42:
479:
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2258:
2294:
2329:
69:
2310:
2282:
700:
1174:– and not wheat. The durable spore type produced on the alternate host allows the disease to persist in wheat even in more inhospitable environments. Planting resistant crops will prevent disease, however, virulence mutations will give rise to new strains of fungi that overcome plant resistance. Although the disease cannot be stopped by removal of the alternate host, the life cycle is disrupted and the
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rust disease, can be confused with common rust. Southern rust's distinguishing characteristic is that pustules form mostly on the upper leaf surface and spores are more orange in color. Southern rust spreads more quickly and has a higher economic impact when hot, humid weather conditions persist. Timely fungicide applications to control southern rust are more crucial than with common rust.
3208:
300:, are currently accepted. Rust fungi are highly specialized plant pathogens with several unique features. Taken as a group, rust fungi are diverse and affect many kinds of plants. However, each species has a range of hosts and cannot be transmitted to non-host plants. In addition, most rust fungi cannot be
555:). These serve as repeating dikaryotic vegetative spores. These spores are referred to as the repeating stage because they can cause auto-infection on the primary host, re-infecting the same host on which the spores were produced. They are often profuse, red/orange, and a prominent sign of rust disease.
1222:
In some large acreage crops, fungicides are applied by air. The process is expensive and fungicide application is best reserved for seasons when foliar diseases are severe. Research indicates, the higher the foliar disease severity, the greater the return from the use of fungicides. Southern corn
1185:
Demicyclic disease: Because there is no repeating stage in the life cycle of demicyclic fungi, removal of the primary or the alternate host will disrupt the disease cycle. This method, however, is not highly effective in managing all demicyclic diseases. Cedar-apple rust disease, for example, can
444:
Rusts are among the most harmful pathogens to agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Rust fungi are major concerns and limiting factors for successful cultivation of agricultural and forest crops. White pine blister rust, wheat stem rust, soybean rust, and coffee rust are examples of notoriously
1021:
mechanism to allow the mechanised collection of spores for study – Cherry & Peet 1966's improved version gathers even more efficiently. This device was first put to work testing the composition of the spores themselves, especially substances coating the outside of the spores which
350:
that only infect living plants. Infections begin when a spore lands on the plant surface, germinates, and invades its host. Infection is limited to plant parts such as leaves, petioles, tender shoots, stem, fruits, etc. Plants with severe rust infection may appear stunted,
1186:
persist despite removal of one of the hosts since spores can be disseminated from long distances. The severity of cedar-apple rust disease can be managed by removal of basidiospore producing galls from junipers or the application of protective fungicides to junipers.
621:
rust fungi require two unrelated hosts to complete their life cycle, with the primary host being infected by aeciospores and the alternate host being infected by basidiospores. This can be contrasted with an autoecious fungus, such as
605:, and the aecial states, thus possess only uredinia and telia. Spermagonia may be absent from each type but especially the microcyclic life cycle. In macrocyclic and demicyclic life cycles, the rust may be either host alternating (
359:, and make spore-producing fruiting bodies within or, more often, on the surfaces of affected plant parts. Some rust species form perennial systemic infections that may cause plant deformities such as growth retardation,
495:
Rust fungi can produce up to five spore types from corresponding fruiting body types during their life cycle, depending on the species. Roman numerals have traditionally been used to refer to these morphological types.
1110:
The control methods of rust fungus diseases depend largely on the life cycle of the particular pathogen. The following are examples of disease management plans used to control macrocyclic and demicyclic diseases:
1230:
High moisture levels may exacerbate rust disease symptoms. The avoidance of overhead watering at night, using drip irrigation, reducing crop density, and using fans to circulate air flow may decrease disease
1150:, preventing the formation of basidiospores which infect the primary host. Although spores from white pines cannot infect other white pines, survival spores may overwinter on infected pines and reinfect
1240:
Inspection of imported plants and cuttings for symptoms. It is important to continuously observe the plants because rust diseases have a latent period (plant has the disease but shows no symptoms).
3181:
1264:). Recently, a total of 95 rust fungi belonging to 25 genera associated with 117 forest plant species belonging to 80 host genera under 43 host families were reported from the
680:. When a spore encounters a susceptible plant, it can germinate and infect plant tissues. A rust spores typically germinates on a plant surface, growing a short hypha called a
2269:
3077:
648:, comprise species that are capable of parasitizing plants of many families. Other rust genera appear to be restricted to certain plant groups. Host restriction may, in
2293:
445:
damaging threats to economically important crops. Climate change may increase the prevalence of some rust species while causing others to decline through increased CO
1210:, good soil drainage, and careful watering may minimize problems. Any appearance of rust must be immediately dealt with by removing and burning all affected leaves.
