487:(died 407) is recorded as preaching from the ambo, but this was probably uncommon at this date. In cathedrals early bishops seem often to have preached from their chair in the apse, echoing the position of magistrates in the secular basilicas whose general form most large early churches adopted. Often there were two ambos, one to each side, one used more as a platform on which the choir sang; sometimes the gospel was read, chanted or sung from one side and the epistle from the other. The location of the ambo within the church varied, with about the same range of places as modern pulpits. In ancient Syrian churches it was often placed in the centre of the nave (on both axes). Gradually the ambo came to resemble the modern pulpit in both form and function, though early examples in large churches are often large enough to accommodate several people. The steps up to the pulpit almost invariably approach it from the side or behind, and are often curved. The typical design of the Islamic minbar, where a straight flight of steps leads to the front of the pulpit, is very different.
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369:, or at the side of the nave some way down. This is especially the case in large churches, to ensure the preacher can be heard by all the congregation. Fixed seating for the congregation came relatively late in the history of church architecture, so the preacher being behind some of the congregation was less of an issue than later. Fixed seating facing forward in the nave and modern electric amplification has tended to reduce the use of pulpits in the middle of the nave. Outdoor pulpits, usually attached to the exterior of the church, or at a
1624:
585:, the former tending to an emotional and populist style and the latter more intellectual. Some preaching was done outdoors by touring preachers, but the orders, especially in Italy, soon began constructing large churches designed to hold congregations who came to hear star preachers. These featured large raised pulpits, typically some way down the nave, and sometimes in pairs on either side of the nave. These were both used for various purposes, whether different readings in services, accommodating singers or musicians at times, or for
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878:. This is done to signify that the Passion of Christ is being "broadcast" for all to know. In the same spirit, a phonetic transcription of the relevant Gospel passages is provided in several common languages (e.g. English, French, Russian, Arabic etc.), so that they may be read from this pulpit at the same time.
947:
The bookstand of the pulpit (usually in medieval churches) or lectern (common in
Anglican churches) may be formed in the shape of an eagle. The eagle symbolizes the gospels, and shows where these were read from at the time the eagle was placed there. When pulpits like those by the Pisani with eagles
384:
comes from the Latin word "lectus" past participle of legere, meaning "to read", because the lectern primarily functions as a reading stand. It is typically used by lay people to read the scripture lessons (except for the Gospel lesson), to lead the congregation in prayer, and to make announcements.
625:
309. The dignity of the word of God requires that in the church there be a suitable place from which it may be proclaimed and toward which the attention of the faithful naturally turns during the
Liturgy of the Word. It is appropriate that generally this place be a stationary ambo and not simply a
939:
or "pulpit fall", a piece of cloth that covers the top of the book-stand in the pulpit and hangs down a short way at the front. It is often of a rich material and decorated with
Christian symbols. Flags and banners used by church-related organizations may also stand on the floor around the pulpit.
667:
belief that the clergy should preach sermons on
Biblical passages to the congregation. To achieve this, some existing churches were adapted to place the clergyman in a position audible to all, which in larger churches usually places this in a visible location, and raised up. This had long been the
349:
In many
Reformed and Evangelical Protestant denominations, the pulpit is at the centre of the front of the church, while in the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions the pulpit is placed to one side and the altar or communion table is in the centre. In many Christian churches, there are two
865:
also have a raised pulpit on the left side of the nave, usually attached to a column and raised several feet high. This is reached by a narrow flight of stairs. It is considered an architectural element that is symmetrical to the bishop's throne, which is located in an equivalent position on the
729:. In more contemporary evangelical churches, the pulpit may be much smaller, if used at all, and may be carried out after the end of the song service. Often placed in the centre of the platform as well, the item of furniture may be used by both lay and ordained members, in effect doubling as a
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and elsewhere often had a central pulpit, that is, the pulpit was located in the centre of the chancel in the position where most churches have the communion table or altar. The table could be situated in front of the pulpit or to the side, and sometimes was not in the chancel area at all.
