1673:. Rhodopsin pigment must be regenerated for further phototransduction to occur. This means replacing all-trans-retinal with 11-cis-retinal and the decay of Meta II is crucial in this process. During the decay of Meta II, the Schiff base link that normally holds all-trans-retinal and the apoprotein opsin (aporhodopsin) is hydrolyzed and becomes Meta III. In the rod outer segment, Meta III decays into separate all-trans-retinal and opsin. A second product of Meta II decay is an all-trans-retinal opsin complex in which the all-trans-retinal has been translocated to second binding sites. Whether the Meta II decay runs into Meta III or the all-trans-retinal opsin complex seems to depend on the pH of the reaction. Higher pH tends to drive the decay reaction towards Meta III.
321:
298:
195:
220:
5234:
5399:
5249:
5414:
5354:
5324:
579:
572:
5279:
327:
226:
5339:
5429:
5309:
5369:
5384:
5294:
5264:
1372:
1538:
2058:(That which alters visual purple in the dark usually acts to some extent in the same way as light, that is, first producing a yellow material, then a colorless substance. For the sake of brevity, and in order to make our designations more accessible to foreigners, we can say that rhodopsin is first degraded into xanthopsin , and this is degraded into leucopsin .)
2259:
44:
1565:(-NH=CH-). When rhodopsin absorbs light, its retinal cofactor isomerizes from the 11-cis to the all-trans configuration, and the protein subsequently undergoes a series of relaxations to accommodate the altered shape of the isomerized cofactor. The intermediates formed during this process were first investigated in the laboratory of
1697:, mainly due to constitutive activation, when the mutations occur around the chromophore binding pocket of rhodopsin. Several other pathological states relating to rhodopsin have been discovered including poor post-Golgi trafficking, dysregulative activation, rod outer segment instability and arrestin binding.
1528:
Within its native membrane, rhodopsin is found at a high density facilitating its ability to capture photons. Due to its dense packing within the membrane, there is a higher chance of rhodopsin capturing proteins. However, the high density also provides a disadvantage when it comes to G protein
1525:) attempt to explain how the retinal group can change its conformation without clashing with the enveloping rhodopsin protein pocket. Recent data support that rhodopsin is a functional monomer, instead of a dimer, which was the paradigm of G-protein-coupled receptors for many years.
70:
2055:
in derselben Weise zu thun, wie das Licht, d.h. erst eine gelbe
Materie, dann farblose Substanz hervorzubringen. Der Kürze wegen und um dem Auslande unsere Bezeichnungen zugänglich zu machen, kann man sagen, Rhodopsin werde erst in Xanthopsin, dieses in Leukopsin
1605:, the Schiff's base linkage to all-trans retinal remains protonated, and the protein retains its reddish color. The critical change that initiates the neuronal excitation involves the conversion of metarhodopsin I to
4680:
Farrar GJ, Findlay JB, Kumar-Singh R, Kenna P, Humphries MM, Sharpe E, et al. (December 1992). "Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: a novel mutation in the rhodopsin gene in the original 3q linked family".
4650:
Inglehearn CF, Keen TJ, Bashir R, Jay M, Fitzke F, Bird AC, et al. (April 1992). "A completed screen for mutations of the rhodopsin gene in a panel of patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa".
4913:
Keen TJ, Inglehearn CF, Lester DH, Bashir R, Jay M, Bird AC, et al. (September 1991). "Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: four new mutations in rhodopsin, one of them in the retinal attachment site".
4782:
Olsson JE, Gordon JW, Pawlyk BS, Roof D, Hayes A, Molday RS, et al. (November 1992). "Transgenic mice with a rhodopsin mutation (Pro23His): a mouse model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa".
4884:
Fishman GA, Stone EM, Gilbert LD, Sheffield VC (May 1992). "Ocular findings associated with a rhodopsin gene codon 106 mutation. Glycine-to-arginine change in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa".
2645:
Dixon RA, Kobilka BK, Strader DJ, Benovic JL, Dohlman HG, Frielle T, et al. (May 1986). "Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin".