715:. From the underside of an appressorium, a slender hypha grows downward to infect plant cells. It is thought that the whole process is mediated by stretch-sensitive
3362:
3414:
41:
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628:, which can complete all parts of its life cycle on a single host species. Understanding the life cycles of rust fungi allows for proper disease management.
465:, meaning that they require a living host to complete their life cycle. They generally do not kill the host plant but can severely reduce growth and yield.
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478:
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It is probable that most plant species are affected by some species of rust. Rusts are often named after a host species that they infect. For example;
3336:
653:
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636:
There are definite patterns of relationship with host plant groups and the rust fungi that parasitize them. Some genera of rust fungi, especially
2807:
Zhou, X. L., et al., A mechanosensitive channel in whole cells and in membrane patches of the fungus
Uromyces. Science, 1991. 253(5026): p. 1415.
664:
significance. Rust fungi decrease photosynthesis and elicit the emissions of different stress volatiles with increasing severity of infection.
2463:
782:
occurs. The process repeats every 10–14 days, producing numerous spores that can be spread to other parts of the same plant, or to new hosts.
2579:
2511:
2281:
1202:, may help but may never eradicate the disease. Some organic preventative solutions are available and sulphur powder is known to stop spore
589:
Rust fungi are often categorized by their life cycle. Three basic types of life cycles are recognized based on the number of spore types as
810:
601:. The macrocyclic life cycle has all spore states, the demicyclic lacks the uredinial state, and the microcyclic cycle lacks the basidial,
3153:
3130:
3171:
2798:
Deising, H. B., S. Werner, and M. Wernitz, The role of fungal appressoria in plant infection. Microbes Infect, 2000. 2(13): pp. 1631–41.
3101:
889:(stem rust of wheat and Kentucky bluegrass, or black rust of cereals); primary hosts include: Kentucky bluegrass, barley, and wheat;
2544:
1097:
1041:
431:
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stage of the life cycle. They usually do not infect a plant directly; instead they germinate to produce basidia and basidiospores.
3460:
50:
2940:
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of nutrients from the plant, nourishing the fungus. The fungus continues growing, penetrating more and more plant cells, until
343:
in successive stages of reproduction. Each spore type is very host specific, and can typically infect only one kind of plant.
1079:
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413:
409:
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Crop rotation can break the disease cycle because many rusts are host specific and do not persist long without their host.
3452:
652:
species, apply to both phases of life cycle or to only one phase. As with many pathogen/host pairs, rusts are often in
3054:
Marsalis, M. & Goldberg, N. (2006). Leaf, Stem, And Stripe Rust
Diseases of Wheat. . New Mexico State University.
2816:
Voegele, R. T., and K. Mendgen, Rust haustoria: nutrient uptake and beyond. New
Phytologist, 2003. 159(1): pp. 93–100.
2352:
489:
68:
581:. These windborne haploid spores often infect the alternate host in Spring. They are rarely observed outside of the
2949:
2672:
657:
2730:
Sulaiman Eve, Hassan Y; Runno-Paurson; Kaurilind, Eve; Niinemets, Ülo (2023). "Differential impact of crown rust (
754:
rich neck band bridges the plant and fungal membranes in the space between the cells for water flow, known as the
3419:
453:, changes to temperature and humidity, and enhanced spore dispersal due to more frequent extreme weather events.
2876:
Hurtado-Gonzales, O. P.; Valentini, G.; Gilio, T. A.; Martins, A. M.; Song, Q.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. (2016).
2849:
Hooker, Arthur L (1967). "The
Genetics and Expression of Resistance in Plants to Rusts of the Genus Puccinia".
469:
can be devastated in one season; oak trees infected in the main stem within their first five years by the rust
2309:
2997:"Resistance that stacks up: engineering rust and mildew disease control in the cereal crops wheat and barley"
2833:
963:
897:
3073:
Wallis, C. & Lewandowski, D. (2008). Cedar Rust
Diseases of Ornamental Plants. . Ohio State University.
