1061:
404:
740:
390:
82:
94:
127:
418:
109:
984:
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fertile. The great bulk of the soil was in the hands of small proprietors, and this is alleged to have had the effect of somewhat retarding the progress of scientific agriculture. The usual cereal crops were, however, all grown with success, and tobacco, hops, flax, hemp and beetroot (for sugar) were cultivated for commercial purposes. Large quantities of fruit were also produced.
432:
679:
944:, Prussia gained control of the duchies of Cleves, Berg, Gelderland and Jülich, the ecclesiastical principalities of Trier and Cologne, the free cities of Aachen and Cologne, and nearly one hundred small lordships and abbeys which would all be amalgamated into the new Prussian Rhine Province. In 1822 Prussia established the Rhine Province by joining the
1204:. Even though France had an overwhelming force nearby it did not act because of its political instability, and since the remilitarization occurred during a weekend, the British government could not find out or discuss actions to be taken until the following Monday. As a result, the governments were inclined to see the remilitarization as a
1131:
The Treaty of
Versailles also specified the demilitarization of the entire area to provide a buffer between Germany on one side and France, Belgium and Luxembourg (and, to a lesser extent, the Netherlands) on the other side, which meant that no German forces were allowed there after the Allied forces
726:
The Rhine
Province was the most densely populated part of Prussia, the general average being 617 persons per km. The province contains a greater number of large towns than any other province in Prussia. Upwards of half, the population were supported by industrial and commercial pursuits, and barely a
650:
In 1911, the extent of the province was 10,423 km (4,024 sq mi); its extreme length, from north to south, was nearly 200 km (120 mi), and its greatest breadth was just under 90 km (56 mi). It included about 200 km (120 mi) of the course of the Rhine, which
1378:
In the official histories of the
British and Canadian armies, the term Rhineland refers only to fighting west of the river in February and March 1945, with subsequent operations on the river and to the east known as "Rhine Crossing". Both terms are official Battle Honours in the Commonwealth forces.
931:
Commerce was greatly aided by the navigable rivers, a very extensive network of railways, and the excellent roads constructed during the French régime. The imports consist mainly of raw material for working up in the factories of the district, while the principal exports are coal, fruit, wine, dyes,
831:
Considerable herds of cattle were reared on the rich pastures of the lower Rhine, but the number of sheep in the province was comparatively small, not greatly in excess of that of the goats. The wooded hills were well stocked with deer, and a stray wolf occasionally found its way from the forests of
1035:
was set up to supervise affairs. The treaty specified three occupation zones, which were due to be evacuated by Allied troops five, ten and finally 15 years after the formal ratification of the treaty, which took place in 1920, thus the occupation was intended to last until 1935. Initially, 5 zones
812:
Of the total area of the Rhine
Province about 45% was occupied by arable land, 16% by meadows and pastures, and 31% by forests. Little except oats and potatoes could be raised on the high-lying plateaus in the south of the province, but the river-valleys and the northern lowlands were extremely
862:
possessed an apparently inexhaustible supply of lead, and zinc was found near
Cologne and Aachen. The mineral products of the district also included lignite, copper, manganese, vitriol, lime, gypsum, volcanic stones (used for millstones) and slates. By far the most important item was coal.
1300:. The heavily forested and ravined terrain of the Hürtgen negated Allied combined arms advantages (close air support, armor, artillery) and favoured German defenders. The U.S. Army lost 24,000 troops. The military necessity of their sacrifice has been debated by military historians.
1096:
of
Belgium. Although a plebiscite was held in early 1920, it was not conducted as a secret ballot but required only those opposed to Belgian annexation to register their formal protest. Only a few did so because of the threat of a confiscation of ration cards.
1448:(LVR), which was established in 1953 as regional council, still holds considerable administrative power and can be regarded as a direct successor of the Rhine Province administration. There is no equivalent successor in Rhineland-Palatinate or Saarland.
1249:
A side effect of the French occupations was the offspring of French soldiers and German women. Those children, who were seen as the continuing French pollution of German culture, were shunned by the broader German society and were known as
1230:
famously stated that "the
Germans are after all only going into their own back garden". However, the British government rejected the Nazi manner of accomplishing the act, which they had been willing to concede by negotiations with Germany.
