150:
337:, propane and isobutane, or pure isobutane, called "Greenfreeze", but as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to their widespread adoption by other firms. Policy and political influence by corporate executives resisted change however, citing the flammability and explosive properties of the refrigerants, and DuPont together with other companies blocked them in the U.S. with the U.S. EPA.
25:
1348:', the quantity of heat being the specific heat capacity x the temperature change. They are air, calcium chloride brine, sodium chloride brine, alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions. The purpose of Class 2 refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class 1 refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be cooled.
1312:
1262:
be vented into the atmosphere either accidentally or intentionally, hence the creation of technician training and certification programs in order to ensure that the material is conserved and managed safely. Mistreatment of these gases has been shown to deplete the ozone layer and is suspected to contribute to
1351:
Class 3: This group consists of solutions that contain absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media. These solutions function by nature of their ability to carry liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by the absorption of their heat of solution. They can also be classified
1261:
Coolant and refrigerants are found throughout the industrialized world, in homes, offices, and factories, in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, central air conditioning systems (HVAC), freezers, and dehumidifiers. When these units are serviced, there is a risk that refrigerant gas will
659:
Commonly used before the popularisation of CFCs, it is again being considered but does suffer from the disadvantage of toxicity, and it requires corrosion-resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications
516:
potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low environmental impact. Newer refrigerants address the issue of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs make to climate change, but some do raise issues relating to toxicity and/or flammability.
393:
and others, to create a corporate coalition called
Refrigerants Naturally!. Four years later, Ben & Jerry's of Unilever and General Electric began to take steps to support production and use in the U.S. It is estimated that almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has
132:
Refrigerants are used in a direct expansion (DX) system to transfer energy from one environment to another, typically from inside a building to outside (or vice versa) commonly known as an "air conditioner" or "heat pump". Refrigerants can carry 10 times more energy per kg than water, and 50 times
67:
136:
In some countries, refrigerants are controlled substances due to high pressures (700–1,000 kPa (100–150 psi)), extreme temperatures (−50 °C to over 100 °C ), flammability (A1 class non-flammable, A2/A2L class flammable and A3 class extremely flammable/explosive) and toxicity
596:. Despite their flammability, they are increasingly used in domestic refrigerators and heat pumps. In 2010, about one-third of all household refrigerators and freezers manufactured globally used isobutane or an isobutane/propane blend, and this was expected to increase to 75% by 2020.
735:
Was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of CFCs (this was also the case for propane) and now having a renaissance due to it being non-ozone depleting, non-toxic and non-flammable. It may become the working fluid of choice to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and
368:
In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone
Regulations came into force which banned the use of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such as R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned the use of R22 as a "top-up" fluid for maintenance from 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2015 for recycled fluid.
2752:
1999:"Clean Air Act Amendments of 1987: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Environmental Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, First Session, on S. 300, S. 321, S. 1351, and S. 1384 ..."
1090:
Used in large tonnage centrifugal chiller applications. All U.S. production and import of virgin HCFCs will be phased out by 2030, with limited exceptions. R-123 refrigerant was used to retrofit some chiller that used R-11 refrigerant
2540:"Comment on EPA Proposed Rule Office of Air and Radiation Proposed Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances – Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
2850:
Harris, Catharine. "Anti-inhalant Abuse
Campaign Targets Building Codes: 'Huffing’ of Air Conditioning Refrigerant a Dangerous Risk." The Nation's Health. American Public Health Association, 2010. Web. 5 December 2010.
1837:
Using safety information provided by producers, ASHRAE assigns a capital letter to indicate toxicity and a number to indicate flammability. The letter "A" is the least toxic and the number 1 is the least flammable.
5100:
2920:
827:
Promoted as climate-friendly substitute for R-134a and R-410A, but still with high climate impact. Has excellent heat transfer and pressure drop performance, both in condensation and vaporisation. It has an
140:
Refrigerants must only be handled by qualified/certified engineers to the relevant classes of refrigerant (in the UK, C&G 2079 for A1-class, and C&G 6187-2 for A2/A2L & A3 class refrigerants).
3221:
Longo, Giovanni A.; Mancin, Simone; Righetti, Giulia; Zilio, Claudio (2015). "HFC32 vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat
Exchanger (BPHE): Experimental measurements and IR thermography analysis".
1369:
trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon. ASHRAE has since set guidelines for the numbering system as follows:
347:
restricted the sale, possession and use of refrigerants to only licensed technicians, per rules under sections 608 and 609 of the Clean Air Act. In 1995, Germany made CFC refrigerators illegal.
431:" put proper refrigerant management and disposal at the very top of the list of climate impact solutions, with an impact equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions.
534:
are expected to play a dominant role in the 21st century, in particular, R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from almost no market share in 2018, low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022.
3567:
2427:
3000:
2825:
875:
Most used in 2020 for hydronic heat pumps in Europe and the United States in spite of high GWP. Commonly used in automotive air conditioners prior to phase out which began in 2012.
329:
provided funding to a former East German refrigerator company to research alternative ozone- and climate-safe refrigerants in 1992. The company developed hydrocarbon mixes such as
5050:
2476:
1787:
has 2 carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 4 fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced by one atom, giving
5080:
5211:
2065:
3402:
Ccarrier introduces Puron
Advance™ as the next generation refrigerant for ducted residential, light commercial products in North America | Indianapolis - 19 December 2018
1794:
The same numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (e.g., "Propellant 12") for the same chemical used as a propellant for an
2931:
424:(known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1526. In the same year the EPA decided in favour of the ozone- and climate-safe refrigerant for U.S. manufacture.
3400:
256:
from the 1980s as they have a dramatically lower Ozone
Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still not zero which led to their eventual phase-out.
2973:
2199:"R502/R22 - replacement refrigerant R507 in commercial refrigeration; R502/R22 - Ersatzkaeltemittel R507 in der Gewerbekuehlung. Anwendungstechnik - Kaeltemittel"
3539:
3310:
2161:
5095:
1300:
3797:
3173:
449:
From early 2020 HFCs (including R-404A, R-134a and R-410A) are being superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and heat pumps are increasingly using
298:
with atmospheric lifetimes that can extend for decades. This in turn, starting from the 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of
Hydrocarbon and HFO (
453:. This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progressive devices use refrigerants with almost no climate impact, namely R-290 (propane), R-600a (isobutane) or
401:(FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 that some refrigerants are being used as
3085:
2556:
4588:
3837:
3422:
3411:
1333:
Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated:
248:
in 1987 which aimed to phase out CFCs and HCFC but did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as
5090:
5022:
3318:(Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project–Report No. 58 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. 2018. p. 1.10.