3058:
1127:
1068:
793:
402:
3212:
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fungus that causes wheat stem rust disease. The sexual stage in this fungus occurs on the alternate host –
3498:
3224:
1114:
Macrocyclic disease: Developing a management plan for this type of disease depends largely on whether the
920:
852:
763:
218:
134:
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1179:
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272:
1331:
2229:
233:
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Central
Science Laboratory. (2006). Plant Healthcare: Rusts . Retrieved from www.csldiagnostics.co.uk
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1996:
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228:
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which infect white pines. Removal of the alternate host disrupts the life cycle of the rust fungi
173:
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2550:
2347:
2214:
2099:
2058:
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spp. the following season. Infected tissue is removed from white pines and strict quarantines of
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767:
693:
223:
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63:
3075:
https://woodlandstewards.osu.edu/sites/woodlands/files/d6/files/pubfiles/3055%20cedar%20rust.pdf
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995:, which had heretofore been poorly understood and handled by individual growers as part of the
742:: plant cell membranes invaginate around the main haustorial body forming a space known as the
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2969:
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2629:
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2013:
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2619:
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2427:
2419:
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2158:
1751:
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988:
912:
775:
360:
355:(yellowed), or may display signs of infection such as rust fruiting bodies. Rust fungi grow
249:
208:
203:
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3062:
2837:
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2233:
2123:
1919:
992:
939:
876:
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146:
110:
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2996:
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2720:
Peterson, R., (1974). The Rust Fungus Life Cycle. The
Botanical Review. 40(4), 453-513.
2432:
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996:
928:
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543:
257:
245:
193:
188:
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3038:
2878:"Fine Mapping of Ur-3, a Historically Important Rust Resistance Locus in Common Bean"
2358:
2243:
2151:
2044:
1968:
1940:
1905:
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1265:
1182:. This allows resistance bred crops to remain effective for a longer period of time.
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739:
689:
677:
573:
565:
522:
356:
316:
239:
213:
152:
100:
2938:
Staples, Richard (2000). "Research on the Rust Fungi During the
Twentieth Century".
866:); primary host is soybean and various legumes. Unknown alternate host. Heteroecious
699:
370:
Rusts get their name because they are most commonly observed as deposits of powdery
2981:
2554:
2536:
2363:
2334:
1849:
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1303:
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712:
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618:
610:
606:
502:
466:
308:
198:
140:
3172:"How Rust went from a side project to the world's most-loved programming language"
2957:
3289:
2995:
Dracatos, Peter M.; Lu, Jing; Sánchez-Martín, Javier; Wulff, Brande B.H. (2023).
2569:
1040:
and other sources of rust resistance – with reduced delay before deployment – if
848:(coffee rust); primary host is coffee plant; unknown alternate host. Heteroecious
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3349:
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2144:
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1730:
1604:
1492:
1203:
1057:
779:
578:
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987:
Efforts to control rusts began to be scientifically based in the 20th century.
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535:
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374:-coloured or brown spores on plant surfaces. The Roman agricultural festival
294:
and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus
3310:
2708:
Scott, K.J, & Chakravorty, A.K., (1982), The Rust fungi. Academic Press.
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2423:
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507:
375:
352:
332:
80:
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2441:
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located in the tip of the hypha, which produce electric currents and alter
696:
on the leaf surface, and growing directionally until it encounters a stoma.
17:
3207:
2893:
2755:
2699:
Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press
3388:
3241:
2734:) infection on photosynthesis and volatile emissions in the primary host
2131:
1982:
1961:
1947:
1933:
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1779:
1772:
1744:
1548:
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1199:
1171:
903:
759:
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661:
644:
638:
552:
511:
462:
296:
1214:, or leaving infected vegetation on the ground will spread the disease.
2066:
1828:
1765:
1499:
1485:
1207:
1082: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
515:
416: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1702:
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1506:
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1226:
A variety of preventative methods can be employed for rust diseases:
1037:
837:
602:
548:
518:
336:
291:
90:
3341:
3218:
3315:
2408:"A higher-rank classification for rust fungi, with notes on genera"
2182:
2165:
2138:
2115:
1975:
1954:
1891:
1884:
1688:
1422:
1273:
1132:
1003:'s extensive discoveries of rust genetics. In order to study rust
825:
799:
708:
698:
685:
656:. This rust-plant gene-for-gene interaction differs somewhat from
477:
328:
320:
311:
in different stages of its life cycle, and may produce up to five
2830:
1130:
disease does not occur on white pines but on the alternate host,
3302:
3055:
2506:. Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. p. 148.
1814:
1597:
1119:
829:
747:
371:
364:
3222:
617:) (i.e., the aecial and telial states on the same plant host).
2571:
Utopia
Antiqua: Readings of the Golden Age and Decline at Rome
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2200:
2007:
1051:
874:(crown rust of oats and ryegrass); oats are the primary host;
385:
1243:
Use of disease-free seed can reduce incidence for some rusts
881:(Buckthorn) is alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
726:
Once the fungus has invaded the plant, it grows into plant
564:
from Telia. These dikaryotic spores are often the survival/
2527:
Kolmer, James A; Ordonez, Maria E; Groth, James V (2001).