1132:
had withdrawn. Furthermore, quite unbearably from the German perspective, the treaty entitled the Allies to reoccupy the
Rhineland at their will if the Allies unilaterally found the German side responsible for any violation of the treaty.
1048:
until a plebiscite in 1935, when the region was returned to
Germany. In fact, the last Allied troops left Germany five years early, in 1930, as a result of an agreement reached between Germany and the Allies in parallel with the
703:. The left bank was predominantly Catholic, while on the right bank about half the population was Protestant. The great bulk of the population was ethnically German, although some villages and towns in the northern part (
1214:
took a risk when he sent his troops to the
Rhineland. He told them to "turn back and not to resist" if they were stopped by the French Army. The French, however, did not try to stop them because they were about to hold
874:
The mineral resources of the Rhine Province, coupled with its favourable situation and the facilities of transit afforded by its great waterway, made it the most important manufacturing district in Germany.
1303:
In early 1945, after a long winter stalemate, military operations by most Allied armies in Northwest Europe resumed with the goal of reaching the Rhine. From their winter positions in The Netherlands, the
2312:
2317:
1814:
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was the largest and most important city. Being a frontier province, the Rhineland was strongly garrisoned, and the Rhine was guarded by the three strong fortresses of Cologne with
2272:
1040:
were established, but the American Forces handed over their zone in 1923, since they had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, to the French. The treaty also separated the
1807:
1375:, the amphibious crossings. By early April, the Rhine had been crossed by all the Allied armies operating west of the river, and the battles for the Rhineland were over.
1326:
lasted several weeks, resulting in the clearance of all German forces from the west side of the Rhine river. The supporting operation by the US Ninth Army, Operation
924:
Though the Rhineland was par excellence the country of the vine, beer was produced in quantities, distilleries were also numerous, and large quantities of sparkling
828:. In the hilly districts more than half the surface was sometimes occupied by forests, and large plantations of oak are formed for the use of the bark in tanning.
1800:
886:), while there were naturally few manufacturers in the hilly districts of the south or the marshy flats of the north. The largest iron and steel works were at
1645:
1060:
2307:
1983:
585:
of the Rhine Province. Also, for a short period of time, the Province of Hohenzollern was indirectly and de facto controlled by the Rhine Province.
1182:, two of the four parliamentary districts of the Rhine Province (Cologne-Aachen and Koblenz-Trier) were the only districts in Germany in which the
2302:
1174:
German federal election, March 1933: 33 of 35 parliamentary districts won by the Nazi Party, 2 (Cologne-Aachen, Koblenz-Trier) by the Centre Party
851:
The great mineral wealth of the Rhine Province furnished its most substantial claim to the title of the "richest jewel in the crown of Prussia".
1032:
2095:
1871:
1227:
1020:
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and the valley of the Wupper was cotton-weaving, calico-printing and the manufacture of turkey red and other dyes. Linen was largely made at
720:
1110:
1128:. In the end, the separatists failed to gain any decisive support among the population since they were viewed as puppets of the French.
659:, and then flows in a north-northwesterly direction inside the province, approximately following its eastern border. It is now part of
93:
1179:
1117:
2292:
1930:
1723:
1704:
1197:
796:
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953:
704:
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370:
1223:
did not want to start an unpopular war against Germany and French intelligence greatly overestimated the number of German troops.
81:
1216:
898:, Düsseldorf and Cologne, while cutlery and other small metallic wares were extensively made at Solingen, Remscheid and Aachen.
