366:. In 2016, Academia.edu reportedly had more registered users (about 34 million versus 11 million) and higher web traffic, but ResearchGate was substantially larger in terms of active usage by researchers. The fact that ResearchGate restricts its user accounts to people at recognized institutions and published researchers may explain the disparity in active usage, as a high percentage of the accounts on Academia.edu are lapsed or inactive. In a 2015–2016 survey of academic profile tools, about as many respondents have ResearchGate profiles and Google Scholar profiles, but almost twice as many respondents use Google Scholar for search than use ResearchGate for accessing publications.
263:. Site members may follow a research interest, in addition to following other individual members. It has a blogging feature for users to write short reviews on peer-reviewed articles. ResearchGate indexes self-published information on user profiles to suggest members to connect with others who have similar interests. When a member posts a question, it is fielded to others that have identified on their user profile that they have a relevant expertise. It also has private chat rooms where users can share data, edit shared documents, or discuss confidential topics. The site also features a research-focused
585:(STM) sent a letter to ResearchGate threatening legal action against them for copyright infringement and demanding that they alter their handling of uploaded articles to include pre-release checking for copyright violations and "Specifically, end its extraction of content from hosted articles and the modification of any hosted content, including any and all metadata. It would also mean an end to Researchgate's own copying and downloading of published journal article content and the creation of internal databases of articles." This was followed by an announcement that
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38:
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451:, 88 percent of the responding scientists and engineers said that they were aware of ResearchGate and would use it when "contacted", but less than 10% said they would use it to actively discuss research with 40% instead preferring to use Twitter when discussing research. ResearchGate was visited regularly by half of those surveyed by
466:
reported that in a global survey of 20,670 people who use academic social networking sites, ResearchGate was the dominant network and was twice as popular as others: 61 percent of respondents who had published at least one paper had a
ResearchGate profile. Another study reported that "relatively few
565:
also reported that "Some of the apparent profiles on the site are not owned by real people, but are created automatically – and incompletely – by scraping details of people's affiliations, publication records and PDFs, if available, from around the web. That annoys researchers who do not want to be
216:
While reading articles does not require registration, people who wish to become site members need to have an email address at a recognized institution or to be manually confirmed as a published researcher in order to sign up for an account. Articles are free to read by visitors, however additional
229:
invitations to coauthors of the articles listed on the site that were written to appear as if the email messages were sent by the other coauthors of the articles (a practice the site said it had discontinued as of
November 2016) and for automatically generating apparent profiles for non-users who
221:
and can upload research output including papers, data, chapters, negative results, patents, research proposals, methods, presentations, and software source code. Users may also follow the activities of other users and engage in discussions with them. Users are also able to block interactions with
270:
As of 2020, it has more than 17 million users, with its largest user-bases coming from Europe and North
America. Most of ResearchGate's users are involved in medicine or biology, though it also has participants from engineering, law, computer science, agricultural sciences, and psychology, among
570:
versions of articles on the homepages of authors and publishers. These are then presented as if they had been uploaded to the web site by the author: the PDF will be displayed embedded in a frame, and only the button label "External
Download" indicates that the file was in fact not uploaded to
552:
into the user score, and suggested that it should "not be considered in the evaluation of academics". The results were confirmed in a second "response" study, which also found the score to depend mostly on journal impact factors. The RG score was found to be negatively correlated with network
539:
in 2014 found that a dormant account on
ResearchGate, using default settings, generated 297 invitations to 38 people over a 16-month period, and that the user profile was automatically attributed to more than 430 publications. Furthermore, journalists and researchers found that the
613:. Subsequently, Coalition for Responsible Sharing (CfRS) reported that "ResearchGate has removed from public view a significant number of copyrighted articles it is hosting on its site". CfRS also confirmed that "not all violations have been addressed" and as such,
425:
reported that
ResearchGate was a "potentially powerful link" in promoting innovation in developing countries by connecting scientists from those nations with their peers in industrialized nations. It said the website had become popular largely due to its
373:
based on analysis of the activities of users, saying "Imagine you could click on a microscope mentioned in a paper and buy it", and estimating the spending on science at $ 1 trillion per year under the control of a "relatively small number of people".