609:) (i.e., the aecial stage is on one kind of plant but the
2287:
Diagram representing the infection process of rust fungi
378:(April 25) has ancient origins in combating wheat rust.
538:, asexual spores, and go on to infect the primary host.
613:
on a different and unrelated plant), or single-host (
49:
Example of wheat leaf from a disease differential of
3050:
3048:
2716:
2714:
762:
reaching the plant's cells. The haustorium contains
3231:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
1118:(rarely termed the "repeating stage") occur on the
893:
is the alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
798:(white pine blister rust); the primary hosts are
534:from Aecia. These serve mainly as non-repeating,
703:Rust hypha attacking stoma (1600x magnification)
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2263:Rust fungus on a leaf, under low magnification.
908:is alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
692:. This involves orienting to ridges created by
2789:Dickinson, M. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2003.
711:tip produces an infection structure called an
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
730:cells, producing specialized hyphae known as
654:gene-for-gene relationships with their plants
8:
1026:. When detected they help prevent crowding.
806:the secondary. Heterocyclic and macrocyclic
3219:
2825:Cornell University. (2010). Daylily rust:
367:, or hypertrophy of affected plant parts.
40:
31:
3020:
2901:
2623:
2431:
1234:The use of rust resistant plant varieties
1098:Learn how and when to remove this message
901:(daylily rust); daylily is primary host;
432:Learn how and when to remove this message
1990:Some of the better known hosts include:
1158:spp. are maintained in high risk areas.
2385:
2253:
1258:infects the flowering plant cocklebur (
688:by a touch responsive process known as
307:Most species of rust fungi are able to
2406:Aime, M. C.; McTaggart, A. R. (2021).
1194:Rust diseases are very hard to treat.
1126:. For example, the repeating stage in
3184:from the original on 15 February 2023
7:
3430:afe1e8b3-76ea-434a-96cd-4dc147dee766
3170:Thompson, Clive (14 February 2023).
1458:Rust infected host genera include:
1080:adding citations to reliable sources
811:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
488:, model from the late 19th century,
414:adding citations to reliable sources
3494:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
2863:10.1146/annurev.py.05.090167.001115
2466:from the original on 9 October 2023
840:) host. Heteroecious and demicyclic
723:, inducing appressorium formation.
632:Host plant–rust fungus relationship
1036:can provide a much wider range of
991:initiated the scientific study of
25:
1136:spp. During August and September
1120:economically important host plant
1042:regulation of genetic engineering
1017:. The cyclone separator uses the
3206:
2456:"Species Fungorum - Search Page"
2412:Fungal Systematics and Evolution
2327:
2308:
2292:
2280:
2275:Urediniospores of a rust fungus.
2268:
2256:
1178:is decreased because of reduced
1056:
786:Common rust fungi in agriculture
672:The spores of rust fungi may be
390:
309:infect two different plant hosts
67:
3133:from the original on 2019-12-16
3104:from the original on 2018-06-12
2941:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2675:from the original on 2010-09-17
2588:from the original on 2023-10-09
2303:on the surface of a nettle leaf
1067:needs additional citations for
401:needs additional citations for
2831:http://plantclinic.cornell.edu
2744:Journal of Experimental Botany
2608:"Rust fungi and global change"
2606:Helfer, Stephan (2013-10-30).
2537:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021264
2531:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
684:. This germ tube may locate a
658:other gene-for-gene situations
1:
3056:http://pubs.nmsu.edu/_a/A415/
2958:10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.49
2355:(named after the Rust fungus)
482:Germinating urediniospore of
2882:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
2236:fungi, species of the genus
967:(bean rust) in common bean (
959:(brown wheat rust) in grains
323:-producing structures viz.,
302:grown easily in pure culture
3001:Plant Biotechnology Journal
2353:Rust (programming language)
660:and has its own quirks and
490:Botanical Museum Greifswald
255:mitosporic Pucciniales and
3515:
999:. Stakman was followed by
916:(orange rust of sugarcane)
734:. The haustoria penetrate
3160:(retrieved December 2015)
1024:signal population density
924:(brown rust of sugarcane)
131:
126:
64:Scientific classification
62:
48:
39:
34:
2574:. Taylor & Francis.