1351:'s Third US Army also made a crossing of the river the day before the much anticipated Rhine crossings by the 21st Army Group (
365:
351:
2248:
2144:
1410:. The northern part of the province, under British administration, was merged with the former province of Westphalia to form
1256:. Children fathered by French colonial or American troops of African ancestry were especially despised and became targets of
949:
566:
356:
1023:, Allied forces occupied the Rhineland as far east as the river with some small bridgeheads on the east bank at places like
1548:
2287:
1675:
2322:
1281:
1200:
on Saturday, March 7, 1936. The occupation was done with very little military force, the troops entered on tractors and
1589:
854:
Besides parts of the carboniferous measures of the Saar and the Ruhr, it also contains important deposits of coal near
1879:
1406:'s existence as a state. The territory of the former province was incorporated into three different states of the new
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644:
1891:
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1846:
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industrial area. After the failure of that operation for five months, from September 1944 until February 1945, the
1159:
739:
636:
1438:
1276:
Two different military campaigns were fought in the Rhineland. The first operation of the campaign was the Allied
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1340:
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The remilitarization of the Rhineland was supported by most of the local population because of a resurgence of
1235:
advocated military action by co-operation by the British and the French but did not demand war over the issue.
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992:
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640:
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270:
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1411:
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489:
397:
314:
2221:
2217:
2170:
2006:
1758:
558:
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and the bitterness that had been harboured over the Allied occupation of the Rhineland until 1930 and
816:
The vine-culture occupied a space of about 30,000 acres (120 km), about half of which was in the
707:) were more oriented toward the Netherlands. On the western and southern frontiers (especially in the
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1336:, in the south. This was delayed for two weeks, however, by German flooding of the Roer valley.
914:
1434:
on 16 February 1946 and it eventually joined the Federal Republic as a separate state in 1957.
843:
The salmon fishery of the Rhine was very productive, and trout abound in the mountain streams.
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1994:
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1970:
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1958:
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Following the unconditional surrender of Germany in 1945, the Rhineland was split between the
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as the son of a German mother and an American soldier, who served in the occupation troops.
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1414:. Most of the southern portion, which was under French administration, was merged with the
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108:
2213:
1851:
1672:
The Propaganda War in the Rhineland: Weimar Germany, Race and Occupation after World War I
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1098:
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522:
54:
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After the enlargement of the French occupation zone by the American withdrawal from the
983:
1855:
1572:
1285:
1106:
1004:
964:
780:
768:
322:
1320:, drove through the Rhineland beginning in the first week of February 1945. Operation
2266:
2030:
1634:
1348:
1317:
1257:
1220:
879:
118:
866:
Of the numerous mineral springs, the best known were those of Aachen and Kreuznach.
2152:
2018:
1407:
1211:
1194:
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1155:
1093:
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though (with the exception of Malmedy) German in culture and language, became the
711:) resided smaller French-speaking communities, while the industrial region of the
1777:
747:
For purposes of administration the province was divided into the five districts (
2046:
1471:
History of Administration and Public Authorities of the Rhine Province 1914–1945
1201:
968:
837:
700:
691:
The population of the Rhine Province in 1905 was 6,435,778, including 4,472,058
589:
1757:
1398:
The Rhineland and the other Prussian provinces were abolished in 1946 and the
1183:
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975:
in the Upper Rhineland, both writing letters of concern to the local bishops.
891:
617:
1226:
The British government did not oppose the remilitarization in principle, and
174:
161:
1649:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 242–243.
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906:
716:
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31:
30:
This article is about the Prussian province. For the region in general, see
17:
1744:
Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848–1849
878:
The industry was mainly concentrated around two chief centres, Aachen and
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by banking on traditional anti-Prussian resentments, especially in the
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902:
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772:
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138:
27:
Former province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia
1734:
From Reich to State: The Rhineland in the Revolutionary Age, 1780–1830
1925:
1638:
1000:
932:
cloth, silk and other manufactured articles of various descriptions.
910:
883:
855:
306:
858:. Iron ore was found in abundance near Koblenz, the Bleiberg in the
743:
Former Prussian government building of the Rhine Province in Koblenz
1619:(Paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 293.
1169:
1081:
1059:
887:
859:
820:, a third in that of the Rhine itself, and the rest mainly on the
788:
672:
481:
425:
1662:
Popular Culture and the Public Sphere in the Rhineland, 1800–1850
1289:
1012:
712:
1796:
1369:
was a massive airborne operation in conjunction with Operation
1189:
In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the spirit of the
1473:] (in German). Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. pp. 123 ff.