286:
as having questionable reliability and an unknown calculation methodology. In March 2022 ResearchGate announced they would remove the RG Score after July 2022. ResearchGate does not charge fees for putting content on the site and does not require
498:
ResearchGate's decision to not remove convicted sex offenders from its social networking site has been criticized by
Canadian authorities. Many researchers world-wide deleted their account in protest as they refused to remove convicted child
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Several studies have looked at the RG score, for which details about how it is calculated are not published. These studies concluded that the RG score was "intransparent and irreproducible", criticized the way it incorporates the
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ResearchGate has been criticized for emailing unsolicited invitations to the coauthors of its users. These emails were written as if they were personally sent by the user, but were instead sent automatically unless the user
528:, which caused some researchers to boycott the service and contributes to the negative view of ResearchGate in the scientific community. As of November 2016, the site appears to have discontinued this practice. The
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as a user. Identified on
ResearchGate as “Research Ben”, he had been a frequent user of ResearchGate, publishing over 80 papers of interest with the vast majority dealing with studies around child pornography and
1977:
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Quote 7: That annoys researchers who do not want to be on the site, and who feel that the pages misrepresent them – especially when they discover that
ResearchGate will not take down the pages when asked.
885:
Quote 6: Some of the apparent profiles on the site are not owned by real people, but are created automatically – and incompletely – by scraping details of people's affiliations, publication records and
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centrality, i.e., that users that are the most active (and thus central to the network) on
ResearchGate usually do not have high RG scores. It was also found to be strongly positively correlated with
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Although ResearchGate is used internationally, its uptake—as of 2014—is uneven, with Brazil having particularly many users and China having few when compared to the number of publishing researchers.
389:
and Bill Gates, but did not announce this until February 2017. Losses increased from €5.4m in 2014 to €6.2m in 2015, but ResearchGate's CEO expressed optimism that they would break even eventually.
2002:
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ResearchGate has been criticized for failing to provide safeguards against "the dark side of academic writing", including such phenomena as fake publishers, "ghost journals", publishers with
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209:, it is the largest academic social network in terms of active users, although other services have more registered users, and a 2015–2016 survey suggests that almost as many academics have
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Fernández-Ramos, AndrĂ©s; RodrĂguez Bravo, MarĂa Blanca; Alvite DĂez, MarĂa Luisa; Santos de Paz, Lourdes; Morán Suárez, MarĂa Antonia; Gallego Lorenzo, Josefa; Olea Merino, Isabel (2019).
433:
Academic reception of ResearchGate remains generally positive, as recent reviews of extant literature show an accepting audience with broad coverage of concepts. A 2012 paper published in
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on the site, and who feel that the pages misrepresent them – especially when they discover that ResearchGate will not take down the pages when asked." ResearchGate uses a crawler to find
437:
conducted a survey with 160 respondents and reported that out of those respondents using social networking "for academic purposes", Facebook and ResearchGate were the most popular at the
2221:
1819:"Evolution of the big deals use in the public universities of the Castile and Leon region, Spain = EvoluciĂłn del uso de los big deals en las universidades pĂşblicas de Castilla y LeĂłn"
690:
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ResearchGate automatically emails invitations to your coauthors on your behalf. These invitations are made to look as if they were sent by you but are emailed without your consent.
2388:
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cancellations by several library systems in the world, the wide usage of ResearchGate was credited as one of the factors which reduced the apparent value of the subscriptions to
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Kraker, P., & Lex, E. A Critical Look at the ResearchGate Score as a Measure of Scientific Reputation. Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web (ASCW'15)
778:
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SciVal rankings of individual authors. While it was found to be correlated with different university rankings, the correlation in between these rankings themselves was higher.
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The website began with few features, and developed based on input from scientists. From 2009 to 2011, the number of users of the site grew from 25,000 to more than 1 million.
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relating to millions of articles. A statement supporting the action was issued by a group called Coalition for Responsible Sharing, and the statement was signed by the
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have sometimes felt misrepresented by them. A study found that over half of the uploaded papers appear to infringe copyright, because the authors uploaded the
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430:. It also said that ResearchGate had been involved in several notable cross-country collaborations between scientists that led to substantive developments.
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459:. 29 percent of regular visitors had signed up for a profile on ResearchGate in the past year, and 35% of the survey participants were invited by email.
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moderator Mike Butcher accused ResearchGate of having scraped competitors' websites for email addresses to spam, which the ResearchGate CEO denied.