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This declares the Bible to be the foundation of the faith. Furthermore, the "Centrality of the Word" implies that the reading and preaching of the Bible is the centrepiece of a service of worship, and thus takes priority over the sacraments. The central pulpit is intended to give visual
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stands for most of the service. In the eighteenth century, double-decker and triple-decker pulpits were often introduced in
English-speaking countries. The three levels of lecterns were intended to show the relative importance of the readings delivered there. The bottom tier was for the
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churches, the pulpit is considered one of the most important pieces of furniture in the church. In certain
Presbyterian, Anglican and Methodist churches designed with a pulpit-centered chancel, the pulpit is located centrally in relation to the congregation and raised, with the
1672:
943:
In the
Reformed tradition, though avoiding figurative art, pulpits were increasingly important as a focus for the church, with the sanctuary now comparatively bare and de-emphasized, and were often larger and more elaborately decorated than in medieval churches.
1559:
831:. In larger churches, the ambo might be distinguished by three curved steps by which one may reach it from the nave. In addition many Orthodox churches, especially Greek-speaking churches, have pulpits for preaching from, which are similar to those in
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movable lectern. The ambo must be located in keeping with the design of each church in such a way that the ordained ministers and readers may be clearly seen and heard by the faithful. From the ambo only the readings, the
Responsorial Psalm, and the
514:
survives. In churches where there is only one speaker's stand at the front of the church, it serves the functions of both lectern and pulpit and may be called the ambo, which is still the official
Catholic term for the place the gospel is read from.
668:
practice in larger Catholic churches and many smaller ones, but was now made universal. In smaller churches the pulpit remained in the traditional east end of the church, where altars were usually located, but was often raised higher than before.
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between two speakers across the nave. Accordingly, they often have a larger platform area than later pulpits. For example, the St. Antony's Church, Ollur, pulpit is one of the tallest and largest relief sculptured wooden pulpit in India.
858:. If the bishop is serving in a simple parish church, an episcopal ambo is set temporarily in place. There are huge intricately carved wooden pulpits, some of the biggest in India and the world, in the Syrian churches of Kerala, India
630:(Exsultet) are to be proclaimed; likewise it may be used for giving the Homily and for announcing the intentions of the Universal Prayer. The dignity of the ambo requires that only a minister of the word should stand at it. ...
1777:
When facing the altar, the left side is called the Gospel side. The right side is called the Epistle side. In the early church, the lector (reader) read the Gospel from the left side of the altar and the Epistle from the right
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right. Pulpit and throne are usually similar in construction, usually made of either sculpted stone or sculpted wood. This pulpit was used mostly for sermons and in order to improve audibility, before the advent of modern
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churches, the pulpit stands squarely in the centre of the platform, and is generally the largest piece of church furniture. This is to symbolise the proclamation of the Word of God as the central focus of the weekly
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is read, is located to the congregation's left and the pulpit, from which the sermon is delivered, is located on the right (the Gospel being read from either the centre of the chancel or in front of the altar).
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above and sometimes also behind the speaker, normally in wood. Though sometimes highly decorated, this is not purely decorative, but can have a useful acoustic effect in projecting the preacher's voice to the
1134:
401:, rotated to different positions in the church quarterly in the year, to allow all parts of the congregation a chance to have the best sound. A portable outside pulpit of wood and canvas was used by
1969:
Details with many photographs in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, esp. Vol.2, 1973 Ed. George Menachery and in the Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, 1998, Ed. George Menachery
1654:
397:
Though unusual, movable pulpits with wheels were also found in English churches. They were either wheeled into place for each service where they would be used or, as at the hospital church in
238:(platform or staging). The traditional pulpit is raised well above the surrounding floor for audibility and visibility, accessed by steps, with sides coming to about waist height. From the
1398:
1607:
1444:
1356:
1340:
1315:
1051:
926:
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Menachery, George, The Indian Church History Classics, Vol. I, "The Nazranies", South Asia Research Assistance Services (SARAS), Ollur, 1998 for many photos and descriptions.
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below, especially prior to the invention of modern audio equipment. Most pulpits have one or more book-stands for the preacher to rest his bible, notes or texts upon.
1118:
1032:
689:, the middle was the reading desk for the minister, and the top tier was reserved for the delivery of the sermon. A good example of a three-decker pulpit is found in
1182:
2079:
Menachery, George, The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vols. I (1982) Trichur, II (1973) Trichur, III (2009) Ollur, for many photographs and articles.