8215:
4820:
Andréasson S, Ehinger B, Abrahamson M, Fex G (September 1992). "A six-generation family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and a rhodopsin gene mutation (arginine-135-leucine)".
3682:"Synthesis and characterization of a novel retinylamine analog inhibitor of constitutively active rhodopsin mutants found in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa"
5469:
4996:
Gal A, Artlich A, Ludwig M, Niemeyer G, Olek K, Schwinger E, et al. (October 1991). "Pro-347-Arg mutation of the rhodopsin gene in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa".
5233:
2696:
Dixon RA, Sigal IS, Rands E, Register RB, Candelore MR, Blake AD, et al. (March 1987). "Ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor involves its rhodopsin-like core".
7681:
1689:
in inclusion bodies, disrupts the intermediate filament network, and impairs the ability of the cell to degrade non-functioning proteins, which leads to photoreceptor
334:
233:
6619:
1348:
vision in dim light. Rhodopsin most strongly absorbs green-blue light (~500 nm) and appears therefore reddish-purple, hence the archaic term "visual purple".
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
1694:
5398:
5248:
3594:
Kumbalasiri T, Rollag MD, Isoldi MC, Castrucci AM, Provencio I (March 2007). "Melanopsin triggers the release of internal calcium stores in response to light".
5413:
2987:
Palczewski K, Kumasaka T, Hori T, Behnke CA, Motoshima H, Fox BA, et al. (August 2000). "Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor".
1230:. In humans, it is regenerated fully in about 30 minutes, after which the rods are more sensitive. Defects in the rhodopsin gene cause eye diseases such as
7551:
5353:
5323:
7941:
7936:
4464:
Mendes HF, van der Spuy J, Chapple JP, Cheetham ME (April 2005). "Mechanisms of cell death in rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa: implications for therapy".
917:
156:
898:
7972:
7317:
5462:
7932:
6718:
6713:
1490:. Artificially, the retinal binding lysine can be shifted to other positions, even into other transmembrane domains, without changing the activity.
1308:, including all closely related proteins. When Wald and colleges later isolated iodopsin from chicken retinas, thereby discovering the first known
7956:
7638:
7633:
7628:
6594:
5278:
1569:, who received the Nobel prize for this research in 1967. The photoisomerization dynamics has been subsequently investigated with time-resolved
8388:
8012:
6882:
6709:
1300:, he called it opsin, which today would be described more narrowly as apo-rhodopsin. Today, the term opsin refers more broadly to the class of
1815:
7623:
6569:
5213:
4350:
3759:
1964:
1937:
1911:
1875:
1235:
1797:
8664:
8649:
6797:
6609:
6079:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5455:
5338:
1734:
Hofmann and Lamb use the term opsin in general to mean the group of opsins, however they call apo-rhodopsin in their figure 4 opsin, too.
7610:
6259:
5428:
5179:
5115:"Identification of novel rhodopsin mutations associated with retinitis pigmentosa by GC-clamped denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis"
1894:
Stuart JA, Brige RR (1996). "Characterization of the primary photochemical events in bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin". In Lee AG (ed.).
1646:
1642:
1561:
In rhodopsin, the aldehyde group of retinal is covalently linked to the amino group of a lysine residue on the protein in a protonated
1117:
320:
7515:
6484:
1124:
5308:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
6372:
6167:
6162:
6157:
5793:
4052:
Schreiber M, Sugihara M, Okada T, Buss V (June 2006). "Quantum mechanical studies on the crystallographic model of bathorhodopsin".
297:
7966:
7961:
6901:
6896:
5977:
5972:
5368:
4333:
Hofmann KP, Heck M (1996). "Light-induced protein-protein interactions on the rod photoreceptor disc membrane". In Lee AG (ed.).
5383:
8145:
8052:
6906:
6152:
5907:
1784:
1763:
5293:
5263:
8001:
7996:
7530:
6771:
6766:
6614:
6463:
6458:
1650:
3094:
Hargrave PA, McDowell JH, Curtis DR, Wang JK, Juszczak E, Fong SL, et al. (1983). "The structure of bovine rhodopsin".