3578:
341:
1244:
An hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-based refrigerant to replace R-123 in low pressure centrifugal chillers for commercial and industrial applications.
416:(GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100-year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO
46:
33:
3367:
2435:
4895:
3640:
3632:
3323:
5055:
5017:
3161:
2457:
2778:
3734:
381:
as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations like
4878:
2586:
2049:
1076:
3499:
2802:
485:
in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form (which can also be adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high
4920:
4633:
4169:
3898:
3749:
Yadav, Saurabh; Liu, Jie; Kim, Sung Chul (2022). "A comprehensive study on 21st-century refrigerants - R290 and R1234yf: A review".
2875:
2022:
90:
2256:
1997:
Protection, United States
Congress Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Environmental (May 14, 1987).
3989:
2072:
290:) and R-507 were promoted as replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were not ozone-depleting but did have
5070:
4884:
4264:
3627:
of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
1937:
1288:
486:
344:
3828:
2235:
1998:
760:
systems require highly resistant components, however these have already been developed for mass production in many sectors.
153:
The observed stabilization of HCFC concentrations (left graphs) and the growth of HFCs (right graphs) in earth's atmosphere.
3784:
5032:
4976:
4971:
4548:
4076:
3356:
3109:
1296:
1278:
2691:
2274:
4593:
4144:
4065:
4024:
3685:
3662:
3624:
2292:
2179:
661:
903:
Most used in split heat pumps / AC by 2018. Almost 100% share in the USA. Being phased out in the US starting in 2022.
4936:
4738:
4249:
4184:
4102:
4014:
3878:
3389:
3199:
3456:
3444:
2692:
Safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate System: issues related to
Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons
2382:
2328:
3794:
2666:
5085:
4966:
4673:
4438:
4282:
3676:
3651:
1971:
1880:
701:
Less performance but also less flammable than R-290. GM announced that it would start using "hydro-fluoro olefin",
689:
3177:
5221:
5138:
4997:
4961:
4763:
4393:
4348:
4276:
4128:
4071:
3694:
3174:"The Coca-Cola Company Announces Adoption of HFC-Free Insulation in Refrigeration Units to Combat Global Warming"
2307:
1788:
1784:
1337:
Class 1: This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change (typically boiling), using the refrigerant's
861:
593:
5185:
5007:
4703:
4303:
4082:
3973:
3958:
2613:"Complying With The Section 608 Refrigerant Recycling Rule | Ozone Layer Protection - Regulatory Programs"
2564:
2539:
1122:
926:
783:
549:
531:
513:
413:
291:
3358:
Management of HCFC-123 through the Phaseout and Beyond | EPA | Published August 2020 | Retrieved Dec. 18, 2021
2364:
756:
refrigeration. Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to 130 bars (1,900 psi; 13,000 kPa), CO
5180:
5105:
5027:
4956:
4900:
4832:
4728:
4643:
4553:
4518:
3994:
2893:
1811:
1299:
of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be processed by a certified reclaimer, which must be licensed by the
1284:
1256:
1043:
989:
219:
38:
5170:
5132:
5012:
4723:
4154:
1092:
953:
215:
3283:
2308:"HFO-1336mzz-Z: High Temperature Chemical Stability and Use as A Working Fluid in Organic Rankine Cycles"
1920:
5216:
5190:
4868:
4827:
4543:
4214:
4034:
1953:
1028:
402:
249:
2114:
2096:
1303:(EPA), and the material must be recovered and delivered to the reclaimer by EPA-certified technicians.
473:
that is somewhat below the target temperature (although boiling point can be adjusted by adjusting the
3615:
3391:
R-454B emerges as a replacement for R-410A | ACHR News (Air Conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration News)
3309:"1:Update on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol".
4992:
4982:
4926:
4863:
4758:
4338:
4287:
3853:
3378:
2718:
1857:
1328:
478:
66:
4858:
4848:
4822:
4608:
4270:
4179:
4149:
4049:
4019:
3913:
3873:
3718:
2925:
378:
355:
149:
5121:
5065:
5002:
4779:
4658:
4653:
4443:
4254:
4239:
3821:
3766:
3345:
3123:
3006:
1807:
1149:
1004:
749:
428:
203:
181:
2143:
1791:. R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would have a molecular structure of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane.
2346:
4693:
4648:
4403:
4398:
4328:
4224:
4060:
3863:
3628:
3319:
3103:
2734:
2217:
2045:
2039:
2018:
2012:
1803:
1468:
1173:
1096:
1011:
968:
888:
435:
398:
299:
259:
245:
231:
211:
3806:
3762:
2461:
1287:
is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of
434:
In 2019 it was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for about 10% of direct
5160:
4915:
4910:
4493:
4199:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4004:
3758:
3424:
A conversation on refrigerants | ASHRAE Journal, March 2021 | page 30, column 1, paragraph 2
3230:
2999:
2726:
2511:
1938:
https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/download/3297/1244/
833:
443:
102:
94:
2894:"Significant New Alternatives Program: Substitutes in Household Refrigerators and Freezers"
2706:
252:, and R-123 was accelerated and so were used in most U.S. homes in air conditioners and in
5155:
5127:
4769:
4683:
4678:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4533:
4473:
4388:
4373:
4194:
4189:
4164:
4159:
4029:
3953:
3801:
3413:
Johnson Controls selects R-454B as future refrigerant for new HVAC equipment | 27 May 2021
1714:
1645:
1203:
813:
509:
450:
287:
170:
122:
2502:
Maté, John (2001). "Making a Difference: A Case Study of the Greenpeace Ozone Campaign".
3688:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press).
2722:
2400:
358:, was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and industry experts.
4905:
4802:
4578:
4558:
4523:
4458:
4378:
4219:
4209:
4118:
3968:
3938:
3893:
3888:
3675:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.).
3433:
2641:
1263:
1047:
829:
721:
406:
362:
166:
126:
2038:
Whitman, Bill; Johnson, Bill; Tomczyk, John; Silberstein, Eugene (February 25, 2008).
5205:
4987:
4838:
4733:
4698:
4468:
4463:
4418:
4413:
4259:
4234:
4229:
4204:
4174:
4044:
3943:
3923:
3903:
3814:
3770:
1795:
1345:
1292:
490:
470:
442:
published new voluntary guidelines, however many countries have not yet ratified the
236:
In the early 1980s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to the
214:(HFC) refrigerant. Following the discovery of better synthesis methods, CFCs such as
86:
2974:"New guidelines for air conditioners and refrigerators set to tackle climate change"
318:
and R-1233zd(E), which have both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and CO
5165:
4843:
4743:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4638:
4573:
4453:
4423:
4363:
4358:
4333:
4244:
4123:
4039:
3963:
3948:
3933:
3520:
3234:
2852:
2612:
1831:
1269:
With the exception of isobutane and propane (R600a, R441A and R290), ammonia and CO
505:
158:
118:
3695:"Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity"
3614:(2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.).