951:(yellow rust) of cereals
514:. These serve mainly as
348:obligate plant pathogens
3098:www.stopsoybeanrust.com
2827:Puccinia hemerocallidis
2738:and the alternate host
2460:www.speciesfungorum.org
2424:10.3114/fuse.2021.07.02
2224:Hyperparasites of rusts
2095:(Juniper apple disease)
1128:white pine blister rust
964:Uromyces appendiculatus
744:extra-haustorial matrix
461:All rusts are obligate
2851:Annu. Rev. Phytopathol
2776:Craigie, J.H. (1931).
2669:www.backyardnature.net
1276:. Rust fungi include:
758:, thus preventing the
704:
492:
290:An estimated 168 rust
273:fungal plant pathogens
3177:MIT Technology Review
3094:"Stopsoybeanrust.com"
2894:10.1534/g3.116.036061
1180:genetic recombination
1032:and other methods of
1011:, 1951 developed the
943:(common rust of corn)
702:
481:
285:plant fungal diseases
279:(previously known as
3215:at Wikimedia Commons
2504:Rust Fungi of Kerala
2502:Mohanan, C. (2010).
2089:Juniperus virginiana
2000:, Jack-in-the-pulpit
1248:Host plants affected
1206:. High standards of
1076:improve this article
853:Phakopsora meibomiae
817:Juniperus virginiana
814:(cedar-apple rust);
717:calcium ion channels
410:improve this article
2756:10.1093/jxb/erad001
2108:Allium ampeloprasum
1997:Arisaema triphyllum
1147:Cronartium ribicola
1034:genetic engineering
1019:cyclonic separation
795:Cronartium ribicola
774:which are used for
472:Cronartium quercuum
229:Sphaerophragmiaceae
219:Rogerpetersoniaceae
135:Araucariomycetaceae
3156:2016-03-03 at the
3123:"Common Corn Rust"
3080:2021-01-07 at the
3061:2022-11-27 at the
2836:2010-08-18 at the
2568:Evans, R. (2007).
2348:Leaf rust (barley)
2215:Xanthium canadense
2100:Juniperus communis
2059:Euphorbia maculata
2038:Crataegus monogyna
1218:Commercial control
1140:spp. give rise to
970:Phaseolus vulgaris
845:Hemileia vastatrix
836:is the secondary (
707:Over the stoma, a
705:
493:
164:Gymnosporangiaceae
52:Puccinia recondita
3476:
3475:
3438:Open Tree of Life
3225:Taxon identifiers
3211:Media related to
3013:10.1111/pbi.14106
3007:(10): 1938–1951.
2829:. Retrieved from
2732:Puccinia coronata
2625:10.1111/nph.12570
2581:978-1-134-48787-5
2513:978-81-85041-72-8
2301:Puccinia urticata
2210:-Common groundsel
2017:, Common barberry
2014:Berberis vulgaris
1332:Hapalophragmidium
1176:rate of evolution
1166:is a macrocyclic
1163:Puccinia graminis
1108:
1107:
1100:
1014:Cyclone Separator
898:P. hemerocallidis
871:Puccinia coronata
770:transporters and
668:Infection process
485:Puccinia graminis
442:
441:
434:
266:
265:
16:(Redirected from
3506:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3407:NHMSYS0020536006
3397:
3396:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3220:
3210:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3167:
3161:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3090:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3024:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2935:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2846:
2840:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2750:(6): 2029–2046.
2740:Rhamnus frangula
2727:
2721:
2718:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2499:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2403:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2312:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2230:Sphaeropsidaceae
2207:Senecio vulgaris
2159:Primula vulgaris
2062:, Spotted Spurge
1255:Puccinia xanthii
1103:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1060:
1052:
1016:
1015:
997:breeding process
989:Elvin C. Stakman
921:P. melanocephala
820:is the primary (
776:active transport
437:
430:
426:
423:
417:
394:
386:
250:Mikronegeriaceae
234:Tranzscheliaceae
209:Pucciniastraceae
204:Pucciniosiraceae
72:
71:
44:
32:
21:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3227:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3158:Wayback Machine
3151:faculty.ucr.edu
3149:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3127:www.channel.com
3121:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3082:Wayback Machine
3072:
3068:
3063:Wayback Machine
3053:
3046:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2937:
2936:
2919:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2838:Wayback Machine
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2612:New Phytologist
2605:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2547:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2405:
2404:
2387:
2382:
2374:Wheat leaf rust
2333:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2276:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2234:Sphaeropsidales
2226:
2221:
2124:Mentha piperita
2080:Hordeum vulgare
1988:
1920:Tabernaemontana
1456:
1250:
1220:
1192:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1073:
1061:
1050:
1013:
1012:
993:host resistance
985:
980:
891:Common barberry
788:
721:gene expression
694:epidermal cells
676:wind, water or
670:
634:
459:
452:
448:
438:
427:
421:
418:
407:
395:
384:
363:, stem canker,
357:intracellularly
346:Rust fungi are
313:morphologically
248:(incorporating
159:Crossopsoraceae
147:Coleosporiaceae
111:Pucciniomycetes
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3457:
3447:
3434:
3424:
3411:
3398:
3385:
3372:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3253:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3202:
3201:External links
3199:
3196:
3195:
3162:
3143:
3114:
3085:
3066:
3044:
2987:
2950:Annual Reviews
2917:
2888:(2): 557–569.