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2497:"Coalition for Responsible Sharing issues take down notices to ResearchGate to address remaining violations — Coalition for Responsible Sharing"
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1441:"Founders Fund invests in the Facebook for scientists: Founder Ijad Madisch on confidence, Luke Nosek, and what the world needs more of"
536:
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482:, used by libraries to calculate the real costs and value of their options before such decisions, allow to separate ResearchGate from
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632:. Under the agreement, the publishers will be notified when their articles are uploaded but will not be able to premoderate uploads.
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site for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators. According to a 2014 study by
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The company grew from 12 employees in 2011 to 120 in 2014. As of 2016, it had about 300 employees, including a sales staff of 100.
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features (such as job postings or advertisements) are accessible only as a paid subscription. Members of the site each have a
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Quote 4: "I think it is a disgraceful kind of marketing and I am choosing not to use their service because of that", says
471:
3892:
2409:
2089:
2067:"ResearchGate is no longer reliable: leniency towards ghost journals may decrease its impact on the scientific community"
991:
Jamali, Hamid R. (16 February 2017). "Copyright compliance and infringement in ResearchGate full-text journal articles".
871:
Quote 1: ResearchGate is certainly well-known More than 88% of scientists and engineers said that they were aware of it.
3811:
3801:
3685:
3248:
3067:
303:, who remains the company's CEO, with physician Sören Hofmayer, and computer scientist Horst Fickenscher. It started in
1782:
Madhusudhan, Margam (2012). "Use of social networking sites by research scholars of the University of Delhi: A study".
959:
883:
Quote 5: "I've met basically no academics in my field with a favourable view of ResearchGate", says Daniel MacArthur
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910:
625:
1594:
544:, calculated by ResearchGate via a proprietary algorithm, can reach high values under questionable circumstances.
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1952:. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Southern Association for Information Systems (SAIS).
1862:"SUNY Negotiates New, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries"
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measure. RG Scores have been reported to be correlated with existing author-level metrics, but have also been
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3263:
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Quote 8: will not say how many of have been automatically scraped from freely accessible places elsewhere.
3775:
3644:
3253:
2897:
2857:
2336:"Publishers taking legal action against ResearchGate to limit unlicensed paper sharing on networking site"
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773:
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205:
50:
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Quote 3: regularly sending out automated e-mails that profess to come from colleagues active on the site
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ResearchGate has managed to achieve an agreement on article uploading with three other major publishers,
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ResearchGate more recently, has been lenient in its policies against this dark side of academic writing.
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Yu, Min-Chun (February 2016). "ResearchGate: An effective altmetric indicator for active researchers?".
549:
377:
In November 2015 they acquired additional funding of $ 52.6 million from a range of investors including
304:
2176:"RE: STM proposal – RG platform to become consistent with usage and access rights for article sharing"
1495:"'Facebook for scientists' ResearchGate raises $ 35M led by Bill Gates and prepares to release an API"
578:, and fake impact ratings. It has also been criticized for copyright infringement of published works.
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3303:
2740:
906:
843:
606:
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370:
2244:"Elsevier supports STM's constructive solution offered to ResearchGate on hosting research articles"
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438:
275:
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2025:"A relational altmetric? Network centrality on ResearchGate as an indicator of scientific impact"
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Exploring the ResearchGate score as an academic metric: Reflections and implications for practice
1323:
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728:
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243:
1463:"Bill Gates, Benchmark And More Pour $ 35M Into ResearchGate, The Social Network For Scientists"
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academics appear to post questions and answers", but instead use it only as an "online CV".
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1682:"FINAL ORDER AND PERMANENT INJUNCTION. Signed by Judge Stephanie A. Gallagher on 9/15/2023"
3760:
3735:
3639:
3090:
2680:
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1981:
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Williams, Ann (2016). "The possibilities and perils of academic social networking sites".
1657:"ACS, Elsevier, and ResearchGate resolve litigation, with solution to support researchers"
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928:"Signing up for ResearchGate: My email address isn't recognized. Can I still sign up?"
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The company's first round of funding, in 2010, was led by the venture capital firm
300:
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101:
1890:"MANDEL: Depraved world view of Ben Levin continues on parole | Toronto Sun"
322:
became a member of the board and participated in the decision to move to Berlin.
