-flow rationalization, published a massive work on the topic,
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hierarchy and the Soviet state bureaucracy. Some top party leaders, such as
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Bolshevik Visions: First Phase of the Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia.
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1918, no. 3 (March 1918), pg. 36. Emphasis in original. Quoted in Mally,
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of 1917. This organization, a federation of local cultural societies and
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2976:(Proletkult: Proletarian poetry and materials about it). proletcult.ru
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Culture of the Future: The Proletkult Movement in Revolutionary Russia.
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Culture of the Future: The Proletkult Movement in Revolutionary Russia.
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Under Marxist theory, however, culture was conceived as a part of the
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emerged in the Communist Party, widespread dissatisfaction among the
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Revolutionary Acts: Amateur Theater and the Soviet State, 1917-1938.
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Revolutionary Acts: Amateur Theater and the Soviet State, 1917-1938.
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it was henceforth "time to put an end to this," Zinoviev demanded.
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Bolshevik Culture: Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution.
1625:
720:
612:
543:
502:
481:
311:
265:
2825:"Proletkult, Wu Ming. Giulio Einaudi Editore - Stile libero Big"
2174:(The Future) 1918, no. 4 (April 1918), pg. 15. Quoted in Mally,
690:— the name of which was actually changed to "Proletkult Street"
448:
1503:
independent of alliances or combinations of political forces."
527:
and brought Lenin and the Bolsheviks to the seat of power. The
389:
which attempted to integrate the ideas of non-Marxist thinkers
2871:
The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia.
2642:
Moscow: Politizdat, 1969; pp. 368-369. Quoted in Fitzpatrick,
2467:
The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia.
1978:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1970; pg. 310.
2395:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992; pg. 55.
350:" emerged, stating their case in opposition to party leader
3027:
Civic and political organizations based in the Soviet Union
1443:
Historically, the relationship between the Russian liberal
1824:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990; pg. 3.
1495:. An early editorial from the official Proletkult journal
2441:
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968; pg. 157.
459:
could understand it." In 1913 Bogdanov, a student of the
264:
artists, was most prominent in the visual, literary, and
2876:
Abbott Gleason, Peter Kenez, and Richard Stites (eds.),
2543:
Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions, 1918-1929,
2419:
Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions, 1918-1929,
2393:
Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions, 1918-1929.
1886:
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986; pg. 34.
426:
that stood in diametrical opposition to the fundamental
323:, one of the founding fathers of the Proletkult movement
67:(Furnace), an official organ of Proletkult, designed by
2949:
The Other Bolsheviks: Lenin and His Critics, 1904-1914.
2928:
Revolution and Culture: The Bogdanov-Lenin Controversy.
2378:
No. 80 (April 13, 1919), pg. 2. Quoted in Fitzpatrick,
1467:
The nature and function of Proletkult was described by
2866:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, n.d. .
295:
intellectuals and potential political oppositionists.
2887:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
2640:
Polnoe sobranie sochineniia: Tom 38, Mart—Iiun' 1919.
1746:
Resurgence of interest later in the twentieth century
1487:
Proletkult's theorists generally espoused a hardline
2974:Пролеткульт: пролетарская поэзия и материалы о ней,"
1501:
socialist forms of thought, feeling, and daily life,
2896:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990.
2805:
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992; pg. 61.
2579:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000; pg. 31.
2469:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992; pg. 19.
1126:
The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky
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202:
168:
155:
129:
111:
103:
93:
75:
550:the Proletarian Culture organization, Proletkult.
1675:2nd World Congress of the Communist International
2951:Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986.
2880:Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985.
2439:Red Virgin Soil: Soviet Literature in the 1920s.
2408:pg. 51. See especially footnote 57 on that page.
2856:vol. 39, no. 2 (April 1987), pp. 229–246.