1780:
3350:
Choe HW, Kim YJ, Park JH, Morizumi T, Pai EF, Krauss N, et al. (March 2011). "Crystal structure of metarhodopsin II".
219:
194:
67:
7535:
1529:
signaling because the diffusion becomes more difficult in a crowded membrane that is packed with the receptor, rhodopsin.
1759:
8654:
7992:
6332:
6327:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5533:
136:
8618:
7526:
6093:
6088:
5549:
5529:
1657:. This leads to the hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cells, changing the rate at which they release transmitters.
8674:
8381:
6526:
6521:
6377:
6367:
6362:
6347:
6342:
6315:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6042:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5482:
1510:
1380:
1301:
1278:
1195:
333:
232:
4749:"Point mutations of rhodopsin gene found in Japanese families with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP)"
4541:
Edwards SC (July 1995). "Involvement of cGMP and calcium in the photoresponse in vertebrate photoreceptor cells".
6563:
6558:
6553:
6323:
6209:
6037:
6019:
6000:
5993:
5512:
5206:
1506:
1452:
4087:
Weingart O (September 2007). "The twisted C11=C12 bond of the rhodopsin chromophore--a photochemical hot spot".
1255:
326:
225:
8118:
7987:
7947:
7593:
6517:
6479:
6338:
6127:
6051:
6005:
5495:
5159:
4373:"Signaling states of rhodopsin. Formation of the storage form, metarhodopsin III, from active metarhodopsin II"
1624:
1618:
1219:
962:
144:
3795:"A comparison of the efficiency of G protein activation by ligand-free and light-activated forms of rhodopsin"
4710:
Robinson PR, Cohen GB, Zhukovsky EA, Oprian DD (October 1992). "Constitutively active mutants of rhodopsin".
3637:
Robinson PR, Cohen GB, Zhukovsky EA, Oprian DD (October 1992). "Constitutively active mutants of rhodopsin".
1451:-retinal, the receptor activating form, causing conformal changes in rhodopsin (bleaching), which activate a
8423:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6791:
6786:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6683:
6549:
6433:
6401:
6396:
6358:
6353:
6264:
5988:
1467:
943:
5080:"Retinal function and rhodopsin levels in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa with rhodopsin mutations"
5025:
Sung CH, Davenport CM, Hennessey JC, Maumenee IH, Jacobson SG, Heckenlively JR, et al. (August 1991).
6504:
6499:
6416:
6411:
6010:
5611:
5606:
3004:
1267:
8567:
8532:
8374:
8049:
6887:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6827:
6782:
6679:
6542:
6537:
6489:
6392:
6387:
6174:
6058:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5616:
5601:
5478:
3852:"Relocating the active-site lysine in rhodopsin and implications for evolution of retinylidene proteins"
1514:
1456:
1305:
1609:, which is associated with deprotonation of the Schiff's base and change in color from red to yellow.
1462:
The retinal binding lysine is conserved in almost all opsins, only a few opsins having lost it during
1435:-retinal only blocks the binding pocket and does not activate rhodopsin. It is only activated when 11-
8413:
8099:
7757:
7069:
6892:
6877:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6454:
6407:
6084:
6063:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5447:
5199:
5038:
4956:
4945:"Mutation spectrum of the rhodopsin gene among patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa"
4513:
4242:
3971:
3863:
3806:
3693:
3550:
3493:
3410:
3359:
3305:
3250:
3146:
3052:
3009:
2996:
2936:
2809:
2760:
2705:
2654:
2517:
2413:
2122:
1682:
1545:
follows the renewal of the retinal chromophore. It runs in parallel to the phototransduction pathway.
1487:
1392:
1247:
1231:
208:
123:
26:
4337:. Biomembranes: A Multi-Volume Treatise. Vol. 2. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press. pp. 141–198.
8669:
8586:
8536:
7922:
6857:
6748:
6532:
6495:
5960:
5589:
5521:
4207:
2037:
1898:. Biomembranes: A Multi-Volume Treatise. Vol. 2. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press. pp. 33–140.
