188:(i.e. whether to reduce current energy expenditure to avoid delayed costs). The ability to imagine future scenarios and adjust decisions accordingly may be important for making intertemporal choices in a flexible manner that accords with delayed consequences. Accumulating evidence suggests that cuing people to imagine the future in vivid detail can encourage preferences for delayed outcomes over immediate ones. This has been extended into real-world decisions such as in reducing the consumption of high-calorie food and increasing pro-environmental behaviours.
249:
72:
enables individual animals to track local regularities in their environments and adapt their behaviour accordingly, in order to maximise their chances of positive outcomes and minimise risks. Animals that are capable of positive and negative states (for example pleasure and pain) can eventually learn
165:
People anticipate that it is possible to shape their future self. To acquire new knowledge or additional skills, people therefore engage in repeated actions driven by the goal to improve these future capacities. This deliberate practice is essential not only for elite performance but also in the
94:), as well as to imagine personal future events (known as episodic foresight). Mental time travel into the future (episodic foresight or episodic future thinking) is therefore one of several types of 'prospection' that refers to the capacity to simulate or imagine personal future events.
228:
there is an overrepresentation of possible negative future events. In depression, there is additionally a reduction in the generation of possible positive future events. There are also a range of changes to the representational format (i.e. whether people tend to represent the future in
150:
is the form of memory that involves remembering to perform these planned intentions, or to recall them at some future point in time. Prospective memory tasks are common in everyday life, ranging from remembering to post a letter to remembering to take one's medication.
127:
The feelings evoked during episodic foresight enable people to infer how they would really feel if the event were to happen in reality. This thereby enables people to anticipate whether future events are desirable or undesirable, and ability called
183:
are choices with outcomes that play out over time. Such decisions are ubiquitous in everyday life, ranging from routine decisions about what to eat for lunch (i.e. whether to adhere to a diet) to more profound decisions about
882:
73:
about the consequences of their actions and thereby predict imminent rewards and punishments before they occur. This enables animals to change their current actions accordingly in line with prospective consequences.
196:
In recent years there have been a range of investigations into variation in prospection and its functions in clinical populations. Deficits to the mechanisms and functions of prospection have been observed in
27:
is the generation and evaluation of mental representations of possible futures. The term therefore captures a wide array of future-oriented psychological phenomena, including the prediction of future emotion
928:
Lee, Pei-Shan; Sung, Yu-Hsien; Wu, Chia-Chun; Ho, Liang-Chu; Chiou, Wen-Bin (26 July 2018). "Using
Episodic Future Thinking to Pre-Experience Climate Change Increases Pro-Environmental Behavior".
797:
Bulley, Adam; Henry, Julie; Suddendorf, Thomas (2016). "Prospection and the present moment: The role of episodic foresight in intertemporal choices between immediate and delayed rewards".
998:
Henry, Julie D.; Addis, Donna Rose; Suddendorf, Thomas; Rendell, Peter G. (March 2016). "Introduction to the
Special Issue: Prospection difficulties in clinical populations".
1103:
Miloyan, Beyon; Pachana, Nancy A.; Suddendorf, Thomas (9 December 2013). "The future is here: A review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression".
318:
Seligman, Martin E. P.; Railton, Peter; Baumeister, Roy F.; Sripada, Chandra (27 February 2013). "Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past".
963:
Irish, Muireann; Piolino, Pascale (March 2016). "Impaired capacity for prospection in the dementias - Theoretical and clinical implications".
1146:
Bulley, Adam; Henry, Julie D.; Suddendorf, Thomas (March 2017). "Thinking about threats: Memory and prospection in human threat management".
263:
650:
Suddendorf, Thomas; Moore, Chris (October 2011). "Introduction to the special issue: The development of episodic foresight".
1220:
45:
160:
748:
113:
Episodic foresight is the capacity to imagine personal future scenarios and shape current action accordingly.
278:
834:"Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
593:"A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition: Fig. 1"
464:
371:"A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition: Fig. 1"
268:
198:
108:
129:
122:
29:
604:
514:
382:
210:
180:
175:
69:
1225:
556:
Suddendorf, T.; Corballis, M. C. (1997). "Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind".