3474:
2826:"Natural Refrigerants Market To Reach USD 2.88 Billion By 2027 | Reports and Data"
2097:"What's Happening With R-134a? | 2017-06-05 | ACHRNEWS | ACHR News"
3790:
Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies
2730:
5175:
4817:
4774:
4748:
4688:
4663:
4538:
4498:
4483:
4428:
4353:
4323:
4318:
4134:
3999:
3918:
2528:
Benedick, Richard Elliot Ozone Diplomacy Cambridge, MA: Harvard University 1991.
2212:
Linton, J. W.; Snelson, W. K.; Triebe, A. R.; Hearty, P. F. (31 December 1995).
2162:"June 26, 2009: Emerson Approves R-407A, R-407C for Copeland Discus Compressors"
1852:
1338:
1274:
1007:
315:
237:
2954:
322:
are sometimes called natural refrigerants because they can be found in nature.
4931:
4853:
4784:
4753:
4628:
4598:
4528:
4478:
4448:
4433:
4408:
4313:
4113:
4009:
3928:
3868:
1491:
702:
670:
330:
326:
241:
3573:. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (
3457:"Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 - Executive Summary"
3257:
2198:
493:, a commonly available material. Extremely high pressures should be avoided.
438:
from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases. and in the same year the
137:(B1-low, B2-medium & B3-high), as classified by ISO 817 & ASHRAE 34.
4890:
4568:
4563:
4513:
4488:
4343:
4139:
2515:
1476:
1050:
with a GWP equal to 1810. Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800
837:
741:
737:
616:
497:
382:
334:
191:
98:
3789:
3207:
2738:
24:
3644:
3521:"42 U.S. Code § 7671g - National recycling and emission reduction program"
3460:
3369:
Refrigerant R11 (R-11), Freon 11 (Freon R-11) Properties & Replacement
3086:"European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications"
4873:
4807:
4308:
4108:
3908:
3883:
3858:
3785:
US Environmental Protection Agency page on the GWPs of various substances
2670:
2557:"Discurso de Frank Guggenheim no lançamento do Greenfreeze | Brasil"
1827:
1320:
1316:
1281:
it is illegal to knowingly release any refrigerants into the atmosphere.
1207:
501:
474:
454:
421:
386:
351:
307:
199:
114:
3650:
Myhre, G.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, W.; et al. (2013).
1891:
4383:
4055:
1755:
1459:
1441:
645:
579:
482:
390:
253:
174:
162:
1814:
has arisen, because of the regulatory differences among these groups.
1311:
412:
From 2011 the European Union started to phase out refrigerants with a
5060:
4812:
4618:
4368:
3574:
2221:
2213:
1764:
1514:
1450:
1362:
1188:
1165:
880:
845:
601:
303:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
195:
106:
74:
71:
3568:"Update on New Refrigerants Designations and Safety Classifications"
2779:"PepsiCo Brings First Climate-Friendly Vending Machines to the U.S."
1758:
is present with the number after B indicating how many bromine atoms
1014:
in 1996, and in developing countries (article 5 countries) in 2010.
113:
and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated because of their
3665:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. pp. 659–740.
2066:"Scroll Chillers: Conversion from HCFC-22 to HFC-410A and HFC-407C"
1767:
is present with the number after I indicating how many iodine atoms
184:
created the first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas,
5075:
4508:
2504:
Review of European Community & International Environmental Law
1847:
1722:
1366:
1310:
1291:
such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas. In the
710:
634:
283:
186:
148:
65:
3735:"BSRIA's view on refrigerant trends in AC and Heat Pump segments"
2921:"One overlooked way to fight climate change? Dispose of old CFCs"
4583:
4503:
3672:
3611:
2961:
Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories.
2958:
2017:(2013 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. June 21, 2013. p. 179.
832:
of nearly 5 years. Currently used in residential and commercial
439:
207:
3810:
240:
that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation, and to the
1095:. The production of R-11 was banned in developed countries by
592:
Low cost, widely available and efficient. They also have zero
457:(less flammable, in cars). In commercial refrigeration also CO
110:
18:
3124:"Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
2014:
Fluorinated Hydrocarbons—Advances in Research and Application
1826:, assigns safety classifications to refrigerants based upon
3162:
GM to Introduce HFO-1234yf AC Refrigerant in 2013 US Models
2312:
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference
1344:
Class 2: These refrigerants cool by temperature change or '
1058:
Gg per year in 1998. R-438A (MO-99) is a R-22 replacement.
2803:"Climate-Friendly Greenfreezers Come to the United States"
2257:"Refrigerant blends to challenge hydrocarbon efficiencies"
1802:
12". Recently, a practice of using abbreviations HFC- for
1484:
Saturated hydrocarbons (except for propane which is R-290)
1401:= Number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds (omit if zero)
530:
With increasing regulations, refrigerants with a very low
3446:
Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A | 15 June 2016
2001:
U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
1972:"Air Conditioners, Dehumidifiers, and R-410A Refrigerant"
177:, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked.
3652:"Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing"
2293:"The truth about new automotive A/C refrigerant R1234YF"
405:, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as
3540:"Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants"
2753:"2010 to 2015 government policy: environmental quality"
1010:(CFC). Production was banned in developed countries by
394:
the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.
2460:. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from
1701:
Same blend with different compositions of refrigerants
2998:
Rosenthal, Elisabeth; Lehren, Andrew (20 June 2011).
2642:"Greenfreeze: a Revolution in Domestic Refrigeration"
2401:"Greenfreeze: A revolution in domestic refrigeration"
1824:
Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants
1737:
Same blend with different composition of refrigerants
489:. Working pressures should ideally be containable by
121:
and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to
3176:. The Coca-Cola Company. 5 June 2006. Archived from
5148:
5114:
5041:
4945:
4793:
4296:
3982:
3844:
2707:"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years"
2236:"Daikin reveals details of R32 VRV air conditioner"
2214:"System performance comparison of R-507 with R-502"
1798:, and with trade names for the compounds, such as "
1323:
diagram, isotherms between the two saturation lines
244:over polar regions. This led to the signing of the
1237:HFO-1336mzz-Z/trans-1,2- dichloroethylene (t-DCE)
2587:"Der Greenfreeze - endlich in den USA angekommen"
2422:
2420:
3258:"Protecting Our Climate by Reducing Use of HFCs"
3072:
2863:
2853:https://www.thenationshealth.org/content/39/4/20
967:Production was banned in developed countries by
3751:International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
3678:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
3659:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
3617:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
1410:= Number of carbon atoms minus 1 (omit if zero)
1195:Difluoromethane and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
365:to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.