2868:
2857:(1): 163–178.
2841:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2778:Phytopathology
2769:
2722:
2710:
2701:
2685:
2656:
2647:
2618:(3): 770–780.
2598:
2580:
2560:
2545:
2519:
2512:
2477:
2447:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:Rust on onions
2314:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:hyperparasites
2228:In the family
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2197:Secale cereale
2194:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2030:Coffea arabica
2026:
2018:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1647:Dipterocanthus
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1318:Didymopsorella
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1191:
1188:
1124:alternate host
1116:urediniospores
1106:
1105:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1046:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
960:
952:
948:P. striiformis
944:
936:
925:
917:
909:
894:
882:
867:
849:
841:
807:
787:
784:
740:cell membranes
678:insect vectors
669:
666:
633:
630:
625:Puccinia porri
587:
586:
569:
556:
544:Urediniospores
539:
526:
458:
455:
450:
446:
440:
439:
398:
396:
389:
383:
380:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:incertae sedis
253:
246:Zaghouaniaceae
243:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
194:Pileolariaceae
191:
189:Phragmidiaceae
186:
184:Phakopsoraceae
181:
179:Ochropsoraceae
176:
171:
169:Melampsoraceae
166:
161:
156:
149:
144:
137:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:Order of fungi
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3511:
3500:
3499:Basidiomycota
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2546:9780470015902
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Smut (fungus)
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2325:
2320:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2299:Rust fungus,
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:Triticum spp.
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:Primula veris
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:Chrysanthemum
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:- Broad beans
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:Xanthophyllum
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:Trichosanthes
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:Strobilanthes
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:Protasparagus
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1626:Dendrocalamus
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Western Ghats
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1065:This section
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
982:
977:
972:
971:
966:
965:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
932:(leek rust);
931:
930:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
914:
910:
907:
905:
900:
899:
895:
892:
888:
887:
883:
880:
878:
873:
872:
868:
865:
861:
860:
859:P. pachyrhizi
855:
854:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
813:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
796:
792:
791:
790:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:hexose sugar-
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
701:
697:
695:
691:
690:thigmotropism
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:
641:
640:
631:
629:
627:
626:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
580:
576:
575:
574:Basidiospores
570:
567:
566:overwintering
563:
562:
557:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
537:
533:
532:
527:
524:
523:heterothallic
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
498:
497:
491:
487:
486:
480:
476:
474:
473:
468:
464:
456:
454:
436:
433:
425:
415:
411:
405:
404:
399:This section
397:
393:
388:
387:
381:
379:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:witch's broom
358:
354:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:cytologically
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:of the order
274:
270:
260:
259:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
240:Uropyxidaceae
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:Raveneliaceae
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
154:
153:Cronartiaceae
150:
148:
145:
142:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:Basidiomycota
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3232:
3186:. Retrieved
3175:
3165:
3146:
3135:. Retrieved
3126:
3117:
3106:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3069:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2945:
2939:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2826:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:Avena sativa
2735:
2731:
2725:
2704:
2677:. Retrieved
2668:
2665:"Rust Fungi"
2659:
2650:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2590:. Retrieved
2570:
2563:
2528:
2522:
2503:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2450:
2415:
2411:
2364:Soybean rust
2335:Fungi portal
2300:
2237:
2227:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2130:
2127:- Peppermint
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:Avena sativa
2003:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1850:Plectranthus
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1759:Loesneriella
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1661:Elephantopus
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1584:Clerodendron
1582:
1577:Cleistanthus
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1346:Kernkampella
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1304:Coleosporium
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1225:
1221:
1193:
1190:Home control
1184:
1168:heteroecious
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1113:
1109:
1094:
1088:October 2023
1085:
1074:Please help
1069:verification
1066:
1030:Gene cloning
1028:
1008:
986:
968:
962:
956:P. triticina
954:
946:
938:
927:
919:
911:
902:
896:
884:
875:
869:
864:soybean rust
857:
851:
843:
815:
809:
794:
789:
780:spore growth
743:
725:
713:appressorium
706:
674:dispersed by
671:
650:heteroecious
643:
637:
635:
623:
619:Heteroecious
611:telial stage
607:heteroecious
598:
594:
590:
588:
572:
559:
542:
529:
503:Pycniospores
501:
494:
483:
470:
467:Cereal crops
460:
443:
428:
422:October 2023
419:
408:Please help
403:verification
400:
369:
345:
306:
295:
289:
280:
276:
268:
267:
256:
199:Pucciniaceae
174:Milesinaceae
141:Chaconiaceae
120:
55:
51:
29:
3489:Pucciniales
3453:pucciniales
3350:iNaturalist
3263:Pucciniales
3257:Wikispecies
3233:Pucciniales
3213:Pucciniales
3188:15 February
2188:Oxalis spp.