1467:
Verwaltungs- und Behördengeschichte der Rheinprovinz 1914–1945
1333:
1154:), formerly an exclave of the Rhine Province situated between
921:, glass in the Saar district and beetroot sugar near Cologne.
825:
565:, from 1822 to 1945. It was created from the provinces of the
905:
formed important articles of export. The chief industries of
1120:, the French encouraged the establishment of an independent
1519:
1517:
1101:
is now the third official language of Belgium, along with
1068:
Sections of the Rhineland, which had once belonged to the
928:
were made at Koblenz, chiefly for exportation to Britain.
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1480:
971:(in 1833) raised concerns regarding the pastoral care of
635:
was also part of the Rhine Province. The principality of
631:, wedged between the grand duchy states Hesse-Nassau and
1339:
On March 7, 1945, a company of armoured infantry of the
2313:
Former states and territories of North Rhine-Westphalia
1697:
The Rhineland 1945: The Last Killing Ground in the West
731:, and elementary education was especially successful.
2318:
Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate
1682:
Businessmen and Politics in the Rhineland, 1789–1834
2168:
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1941:
1832:
588:The Rhine Province was bounded on the north by the
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267:
257:
245:
227:
217:
205:
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151:
144:
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43:
1549:"The Congress of Vienna | Boundless World History"
1343:captured the last intact bridge over the Rhine at
651:formed the eastern border of the province from
577:and in 1939 it had 8 million inhabitants. The
2298:States and territories disestablished in 1946
2278:States and territories disestablished in 1945
1808:
1031:of 1919 the occupation was continued and the
791:. The province sent 35 members to the German
8:
1140:
544:
534:
46:
1363:in the third week of March 1945. Operation
1076:, were annexed by Belgium according to the
639:, on the other hand, was an enclave of the
592:, on the east by the Prussian provinces of
2273:States and territories established in 1822
1815:
1801:
1793:
1578:, paragraphs 1-2, accessed 5 December 2023
1284:to advance past the northern flank of the
1044:from the Province and administered by the
960:; it had 8.0 million inhabitants by 1939.
125:
107:
40:
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1523:
1488:
1422:) and various other territories to form
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204:
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143:
133:
1296:fought a costly battle to capture the
1033:Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission
727:quarter by agriculture. There was the
201:24,477 km (9,451 sq mi)
1180:German federal election in March 1933
297:
293:
279:
266:
256:
252:
240:
226:
216:
212:
150:
113:The Rhine Province (red), within the
7:
1617:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1186:did not win the plurality of votes.
1111:German-Speaking Community of Belgium
987:The occupation zones (Rhineland and
901:The cloth of Aachen and the silk of
1588:Scriba, Arnulf (2 September 2014).
1437:Within North Rhine-Westphalia, the
1332:, was planned to coincide from the
1162:, was transferred to Hesse-Nassau.
721:the eastern provinces of the Empire
581:was militarily associated with the
1064:French troops leaving Mainz (1930)
25:
2308:1946 disestablishments in Germany
797:Prussian House of Representatives
775:was the official capital, though
612:), on the south and southwest by
34:. For the Bavarian district, see
1260:in the 1930s. The American poet
430:
416:
402:
388:
363:
349:
92:
80:
1695:Ford, Ken; Brian, Tony (2000).
1576:: On the Pragmatic Constitution
2303:1822 establishments in Prussia
1788:. Vol. XX (9th ed.).
1759:"Rhine, Province of the"
1689:Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936
1312:reinforced by elements of the
705:Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
627:The small exclave district of
371:Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
357:Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine
1:
1823:Territories and provinces of
1594:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1258:Nazi sterilisation programmes
1202:no effort was made to stop it
1718:. New York: Hastings House.
1439:Landschaftsverband Rheinland
1272:1944–1945 military campaigns
1615:Shirer, William L. (1959).