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3659:
3534:
3529:
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3283:
3243:
3052:
2817:
2770:
2715:
2146:"Illegal file hosting site, ResearchGate, acquires massive financial investment"
1818:
1628:"ResearchGate CEO denies scraping accounts from rival site to generate sign-ups"
500:
475:
441:, but also "a majority of respondents said using SNSs may be a waste of time".
427:
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1699:"ResearchGate and Sage expand Journal Home partnership | Research Information"
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Analysis of a Scholarly Social Networking Site: The Case of the Dormant User
1835:
17:
2208:"Publishers go after networking site for illicit sharing of journal papers"
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865:
3913:
3238:
2304:"ResearchGate: Publishers Take Formal Steps to Force Copyright Compliance"
583:
International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers
3539:
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3328:
3308:
3183:
3148:
3095:
2972:
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2720:
1377:"How Ijad Madisch Aims To Disrupt Science Research With A Social Network"
1364:. Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web (ASCW'15).
602:
558:
541:
393:
359:
260:
252:
120:
1239:"ResearchGate: Disseminating, communicating, and measuring Scholarship?"
902:
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1406:"ResearchGate brings in strong funding round for 'scientific Facebook'"
525:
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university rankings at the institutional level, but only weakly with
508:
71:
2373:"Publishers threaten to remove millions of papers from ResearchGate"
856:
829:
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3514:
3494:
3434:
3413:
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3373:
3368:
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3293:
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362:, as well as new competitors that emerged in the last decade like
2468:"ResearchGate Removed Significant Number of Copyrighted Articles"
2273:"Publishers seek removal of millions of papers from ResearchGate"
2032:
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
1246:
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
1106:"Biologists Using Social-networking Sites to Boost Collaboration"
3879:
3298:
3288:
3158:
3120:
2862:
2842:
2790:
2780:
2745:
1904:"Beware of enemies masquerading as friends: ResearchGate and co"
1524:"Bill Gates-Backed Research Network Targets Advertising Revenue"
2582:
2558:
1999:"Ein Vergleich fĂĽr Forscher unter sich: Der Researchgate Score"
369:
Madisch has said the company's business strategy is focused on
131:
2765:
567:
683:"A social networking site is not an open access repository"
336:
was announced in February 2012. On June 4, 2013, it closed
278:
in the form of an "RG Score" since 2012. RG score is not a
830:"Online collaboration: Scientists and the social network"
769:"Do academic social networks share academics' interests?"
1232:
1230:
1228:
2410:"I Have a Lot of Questions: RG, ELS, SN, STM, and CRS"
3890:
2334:
Kemsley, Jyllian; Widener, Andrea (9 October 2017).
403:
As of January 2023, ResearchGate has partnered with
3825:
3784:
3726:
3678:
3607:
3581:
3548:
3134:
3066:
2616:
2527:"ResearchGate reaches deal with science publishers"
2117:"Who Isn't Profiting Off the Backs of Researchers?"
898:
896:
681:Office of Scholarly Communication (December 2016).
180:
162:
147:
126:
116:
94:
86:
78:
67:
57:
44:
1784:The International Information & Library Review
435:The International Information & Library Review
1556:"A Facebook-Style Shift in How Science Is Shared"
1213:Why we’re removing the RG Score (and what’s next)
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
1984:for page "Inviting colleagues to ResearchGate".
1517:
1515:
340:arrangements for $ 35M from investors including
1099:
1097:
1095:
954:
952:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
299:ResearchGate was founded in 2008 by virologist
2023:Hoffmann, C. P.; Lutz, C.; Meckel, M. (2016).
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
647:
645:
3792:Issues relating to social networking services
2594:
2174:Lavizzari, Carlo Scollo (15 September 2017).
1434:
1432:
1046:Social Media for Academics: A Practical Guide
8:
1208:
1206:
1179:
1177:
1175:
581:In September 2017, lawyers representing the
400:settled their lawsuit on 15 September 2023.
30:
2206:Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (20 September 2017).
1727:"ResearchGATE and its Savvy use of the Web"
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
873:Quote 2: "They do send you a lot of spam,"
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2563:
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1143:
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36:
29:
2181:. Lenz Caemmerer Attorneys and Notaries.
1988:. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 2017-10-08.