2145:Pelargonium
1843:Phyllanthus
1731:Ichnocarpus
1605:Cosmostigma
1556:Catunaragam
1493:Arundinaria
1430:Uredopeltis
1311:Crossopsora
1204:germination
1142:teliospores
886:P. graminis
824:) host and
804:white pines
764:amino acid-
599:microcyclic
591:macrocyclic
579:Teliospores
561:Teliospores
531:Aeciospores
475:often die.
325:spermogonia
277:Pucciniales
224:Skierkaceae
121:Pucciniales
18:Pucciniales
3483:Categories
3137:2019-12-16
3108:2010-08-06
2679:2010-08-06
2592:2018-01-12
2470:27 October
2380:References
2246:on rusts.
2041:- Hawthorn
2022:Vicia faba
1927:Terminalia
1836:Persicaria
1717:Holoptelia
1710:Holarrhena
1696:Flacourtia
1675:Eragrostis
1612:Crotalaria
1563:Cinnamomum
1535:Callicarpa
1451:Zaghouania
1395:Physopella
1381:Melampsora
1360:Kweilingia
1290:Cerotelium
1212:Composting
1198:, such as
1196:Fungicides
1005:metabolics
1001:H. H. Flor
978:Management
934:Autoecious
913:P. kuehnii
752:phosphorus
736:cell walls
615:autoecious
595:demicyclic
583:laboratory
536:dikaryotic
457:Life cycle
283:) causing
281:Uredinales
97:Division:
3039:260201756
2966:0066-4286
2952:: 49–69.
2780:, 21,1001
2634:0028-646X
2418:: 21–47.
2369:Stem rust
2218:Cocklebur
2103:- Juniper
2093:Red Cedar
1913:Strychnos
1801:Neolitzea
1738:Ischaemum
1724:Hypericum
1682:Euphorbia
1668:Elettaria
1654:Elaeagnus
1640:Diospyros
1619:Dalbergia
1514:Blepharis
1479:Ageratina
1444:Xenostele
1409:Ravenelia
1374:Maravalia
1353:Kuehneola
1231:severity.
1044:permits.
1007:, Tervet
940:P. sorghi
772:H-ATPases
760:nutrients
732:haustoria
728:mesophyll
682:germ tube
662:agronomic
508:Spermatia
463:parasites
376:Robigalia
353:chlorotic
319:distinct
127:Families
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
3389:MycoBank
3324:Fungorum
3277:60013246
3272:AusFungi
3248:Q1130524
3242:Wikidata
3182:Archived
3154:Archived
3131:Archived
3102:Archived
3078:Archived
3059:Archived
3031:37494504
3022:10502761
2974:11701836
2912:28031244
2834:Archived
2764:36610799
2673:Archived
2642:24558651
2586:Archived
2464:Archived
2442:34124616
2321:See also
2173:Rosa spp
2135:- Medlar
2132:Mespilus
2054:- Quince
2033:- Coffee
1983:Ziziphus
1962:Wrightia
1948:Vernonia
1934:Toddalia
1864:Pongamia
1857:Plumeria
1787:Mimusops
1780:Meliosma
1773:Meiogyne
1752:Justicia
1745:Jasminum
1549:Canthium
1542:Canarium
1528:Bridelia
1472:Acalypha
1437:Uromyces
1416:Uraecium
1402:Puccinia
1367:Macabuna
1339:Hemileia
1325:Hamspora
1297:Chaconia
1283:Aecidium
1261:Xanthium
1200:Mancozeb
1172:barberry
983:Research
929:P. porri
904:Patrinia
834:hawthorn
800:currants
756:apoplast
738:but not
645:Uromyces
639:Puccinia
553:Uredinia
512:Pycnidia
333:uredinia
297:Puccinia
77:Domain:
3303:6877107
2982:4861612
2903:5295601
2555:1434349
2433:8165960
2250:Gallery
2239:Darluca
2175:, Roses
2119:– Apple
2067:Fuchsia
2051:Cydonia
1899:Spondia
1829:Pavetta
1766:Luvunga
1500:Bambusa
1486:Albizia
1208:hygiene
1122:or the
1048:Control
1038:R genes
877:Rhamnus
603:pycnial
519:gametes
516:haploid
510:) from
382:Impacts
341:basidia
117:Order:
107:Class:
56:tritici
3466:988595
3443:234865
3427:NZOR:
3394:501535
3381:936406
3329:501535
3316:1UREDO
3037:
3029:
3019:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2910:
2900:
2762:
2640:
2632:
2578:
2553:
2543:
2510:
2440:
2430:
2343:Fungus
2192:Oxalis
2169:- Pear
2111:- Leek
2084:Barley
2075:Garlic
1871:Premna
1822:Oxalis
1808:Ocimum
1703:Grewia
1633:Derris
1591:Coffea
1570:Cissus
1521:Bombax
1507:Bidens
1465:Acacia
1388:Olivea
1270:Kerala
1009:et al.