1359:
of light that they absorb most strongly. Humans have, including rhodopsin, nine opsins, as well as
5185:
4851:"Recombination between rhodopsin and locus D3S47 (C17) in rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa families"
8141:
7652:
7476:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6512:
5887:
5860:
5597:
4808:
4735:
4636:
4593:
4504:
Humphries P, Kenna P, Farrar GJ (May 1992). "On the molecular genetics of retinitis pigmentosa".
4266:
3940:
3662:
3619:
3519:
3383:
3329:
3170:
3119:
3076:
2778:
2729:
2678:
2592:
2437:
2310:
2095:
1862:. Biomembranes: A Multi-Volume Treatise. Vol. 2. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press. pp. 1–32.
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4017:
Nakamichi H, Okada T (June 2006). "Crystallographic analysis of primary visual photochemistry".
2896:
Oroshnik W (June 1956). "The
Synthesis and Configuration of Neo-B Vitamin A and Neoretinine b".
1100:
1079:
1053:
1032:
4122:
Chabre M, le Maire M (July 2005). "Monomeric G-protein-coupled receptor as a functional unit".
8007:
7951:
7597:
7327:
7322:
6777:
6474:
5823:
5136:
5101:
5066:
5013:
4984:
4931:
4901:
4872:
4837:
4800:
4770:
4727:
4698:
4668:
4628:
4585:
4550:
4529:
4481:
4443:
4404:
4371:
Heck M, Schädel SA, Maretzki D, Bartl FJ, Ritter E, Palczewski K, et al. (January 2003).
4346:
4315:
4258:
4188:
4139:
4104:
4069:
4034:
3999:
3932:
3891:
3832:
3775:
3755:
3721:
3654:
3611:
3576:
3511:
3426:
3375:
3321:
3278:
3219:
3162:
3111:
3068:
3022:
2964:
2878:
2837:
2721:
2670:
2627:
2584:
2543:
2486:
2429:
2359:
2302:
2248:
2192:
2138:
2087:
1960:
1933:
1927:
1907:
1871:
1706:
1550:
1226:
and thus is extremely sensitive to light. When rhodopsin is exposed to light, it immediately
116:
60:
4424:"The cellular fate of mutant rhodopsin: quality control, degradation and aggresome formation"
3958:
Gulati S, Jastrzebska B, Banerjee S, Placeres ÁL, Miszta P, Gao S, et al. (March 2017).
1681:
Mutations in the rhodopsin gene contribute majorly to various diseases of the retina such as
1597:
temperatures, and was initially referred to as prelumirhodopsin. In subsequent intermediates
8628:
8541:
8517:
6802:
6724:
6574:
5126:
5091:
5056:
5046:
5005:
4974:
4964:
4923:
4893:
4862:
4849:
Inglehearn CF, Lester DH, Bashir R, Atif U, Keen TJ, Sertedaki A, et al. (March 1992).
4829:
4792:
4760:
4719:
4690:
4660:
4618:
4575:
4521:
4473:
4435:
4394:
4384:
4338:
4305:
4297:
4250:
4233:
Yoshizawa T, Wald G (March 1963). "Pre-lumirhodopsin and the bleaching of visual pigments".
4178:
4170:
4131:
4096:
4061:
4026:
3989:
3979:
3922:
3881:
3871:
3822:
3814:
3765:
3747:
3711:
3701:
3646:
3603:
3566:
3558:
3501:
3480:
Katana R, Guan C, Zanini D, Larsen ME, Giraldo D, Geurten BR, et al. (September 2019).