217:
1171:
1128:
1050:
945:
910:
814:
779:
694:
538:
445:
351:
298:
283:
273:
147:
141:
87:
82:
53:
1163:
1120:
1085:
1015:
980:
902:
863:
771:
729:
632:
573:
565:
530:
487:
410:
343:
335:
254:
221:
1155:
1112:
1077:
1042:
1007:
972:
937:
894:
853:
845:
806:
763:
721:
686:
659:
622:
612:
522:
479:
437:
400:
390:
327:
288:
428:
Suddendorf, T; Bulley, A; Miloyan, B (December 2018). "Prospection and natural selection".
505:
Gilbert, D. T.; Wilson, T. D. (7 September 2007). "Prospection: Experiencing the Future".
230:
91:
881:
Dassen, Fania C.M.; Jansen, Anita; Nederkoorn, Chantal; Houben, Katrijn (January 2016).
608:
518:
386:
1192:
858:
833:
627:
592:
405:
370:
185:
49:
1068:
Roepke, Ann Marie; Seligman, Martin E. P. (March 2016). "Depression and prospection".
712:
Einstein, Gilles O.; McDaniel, Mark A. (1990). "Normal aging and prospective memory".
90:
refers to the ability to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past (known as
1214:
1054:
949:
914:
690:
465:"The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?"
206:
818:
783:
698:
542:
449:
355:
1175:
293:
1132:
883:"Focus on the future: Episodic future thinking reduces discount rate and snacking"
1159:
1116:
663:
441:
898:
677:
Wilson, Timothy D.; Gilbert, Daniel T. (23 June 2016). "Affective
Forecasting".
767:
725:
483:
244:
146:
Simulating the future enables people to create intentions for future actions.
52:
coined the term in 2007. It has since become a central area of enquiry in the
41:
20:
1046:
941:
591:
Szpunar, Karl K.; Spreng, R. Nathan; Schacter, Daniel L. (30 December 2014).
569:
369:
Szpunar, Karl K.; Spreng, R. Nathan; Schacter, Daniel L. (30 December 2014).
339:
331:
617:
526:
395:
202:
37:
1167:
1124:
1089:
1019:
984:
906:
867:
775:
636:
534:
491:
414:
347:
733:
577:
234:
65:
33:
747:
Berns, Gregory S.; Laibson, David; Loewenstein, George (November 2007).
849:
810:
225:
16:
Generation and evaluation of mental representations of possible futures
1081:
1033:
MacLeod, Andrew (30 June 2016). "Prospection, well-being and memory".
1011:
976:
216:
Shifts in the content and modes of prospection have been observed in
714:
Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
32:), the imagination of future scenarios (episodic foresight), and
463:
Suddendorf, Thomas; Corballis, Michael C. (29 October 2007).
749:"Intertemporal choice – toward an integrative framework"
832:
Rung, Jillian M.; Madden, Gregory J. (September 2018).
36:. Prospection is central to various aspects of human
68:
processes are, in some sense, forms of prospection.
558:Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs
117:Predicting future emotions (affective forecasting)
597:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
375:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8:
209:, and after brain damage (especially to the
838:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
679:Current Directions in Psychological Science
857:
626:
616:
404:
394:
166:acquirement of numerous everyday feats.
98:Examples of the functions of prospection
310:
1193:"Publications: Prospective Psychology"
1070:British Journal of Clinical Psychology
1000:British Journal of Clinical Psychology
965:British Journal of Clinical Psychology
430:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
320:Perspectives on Psychological Science
264:Constructivism (psychological school)
7:
77:Relationship with mental time travel
14:
478:(3): 299–313, discussion 313–51.
691:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00355.x
247:
237:detail) in affective disorders.