1426:. The French organised the
1408:Federal Republic of Germany
1198:remilitarized the Rhineland
1038:Occupation of the Rhineland
2339:
1847:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1418:(previously an exclave of
645:state of the German Empire
604:, on the southeast by the
29:
2237:
2088:Principality of Neuchâtel
1774:Muirhead, James Fullarton
1553:courses.lumenlearning.com
1341:U.S. 9th Armored Division
1280:that sought to allow the
1027:. Under the terms of the
600:, and the grand duchy of
539:) or synonymous with the
328:
298:
294:
290:
253:
241:
237:
213:
190:
124:
106:
76:
71:
63:
2293:History of the Rhineland
1779:"Prussia, Rhenish"
1714:Marsden, Walter (1973).
1393:British Occupation Zones
1294:First United States Army
979:Aftermath of World War I
882:(with the valley of the
641:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
579:Province of Hohenzollern
153: • Coordinates
1785:Encyclopædia Britannica
1765:The American Cyclopædia
1738:excerpt and text search
1676:excerpt and text search
1666:excerpt and text search
1646:Encyclopædia Britannica
1402:in 1947 formally ended
1278:Operation Market Garden
1160:People's State of Hesse
549:), was the westernmost
1680:Diefendorf, Jeffry M.
1640:"Rhine Province"
1465:Romeyk, Horst (1985).
1412:North Rhine-Westphalia
1359:) under Field Marshal
1175:
1141:
1118:occupation (1919–1930)
1065:
1055:German war reparations
1016:
744:
683:
661:North Rhine-Westphalia
545:
535:
526:
490:North Rhine-Westphalia
398:North Rhine-Westphalia
303:Political subdivisions
282:• Disestablished
47:
1217:legislative elections
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681:
624:and the Netherlands.
616:, and on the west by
559:Free State of Prussia
2288:Provinces of Prussia
2101:Grand Duchy of Posen
1424:Rhineland-Palatinate
1400:Abolition of Prussia
1264:was born in 1920 in
1078:Treaty of Versailles
1070:Habsburg Netherlands
1029:Treaty of Versailles
682:Rhine Province, 1905
665:Rhineland-Palatinate
498:Rhineland-Palatinate
412:Rhineland-Palatinate
2323:History of Saarland
2171:Territorial reforms
2129:Province of Prussia
1742:Sperber, Jonathan.
1383:End of the province
1357:British Second Army
1353:First Canadian Army
1314:British Second Army
1306:First Canadian Army
1282:Second British Army
818:valley of the Mosel
608:(a district of the
259:• Established
171: /
36:Palatinate (region)
2253:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
2245:
2206:Posen-West Prussia
2145:Schleswig-Holstein
1699:. Oxford: Osprey.
1538:, p. 242–243.
1253:Rhineland Bastards
1240:German nationalism
1176:
1066:
1017:
956:. Its capital was
954:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
942:Congress of Vienna
836:into those of the
745:
729:University of Bonn
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610:Kingdom of Bavaria
573:. Its capital was
571:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
555:Kingdom of Prussia
115:Kingdom of Prussia
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2259:
2241:Province of Posen
2091:(1814–1848)
1979:Western Pomerania
1971:Minden-Ravensberg
1872:Farther Pomerania
1660:Brophy, James M.
1233:Winston Churchill
1178:In the last free
1143:Landkreis Wetzlar
1080:. The cantons of
1046:League of Nations
1021:Armistice of 1918
1015:): France/Belgium
997:League of Nations
847:Mineral resources
749:Regierungsbezirke
529:), also known as
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2256:
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2233:
2228:
2214:Halle-Merseburg
2208:
2200:
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2139:
2131:
2123:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2058:
2049:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1981:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1937:
1910:
1898:
1892:Lauenburg–Bütow
1882:
1862:
1828:
1821:
1772:
1756:
1753:
1732:Rowe, Michael,
1726:
1713:
1707:
1694:
1687:Emmerson, J.T.
1670:Collar, Peter.