1941:
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1595:"ResearchGate announces $ 52m investment"
1355:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1257:
1123:
855:
225:The site has been criticized for sending
27:Scientific social network (launched 2008)
3843:Decentralized Social Networking Protocol
3940:Internet properties established in 2008
3897:
2074:Journal of Pakistan Medical Association
1439:Imbert, Marguerite (22 February 2012).
828:Van Noorden, Richard (13 August 2014).
641:
3848:Distributed Social Networking Protocol
1301:
1299:
1068:
1066:
1043:Diane Rasmussen Neal (6 August 2012).
903:Innovations in Scholarly Communication
724:"Cracking open the scientific process"
1720:
1718:
1621:
1619:
1186:"Europeans look beyond their borders"
960:"Inviting colleagues to ResearchGate"
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
589:are to be issued to ResearchGate for
7:
2065:Memon, Aamir Raoof (December 2016).
1522:Satariano, Adam (15 November 2016).
986:
984:
490:, which are considered more stable.
478:resources. Data analysis tools like
2242:Tucker, David (16 September 2017).
537:Association for Information Systems
350:ResearchGate's competitors include
1912:Swinburne University of Technology
25:
2525:Trager, Rebecca (25 April 2018).
2501:Coalition for Responsible Sharing
2472:Coalition for Responsible Sharing
2443:Coalition for Responsible Sharing
1237:Thelwall, M.; Kousha, K. (2014).
1075:"Failure Is the Next Opportunity"
328:A second round of funding led by
3912:
3900:
3589:Social network analysis software
1914:. 6 January 2014. Archived from
1823:El profesional de la informaciĂłn
1554:Scott, Mark (28 February 2017).
1375:Dolan, Kerry A. (19 July 2012).
1073:Hardy, Quentin (3 August 2012).
1049:. Elsevier Science. p. 28.
767:Matthews, David (7 April 2018).
154:
153:
2507:from the original on 2017-10-18
2478:from the original on 2017-10-11
2449:from the original on 2017-10-07
2420:from the original on 2017-10-10
2391:from the original on 2017-10-10
2352:from the original on 2017-10-06
2341:Chemical & Engineering News
2316:from the original on 2017-10-06
2285:from the original on 2017-10-05
2254:from the original on 2017-09-17
2224:from the original on 2017-09-20
2188:from the original on 2017-09-17
2156:from the original on 2017-09-16
2127:from the original on 2017-03-01
2095:from the original on 2016-12-03
2005:from the original on 2012-10-28
1956:from the original on 2014-04-29
1725:Hamm, Steve (7 December 2009).
1638:from the original on 2017-12-08
1605:from the original on 2017-03-01
1576:from the original on 2017-03-01
1536:from the original on 2016-11-30
1501:from the original on 2018-09-05
1475:from the original on 2013-06-08
1418:from the original on 2014-12-07
1387:from the original on 2012-08-22
1285:from the original on 2018-02-18
1192:from the original on 2015-09-08
1161:from the original on 2016-04-08
1081:from the original on 2017-09-18
970:from the original on 2016-12-03
938:from the original on 2016-04-11
781:from the original on 2016-04-17
736:from the original on 2013-12-06
722:Lin, Thomas (17 January 2012).
693:from the original on 2016-07-11
663:from the original on 2020-08-01
3713:Social network hosting service
283:
1:
2371:Van Noorden, Richard (2017).
2001:(in German). 9 October 2012.
1986:ResearchGate official website
1184:Scott, Mark (17 April 2014).
3802:Problematic social media use
3686:Hospitality exchange service
1703:www.researchinformation.info
576:"predatory" publication fees
3945:Online companies of Germany
2150:Green Tea and Velociraptors
1860:Denise Wolfe (2020-04-07).
1308:Computers in Human Behavior
371:highly targeted advertising
158:25 million (September 2023)
3981:
3965:Social networking services
3708:Social network advertising
2610:Social networking services
1796:10.1016/j.iilr.2012.04.006
1493:Yeung, Ken (4 June 2013).
626:Cambridge University Press
488:institutional repositories
274:ResearchGate published an
3935:Companies based in Berlin
2385:10.1038/nature.2017.22793
1757:Online Information Review
1320:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.007
1007:10.1007/s11192-017-2291-4
595:American Chemical Society
535:A study published by the
398:American Chemical Society
193:is a European commercial
35:
2572:ACS v. ResearchGate GmbH
1769:10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0327
1125:10.1525/bio.2011.61.9.18
687:University of California
247:described the site as a
168: (16 years ago)
3955:Scholarly communication
3599:Web 2.0 Suicide Machine
2414:Lisa Janicke Hinchliffe
1836:10.3145/epi.2019.nov.19
1661:ResearchGate Press Page
1104:Crawford, Mark (2011).