3460:
3418:
3367:
3313:
3268:
3258:
3209:
3201:
3154:
3103:
3060:
3014:
2954:
2944:
2905:
2868:
2827:
2817:
2768:
2713:
2662:
2619:
2574:
2533:
2525:
2476:
2468:
2421:
2349:
2341:
2292:
2238:
2228:
2182:
2172:
2130:
2079:
1988:
1954:
1899:
1863:
1666:
1627:
1466:. Opsins without the lysine are not light sensitive, including rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is made
1215:
413:
344:
288:
243:
8591:
578:
571:
8195:
7982:
7791:
7080:
6762:
6729:
6469:
5766:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5242:: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF INTRADISKAL LOOP 1 OF BOVINE RHODOPSIN (RHODOPSIN RESIDUES 92-123)
1570:
1483:
1341:
1325:
1317:
1223:
388:
4897:
164:
5042:
4960:
4517:
4246:
3975:
3867:
3810:
3697:
3554:
3497:
3414:
3363:
3309:
3254:
3150:
3056:
3000:
2940:
2813:
2764:
2709:
2658:
2521:
2417:
2126:
8068:
6928:
6756:
5983:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5737:
5707:
5702:
5131:
5114:
4867:
4850:
4399:
4372:
4310:
4285:
4183:
4158:
3994:
3959:
3886:
3851:
3827:
3794:
3770:
3751:
3571:
3538:
3317:
3214:
3189:
2538:
2505:
2481:
2456:
2354:
2329:
2243:
2216:
2187:
2160:
2030:
2006:
1654:
1396:
1227:
5096:
5079:
4623:
4607:"The eye photoreceptor protein rhodopsin. Structural implications for retinal disease"
4606:
4342:
3818:
3273:
3238:
2959:
2924:
2873:
2856:
2832:
2797:
2610:
Attwood TK, Findlay JB (February 1994). "Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors".
2579:
2562:
1903:
1867:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
650:
645:
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635:
630:
625:
8643:
8123:
7772:
7767:
7762:
6688:
6624:
5692:
5155:
5061:
5026:
5009:
4979:
4944:
4927:
4796:
4723:
3927:
3910:
3716:
3681:
3650:
3537:
Leung NY, Thakur DP, Gurav AS, Kim SH, Di Pizio A, Niv MY, et al. (April 2020).
3523:
2314:
2297:
2280:
1858:
Litmann BJ, Mitchell DC (1996). "Rhodopsin structure and function". In Lee AG (ed.).
1444:
1388:
1384:
1251:
607:
4812:
4747:
Fujiki K, Hotta Y, Hayakawa M, Sakuma H, Shiono T, Noro M, et al. (June 1992).
4739:
4640:
4597:
3944:
3666:
3623:
3333:
3123:
2596:
2441:
2099:
8659:
8045:
6443:
6437:
6047:
6032:
5855:
5622:
4270:
3482:"Chromophore-Independent Roles of Opsin Apoproteins in Drosophila Mechanoreceptors"
3387:
3190:"Studies on rhodopsin. VIII. Retinylidenemethylamine, an indicator yellow analogue"
3174:
3080:
2925:"HINDERED CIS ISOMERS OF VITAMIN A AND RETINENE: THE STRUCTURE OF THE NEO-b ISOMER"
2798:"Hindered Cis Isomers of Vitamin a and Retinene: The Structure of the Neo-B Isomer"
2782:
2733:
2682:
2472:
1710:
1542:
1360:
406:
185:
3960:"Photocyclic behavior of rhodopsin induced by an atypical isomerization mechanism"
148:
5174:
4477:
3422:
3018:
2425:
1665:
Meta II (metarhodopsin II) is deactivated rapidly after activating transducin by
172:
1820:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1802:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1714:
1641:), resulting in the liberation of its α subunit. This GTP-bound subunit in turn
1593:
with distorted all-trans bonds. This intermediate can be trapped and studied at
1582:
1566:
1562:
1428:
1408:
1289:
1285:
5031:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4949:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4174:
3964:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3856:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3686:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3243:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2929:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2802:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2263:
1653:, lowering its local concentration so it can no longer activate cGMP-dependent
1371:
489:
8509:
8495:
8475:
8436:
8347:
8263:
7490:
4833:
4423:
3607:
3562:
3506:
3481:
2623:
2378:
1634:
1586:
1498:
1356:
1352:
1309:
305:
202:
152:
4562:
al-Maghtheh M, Gregory C, Inglehearn C, Hardcastle A, Bhattacharya S (1993).
3706:
2262:
Material was copied and adapted from this source, which is available under a
8623:
8397:
8056:
7977:
5051:
4969:
4580:
4563:
4525:
4439:
3984:
3876:
3296:
Kropf A, Hubbard R (November 1959). "The mechanism of bleaching rhodopsin".