3312:Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018
3091:. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009
3001:"Relief in Every Window, but Global Worry Too"
2636:
2634:
3822:
3645:Fifth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2013
3380:R-454B XL41 refrigerant fact & info sheet
2955:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)"
2041:Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology
1735:R-4xx/5xx + Upper Case Suffix (A, B, C, etc.)
1301:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1227:May replace R-134a as an interim alternative
8:
3702:
2538:Honeywell International, Inc. (2010-07-09).
2383:"Carrier confirms an HFO refrigerant future"
2329:"Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A"
1743:Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers
1596:Indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers
1522:indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers
1202:HFOs blend of refrigerants Difluoromethane (
427:A 2018 study by the nonprofit organization "
101:where in most cases they undergo a repeated
3475:"Frequently Asked Questions on Section 608"
3030:
1500:Inorganic Compounds with a molar mass ≥ 100
361:In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the
161:employed toxic or flammable gases, such as
5212:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4589:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
3838:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3829:
3815:
3807:
1109:
913:
770:
536:
3693:Forster, Piers; Storelvmo, Trude (2021).
3684:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
3661:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
3623:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
1361:The R- numbering system was developed by
1220:An HFO/HFC blend (56% R-1234yf/44%R-134a)
526:Refrigerants with very low climate impact
294:(GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO
5023:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
3795:International Institute of Refrigeration
3763:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121947
3206:. R744.com. 28 June 2007. Archived from
3042:
3040:
3038:
3026:
3024:
397:In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on
222:, R-123 and R-502 dominated the market.
49:of all important aspects of the article.
2475:Gunkel, Christoph (13 September 2013).
2365:"Carrier expands R1234ze chiller range"
2251:
2249:
1881:"Refrigerants Past, Present and Future"
1868:
354:, a European non-profit initiative for
3223:International Journal of Refrigeration
3101:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
2972:Environment, U. N. (31 October 2019).
2275:"An HVAC Technician's Guide to R-454B"
1947:
1945:
1915:
1913:
1911:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
4896:Programmable communicating thermostat
3247:May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report
3046:
2180:"Taking New Refrigerants to the Peak"
1594:2nd Lower Case Suffix (a, b, c, etc.)
1535:If only one isomer exists; otherwise:
1183:A mixture of R-32, R-125, and R-134a
660:and hockey rinks because of its high
465:Requirements and desirable properties
7:
5018:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
3284:"Background on HFCs and the AIM Act"
1874:
1872:
1251:Refrigerant reclamation and disposal
894:Between 2430 (R-32) and 6350 (R-125)
302:) refrigerants R-32, R-290, R-600a,
3150:
2824:Data, Reports and (7 August 2020).
1749:Same molar mass, different compound
1731:Cyclic compound with an ether group
1003:Also known as Freon, a widely used
340:Beginning on 14 November 1994, the
4879:Minimum efficiency reporting value
3262:US Environmental Protection Agency
1921:"Finally, a replacement for R123?"
1206:) and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (
1077:2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
16:Substance in a refrigeration cycle
14:
4921:Standard temperature and pressure
4634:Packaged terminal air conditioner
4170:Passive daytime radiative cooling
3899:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
3525:LII / Legal Information Institute
3435:Opteon™ XP30 (R-514A) refrigerant
2953:Butler J. and Montzka S. (2020).
2306:Kontomaris, Konstantinos (2014).
2044:. Cengage Learning. p. 171.
1699:Upper Case Suffix (A, B, C, etc.)
1607:First lower case suffix (x, y, z)
1572:Cl, H central carbon substitution
1556:Cl, F central carbon substitution
1520:Lower Case Suffix (a, b, c, etc.)
1419:= Number of hydrogen atoms plus 1
3990:Absorption-compression heat pump
3721:. California Air Resources Board
3459:. 18 August 2000. Archived from
3347:Chemours M099 as R22 Replacement
1954:"What's the Latest with R-404A?"
1578:F, H central carbon substitution
748:-based beverage coolers and the
705:, in all of its brands by 2013.
496:The ideal refrigerant would be:
125:and that of HFC refrigerants to
23:
4885:Normal temperature and pressure
4265:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2919:Berwald, Juli (29 April 2019).
2434:. 25 March 2013. Archived from
2197:Koenig, H. (31 December 1995).
1615:Cl substitution on central atom
1172:Mixture of difluoromethane and
469:A refrigerant needs to have: a
345:Environmental Protection Agency
325:The environmental organization
157:The first air conditioners and
37:may be too short to adequately
3235:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.04.017
2428:"Happy birthday, Greenfreeze!"
2150:(Press release). 22 June 2009.
1633:Second lower case suffix (a-f)
1627:H substitution on central atom
1621:F substitution on central atom
1539:First lower case suffix (a-f):
1307:Classification of refrigerants
1176:and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
1054:Gg per year, up from about 450
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
5033:Testing, adjusting, balancing
4977:Building information modeling
4972:Building services engineering
4549:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
4077:Demand controlled ventilation
4025:Building insulation materials
3577:). April 2020. Archived from
3479:Environment Protection Agency
3131:Environment Protection Agency
2593:(in German). 28 December 2011
2477:"Öko-Coup aus Ostdeutschland"
4594:High-pressure cut-off switch
4145:Ice storage air conditioning
4066:Dedicated outdoor air system
2731:10.1126/science.289.5477.270
1952:Tomczyk, John (1 May 2017).
1747:7xx/7xxx + Upper Case Letter
1670:=CHCl methylene substitution
1654:=CClF methylene substitution
399:fluorinated greenhouse gases
4937:Thermostatic radiator valve
4739:Thermostatic radiator valve
4250:Underfloor air distribution
4185:Radiant heating and cooling
4103:Energy recovery ventilation
4015:Automobile air conditioning
3879:Domestic energy consumption
2705:Crowley, Thomas J. (2000).
1676:=CHF methylene substitution
1588:central carbon substitution
1566:central carbon substitution
1550:central carbon substitution
1490:Inorganic Compounds with a
1160:As a compressed air duster
373:Addressing greenhouse gases
5238:
5086:Institute of Refrigeration
4967:Architectural technologist
4439:Electrostatic precipitator
2694:(Report). IPCC/TEAP. 2005.