1507:
1639:
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373:, are also found in several denominations. If attached to the outside wall of a church, these may be entered from a doorway in the wall, or by steps outside.
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1240:
1200:
498:, was originally installed centrally, but later moved to the side. It is richly decorated with sheets of gold, ivory, and gems, probably emulating
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these were sometimes, especially in Lutheran churches, one of the few areas of the church left with figurative decoration such as scenes from the
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Elements of decoration shared between Catholic and Protestant denominations are the flowers that may be placed in front of the pulpit, and the
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1061:
963:. This allowed for fantastical plaster or wood decoration of sails and rigging manned by angels above, and apostles hauling in nets below.
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systems in churches. Nowadays it is used rarely. Tradition dictates that it be used for the reading of the "12 Passion Gospels" during the
1544:
350:
speakers' stands at the front of the church. Often, the one on the left (as viewed by the congregation) is called the pulpit. Since the
1589:
697:. In Lutheran churches, as well as many Anglican and Methodist churches designed with a divided chancel, the pulpit is located on the
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262:. This is mandated in the regulations of the Catholic Church, and several others (though not always strictly observed). Even in Welsh
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churches a space for spectacular features of various types on top of it. An artistic conceit largely confined to the 18th-century
1023:
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64:
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617:, and depending on the arrangement of the church, the homily may be delivered from a raised pulpit where there is one. The
527:
263:
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181:
266:, this was felt appropriate, and in some chapels a second pulpit was built opposite the main one for lay exhortations,
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107:
1875:
The many photographs in The Indian Church History Classics, Vol. I, The Nazranies, Ed. George Menachery, 1998&c.
385:
Because the epistle lesson is usually read from the lectern, the lectern side of the church is sometimes called the
79:
1574:
1284:
1043:
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461:
425:) means both 'platform' and 'step', and was used for a variety of secular raised speaking platforms in ancient
86:
1761:
913:. Pulpit reliefs were especially important at the start of the Italian Renaissance, including those from the
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churches of South Germany was to shape the body of the pulpit as a ship, to utilize the old metaphor of the
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366:
60:
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31:
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layout. Thus many buildings which once had a central pulpit now have a pulpit to the side. See for example
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531:
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In both Catholic and Protestant churches the pulpit may be located closer to the main congregation in the
437:. Modern synagogue bimahs are often similar in form to centrally placed pulpits in Evangelical churches.
1646:
1494:
910:
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444:. It was originally a raised platform, often large, with a lectern and seats for the clergy, from which
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93:
1614:
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and ordinary announcements. The traditional Catholic location of the pulpit to the left side of the
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511:
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75:
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Preaching had always been important in Catholicism, but received a particular revival in the late
960:
769:
726:
693:, Lancashire. America's only surviving three-decker pulpit on the centerline of the church is at
376:
The other speaker's stand, usually on the right (as viewed by the congregation), is known as the
1734:
1895:"Chapter V: The Arrangement and Ornamentation of Churches for the Celebration of the Eucharist"
471:, from a Greek word meaning an elevation. This was originally a raised platform from which the
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2012:
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Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Late Antique Palestine: In The Shadow of the Church
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lesson is often read from the pulpit, the pulpit side of the church is sometimes called the
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405:, and a 19th-century Anglican vicar devised a folding iron pulpit for using outdoors.
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605:. Despite its name, this structure usually more closely resembles a lectern than the
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148:
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100:
1713:
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of the chancel (from which the Gospel is read and the sermon is delivered) while a
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The exterior of a wood or stone pulpit may be decorated, especially with carved
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This Presbyterian tradition is historically distinct from the tradition of the
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and most other Presbyterian denominations has been for a return to the pre-
1938:
433:, and from those times to today for the central raised platform in Jewish
270:
and other speeches. Many churches have a second, smaller stand called the
1263:
948:
in stone on them were built the gospel reading was done from the pulpit.
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744:
became a popular design in churches, combining the pulpit and the altar.
