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According to
Perceptual Control Theory (PCT), a reference condition is the state toward which a control system's output tends to alter a controlled quantity. The main proposition is that "All behavior is oriented all of the time around the control of certain quantities with respect to specific
452:
is used in psychology to establish identification with a mental state during self-analysis. This seeks to allow the individual to develop own frames of reference in a greater state of immediate awareness. However, it can also lead to circular reasoning, preventing evolution of thought.
542:
allows an individual to use references for personal organization, whether or not anyone else understands the systems of reference used. However, scholars have studied methods of reference because of their key role in communication and co-operation between
320:, but the astronomical fact that '"Hesperus" is "Phosphorus"' can still be informative, even if the "meanings" of "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" are already known. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the
336:
is the combination of content and expression, the former of which may refer entities in the world or refer more abstract concepts, e.g. thought. Certain parts of speech exist only to express reference, namely
118:
References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge, and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used. Some of them are described in the sections below.
577:
theses that are indexed and thus accessible to those interested in finding information about the subject matter, and to some extent
Internet material that is similarly accessible.
349:(actor) and patient (acted on), as in "The man washed himself", the theme and recipient, as in "I showed Mary to herself", or various other possible combinations.
547:
people, and also because of misunderstandings that can arise. Modern academic study of bibliographical references has been developing since the 19th century.
1354:
492:, the title of their work and the year of publication. The primary purpose of references is to allow readers to examine the sources of a text, either for
1349:
488:, specifying the written work of another person used in the creation of that text. A bibliographical reference mostly includes the full name of the
52:
in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to
111:, a physical object, or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in
289:"; the object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the "
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section often contains works not cited by the author, but used as background reading or listed as potentially useful to the reader.
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275:"John" refers to the person John. The word "it" refers to some previously specified object. The object referred to is called the
889:
1218:
559:
law, a reference is a document that can be used to show the state of knowledge at a given time and that therefore may make a
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424:
References to many types of printed matter may come in an electronic or machine-readable form. For books, there exists the
1334:
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31:
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38:
383:. Generally, a reference is a value that enables a program to directly access the particular data item. Most
76:. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept.
1205:
660:
515:
of material by another author without proper reference and / or without required permissions is considered
520:
482:
338:
244:
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or to learn more about the subject. Such items are often listed at the end of a work in a section marked
345:. The subset of reflexives expresses co-reference of two participants in a sentence. These could be the
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285:"; the word denotes the object. The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called "
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described in this article. Another sense is "consult"; this is reflected in such expressions as
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for the second object. The next object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the
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and its derivatives may carry the sense of "connect to" or "link to", as in the meanings of
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section contains only those works indeed cited in the main text of a work. In contrast, a
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that refer to an object elsewhere in memory and are used to construct a wide variety of
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802:(2nd ed.). New Canaan, Connecticut: Benchmark Publications. pp. 47 & 299.
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840:– a multi-source encyclopedia search service, and language reference products provider
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References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is
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Lex
Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality
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support some form of reference. For the specific type of reference used in the
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This article is about the concept. For a letter known as a "reference", see
17:
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183:
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64:
573:. Examples of references are patents of any country, magazine articles,
1153:
1084:
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589:, a reference is an item from which a work is based. This may include:
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69:
167:, "to bear". A number of words derive from the same root, including
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148:
858:– a directory of multidisciplinary reference resources on the web
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Aspects of alterity: Levinas, Marcel, and the contemporary debate
1143:
272:
264:
263:, reference is generally construed as the relationships between
58:
871:
720:
A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the
English language
722:, Vol II, Elsevier publishing company, Amsterdam, 1969, p.1317
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855:
481:
such as a book, article, essay, report, oration or any other
316:" (an ancient Greek name for the morning star) both refer to
837:
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of various musical works being incorporated into a new one.
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of the word. Sometimes the word-object relation is called "
304:
argued that reference cannot be treated as identical with
30:
For information on citing sources in
Knowledge (XXG), see
867:
507:
References are particularly important as for the use of
398:
The notion of reference is also important in relational
1303:
773:. Melbourne, Australia: The Rlias Clark Group. p.
312:" (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and "
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1204:
1197:
1052:
1017:
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271:and objects that are named by them. Hence, the
657:, the study of signs which communicate meaning
883:
465:In academics and scholarship, a reference or
8:
599:a directly observed object (e.g., a person)
151:
1201:
966:
890:
876:
868:
668:, medieval European theories of reference
432:is gaining relevance. Information on the
68:of the first object. A name is usually a
469:is a piece of information provided in a
678:
7:
694:. Fordham University Press. p.