909:, accessed 2016-12-02.
653:"ResearchGate turns 12"
3817:User gender difference
3645:Small-world experiment
2278:Times Higher Education
1908:Swinburne Library Blog
774:Times Higher Education
591:copyright infringement
470:In the context of the
464:Times Higher Education
311:, shortly afterwards.
206:Times Higher Education
203:and a 2016 article in
51:Social network service
3950:Professional networks
3807:Use in investigations
2726:Foursquare City Guide
2439:"Coalition Statement"
2309:The Scholarly Kitchen
2195:– via Elsevier.
1870:University at Buffalo
1360:Jordan, Katy (2015).
550:journal impact factor
305:Boston, Massachusetts
3615:Attention inequality
1892:. November 16, 2017.
1599:Research Information
907:Universiteit Utrecht
555:Quacquarelli Symonds
318:. Benchmark partner
3650:Small-world network
3556:Software comparison
3505:Windows Live Spaces
3475:Tea Party Community
1946:Meg Murray (2014).
1866:library.buffalo.edu
1663:. 15 September 2023
1222:ResearchGate. 2022.
848:2014Natur.512..126V
455:, coming second to
447:In a 2014 study by
439:University of Delhi
276:author-level metric
232:publisher's version
181:Current status
32:
2445:. 5 October 2017.
2312:. 6 October 2017.
2281:. 5 October 2017.
1980:2016-12-02 at the
1561:The New York Times
1451:on 26 August 2013.
1218:2022-04-13 at the
913:2016-12-09 at the
729:The New York Times
617:have been issued.
480:Unpaywall Journals
462:A 2016 article in
419:A 2009 article in
338:Series C financing
244:The New York Times
3888:
3887:
3670:Virtual community
3625:Cybersectarianism
2575:court case docket
2080:(12): 1643–1647.
2044:10.1002/asi.23423
1268:10.1002/asi.23236
1056:978-1-78063-319-0
842:(7513): 126–129.
587:takedown requests
383:Benchmark Capital
227:unsolicited email
195:social networking
188:
187:
109:Horst Fickenscher
90:ResearchGate GmbH
58:Available in
16:(Redirected from
3972:
3960:Science websites
3917:
3916:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3797:Privacy concerns
3761:Online petitions
3718:Social profiling
3635:1+ million users
3620:Confessions page
3525:Yahoo! Kickstart
3224:Friends Reunited
2731:Foursquare Swarm
2603:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2559:Official website
2544:
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2248:Elsevier Connect
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2152:. 1 March 2017.
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2100:
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2011:
2010:
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1918:on 10 April 2014
1900:
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1733:. Archived from
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1497:. The Next Web.
1490:
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1447:. Archived from
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615:takedown notices
599:Brill Publishers
364:Semantic Scholar
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79:Area served
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3812:Use in politics
3780:
3736:Activity stream
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3640:Online identity
3603:
3577:
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3249:Google Currents
3130:
3091:HCL Connections
3062:
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1471:. 4 June 2013.
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857:10.1038/512126a
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622:Springer Nature
503:and registered
496:
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309:Berlin, Germany
307:, and moved to
297:
280:citation impact
240:
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95:Created by
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3425:SixDegrees.com
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2551:External links
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2416:. 2017-10-10.
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2123:. 2017-02-01.
2108:
2057:
2038:(4): 765–775.
2015:
1990:
1973:ResearchGate,
1966:
1931:
1895:
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1852:
1825:(in Spanish).
1809:
1790:(2): 100–113.
1774:
1763:(2): 282–294.
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1626:Perez, Sarah.
1615:
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1445:VentureVillage
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994:Scientometrics
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611:Wolters Kluwer
571:ResearchGate.