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523:
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would be read, and was an option to be used as a preacher's platform for
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228:
185:"Two-decker" pulpit in an abandoned Welsh chapel, with reading desk below
167:
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onwards, pulpits have often had a canopy known as the sounding board,
17:
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The spread of the sounding board offered artists decorating Catholic
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there is usually a low platform in the center of the nave called the
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519:
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Gothic-revival "wine glass" pulpit and sounding board from 1872 in
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The use of a bema carried over from Judaism into early Christian
1149:
824:
430:
415:
362:
318:
287:
278:, which can be used by lay persons, and is often used for other
36:
1959:
Catholic Encyclopædia: Ambo (in the Russian and Greek Church)
420:
1682:, which is now located perpendicular to the communion table
861:
In addition to the ambo, many major churches in Greece and
680:
being in front of it. In such churches it may be where the
655:
Chapel, England, a private chapel on the Calvinist edge of
815:
the area directly in front of the Beautiful Gates of the
306:
churches the pulpit is located in the centre behind the
823:, and the entire low elevation above the level of the
819:
from which the Gospel is typically read is called the
613:. The readings are typically read from an ambo in the
1450:
Many of the most elaborate Catholic pulpits are from
643:
Martin Luther's pulpit c.1525, Lutherhaus, Wittenberg
231:
in a Christian church. The origin of the word is the
1234:
polychromed wood in a South German pilgrimage church
456:
the bema developed over time into the sanctuary and
2009:
The Oxford Handbook of the British Sermon 1689–1901
1083:'s Traveling Pulpit at the World Methodist Museum,
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
927:Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia by Giovanni Pisano
1790:
1788:
1786:
389:. In other churches, the lectern, from which the
337:for something which is said with official church
1631:St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church
768:Since the late 19th century, the fashion in the
709:of the sanctuary, with the latter being used by
522:panels, were important monuments in the Italian
1820:Our Catholic Symbols: A Rich Spiritual Heritage
623:
518:Large raised pulpits, elaborately carved with
310:. Many modern Roman Catholic churches have an
208:Ambo, in the modern Catholic sense, in Austria
1841:
1839:
1744:
1742:
1346:Stone pulpit at Chiesa Bartolomeo in Pantano
1191:pulpit of 1613 carved in wood by Paolo Froni
526:, with the best known including those of the
314:that functions as both a pulpit and lectern.
8:
2047:, 2003, Southern Illinois University Press,
2007:Francis, Keith A., Gibson, William, et al.,
1903:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
1124:A modern pulpit in Jakobskirken, Roskilde,
452:were read and the sermon was delivered. In
1735:Illustrated Dictionary of British Churches
827:in front of the iconostasis is called the
597:Churches, the stand used for readings and
317:Equivalent platforms for speakers are the
1822:. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 23.
1795:Donelson, Paul G.; Hickman, Hoyt (1984).
1756:
1754:
740:churches in Germany and Scandinavia, the
143:The pulpit of the Notre-Dame de Revel in
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1038:Open-air pulpit in the forecourt of the
736:In the 1600s and 1700s, particularly in
651:Centrally placed three-decker pulpit at
2065:, 2011, Liturgy Training Publications,
1899:General Instruction of the Roman Missal
1767:. Cross of Christ Lutheran Church. 2016
1705:
1490:A Calvinist 17th-century pulpit of the
1250:, Bavaria in the shape of a ship's prow
1160:
1095:
975:
619:General Instruction of the Roman Missal
1663:at balcony level, St. Peter Lutheran,
1262:A late 18th-century pulpit in a small
782:Old West Church, Boston, Massachusetts
695:Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island
258:The pulpit is generally reserved for
7:
1797:"The Key Furnishings in the Chancel"
854:and where he is enthroned until the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1716:. Merriam-Wester Online Dictionary
1566:Monastery of Santa María de Huerta
483:, though there were others. Saint
25:
1325:Pieve delle Sante Flora e Lucilla
905:, and in the centuries after the
573:with the two preaching orders of
365:, either on the nave side of the
199:Church of St Thomas, Thurstonland
1992:
1671:
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1339:
1314:
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1283:
1255:
1239:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1181:
1163:
1133:
1117:
1098:
1073:
1050:
1031:
1026:, in the centre of London, 1680s
1016:
994:
978:
874:, served late in the evening of
748:Presbyterian Protestant churches
558:The carved wooden pulpit of the
41:
1206:Italian pulpit of 1150 or older
540:Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia
325:and Jewish synagogues, and the
290:has been generally retained by
52:needs additional citations for
1645:Neo-Byzantine in the Catholic
1364:St. John the Baptist Cathedral
494:, an Imperial gift of 1014 to
216:19th-century wooden pulpit in
1:
2106:Christian religious furniture
1855:Mountford, 34–36; Ryan, 50–51
1613:Stone with wooden top in the
1024:St James's Church, Piccadilly
765:representation of this idea.