220:. For example, in both clinical
1:
472:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
46:Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)
1160:10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.005
1117:10.1080/02699931.2013.863179
799:Review of General Psychology
756:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
664:10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.09.001
442:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.019
1148:Consciousness and Cognition
899:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.032
1242:
768:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.011
726:10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.717
173:
161:Practice (learning method)
158:
139:
120:
106:
80:
484:10.1017/S0140525X07001975
1047:10.1177/1750698016645233
942:10.1177/0013916518790590
930:Environment and Behavior
332:10.1177/1745691612474317
170:Flexible decision-making
60:Prospection and learning
618:10.1073/pnas.1417144111
527:10.1126/science.1144161
396:10.1073/pnas.1417144111
279:Future-oriented therapy
269:Foresight (psychology)
201:and other age-related
136:Prospective intentions
109:Foresight (psychology)
1105:Cognition and Emotion
652:Cognitive Development
211:medial temporal lobes
181:Intertemporal choices
130:affective forecasting
123:Affective forecasting
30:affective forecasting
1221:Cognitive psychology
1197:prospectivepsych.org
176:Intertemporal choice
70:Associative learning
609:2014PNAS..11118414S
603:(52): 18414–18421.
519:2007Sci...317.1351G
513:(5843): 1351–1354.
387:2014PNAS..11118414S
381:(52): 18414–18421.
218:affective disorders
199:Alzheimer's disease
192:Clinical impairment
155:Deliberate practice
850:10.1037/xge0000462
811:10.1037/gpr0000061
299:Mental time travel
284:Futures techniques
274:Future orientation
148:Prospective memory
142:Prospective memory
103:Episodic foresight
88:Mental time travel
83:Mental time travel
54:cognitive sciences
1082:10.1111/bjc.12087
1012:10.1111/bjc.12108
977:10.1111/bjc.12090
255:Psychology portal
64:Even fundamental
1233:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1180:
1179:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1030:
1024:
1023:
995:
989:
988:
960:
954:
953:
925:
919:
918:
878:
872:
871:
861:
844:(9): 1349–1381.
829:
823:
822:
794:
788:
787:
753:
744:
738:
737:
709:
703:
702:
674:
668:
667:
647:
641:
640:
630:
620:
588:
582:
581:
553:
547:
546:
502:
496:
495:
469:
460:
454:
453:
425:
419:
418:
408:
398:
366:
360:
359:
315:
289:Goal orientation
257:
252:
251:
250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1032:
1031:
1027:
997:
996:
992:
962:
961:
957:
927:
926:
922:
880:
879:
875:
831:
830:
826:
796:
795:
791:
762:(11): 482–488.
751:
746:
745:
741:
711:
710:
706:
676:
675:
671:
649:
648:
644:
590:
589:
585:
555:
554:
550:
504:
503:
499:
467:
462:
461:
457:
427:
426:
422:
368:
367:
363:
317:
316:
312:
308:
303:
253:
248:
246:
243:
194:
178:
172:
163:
157:
144:
138:
125:
119:
111:
105:
100:
92:episodic memory
85:
79:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1187:
1186:External links
1184:
1182:
1181:
1138:
1111:(5): 795–810.
1095:
1060:
1041:(3): 266–274.
1035:Memory Studies
1025:
990:
955:
920:
873:
824:
789:
739:
720:(4): 717–726.
704:
685:(3): 131–134.
669:
658:(4): 295–298.
642:
583:
564:(2): 133–167.
548:
497:
455:
420:
361:
326:(2): 119–141.
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
259:
258:
242:
239:
193:
190:
186:climate change
174:Main article:
171:
168:
159:Main article:
156:
153:
140:Main article:
137:
134:
121:Main article:
118:
115:
107:Main article:
104:
101:
99:
96:
81:Main article:
78:
75:
61:
58:
50:Timothy Wilson
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
743:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
643:
638:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
587:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
459:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
424:
421:
416:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
311:
305:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
256:
245:
240:
238:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
207:Schizophrenia
204:
200:
191:
189:
187:
182:
177:
169:
167:
162:
154:
152:
149:
143:
135:
133:
131:
124:
116:
114:
110:
102:
97:
95:
93:
89:
84:
76:
74:
71:
67:
59:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
22:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1076:(1): 23–48.