2496:Oktiabr'skii perevorot i diktatura proletariata
1156:Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism
2654:
2652:
2477:
2475:
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1538:All-Russian Association of Proletarian Writers
252:of the Russian words "proletarskaya kultura" (
2910:vol. 8, no. 3 (Oct. 1949), pp. 185–200.
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2427:
1924:
1922:
1471:, one of the movement's top leaders in 1919:
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234:
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1884:The Other Bolsheviks: Lenin and His Critics.
1766:In 2018, the avant-garde writing collective
1136:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder
1106:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
597:associate of Bogdanov and Lunacharsky named
37:
2930:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988.
2903:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.
2873:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
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519:which followed, events which overthrew the
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609:After the Bolshevik seizure of state power
57:
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2908:American Slavic and East European Review,
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1532:(The Forge) before again launching a new
796:(Proletarian Culture — 1918 to 1921) and
398:respect to the individual and the state.
27:Soviet cultural and artistic organization
2944:vol. 6, no. 6 (June 1922), pp. 5–7.
2937:New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
2906:Hugh McLean, Jr., "Voronskij and VAPP,"
1865:
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1830:
1813:
1076:The Development of Capitalism in Russia
819:
626:, Anna Dodonova, N. M. Vasilevskii and
3037:Arts organizations established in 1917
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1729:October: Ten Days That Shook the World
1178:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
494:was occupied as the home of Proletkult
2803:Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917-1953.
657:, which sought to give preference to
243:
7:
3042:Organizations disestablished in 1920
655:Supreme Council of National Economy
277:People's Commissariat for Education
223:People's Commissariat for Education
2644:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2627:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2611:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2380:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2363:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2350:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2337:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2319:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2050:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2037:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2021:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
2008:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
1992:The Commissariat of Enlightenment,
1897:Materialism and Empirio-Criticism,
25:
2920:Proletcult (Proletarian Culture).
1670:institutional conflict remained.
1096:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
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1714:, director of the classic films
1398:
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566:was instructed to work with the
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2923:New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1921.
1493:dictatorship of the proletariat
1459:. Under a workers' state, some
636:workers' and soldiers' councils
465:General Organizational Science,
521:Russian Provisional Government
1:
3032:1917 establishments in Russia
2940:George Watson, "Proletcult,"
1762:Twenty first century interest
1614:dissidents who comprised the
1515:Influence on the various arts
1291:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
694:in the organization's honor.
467:which Lenin liked no better.
447:about socialist societies on
2170:Vasilii Ignatov, writing in
934:Proletarian internationalism
589:, talented young journalist
574:from October 16 to 19, 1917
117:; 103 years ago
81:; 106 years ago
3017:Culture of the Soviet Union
1901:Collected Works: Volume 14.
642:, the Communist Party, and
513:February Revolution of 1917
3058:
2917:Eden Paul and Cedar Paul,
1547:
1279:Death and funeral of Lenin
800:(Furnace — 1918 to 1923).