691:St Andrew's Church, Slaidburn
467:The next development was the
1633:, Charleston, South Carolina
1551:Saint-Thiébaut Church, Thann
1109:of a Presbyterian Church in
510:, of which a description by
2101:Christian religious objects
1062:Shrine of the Little Flower
838:In Eastern Orthodox Church
27:Speaker's stand in a church
2127:
1818:Daley, Michael J. (2009).
985:External gothic pulpit in
804:
798:
560:Basilica of Saint Clotilde
421:
29:
1060:'s outdoor pulpit at the
1044:Scotch College, Melbourne
791:in Eastern Christianity.
611:Eastern Catholic Churches
1939:"The performance church"
1917:"Where's the Pulpit go?"
1615:Collégiale Saint-Florent
1406:Church of the Holy Ghost
170:, Indonesia, with large
2025:Milson, David William,
1680:St Helen's, Bishopsgate
1678:The Jacobean pulpit of
1617:, Niederhaslach, France
1105:A modern pulpit on the
850:is vested prior to the
601:is formally called the
32:Pulpit (disambiguation)
1600:Hingham, Massachusetts
1534:Baroque pulpit in the
1499:Buren, the Netherlands
1471:Church of St. Anne in
1290:Enånger old church in
1003:Giovanni da Capistrano
919:Siena Cathedral Pulpit
907:Protestant Reformation
898:
891:Siena Cathedral Pulpit
713:to vocalize the other
660:
644:
632:
566:
532:Siena Cathedral Pulpit
227:is a raised stand for
220:
209:
201:
186:
178:
155:
1647:Westminster Cathedral
1404:Wooden pulpit at the
929:(1301), and those by
889:
872:Matins of Holy Friday
722:Evangelical Christian
650:
642:
557:
215:
207:
192:
184:
161:
142:
2043:Mountford, Roxanne,
1581:Strasbourg Cathedral
833:Western Christianity
813:Eastern Christianity
795:Eastern Christianity
454:Western Christianity
329:of Islamic mosques.
240:late medieval period
218:Canterbury Cathedral
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2096:Church architecture
2063:The Sacristy Manual
2045:The Gendered Pulpit
2000:Christianity portal
1388:Worcester cathedral
1305:boat-shaped German
1218:Gothic wood, France
1066:Royal Oak, Michigan
778:Skene Parish Church
628:Easter Proclamation
512:Paul the Silentiary
442:church architecture
1762:"Acolyte Handbook"
1085:Lake Junaluska, NC
1001:Outdoor pulpit of
899:
770:Church of Scotland
727:service of worship
705:is located on the
661:
645:
621:(GIRM) specifies:
567:
502:'s lost pulpit of
413:The Ancient Greek
221:
210:
202:
187:
179:
156:
2073:, 9781616710422,
2061:Ryan, G. Thomas,
2055:, 9780809388400,
2037:, 9789047418719,
2019:, 9780199583591,
1829:978-1-58595-753-8
1171:Ambon of Henry II
715:Scripture lessons
663:It is central to
530:(dated 1260) and
492:Ambon of Henry II
321:(bima, bimah) of
280:Scripture lessons
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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1937:Ronald L. Dart.