1355:Formal semantics (natural language)
1065:Analytic and synthetic propositions
936:Formal semantics (natural language)
820:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
800:Behavior: The Control of Perception
156:, "to carry back", formed from the
56:the second object. It is called a
25:
864:– The online museum of references
448:In terms of mental processing, a
438:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
1350:Meaning (philosophy of language)
1277:
732:Saeed, John (10 February 2003).
606:Another example of reference is
410:Library and information sciences
430:Digital object identifier (DOI)
596:a reproduction (i.e., a photo)
428:and for journal articles, the
32:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources
1:
72:or expression, or some other
359:Reference (computer science)
242:, from the influential book
27:Relationship between objects
519:, and may be tantamount to
99:, relationship with other,
1371:
523:, which can be subject to
413:
356:
223:
48:is a relationship between
36:
29:
1272:
1149:Necessity and sufficiency
905:
467:bibliographical reference
798:Powers, William (2005).
436:may be referred to by a
332:The very concept of the
39:Letter of recommendation
1345:Syntactic relationships
686:Treanor, Brian (2006).
661:Signified and signifier
457:reference conditions."
143:
74:symbolic representation
813:Reimer, Marga (2009).
521:copyright infringement
256:
245:The Meaning of Meaning
152:
123:Etymology and meanings
1284:Philosophy portal
845:"Reference Resources"
740:. Blackwell. p.
650:Recommendation letter
404:referential integrity
385:programming languages
240:triangle of reference
237:
224:Further information:
765:Engle, Eric (2010).
620:Antecedent (grammar)
1335:Philosophical logic
946:Philosophy of logic
602:the artist's memory
593:an existing artwork
322:sense and reference
230:Theory of reference
226:Sense and reference
1245:Rules of inference
1214:Mathematical logic
956:Semantics of logic
666:Supposition theory
630:Generic antecedent
257:
1340:Concepts in logic
1312:
1311:
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1102:Deductive closure
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987:Critical thinking
525:legal proceedings
16:(Redirected from
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931:Computer science
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377:data structures
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450:self-reference
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391:language, see
357:Main article:
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254:I. A. Richards
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210:reference desk
206:reference work
133:Middle English
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502:Bibliography
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466:
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381:linked lists
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1294:WikiProject
1164:Proposition
1159:Probability
1112:Description
1053:Foundations
815:"Reference"
571:anticipated
461:Scholarship
324:of a word.
250:C. K. Ogden
179:referential
1319:Categories
1224:Set theory
1122:Linguistic
1117:Entailment
1107:Definition
1075:Consequent
1070:Antecedent
673:References
538:Keeping a
517:plagiarism
498:References
444:Psychology
414:See also:
379:, such as
373:data types
369:references
314:Phosphorus
291:antecedent
283:denotation
248:(1923) by
198:refer (to)
190:referendum
18:References
1330:Semantics
1325:Reference
1255:Fallacies
1250:Paradoxes
1240:Logicians
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1134:Induction
1097:Deduction
1060:Abduction
1030:Metalogic
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736:Semantics
655:Semiotics
635:Hyperlink
564:invention
545:different
529:reference
509:citations
261:semantics
220:Semantics
202:reference
196:The verb
129:reference
127:The word
101:spacetime
93:olfactory
46:reference
1289:Category
1189:Validity
1090:Antinomy
1018:Theories
982:Informal
614:See also
511:, since
494:validity
471:footnote
434:Internet
343:pronouns
341:such as
339:anaphora
310:Hesperus
278:referent
269:pronouns
184:referent
136:referren
105:symbolic
91:(text),
65:referent
54:refer to
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1296: (
1154:Premise
1085:Paradox
915:History
910:Outline
645:ISO 690
608:samples
567:obvious
561:claimed
513:copying
306:meaning
297:Meaning
216:, etc.
174:referee
153:referre
147:, from
144:référer
138:, from
81:audible
50:objects
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992:Reason
970:Logics
961:Syntax
781:
748:
702:
557:patent
490:author
402:; see
163:- and
158:prefix
89:visual
70:phrase
1233:other
1198:Lists
1184:Truth
951:Proof
899:Logic
575:Ph.D.
540:diary
477:of a
347:agent
318:Venus
265:nouns
169:refer
165:ferre
149:Latin
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700:ISBN
581:Arts
527:. A
486:type
483:text
426:ISBN
418:and
371:are
273:word
252:and
238:The
228:and
59:name
1040:Set
587:art
585:In
569:or
555:In
551:Law
500:or
473:or
389:C++
363:In
308:: "
293:".
267:or
259:In
107:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