495:
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457:Google Scholar
416:
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407:to distribute
392:ResearchGate,
387:Wellcome Trust
356:Google Scholar
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3785:Implications
3679:Applications
3665:User profile
3440:Spotify Live
3419:Sciencescape
3106:ResearchGate
3105:
3076:Academia.edu
3068:Professional
3003:Truth Social
2798:IRC-Galleria
2570:
2536:. Retrieved
2530:
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2500:
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1958:. Retrieved
1948:
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1916:the original
1907:
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1735:the original
1731:BusinessWeek
1730:
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1411:The Guardian
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1154:
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657:ResearchGate
656:
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505:sex offender
501:pornographer
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422:BusinessWeek
420:
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352:Academia.edu
349:
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327:
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301:Ijad Madisch
298:
273:
269:
242:
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224:
219:user profile
215:
204:
198:
191:ResearchGate
190:
189:
102:Ijad Madisch
68:Headquarters
46:Type of site
31:ResearchGate
18:Researchgate
3838:AT Protocol
3833:ActivityPub
3756:Like button
3660:Thirst trap
3561:White-label
3535:Yahoo! Meme
3530:Yahoo! Mash
3520:Yahoo! 360°
3480:Third Voice
3284:iTunes Ping
3244:Google Buzz
3053:Xiaohongshu
2818:LiveJournal
2771:Hive Social
2716:Draugiem.lv
1975:Page change
1846:10612/11498
476:toll access
428:ease of use
409:open access
330:Peter Thiel
320:Matt Cohler
289:peer review
3929:Categories
3864:OpenSocial
3771:Reblogging
3741:Brand page
3701:comparison
3450:Streetlife
3354:Musical.ly
3314:LunarStorm
3269:Houseparty
3229:Friendster
3219:FriendFeed
3111:Solaborate
2868:MX TakaTak
2853:micro.blog
2828:Marco Polo
2813:Letterboxd
2761:GNU social
2538:29 October
2511:2017-10-18
2482:2017-10-10
2453:2017-10-06
2424:2017-10-10
2395:2017-10-10
2320:2017-10-06
2289:2017-10-05
2258:2017-09-17
2228:2017-09-21
2192:2017-09-18
2160:2017-09-16
2131:2017-03-01
2099:2016-12-02
2009:2012-12-03
1960:2014-04-29
1922:2014-04-10
1875:2020-04-18
1741:2014-06-26
1708:2024-01-17
1667:2023-09-20
1642:2017-12-08
1632:TechCrunch
1609:2017-03-01
1580:2017-03-01
1540:2016-11-29
1505:2018-06-18
1479:2013-06-08
1468:TechCrunch
1422:2010-08-09
1391:2012-08-09
1289:2018-07-30
1196:2014-06-26
1165:2016-04-09
1151:"About us"
1118:(9): 736.
1111:BioScience
1085:2014-06-26
974:2016-12-02
942:2016-04-23
785:2016-04-22
740:2014-06-26
697:2016-12-03
667:2020-08-12
636:References
530:TechCrunch
518:pedophiles
342:Bill Gates
284:criticized
213:profiles.
3919:Education
3866:(defunct)
3850:(defunct)
3826:Protocols
3630:Fediverse
3485:tribe.net
3445:Spring.me
3404:Posterous
3399:PlanetAll
3384:Periscope
3279:IdeaPlane
3264:Highlight
3234:Grono.net
3214:FitFinder
3209:Eyegroove
3169:BranchOut
2968:Tal Canal
2943:ShareChat
2923:Promo.com
2903:Pinterest
2786:Instagram
2736:Friendica
2681:Clubhouse
2356:6 October
1804:1057-2317
1570:0362-4331
1529:Bloomberg
1328:206620281
1254:CiteSeerX
1134:0006-3568
1015:0138-9130
526:opted out
513:Ben Levin
494:Criticism
415:Reception
411:content.
316:Benchmark
265:job board
82:Worldwide
74:, Germany
3854:Micropub
3608:Concepts
3594:Diaspora
3549:Services
3465:Talkbits
3460:Surfbook
3349:Multiply
3329:Miiverse
3309:Lifeknot
3184:eConozco
3149:AsianAve
3096:LinkedIn
2973:Taringa!
2948:Snapchat
2933:Readgeek
2883:Nextdoor
2878:My World
2833:Mastodon
2803:Kuaishou
2721:Facebook
2701:Diaspora
2618:Personal
2505:Archived
2476:Archived
2447:Archived
2418:Archived
2389:Archived
2350:Archived
2314:Archived
2283:Archived
2252:Archived
2222:Archived
2183:Archived
2154:Archived
2125:Archived
2121:The Crux
2090:Archived
2086:27924967
2003:Archived
1978:Archived
1954:Archived
1636:Archived
1603:Archived
1574:Archived
1534:Archived
1499:Archived
1473:Archived
1416:Archived
1414:. 2010.