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1792:
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1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1749:
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1737:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1675:
1657:
1642:
1626:
1610:
1592:
1577:
1562:
1547:
1536:Amiens Cathedral
1531:
1510:
1487:
1465:
1447:
1429:Porvoo Cathedral
1424:
1401:
1386:Stone pulpit at
1383:
1359:
1343:
1318:
1302:
1287:
1259:
1243:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1185:
1175:Aachen Cathedral
1167:
1140:A pulpit in the
1137:
1121:
1102:
1077:
1054:
1035:
1020:
998:
982:
961:church as a ship
595:Western Catholic
496:Aachen Cathedral
424:
423:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2086:
2085:
2029:, 2006, BRILL,
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1915:
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1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1596:Old Ship Church
1593:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1511:
1502:
1488:
1479:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1425:
1416:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1360:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1195:
1193:Parma Cathedral
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1152:
1138:
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1103:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1055:
1046:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1012:
999:
990:
983:
974:
972:Outdoor pulpits
969:
884:
876:Maundy Thursday
856:Little Entrance
809:
803:
801:Ambon (liturgy)
797:
750:
678:communion table
637:
552:
544:Giovanni Pisano
528:Pisa Baptistery
485:John Chrysostom
411:
371:preaching cross
347:
335:synecdochically
331:From the pulpit
308:communion table
274:located in the
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2124:
2122:
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2113:
2108:
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2077:
2059:
2041:
2023:
2004:
2003:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1951:
1929:
1908:
1886:
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1859:
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1512:
1505:
1503:
1495:Dutch Reformed
1489:
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1467:
1460:
1458:
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1440:
1427:Pulpit at the
1426:
1419:
1417:
1403:
1396:
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1378:
1376:
1374:(17th century)
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1132:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1092:Modern pulpits
1090:
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1072:
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1056:
1049:
1047:
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1013:
1000:
993:
991:
984:
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
915:Pisa Baptistry
911:Life of Christ
883:
880:
868:public address
852:Divine Liturgy
844:episcopal ambo
799:Main article:
796:
793:
749:
746:
636:
633:
551:
548:
508:Constantinople
410:
407:
346:
343:
333:is often used
323:ancient Greece
195:Gothic Revival
172:sounding board
164:Blenduk Church
135:
134:
117:September 2010
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2123:
2112:
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2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1978:Mountford, 36
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
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1856:
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1840:
1836:
1831:
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1821:
1814:
1811:
1798:
1791:
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1787:
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1779:
1763:
1757:
1755:
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1739:
1736:
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1715:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1665:Serbin, Texas
1662:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
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1586:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1522:, Switzerland
1521:
1520:Greifensee ZH
1517:
1516:
1515:Gallus chapel
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
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1358:
1353:
1349:
1342:
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1334:
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1326:
1323:
1317:
1312:
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1301:
1296:
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1277:
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1269:
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1258:
1253:
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1242:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1157:Older pulpits
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1096:
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1086:
1082:
1076:
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1029:
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997:
992:
988:
981:
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964:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
938:
933:
932:
928:
924:
923:Nicola Pisano
921:(1265–68) by
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
896:
895:Nicola Pisano
892:
888:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
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841:
836:
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826:
822:
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794:
792:
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785:
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766:
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723:
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688:
683:
679:
674:
669:
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641:
635:Protestantism
634:
631:
629:
622:
620:
616:
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608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
564:Paris, France
561:
556:
549:
547:
546:, 1297-1301.