838:aecial
822:telial
802:, and
709:hyphal
597:, and
549:Uredia
525:rusts.
339:, and
292:genera
54:f.sp.
35:Rusts
3461:WoRMS
3450:PPE:
3368:10874
3363:IRMNG
3355:69968
3035:S2CID
2978:S2CID
2948:(1).
2551:S2CID
2183:Wheat
2166:Pyrus
2139:Onion
2116:Malus
1976:Xylia
1955:Vigna
1892:Salix
1885:Rubus
1794:Morus
1689:Ficus
1423:Uredo
1274:India
1156:Ribes
1152:Ribes
1138:Ribes
1133:Ribes
826:apple
746:. An
686:stoma
577:from
547:from
449:and O
365:galls
337:telia
329:aecia
321:spore
269:Rusts
91:Fungi
3420:5258
3415:NCBI
3376:ITIS
3342:1126
3337:GBIF
3311:EPPO
3190:2023
3027:PMID
2970:PMID
2962:ISSN
2908:PMID
2760:PMID
2638:PMID
2630:ISSN
2576:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2508:ISBN
2472:2022
2438:PMID
2242:are
2008:Oats
1815:Olea
1598:Coix
879:spp.
856:and
830:pear
766:and
750:and
748:iron
642:and
558:III-
372:rust
315:and
271:are
3402:NBN
3298:EoL
3290:3XG
3285:CoL
3017:PMC
3009:doi
2954:doi
2898:PMC
2890:doi
2859:doi
2752:doi
2742:".
2620:doi
2616:201
2533:doi
2529:eLS
2428:PMC
2420:doi
2232:of
2201:Rye
2069:spp
1078:by
832:or
571:IV-
541:II-
521:in
412:by
3485::
3463::
3440::
3417::
3404::
3391::
3378::
3365::
3352::
3339::
3326::
3313::
3300::
3287::
3274::
3259::
3244::
3180:.
3174:.
3129:.
3125:.
3100:.
3096:.
3047:^
3033:.
3025:.
3015:.
3005:21
3003:.
2999:.
2976:.
2968:.
2960:.
2946:38
2944:.
2920:^
2906:.
2896:.
2884:.
2880:.
2853:.
2758:.
2748:74
2746:.
2713:^
2688:^
2671:.
2667:.
2636:.
2628:.
2614:.
2610:.
2584:.
2549:.
2539:.
2480:^
2462:.
2458:.
2436:.
2426:.
2414:.
2410:.
2388:^
2199:,
2190:,
2181:,
2091:,
2082:,
2006:,
1272:,
1268:,
906:sp
828:,
593:,
528:I-
500:0-
335:,
331:,
327:,
304:.
287:.
3192:.
3140:.
3111:.
3041:.
3011::
2984:.
2956::
2914:.
2892::
2886:7
2865:.
2861::
2855:5
2766:.
2754::
2682:.
2644:.
2622::
2595:.
2557:.
2535::
2516:.
2474:.
2444:.
2422::
2416:7
2071:,
1101:)
1095:(
1090:)
1086:(
1072:.
973:)
862:(
585:.
551:(
506:(
451:3
447:2
435:)
429:(
424:)
420:(
406:.
252:)
242:)
238:(
155:)
151:(
143:)
139:(
20:)
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