2347:"R404A – the alternatives"
1428:= Number of fluorine atoms
1326:
1254:
690:2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
420:) such as the refrigerant
229:
5139:Volatile organic compound
4998:Environmental engineering
4962:Architectural engineering
4764:Ultra-low particulate air
4349:Automatic balancing valve
4277:Variable refrigerant flow
4129:Heat recovery ventilation
4072:Deep water source cooling
3538:ASHRAE; UNEP (Nov 2022).
3200:"Modine reinforces its CO
3108:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2054:– via Google Books.
2027:– via Google Books.
1789:1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
1741:R-6xx + Lower Case Letter
862:1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
594:ozone depletion potential
377:With growing interest in
292:global warming potentials
5186:Template:Home automation
5008:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4704:Solar-assisted heat pump
4304:Air conditioner inverter
4083:Displacement ventilation
3974:Vapour pressure of water
3959:Thermal destratification
1812:hydrochlorofluorocarbons
1123:Global warming potential
927:Global warming potential
784:Global warming potential
532:global warming potential
414:global warming potential
5181:World Refrigeration Day
5028:Refrigerant reclamation
4957:Architectural acoustics
4901:Programmable thermostat
4833:Clean air delivery rate
4729:Thermal expansion valve
4644:Pressurisation ductwork
4554:Ground source heat pump
3995:Absorption refrigerator
3719:"High GWP refrigerants"
3686:Sixth Assessment Report
3663:Fifth Assessment Report
3625:Fifth Assessment Report
3075:, pp. 714, 731–737
2830:GlobeNewswire News Room
2516:10.1111/1467-9388.00275
2122:Behr Hella Service GmbH
1285:Refrigerant reclamation
1257:Refrigerant reclamation
1044:hydrochlorofluorocarbon
990:Dichlorodifluoromethane
477:appropriately), a high
208:hydrochlorofluorocarbon
5171:Glossary of HVAC terms
5133:Sick building syndrome
5013:Mechanical engineering
4724:Smoke exhaust ductwork
4155:Mixed-mode ventilation
2805:. WNBC. 2 October 2008
2144:"R-407A Gains SNAP OK"
2115:"Conversion R12/R134a"
1686:methylene substitution
1664:methylene substitution
1527:Propane Derived Chains
1324:
1277:of the United States'
1093:Trichlorofluoromethane
954:Trichlorofluoromethane
887:50% R-32 / 50% R-125 (
190:(R-12). The name is a
154:
78:
5191:Template:Solar energy
4869:Intelligent buildings
4828:Carbon dioxide sensor
4215:Room air distribution
4035:Central solar heating
3073:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch8 2013
2864:IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch7 2021
1505:Ethane Derived Chains
1352:into many categories.
1314:
1029:Chlorodifluoromethane
461:(R-744) can be used.
152:
69:
4993:Duct leakage testing
4983:Deep energy retrofit
4927:Thermographic camera
4864:Infrared thermometer
4339:Air source heat pump
4288:Water heat recycling
3854:Air changes per hour
3584:on February 13, 2023
3210:on 10 February 2008.
2782:phx.corporate-ir.net
2667:"Company background"
2567:on 24 September 2015
1879:Pearson, S. Forbes.
1858:List of Refrigerants
1822:ASHRAE Standard 34,
1329:List of refrigerants
1046:(HCFC) and powerful
830:atmospheric lifetime
487:critical temperature
479:heat of vaporization
379:natural refrigerants
356:natural refrigerants
4859:HVAC control system
4849:Home energy monitor
4823:Building automation
4609:Inverter compressor
4271:Variable air volume
4180:Passive ventilation
4150:Kitchen ventilation
4050:Constant air volume
4020:Autonomous building
2926:National Geographic
2723:2000Sci...289..270C
2458:"Ozone Secretariat"
2353:. 26 February 2014.
2263:. 22 December 2019.
1848:Brine (Refrigerant)
1808:chlorofluorocarbons
1601:Propene derivatives
910:Banned / Phased out
521:Common refrigerants
310:, R-514A, R-744 (CO
226:Phasing out of CFCs
91:refrigeration cycle
5122:Indoor air quality
5066:ASTM International
5003:Hydronic balancing
4780:Wood-burning stove
4659:Radiator reflector
4444:Evaporative cooler
4255:Underfloor heating
4240:Thermal insulation
3800:2018-09-25 at the
3463:on 18 August 2000.
3180:on 1 November 2013
3007:The New York Times
2900:. 13 November 2014
2242:. 6 February 2020.
1927:. 17 October 2013.
1818:Refrigerant safety
1804:hydrofluorocarbons
1357:R numbering system
1325:
1289:refrigeration loop
1150:1,1-Difluoroethane
1005:chlorofluorocarbon
403:recreational drugs
282:(a 50/50 blend of
260:Hydrofluorocarbons
204:chlorofluorocarbon
182:Thomas Midgley Jr.
155:
79:
5199:
5198:
5115:Health and safety
4694:Scroll compressor
4649:Process duct work
4404:Convection heater
4399:Condensing boiler
4329:Air-mixing plenum
4225:Solar combisystem
4061:Cross ventilation
3864:Building envelope
3703:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021
3641:978-1-107-66182-0
3634:978-1-107-05799-9
3500:"US hydrocarbons"
3325:978-1-7329317-1-8
3264:. 8 February 2021
3204:research efforts"
2934:on April 29, 2019
2717:(5477): 270–277.
2464:on 12 April 2015.