545:
542:, by his son
541:
537:
536:Nicola Pisano
533:
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315:
313:
309:
305:
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297:
293:
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273:
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265:
264:Nonconformism
261:
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245:
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237:
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149:Haute-Garonne
146:
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131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2075:google books
2062:
2057:google books
2044:
2039:google books
2026:
2021:google books
2011:, 2012 OUP,
2008:
1974:
1965:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1911:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1850:
1819:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1776:
1769:. Retrieved
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1661:Pulpit altar
1513:
1058:Fr. Coughlin
950:
946:
942:
934:
900:
860:
843:
837:
810:
786:
767:
763:
756:Churches in
754:Presbyterian
752:Traditional
751:
742:pulpit altar
735:
719:
707:Epistle side
687:parish clerk
670:
662:
624:
602:
592:
587:disputations
568:
517:
504:Hagia Sophia
489:
468:
466:
439:
414:
412:
396:
387:epistle side
386:
381:
375:
360:
355:
348:
330:
316:
300:Presbyterian
276:Epistle side
257:
253:congregation
247:
243:
235:
224:
222:
197:oak pulpit,
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1884:Ryan, 51–52
1866:Milson, 193
1845:Francis, 18
1803:30 November
1771:30 November
1748:Francis, 19
1720:13 February
1329:Santa Fiora
1248:Irsee Abbey
1081:John Wesley
937:antependium
917:(1260) and
882:Decorations
817:iconostasis
774:Reformation
699:Gospel side
657:Anglicanism
579:Franciscans
571:Middle Ages
550:Catholicism
403:John Wesley
380:. The word
356:gospel side
298:, while in
268:testimonies
176:antependium
2090:Categories
2071:161671042X
2053:0809388405
2035:9047418719
2017:0199583595
1986:References
1497:church in
1362:Pulpit at
1322:Terracotta
1266:church in
1246:Pulpit in
1148:church in
1111:California
846:where the
840:cathedrals
811:In modern
805:See also:
673:Protestant
665:Protestant
583:Dominicans
462:presbytery
450:Scriptures
435:synagogues
399:Shrewsbury
174:and cloth
162:Pulpit at
87:newspapers
1492:Calvinist
1368:Yaroslavl
1268:Spielfeld
1146:Methodist
931:Donatello
807:Analogion
615:sanctuary
500:Justinian
448:from the
339:authority
296:Anglicans
294:and many
292:Lutherans
248:abat-voix
229:preachers
1922:10 March
1714:"Pulpit"
1688:See also
1583:, France
1553:, France
1538:, France
1264:Catholic
1173:(1014),
989:, France
987:Saint-Lô
758:Scotland
738:Lutheran
720:In many
682:minister
599:homilies
538:and the
524:Duecento
481:homilies
367:crossing
345:Location
236:pulpitum
168:Semarang
76:"Pulpit"
2111:Pulpits
1944:19 June
1905:. 2011.
1568:, Spain
1469:Baroque
1455:Belgium
1452:Baroque
1437:Finland
1414:Estonia
1410:Tallinn
1391:England
1348:Pistoia
1276:Austria
1232:Baroque
1189:Baroque
1142:chancel
1126:Denmark
1107:chancel
1010:Austria
967:Gallery
953:Baroque
903:reliefs
731:lectern
711:readers
703:lectern
653:Gibside
609:of the
577:, the
473:Epistle
458:chancel
446:lessons
409:Origins
391:Epistle
382:lectern
378:lectern
304:Baptist
284:chancel
272:lectern
101:scholar
18:Pulpits
2069:
2051:
2033:
2015:
1826:
1799:. UMCS
1694:Minbar
1477:Poland
1473:Kraków
1433:Porvoo
1372:Russia
1309:pulpit
1307:Rococo
1292:Sweden
1272:Styria
1040:Chapel
1007:Vienna
957:Rococo
925:, the
897:, 1268
863:Cyprus
848:bishop
829:soleas
575:friars
520:relief
477:Gospel
427:Greece
352:Gospel
327:minbar
260:clergy
244:tester
225:pulpit
153:France
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1778:side.
1765:(PDF)
1700:Notes
1350:Italy
1333:Italy
1230:Late
1144:of a
893:, by
821:ambon
789:ambon
607:ambon
233:Latin
193:1870
145:Revel
108:JSTOR
94:books
2067:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1946:2015
1924:2010
1824:ISBN
1805:2021
1773:2021
1722:2015
1150:Ohio
825:nave
603:ambo
581:and
490:The
475:and
469:ambo
460:(or
431:Rome
429:and
422:βῆμα
416:bema
363:nave
319:bema
312:ambo
302:and
288:nave
80:news
1518:in
1431:in
1412:in
1408:in
1327:in
1064:in
1042:at
780:or
671:In
593:In
562:in
534:by
506:in
464:).
286:or
246:or
166:in
63:by
2092::
1901:.
1897:.
1838:^
1785:^
1775:.
1753:^
1741:^
1598:,
1475:,
1435:,
1370:,
1366:,
1331:,
1274:,
1270:,
1005:,
835:.
784:.
733:.
717:.
358:.
341:.
223:A
151:,
147:,
1948:.
1926:.
1857:;
1832:.
1807:.
1724:.
1501:.
1278:.
1128:.
1068:.
659:.
419:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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