1657:
1655:Further reading
1633:
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1385:
1274:
1168:
1145:
1011:, blue/yellow (
991:) 1923. Green (
981:
938:
915:Mönchengladbach
872:
849:
810:
805:
785:Ehrenbreitstein
783:, Koblenz with
737:
717:Polish migrants
693:Roman Catholics
689:
633:Hesse-Darmstadt
602:Hesse-Darmstadt
531:Rhenish Prussia
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269:• Loss of
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2295:
2290:
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2283:Rhine Province
2280:
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2264:
2258:
2257:
2238:
2235:
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2231:
2211:
2203:
2198:Greater Berlin
2195:
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2142:
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2121:Rhine Province
2118:
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2057:
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2040:
2028:
2012:
2004:
1988:
1976:
1968:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
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1752:
1751:External links
1749:
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1637:, ed. (1911).
1635:Chisholm, Hugh
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1607:
1580:
1564:
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 243.
1493:
1491:, p. 242.
1476:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1430:as a separate
1384:
1381:
1316:under General
1308:under General
1298:Hürtgen Forest
1288:and enter the
1286:Siegfried Line
1273:
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1019:Following the
1005:United Kingdom
980:
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2186:Upper Silesia
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2016:
2013:
2008:
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1725:0-8038-6324-1
1721:
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1716:The Rhineland
1712:
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1706:1-85532-999-9
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1536:Chisholm 1911
1532:
1529:
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1524:Chisholm 1911
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1349:George Patton
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1221:Albert Lebrun
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1206:fait accompli
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643:, a separate
642:
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607:
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586:
584:
583:Oberpräsident
580:
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572:
568:
564:
561:, within the
560:
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547:
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447:Today part of
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180:50.367; 7.600
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119:German Empire
117:, within the
116:
110:
105:
95:
83:
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67:
62:
56:
49:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2153:Hesse-Nassau
2137:Hohenzollern
2120:
2019:West Prussia
1783:
1763:
1743:
1733:
1715:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1671:
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1644:
1616:
1610:
1600:14 September
1598:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1574:Quo Graviora
1573:
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1531:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1436:
1432:protectorate
1397:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1310:Henry Crerar
1302:
1275:
1251:
1248:
1246:until 1935.
1237:
1228:Lord Lothian
1225:
1219:, President
1212:Adolf Hitler
1210:
1205:
1195:Nazi Germany
1191:Locarno Pact
1188:
1177:
1156:Hesse-Nassau
1134:
1130:
1115:
1094:East Cantons
1067:
1018:
962:
940:In the 1815
939:
930:
923:
900:
877:
873:
865:
853:
850:
842:
830:
815:
811:
748:
746:
725:
695:, 1,877,582
690:
687:Demographics
649:
626:
598:Hesse-Nassau
587:
563:German Reich
536:Rheinpreußen
530:
527:Rheinprovinz
518:
516:
339:Succeeded by
338:
333:
229:• 1939
219:• 1905
99:Coat of arms
64:Province of
48:Rheinprovinz
18:Rheinprovinz
2249:Lower Rhine
2132:(1824–1878)
2083:Brandenburg
2047:New Silesia
2007:East Frisia
1880:Halberstadt
1834:Before 1701
1827:(1525–1947)
1596:(in German)
1442: [
1166:Nazi period
1146: [
969:Gregory XVI
950:Lower Rhine
808:Agriculture
699:and 55,408
697:Protestants
590:Netherlands
567:Lower Rhine
334:Preceded by
197:• 1939
178: /
2267:Categories
2173:after 1918
2116:Westphalia
1943:After 1701
1931:St. Thomas
1921:Gold Coast
1860:Ravensberg
1628:References
1558:2020-04-12
1416:Palatinate
1361:Montgomery
1347:. General
1334:River Roer
1184:Nazi Party
1126:Palatinate
1090:Sankt Vith
1051:Young Plan
1007:, yellow:
926:Mosel wine
892:Oberhausen
880:Düsseldorf
870:Industries
757:Düsseldorf
735:Government
637:Birkenfeld
618:Luxembourg
606:Palatinate
594:Westphalia
315:Düsseldorf
206:Population
2247:From the
2222:Kurhessen
2218:Magdeburg
2096:Pomerania
2072:(1814–15)
1951:Neuchâtel
1908:Magdeburg
1323:Veritable
1266:Andernach
1003:, brown:
973:Catholics
965:Pius VIII
946:provinces
907:Elberfeld
793:Reichstag
546:Rheinland
541:Rhineland
233:7,931,942
223:6,435,778
72:1822–1945
32:Rhineland
2243:in 1848.