1513:Most symmetrical
1365:(which owned the
1248:
1247:
1174:pentafluoroethane
1103:
1102:
1097:Montreal Protocol
1012:Montreal Protocol
969:Montreal Protocol
907:
906:
889:pentafluoroethane
764:
763:
752:is considering CO
662:energy efficiency
436:radiative forcing
300:hydrofluoroolefin
246:Montreal Protocol
232:Montreal Protocol
212:hydrofluorocarbon
64:
63:
5229:
5222:Industrial gases
5161:Building science
4916:Smart thermostat
4911:Room temperature
4494:Fireplace insert
4200:Radon mitigation
4098:Electric heating
4093:District heating
4088:District cooling
4005:Air conditioning
3831:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3774:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3707:
3699:
3689:
3683:
3666:
3656:
3638:
3622:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3049:
3044:
3033:
3031:Yadav et al 2022
3028:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3003:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2930:. Archived from
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2669:. Archived from
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2563:. Archived from
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2124:. 1 October 2005
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2071:. Archived from
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1890:. Archived from
1885:
1876:
1810:, and HCFC- for
1477:Azeotropic blend
1136:R-152a HFC-152a
1110:
1057:
1053:
1039:Being phased out
914:
834:air-conditioners
771:
537:
444:Kigali Amendment
103:phase transition
95:air conditioning
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5156:ASHRAE Handbook
5144:
5128:Passive smoking
5110:
5043:
5037:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4795:
4789:
4770:Whole-house fan
4684:Run-around coil
4679:Reversing valve
4624:Mechanical room
4614:Kerosene heater
4604:Infrared heater
4534:Gasoline heater
4474:Fan filter unit
4389:Condensate pump
4374:Centrifugal fan
4292:
4195:Radiant heating
4190:Radiant cooling
4165:Passive cooling
4160:Microgeneration
4030:Central heating
3978:
3954:Thermal comfort
3846:
3840:
3835:
3802:Wayback Machine
3781:
3748:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3697:
3692:
3681:
3671:
3654:
3649:
3635:
3620:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3012:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2832:(Press release)
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2619:. 21 April 2015
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:. 15 June 2016.
2327:
2326:
2322:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2295:. 25 July 2018.
2291:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1844:
1820:
1715:Cyclic compound
1708:
1695:
1685:
1663:
1644:
1603:
1587:
1565:
1549:
1529:
1507:
1469:Zeotropic blend
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1359:
1331:
1309:
1272:
1259:
1253:
1146:
1142:
1108:
1073:
1069:
1063:R-123 HCFC-123
1055:
1051:
1025:
986:
982:
949:
912:
858:
854:
814:Difluoromethane
810:
806:
769:
759:
755:
747:
718:
686:
682:
678:
642:
613:
609:
589:Increasing use
576:
572:
528:
523:
510:ozone depletion
467:
460:
419:
375:
321:
313:
297:
262:(HFCs) such as
234:
228:
171:methyl chloride
147:
133:more than air.
123:ozone depletion
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4906:Psychrometrics
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Air flow meter
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:Heating system
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4559:Heat exchanger
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:Gas compressor
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:Expansion tank
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:Ceramic heater
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Solar air heat
4217:
4212:
4210:Renewable heat
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4119:Forced-air gas
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3969:Thermodynamics
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:Psychrometrics
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:Gas compressor
3891:
3889:Fluid dynamics
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3779:External links
3777:
3776:
3775:
3746:
3731:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3690:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3633:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3559:
3530:
3512:
3491:
3466:
3448:
3437:
3426:
3415:
3404:
3393:
3382:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3338:
3324:
3301:
3275:
3249:
3240:
3213:
3201:
3191:
3165:
3154:
3143:
3115:
3077:
3050:
3034:
3020:
2990:
2978:UN Environment
2964:
2945:
2911:
2885:
2867:
2856:
2843:
2816:
2794:
2770:
2744:
2697:
2683:
2658:
2630:
2604:
2578:
2561:Greenpeace.org
2548:
2530:
2521:
2510:(2): 190–198.
2494:
2467:
2449:
2416:
2392:
2389:. 5 June 2019.
2374:
2371:. 20 May 2020.
2356:
2338:
2320:
2298:
2284:
2266:
2245:
2227:
2204:
2189:
2171:
2153:
2135:
2106:
2088:
2057:
2051:978-1111803223
2050:
2030:
2023:
2004:
1989:
1963:
1941:
1930:
1907:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1819:
1816:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:Trans Molecule
1768:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1327:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1270:
1264:global warming
1255:Main article:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1048:greenhouse gas
1042:A widely used
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
972:
965:
962:
959:
956:
951:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
930:
924:
921:
918:
911:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
885:
883:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
859:
856:
852:
849:
842:
841:
825:
822:
819:
816:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
781:
778:
775:
768:
765:
762:
761:
757:
753:
745:
744:has fielded CO
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:Carbon dioxide
719:
716:
713:
707:
706:
699:
697:
694:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
666:
665:
664:and low cost.
657:
654:
651:
648:
643:
640:
637:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
619:
614:
611:
607:
604:
598:
597:
590:
587:
584:
582:
577:
574:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
547:
544:
541:
527:
524:
522:
519:
514:global warming
466:
463:
458:
417:
407:inhalant abuse
374:
371:
363:Kyoto Protocol
319:
311:
295:
227:
224:
194:name owned by
167:sulfur dioxide
146:
143:
127:climate change
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5234:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:organizations
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Duct cleaning
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Control valve
4837:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Turning vanes
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Thermal wheel