1385:Archived
1280:Archived
1216:Archived
1190:Archived
1159:Archived
1079:Archived
1023:27138477
968:Archived
936:Archived
911:Archived
905:. 2016.
866:25119221
779:Archived
734:Archived
691:Archived
661:Archived
603:Elsevier
559:Elsevier
542:RG score
472:big deal
394:Elsevier
360:Mendeley
271:others.
261:LinkedIn
253:Facebook
238:Features
163:Launched
121:Internet
117:Industry
3893:Portals
3875:Pump.io
3870:OStatus
3776:Stories
3766:Polling
3751:Hashtag
3571:Wall.fm
3455:StudiVZ
3430:Skyrock
3344:Mugshot
3324:Meerkat
3239:Google+
3174:Capazoo
3144:App.net
3136:Defunct
3086:Brainly
3081:Behance
3058:Yik Yak
3048:Whisper
3028:Untappd
3023:Twitter
3013:TV Time
2998:Triller
2983:Threads
2913:Pleroma
2873:Myspace
2848:Miaopai
2776:Huddles
2706:display
2696:Cyworld
2661:Bluesky
2631:Amikumu
2626:23snaps
2213:Science
2052:7769870
1276:8974197
844:Bibcode
295:History
257:Twitter
173:2008-05
171: (
62:English
3746:Groups
3691:Mobile
3510:Wretch
3421:(Meta)
3409:Pownce
3364:Netlog
3359:Natter
3334:MixBit
3319:Me2day
3259:Heello
3204:eWorld
3199:Emojli
3189:Edmodo
3126:Yammer
3116:Viadeo
3101:Moodle
3018:Tumblr
3008:Tuenti
2993:Tinder
2988:TikTok
2963:Tagged
2958:Spaces
2938:Renren
2908:Pixnet
2893:Parler
2838:Meetup
2711:Douban
2691:Convoz
2686:Cohost
2671:Bumble
2666:Bondee
2656:BeReal
2646:Ask.fm
2641:Are.na
2636:aNobii
2377:Nature
2348:(40).
2084:
2050:
1802:
1568:
1381:Forbes
1326:
1274:
1256:
1132:
1053:
1021:
1013:
864:
835:Nature
630:Thieme
609:, and
563:Nature
509:Canada
453:Nature
449:Nature
358:, and
259:, and
249:mashup
200:Nature
184:active
72:Berlin
3907:Books
3859:Nostr
3582:Tools
3515:Xanga
3495:tvtag
3435:So.cl
3414:Qaiku
3394:Piczo
3389:Pheed
3374:Orkut
3369:NK.pl
3339:Mobli
3294:Jaiku
3274:Hyves
3254:Hello
3179:Cloob
3043:Weibo
2928:Qzone
2918:Plurk
2898:Peach
2858:Minds
2823:Likee
2756:Gettr
2651:Badoo
2186:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
2048:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
1829:(6).
1685:(PDF)
1324:S2CID
1283:(PDF)
1272:S2CID
1242:(PDF)
1019:S2CID
607:Wiley
486:like
149:Users
87:Owner
3880:XMPP
3566:Ning
3500:Vine
3490:Tout
3379:Path
3299:Keek
3289:iWiW
3194:Ello
3164:Bolt
3159:Bebo
3121:XING
3033:Vero
2953:SNOW
2863:Mixi
2843:MeWe
2808:Kumu
2791:IGTV
2781:Idka
2746:Gapo
2676:Cara
2540:2018
2358:2017
2218:AAAS
2082:PMID
1800:ISSN
1566:ISSN
1130:ISSN
1051:ISBN
1011:ISSN
886:PDFs
877:says
862:PMID
628:and
405:Sage
396:and
136:.net
3470:tbh
3304:Koo
2766:Hi5
2751:Gas
2741:Gab
2381:doi
2040:doi
1841:hdl
1831:doi
1792:doi
1765:doi
1316:doi
1264:doi
1120:doi
1003:doi
999:112
852:doi
840:512
568:PDF
507:in
332:'s
251:of
132:www
127:URL
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3038:VK
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