1073:
1069:
1063:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1003:
999:
993:
971:(1): 49–68.
968:
964:
958:
933:
929:
923:
890:
886:
876:
841:
837:
827:
805:(1): 29–47.
802:
798:
792:
759:
755:
742:
717:
713:
707:
682:
678:
672:
655:
651:
645:
600:
596:
586:
561:
557:
551:
510:
506:
500:
475:
471:
458:
433:
429:
423:
378:
374:
364:
323:
319:
313:
294:Goal setting
215:
195:
179:
164:
145:
126:
112:
86:
63:
24:
18:
893:: 327–332.
25:prospection
1226:Prediction
1215:Categories
1006:(1): 1–3.
306:References
222:depression
42:motivation
21:psychology
1202:13 August
1154:: 53–69.
1055:147765991
950:149526997
936:: 60–81.
915:205612811
570:8756-7547
436:: 26–31.
340:1745-6916
203:dementias
38:cognition
1168:28157585
1125:24320101
1090:26096347
1020:26857430
985:26014112
907:26431684
887:Appetite
868:30148386
819:84178870
784:22282339
776:17980645
699:18373805
637:25416592
543:19753427
535:17823345
492:17963565
450:53180176
415:25416592
356:17506436
348:26172493
241:See also
235:semantic
231:episodic
66:learning
34:planning
1176:3616477
859:6112163
734:2142956
628:4284580
605:Bibcode
578:9204544
515:Bibcode
507:Science
406:4284580
383:Bibcode
226:anxiety
1174:
1166:
1133:947624
1131:
1123:
1088:
1053:
1018:
983:
948:
913:
905:
866:
856:
817:
782:
774:
732:
697:
635:
625:
576:
568:
541:
533:
490:
448:
413:
403:
354:
346:
338:
1172:S2CID
1129:S2CID
1051:S2CID
946:S2CID
911:S2CID
815:S2CID
780:S2CID
752:(PDF)
695:S2CID
539:S2CID
468:(PDF)
446:S2CID
352:S2CID
1204:2015
1164:PMID
1121:PMID
1086:PMID
1016:PMID
981:PMID
903:PMID
864:PMID
772:PMID
730:PMID
633:PMID
574:PMID
566:ISSN
531:PMID
488:PMID
411:PMID
344:PMID
336:ISSN
224:and
213:).
132:'.
48:and
40:and
1156:doi
1113:doi
1078:doi
1043:doi
1008:doi
973:doi
938:doi
895:doi
854:PMC
846:doi
842:147
807:doi
764:doi
722:doi
687:doi
660:doi
623:PMC
613:doi
601:111
562:123
523:doi
511:317
480:doi
438:doi
401:PMC
391:doi
379:111
328:doi
233:or
19:In
1217::
1195:.
1170:.
1162:.
1152:49
1150:.
1127:.
1119:.
1109:28
1107:.
1084:.
1074:55
1072:.
1049:.
1037:.
1014:.
1004:55
1002:.
979:.
969:55
967:.
944:.
934:52
932:.
909:.
901:.
891:96
889:.
885:.
862:.
852:.
840:.
836:.
813:.
803:20
801:.
778:.
770:.
760:11
758:.
754:.
728:.
718:16
716:.
693:.
683:14
681:.
656:26
654:.
631:.
621:.
611:.
599:.
595:.
572:.
560:.
537:.
529:.
521:.
509:.
486:.
476:30
474:.
470:.
444:.
434:24
432:.
409:.
399:.
389:.
377:.
373:.
350:.
342:.
334:.
322:.
205:,
56:.
44:.
23:,
1206:.
1178:.
1158::
1135:.
1115::
1092:.
1080::
1057:.
1045::
1039:9
1022:.
1010::
987:.
975::
952:.
940::
917:.
897::
870:.
848::
821:.
809::
786:.
766::
736:.
724::
701:.
689::
666:.
662::
639:.
615::
607::
580:.
545:.
525::
517::
494:.
482::
452:.
440::
417:.
393::
385::
358:.
330::
324:8
128:'
28:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.