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Solar chimney
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Fan coil unit
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Cooling tower
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Vapor barrier
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Solar heating
4233:
4231:
4230:Solar cooling
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Refrigeration
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Passive house
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Chilled water
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Sensible heat
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:Noise control
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Heat transfer
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3289:
3288:www.usepa.gov
3285:
3279:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3192:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2928:- Environment
2927:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2876:"GreenFreeze"
2871:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2673:on 2020-02-20
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2592:
2591:Greenpeace.de
2588:
2582:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2438:on 2020-04-08
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2078:on 2021-07-20
2074:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2024:9781481675703
2020:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1978:. 1 July 2011
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1897:on 2018-07-13
1893:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:aerosol spray
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:For example,
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:Miscellaneous
1705:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1346:sensible heat
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:Clean Air Act
1294:
1293:United States
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1279:Clean Air Act
1276:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:US phase-out
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
978:
975:
974:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
909:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
886:
884:
882:
879:
878:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
860:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
766:
751:
743:
739:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
700:
698:
695:
693:
691:
688:
674:
672:
668:
667:
663:
658:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
620:
618:
615:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
583:
581:
578:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
535:
533:
525:
520:
518:
515:
511:
507:
506:non-flammable
503:
499:
498:non-corrosive
494:
492:
491:copper tubing
488:
484:
481:, a moderate
480:
476:
472:
471:boiling point
464:
462:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
366:
364:
359:
357:
353:
348:
346:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
317:
309:
305:
301:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:refrigerators
151:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:working fluid
84:
76:
73:
68:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
5217:Refrigerants
5166:Fireproofing
4950:and services
4946:Professions,
4844:Gas detector
4744:Trickle vent
4719:Smoke damper
4714:Smoke canopy
4709:Space heater
4668:
4639:Plenum space
4574:Heating film
4454:Exhaust hood
4424:Dehumidifier
4364:Blast damper
4359:Barrier pipe
4334:Air purifier
4245:Thermosiphon
4124:Free cooling
4040:Chilled beam
3964:Thermal mass
3949:Stack effect
3934:Particulates
3914:Infiltration
3845:Fundamental
3754:
3750:
3739:. Retrieved
3723:. Retrieved
3701:
3677:
3658:
3616:
3605:IPCC reports
3586:. Retrieved
3579:the original
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:
3469:
3461:the original
3451:
3440:
3429:
3418:
3407:
3396:
3385:
3374:
3363:
3352:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3311:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3287:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3261:
3252:
3243:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3208:the original
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:the original
3168:
3157:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3130:
3118:
3093:. Retrieved
3080:
3011:. Retrieved
3005:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:
2967:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2924:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2859:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2829:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2759:. 8 May 2015
2756:
2747:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2686:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:
2621:. Retrieved
2616:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2560:
2551:
2533:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2480:
2470:
2462:the original
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2431:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2387:Cooling Post
2386:
2377:
2369:Cooling Post
2368:
2359:
2351:Cooling Post
2350:
2341:
2333:Cooling Post
2332:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2287:
2279:achrnews.com
2278:
2269:
2261:Cooling Post
2260:
2240:Cooling Post
2239:
2230:
2207:
2192:
2184:achrnews.com
2183:
2174:
2166:achrnews.com
2165:
2156:
2148:achrnews.com
2147:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2121:
2109:
2101:achrnews.com
2100:
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2060:
2040:
2033:
2013:
2007:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1958:achrnews.com
1957:
1933:
1925:Cooling Post
1924:
1899:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1887:
1836:
1832:flammability
1823:
1821:
1799:
1793:
1782:
1779:Cis Molecule
1776:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1698:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1648:substitution
1638:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1519:
1510:
1497:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1332:
1283:
1268:
1260:
1019:R-22 HCFC-22
872:Widely used
529:
495:
468:
448:
433:
426:
411:
396:
389:, and later
376:
367:
360:
349:
339:
324:
258:
235:
185:
179:
156:
139:
135:
131:
119:flammability
97:systems and
89:used in the
82:
80:
52:
36:
34:lead section
5176:Warm Spaces
4818:Blower door
4796:and control
4794:Measurement
4775:Windcatcher
4749:Trombe wall
4689:Sail switch
4669:Refrigerant
4664:Recuperator
4539:Grease duct
4499:Freeze stat
4484:Fire damper
4354:Back boiler
4324:Air ionizer
4319:Air handler
4283:Ventilation
4135:Hybrid heat
4000:Air barrier
3919:Latent heat
3725:13 February
3588:October 22,
3484:20 December
3331:22 November
2836:17 December
2646:ecomall.com
2487:4 September