703:
29:
1677:in August 1920, founding
235:
56:
49:
42:
1224:History of Soviet Russia
1116:The State and Revolution
603:Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii
189:Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii
50:
2625:Quoted in Fitzpatrick,
2526:Proletarskaia Kul'tura,
1723:The Battleship Potemkin
1632:The Battleship Potemkin
1264:Anti-religious campaign
1146:Foundations of Leninism
944:Revolutionary situation
939:Revolutionary defeatism
909:Dialectical materialism
580:Socialist-Revolutionary
536:newspaper correspondent
275:Although funded by the
245:[prəlʲɪtˈkulʲt]
2790:Culture of the Future,
2777:Culture of the Future,
2764:Culture of the Future,
2748:Culture of the Future,
2735:Culture of the Future,
2722:Culture of the Future,
2704:Culture of the Future,
2686:Culture of the Future,
2673:Culture of the Future,
2530:Culture of the Future,
2513:Culture of the Future,
2406:Culture of the Future,
2303:Culture of the Future,
2290:Culture of the Future,
2277:Culture of the Future,
2264:Culture of the Future,
2251:Culture of the Future,
2233:Culture of the Future,
2194:Culture of the Future,
2176:Culture of the Future,
2159:Culture of the Future,
2146:Culture of the Future,
2133:Culture of the Future,
2120:Culture of the Future,
2107:Culture of the Future,
2094:Culture of the Future,
2081:Culture of the Future,
2068:Culture of the Future,
1960:Culture of the Future,
1871:Culture of the Future,
1851:Culture of the Future,
1838:Culture of the Future,
1743:
1648:Democratic Centralists
1639:
1563:Contemporary criticism
1485:
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711:Proletarskaya Kul'tura
706:Proletarskaya Kul'tura
699:Proletarskaya Kul'tura
671:
630:
508:
499:Preliminary conference
495:
424:philosophical idealism
324:
210:Proletarskaya Kul'tura
2969:at Wikimedia Commons
2831:(in Italian). Einaudi
2391:Lewis H. Siegelbaum,
1943:The Other Bolsheviks,
1930:The Other Bolsheviks,
1914:The Other Bolsheviks,
1803:Working-class culture
1734:
1701:on December 1, 1920.
1629:
1606:or for ultra-radical
1540:(VAPP) a year later.
1497:Proletarskaia Kultura
1473:
1461:Marxist theoreticians
1259:National delimitation
1234:Collective leadership
904:Democratic centralism
899:Collective leadership
794:Proletarskaia kultura
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692:(Ulitsa Proletkul'ta)
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333:Nicholas II of Russia
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2947:Robert C. Williams,
2869:Sheila Fitzpatrick,
2862:Sheila Fitzpatrick,
2524:"From the Editors,"
2465:Sheila Fitzpatrick,
1974:Sheila Fitzpatrick,
1956:(samostoiatel'nost')
1882:Robert C. Williams,
1599:Sheila Fitzpatrick's
1489:economic determinism
1393:Socialism portal
1381:Communism portal
659:vocational education
488:Arseny Morozov House
403:(bogostroitel'stvo).
329:1905-1907 Revolution
308:Factional background
3012:Russian avant-garde
2926:Zenovia A. Sochor,
2660:The Cultural Front,
2595:Revolutionary Acts,
2483:The Cultural Front,
2437:Robert A. Maguire,
1616:Workers' Opposition
1405:Politics portal
1269:New Economic Policy
1212:February Revolution
1086:What Is to Be Done?
929:National liberation
731:Vladimir Mayakovsky
478:Birth of Proletkult
360:Anatoly Lunacharsky
254:proletarian culture
218:Parent organization
174:Anatoly Lunacharsky
98:Anatoly Lunacharsky
44:Proletarian Culture
39:
1788:Proletcult Theatre
1664:Nadezhda Krupskaya
1640:
1604:Alexander Bogdanov
1550:Proletcult Theatre
1469:Platon Kerzhentsev
1314:Anti-Leninist left
1309:26 Baku Commissars
1217:October Revolution
1207:Russian Revolution
1202:RSDLP (Bolsheviks)
1027:Grigori Sokolnikov
949:Self-determination
840:Schools of thought
739:
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593:, and a long-time
587:Nadezhda Krupskaya
564:Factory Committees
525:Alexander Kerensky
517:October Revolution
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366:, argued that the
356:Alexander Bogdanov
325:
321:Alexander Bogdanov
258:Russian Revolution
197:Platon Kerzhentsev
177:Alexander Bogdanov
2965:Media related to
1899:see: V.I. Lenin,
1798:Socialist realism
1712:Sergei Eisenstein
1687:Mikhail Pokrovsky
1608:"Left Communists"
1534:mass organization
1441:
1440:
1190:Prague Conference
1069:Theoretical works
919:Labor aristocracy
644:its youth section
628:Vladimir Kirillov
624:Karl Ozol-Prednek
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529:Russian Civil War
395:Richard Avenarius
228:
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115:October 1920
79:October 1917
16:(Redirected from
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2933:Richard Stites,
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591:Larisa Reisner
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453:Engineer Menni
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2750:pp. 199, 201.