1959:Guelders
1916:Colonies
1776:(1886).
1428:Saarland
1355:and the
1244:Saarland
1158:and the
1135:In 1932
896:Duisburg
838:Hunsrück
834:Ardennes
824:and the
709:Saarland
669:Saarland
614:Lorraine
557:and the
551:province
506:Saarland
2239:Became
2158:1866–68
2149:Hanover
2111:Silesia
2024:1772–73
1991:Silesia
1986:/ 1815)
1896:Draheim
1825:Prussia
1768:. 1879.
1736:(2007)
1674:(2013)
1664:(2010)
1420:Bavaria
1404:Prussia
1372:Plunder
1366:Varsity
1345:Remagen
1329:Grenade
1137:Wetzlar
1086:Malmedy
1025:Cologne
1009:Belgium
958:Koblenz
936:History
919:Malmedy
903:Krefeld
803:Economy
777:Cologne
773:Koblenz
761:Cologne
753:Koblenz
657:Koblenz
629:Wetzlar
622:Belgium
575:Koblenz
553:of the
473:Germany
454:Belgium
319:Koblenz
311:Cologne
246:History
163:50°22′N
139:Koblenz
135:Capital
66:Prussia
2229:(1944)
2226:Nassau
2209:(1922)
2201:(1920)
2140:(1850)
2124:(1822)
2106:Saxony
2067:Vienna
2010:(1744)
1974:(1719)
1954:(1707)
1926:Arguin
1911:(1680)
1876:Minden
1852:Cleves
1746:(1992)
1722:
1703:
1691:(1977)
1684:(1980)
1389:French
1103:French
1099:German
1001:France
963:Popes
911:Barmen
884:Wupper
856:Aachen
787:, and
765:Aachen
671:, and
653:Bingen
523:German
307:Aachen
249:
209:
191:
166:7°36′E
55:German
51:
2182:Lower
1995:Glatz
1469:[
1452:Notes
1446:]
1150:]
1109:(see
1107:Dutch
1082:Eupen
888:Essen
860:Eifel
789:Wesel
781:Deutz
769:Trier
751:) of
719:from
673:Hesse
482:Hesse
463:Liège
426:Hesse
323:Trier
2251:and
2191:1919
2052:1795
2036:1793
2015:East
2000:1742
1984:1720
1964:1713
1901:1657
1885:1648
1865:1614
1856:Mark
1720:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1602:2014
1391:and
1290:Ruhr
1105:and
1088:and
1042:Saar
1013:Ruhr
993:Saar
989:Ruhr
952:and
832:the
822:Nahe
767:and
713:Ruhr
701:Jews
596:and
569:and
517:The
286:1945
276:1920
271:Saar
263:1822
145:Area
87:Flag
1113:).
1053:on
1036:of
995:):
948:of
826:Ahr
655:to
2269::
2224:/
2220:/
2216:/
2184:/
2151:/
2147:/
2045:/
2017:/
1993:/
1894:/
1878:/
1874:/
1858:/
1854:/
1782:.
1762:.
1643:.
1592:.
1551:.
1496:^
1479:^
1444:de
1395:.
1208:.
1193:,
1148:de
1084:,
1072:'
1057:.
894:,
890:,
840:.
799:.
771:.
763:,
759:,
755:,
723:.
675:.
667:,
663:,
647:.
620:,
525::
504:∟
496:∟
488:∟
480:∟
461:∟
2255:.
2193:)
2189:(
2160:)
2156:(
2054:)
2050:(
2038:)
2034:(
2026:)
2022:(
2002:)
1998:(
1982:(
1966:)
1962:(
1903:)
1899:(
1887:)
1883:(
1867:)
1863:(
1816:e
1809:t
1802:v
1728:.
1709:.
1604:.
1561:.
1139:(
909:-
543:(
533:(
521:(
57:)
53:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