2483:(in German)
2481:Der Spiegel
2405:ecomall.com
1853:Section 608
1806:, CFC- for
1723:Ether group
1533:Number Only
1511:Number Only
1339:latent heat
1275:Section 608
1131:Commentary
1008:halomethane
976:R-12 CFC-12
943:R-11 CFC-11
938:Commentary
900:Widely Used
824:Widely used
800:R-32 HFC-32
795:Commentary
656:Widely used
629:See R-290.
626:Widely used
561:Commentary
316:R-1234ze(E)
242:ozone holes
238:ozone layer
210:(HCFC), or
83:refrigerant
77:refrigerant
5206:Categories
4932:Thermostat
4854:Humidistat
4785:Zone valve
4754:TurboSwing
4629:Oil heater
4599:Humidifier
4529:Gas heater
4479:Fan heater
4449:Evaporator
4434:Economizer
4409:Compressor
4314:Air filter
4297:Components
4114:Forced-air
4010:Antifreeze
3983:Technology
3929:Outgassing
3869:Convection
3757:: 121947.
3741:2022-02-14
3184:11 October
3095:2010-10-29
3047:BSRIA 2020
2880:Greenpeace
2677:2021-03-15
2432:Greenpeace
2410:2022-07-04
2316:Paper 1525
2082:2021-03-29
1901:2021-03-30
1864:References
1725:is present
1492:molar mass
838:heat pumps
738:heat pumps
703:HFO-1234yf
671:HFO-1234yf
508:, with no
331:isopentane
327:Greenpeace
230:See also:
202:) for any
99:heat pumps
55:March 2021
5042:Industry
4891:OpenTherm
4569:Heat pump
4564:Heat pipe
4514:Fume hood
4489:Fireplace
4394:Condenser
4344:Attic fan
4140:Hydronics
3771:240534198
3268:25 August
3229:: 77–86.
1646:methylene
1128:GWP 100yr
1099:in 1996.
932:GWP 100yr
848:HFC-134a
789:GWP 100yr
767:Most used
750:U.S. Army
742:Coca-Cola
669:R-1234yf
617:Isobutane
555:GWP 100yr
502:non-toxic
383:Coca-Cola
335:isobutane
192:trademark
39:summarize
5149:See also
4874:LonWorks
4808:Aquastat
4674:Register
4654:Radiator
4309:Air door
4109:Firestop
3909:Humidity
3884:Enthalpy
3874:Dilution
3859:Bake-out
3847:concepts
3798:Archived
3505:5 August
3290:. US EPA
3151:ARB 2022
3136:5 August
3104:cite web
2983:30 March
2938:30 April
2739:10894770
1842:See also
1828:toxicity
1777:R-xxx(Z)
1771:R-xxx(E)
1762:R-xxxxI#
1753:R-xxxxB#
1680:f Suffix
1674:e Suffix
1668:d Suffix
1658:c Suffix
1652:b Suffix
1639:a Suffix
1625:z Suffix
1619:y Suffix
1613:x Suffix
1582:f Suffix
1576:e Suffix
1570:d Suffix
1560:c Suffix
1554:b Suffix
1544:a Suffix
1494:< 100
1321:enthalpy
1317:pressure
1208:R-1234yf
1116:Chemical
971:in 1996
920:Chemical
897:> 677
777:Chemical
543:Chemical
475:pressure
455:R-1234yf
429:Drawdown
422:HFC-134a
387:Unilever
352:Eurammon
350:In 1996
308:R-1234yf
254:chillers
200:Chemours
180:In 1928
115:toxicity
4948:trades,
4519:Furnace
4384:Chiller
4056:Coolant
3600:Sources
3294:27 June
3013:21 June
2898:Epa.gov
2763:10 June
2719:Bibcode
2711:Science
2623:10 June
2617:Epa.gov
2597:10 June
2571:10 June
2128:27 July
1982:27 July
1976:Sylvane
1756:Bromine
1729:R-CExxx
1460:Propane
1442:Methane
1232:R-514A
646:Ammonia
580:Propane
483:density
391:Pepsico
206:(CFC),
175:propane
163:ammonia
145:History
105:from a
5101:SMACNA
5061:ASHRAE
4881:(MERV)
4835:(CADR)
4813:BACnet
4766:(ULPA)
4619:Louver
4544:Grille
4419:Damper
4369:Boiler
4267:(VCRS)
4068:(DOAS)
3769:
3737:. 2020
3631:
3575:ASHRAE
3552:1 July
3547:ASHRAE
3322:
2904:4 June
2809:8 June
2787:8 June
2757:GOV.UK
2737:
2651:8 June
2442:8 June
2222:211821
2220:
2048:
2021:
1785:R-134a
1765:Iodine
1720:R-Exxx
1712:R-Cxxx
1693:Blends
1515:isomer
1498:R-7xxx
1462:Series
1453:Series
1451:Ethane
1444:Series
1433:Series
1363:DuPont
1315:R407C
1295:, the
1273:under
1215:R-513A
1189:R-454B
1166:R-407C
1056:
1052:
1000:Banned
964:Banned
935:Status
881:R-410A
846:R-134a
792:Status
732:In use
602:R-600a
566:R-290
558:Status
304:R-454B
280:R-410A
276:R-404A
272:R-407C
268:R-407A
264:R-134a
196:DuPont
107:liquid
75:R-134a
72:DuPont
5141:(VOC)
5135:(SBS)
5124:(IAQ)
5081:CIBSE
5076:BSRIA
4979:(BIM)
4923:(STP)
4887:(NTP)
4509:Freon
4279:(VRF)
4273:(VAV)
4131:(HRV)
4105:(ERV)
4079:(DCV)
4052:(CAV)
3767:S2CID
3712:Other
3698:(PDF)
3682:(PDF)
3655:(PDF)
3639:(pb:
3621:(PDF)
3582:(PDF)
3571:(PDF)
3543:(PDF)
3316:(PDF)
3127:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
2543:(PDF)
2118:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1884:(PDF)
1800:Freon
1488:R-7xx
1482:R-6xx
1474:R-5xx
1466:R-4xx
1457:R-2xx
1448:R-1xx
1367:Freon
1106:Other
1022:CHClF
997:10200
994:10800
869:1550
866:3790
711:R-744
696:<1
635:R-717
606:HC(CH
284:R-125
198:(now
187:Freon
173:, or
109:to a
85:is a
5096:LEED
5056:AMCA
5051:AHRI
4584:HEPA
4504:Flue
4429:Duct
3727:2022
3673:IPCC
3629:ISBN
3612:IPCC
3590:2022
3554:2023
3507:2018
3486:2013
3333:2020
3320:ISBN
3296:2024
3270:2022
3186:2007
3138:2018
3110:link
3015:2012
2985:2020
2959:NOAA
2940:2019
2906:2018
2838:2020
2811:2015
2789:2015
2765:2015
2735:PMID
2653:2015
2625:2015
2599:2015
2573:2015
2489:2015
2444:2015
2218:OSTI
2130:2023
2046:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1984:2023
1888:R744
1830:and
1641:=CCl
1439:R-xx
1204:R-32
1157:138
1154:506
1125:20yr
1119:Name
1113:Code
1081:292
1066:CHCl
1036:1760
1033:5280
961:4660
958:6900
929:20yr
923:Name
917:Code
836:and
818:2430
786:20yr
780:Name
774:Code
586:3.3
552:20yr
546:Name
540:Code
512:and
451:R-32
440:UNEP
385:and
342:U.S.
333:and
288:R-32
250:R-22
220:R-12
216:R-11
117:and
5106:UMC
5091:IIR
5071:BRE
4464:Fan
3759:doi
3755:122
3643:).
3231:doi
2727:doi
2715:289
2512:doi
1682:=CH
1660:=CF
1374:R-X
1210:).
1143:CHF
1084:79
979:CCl
946:CCl
855:FCF
821:677
623:3.3
550:GWP
314:),
111:gas
93:of
5208::
3765:.
3753:.
3700:.
3657:.
3545:.
3523:.
3477:.
3286:.
3260:.
3227:57
3225:.
3129:.
3106:}}
3102:{{
3053:^
3037:^
3023:^
3004:.
2976:.
2957:.
2923:.
2896:.
2878:.
2828:.
2755:.
2733:.
2725:.
2713:.
2709:.
2644:.
2633:^
2615:.
2589:.
2559:.
2508:10
2506:.
2479:.
2430:.
2419:^
2403:.
2385:.
2367:.
2349:.
2331:.
2314:.
2310:.
2277:.
2259:.
2248:^
2238:.
2216:.
2182:.
2164:.
2146:.
2120:.
2099:.
1974:.
1956:.
1944:^
1923:.
1910:^
1886:.
1871:^
1834:.
1635::
1609::
1546:Cl
1266:.
1139:CH
1070:CF
851:CH
840:.
803:CH
740:.
715:CO
639:NH
504:,
500:,
446:.
409:.
306:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
218:,
169:,
165:,
129:.
81:A
70:A
3830:e
3823:t
3816:v
3773:.
3761::
3744:.
3729:.
3706:.
3637:.
3592:.
3556:.
3527:.
3509:.
3488:.
3335:.
3298:.
3272:.
3237:.
3233::
3202:2
3188:.
3140:.
3112:)
3098:.
3017:.
2987:.
2942:.
2908:.
2882:.
2840:.
2813:.
2791:.
2767:.
2741:.
2729::
2721::
2680:.
2655:.
2627:.
2601:.
2575:.
2545:.
2518:.
2514::
2491:.
2446:.
2413:.
2281:.
2224:.
2201:.
2186:.
2168:.
2132:.
2103:.
2085:.
1986:.
1960:.
1904:.
1684:2
1662:2
1643:2
1586:2
1584:H
1564:2
1562:F
1548:2
1425:4
1423:X
1416:3
1414:X
1407:2
1405:X
1398:1
1396:X
1388:4
1386:X
1384:3
1382:X
1380:2
1378:X
1376:1
1341:.
1319:-
1271:2
1145:2
1141:3
1072:3
1068:2
1024:2
985:2
983:F
981:2
950:F
948:3
891:)
857:3
853:2
809:2
807:F
805:2
758:2
754:2
746:2
729:1
726:1
717:2
685:4
683:F
681:2
679:H
677:3
675:C
653:0
650:0
641:3
612:3
610:)
608:3
575:8
573:H
571:3
569:C
459:2
418:2
320:2
312:2
296:2
286:/
57:)
53:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