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2658:Fitzpatrick,
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2653:
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2609:Fitzpatrick,
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2361:Fitzpatrick,
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2348:Fitzpatrick,
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2342:
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2026:
2022:
2019:Fitzpatrick,
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:Fitzpatrick,
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:Fitzpatrick,
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
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1536:known as the
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1058:
1057:Antonio Negri
1055:
1053:
1052:Kwame Nkrumah
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:György Lukács
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:Andrei Bubnov
1020:
1018:
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1007:Joseph Stalin
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461:Taylor system
458:
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436:
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421:
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412:
410:
405:
404:
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387:Empiriomonism
383:
381:
375:
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372:working class
369:
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278:
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270:working-class
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185:Fedor Kalinin
182:
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102:
99:
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78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
55:
48:
41:
33:
19:
2987:(in Russian)
2978:(in Russian)
2959:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2907:
2900:
2899:Lynn Mally,
2892:
2890:Lynn Mally,
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2853:
2833:. Retrieved
2828:
2819:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2779:pp. 201-202.
2776:
2771:
2763:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2703:
2688:pp. 196-197.
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2638:V.I. Lenin,
2634:
2626:
2610:
2594:
2576:
2575:Lynn Mally,
2558:
2542:
2541:Siegelbaum,
2537:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2466:
2446:
2438:
2418:
2417:Siegelbaum,
2413:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2318:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2232:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2213:. Buy a Book
2210:
2201:
2193:
2175:
2172:Griadushchee
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2020:
2015:
2007:
1991:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1916:pp. 169-170.
1913:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1821:
1820:Lynn Mally,
1816:
1775:
1765:
1756:Lenins Rival
1755:
1749:
1735:
1727:
1726:(1926), and
1721:
1715:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1641:
1631:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1527:
1523:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1450:
1442:
1360:
1339:Luxemburgism
1274:Soviet Union
1183:2nd Congress
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1017:Alexei Rykov
992:Leon Trotsky
797:
793:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
767:
766:, editor of
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
710:
709:
698:
691:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
648:
632:
584:
552:
548:
533:
510:
469:
464:
456:
452:
438:
431:
413:
406:
402:
400:
386:
384:
376:
345:
326:
319:philosopher
297:
274:
236:Пролетку́льт
230:
229:
208:
64:
51:Пролетку́льт
2211:buyabook.ru
1622:Dissolution
1612:syndicalist
1457:bourgeoisie
1334:Libertarian
1042:Ho Chi Minh
1002:Lev Kamenev
964:Vanguardism
717:Development
428:materialist
409:World War I
364:Maxim Gorky
362:and writer
262:avant-garde
250:portmanteau
157:Membership
32:PROLET•KULT
3001:Categories
2967:Proletkult
2421:pp. 55-56.
2352:pp. 98-99.
2292:pp. 46-47.
2266:pp. 45-46.
2235:pp. 44-45.
2161:pp. 40-41.
2122:pp. 35-36.
2083:pp. 33-34.
2023:pp. 89-90.
1962:pp. 37-38.
1941:Williams,
1928:Williams,
1912:Williams,
1776:Proletkult
1679:Kultintern
1569:iconoclasm
1520:Literature
1361:Proletkult
1351:Mensheviks
1324:Jacobinism
1254:Red Terror
1195:Bolsheviks
914:Dual power
871:Trotskyism
846:Bolshevism
651:Narkompros
560:Bolsheviks
391:Ernst Mach
337:censorship
231:Proletkult
204:Main organ
170:Key people
104:Founded at
38:Proletkult
18:Proletcult
2835:2 January
2557:Maguire,
1809:Footnotes
1739:bourgeois
1652:peasantry
1286:Comintern
1239:Civil War
876:Workerism
861:Nkrumaism
851:Bordigism
582:parties.
572:Petrograd
556:Menshevik
380:socialism
317:Bolshevik
293:bourgeois
112:Dissolved
76:Formation
63:Cover of
3022:Leninism
2912:In JSTOR
2858:in JSTOR
2792:pg. 203.
2766:pg. 201.
2737:pg. 200.
2724:pg. 198.
2706:pg. 197.
2675:pg. 194.
2646:pg. 107.
2629:pg. 100.
2613:pg. 100.
2561:pg. 158.
2217:2 August
2052:pg. 306.
1994:pg. 295.
1945:pg. 171.
1932:pg. 170.
1853:pp. 4-5.
1782:See also
1732:(1927):
1720:(1925),
1610:and the
1573:futurism
1530:Kuznitsa
1244:Red Army
888:Concepts
822:Leninism
813:a series
811:Part of
804:Ideology
735:folk art
727:futurist
640:Red Army
416:ideology
331:against
266:dramatic
130:Location
2829:Einaudi
2788:Mally,
2775:Mally,
2762:Mally,
2746:Mally,
2733:Mally,
2720:Mally,
2702:Mally,
2684:Mally,
2671:Mally,
2662:pg. 22.
2597:pg. 22.
2593:Mally,
2545:pg. 56.
2532:pg. 38.
2515:pg. 38.
2511:Mally,
2485:pg. 20.
2404:Mally,
2382:pg. 99.
2365:pg. 99.
2339:pg. 98.
2321:pg. 94.
2305:pg. 48.
2301:Mally,
2288:Mally,
2279:pg. 46.
2275:Mally,
2262:Mally,
2253:pg. 45.
2249:Mally,
2231:Mally,
2196:pg. 44.
2192:Mally,
2178:pg. 43.
2157:Mally,
2148:pg. 40.
2144:Mally,
2135:pg. 36.
2131:Mally,
2118:Mally,
2109:pg. 34.
2105:Mally,
2096:pg. 35.
2092:Mally,
2079:Mally,
2070:pg. 33.
2066:Mally,
2039:pg. 90.
2010:pg. 89.
1869:Mally,
1849:Mally,
1836:Mally,
1768:Wu Ming
1544:Theater
1329:Marxism
1172:History
786:fewer.
737:effect.
442:utopian
420:Marxism
343:ranks.
335:. The
303:History
122:1920-10
120: (
94:Founder
86:1917-10
84: (
1873:pg. 5.
1840:pg. 4.
1774:novel
1717:Strike
1705:Legacy
1699:Pravda
1644:Whites
1160:(1925)
1150:(1924)
1140:(1920)
1130:(1918)
1120:(1917)
1110:(1917)
1100:(1909)
1090:(1902)
1080:(1899)
981:People
769:Pravda
595:Vpered
576:(O.S.)
540:France
492:Moscow
472:Moscow
457:Pravda
164:84,000
159:(1920)
143:
107:Moscow
1229:RSFSR
729:poet
544:Italy
352:Lenin
289:Lenin
248:), a
146:RSFSR
2837:2019
2219:2020
1895:For
1575:and
798:Gorn
542:and
511:The
486:The
449:Mars
393:and
358:and
241:IPA:
65:Gorn
538:in
523:of
490:in
418:of
279:of
3003::
2827:.
2755:^
2711:^
2693:^
2651:^
2618:^
2602:^
2584:^
2566:^
2550:^
2474:^
2458:^
2426:^
2326:^
2310:^
2240:^
2209:.
2183:^
2057:^
2028:^
1999:^
1983:^
1967:^
1921:^
1858:^
1829:^
1778:.
1618:.
815:on
622:,
239:,
2914:.
2839:.
2221:.
1638:.
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
771:.
435:.
124:)
88:)
34:.
20:)
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