2177:
1690:
1686:
1631:
1594:
1471:
1463:
1404:
1297:
862:
620:
549:
427:
372:
359:
271:
258:
160:
4632:
4485:
4447:
4408:
4389:
4319:
4262:
4192:
4143:
4108:
4073:
4065:
4038:
4030:
4003:
3895:
3779:
3615:
3580:
3515:
3379:
3325:
3282:
3223:
3166:
3026:
2968:
2882:
2841:
2547:
2433:
2363:
2306:
2252:
2196:
2142:
2134:
2091:
2042:
Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Institute der Universität Heidelberg
5407:: Crystal structure of rhombohedral crystal form of ground-state rhodopsin
5257:: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF AMINO TERMINUS OF BOVINE RHODOPSIN (RESIDUES 1-40)
5140:
5105:
5070:
5017:
4988:
4935:
4905:
4876:
4841:
4804:
4774:
4731:
4702:
4694:
4672:
4589:
4554:
4533:
4335:
Rhodopsin and G-Protein Linked Receptors, Part A (Vol 2, 1996) (2 Vol Set)
3936:
3836:
3737:
3735:
3725:
3658:
3430:
3263:
3115:
3072:
2949:
2822:
2725:
2674:
2631:
2588:
2490:
2233:
1896:
Rhodopsin and G-Protein Linked Receptors, Part A (Vol 2, 1996) (2 Vol Set)
1860:
Rhodopsin and G-Protein Linked Receptors, Part A (Vol 2, 1996) (2 Vol Set)
1537:
1470:(continuously) active by some of those mutations even without light. Also
1164:
1159:
8613:
8281:
8259:
4664:
4301:
2345:
1833:
1670:
1420:
1337:
1203:
1148:
1007:
988:
22:
3371:
3043:
Bownds D (December 1967). "Site of attachment of retinal in rhodopsin".
2909:
8450:
8400:
7352:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
5168:"Webvision Home Page: The organization of the retina and visual system"
5113:
Sheffield VC, Fishman GA, Beck JS, Kimura AE, Stone EM (October 1991).
4765:
4748:
3742:
Park PS (2014). "Constitutively active rhodopsin and retinal disease".
3107:
2529:
2258:
1416:
1293:
1184:
974:
929:
5422:: Crystal structure of trigonal crystal form of ground-state rhodopsin
4254:
4135:
4100:
3205:
3064:
93:
89:
43:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8455:
8446:
8441:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8190:
8135:
8130:
8092:
8087:
8082:
7927:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7565:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7471:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7312:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6603:
6294:
6117:
6111:
5681:
5676:
5666:
5661:
3158:
2773:
2748:
2717:
2666:
1574:
1494:
1440:
1424:
1400:
1272:
1260:
1207:
1132:
884:
2083:
5362:: Crystal Structure of Bovine Rhodopsin at 2.2 Angstroms Resolution
5332:: Crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin at 2.6 angstroms RESOLUTION
3911:"Rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin: structure-function relationships"
3465:
3448:
8596:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8526:
8521:
8467:
8408:
8330:
8021:
8016:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7779:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7560:
7555:
7545:
7540:
7481:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
6633:
6598:
6448:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6254:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6146:
6106:
6101:
6024:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5671:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
4943:
Dryja TP, Hahn LB, Cowley GS, McGee TL, Berson EL (October 1991).
3744:
Pharmacology & Therapeutics of Constitutively Active Receptors
1536:
1502:
1370:
1211:
1199:
5167:
3453:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Membrane Transport and Signaling
2113:
Wald G (December 1951). "The photochemical basis of rod vision".
1623:
The product of light activation, Metarhodopsin II, initiates the
847:
843:
8485:
8480:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
7703:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7495:
7485:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
6752:
6628:
6122:
5027:"Rhodopsin mutations in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa"
4564:"Rhodopsin mutations in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa"
2506:"Human cryptochrome exhibits light-dependent magnetosensitivity"
1277:) for "sight". It was coined in 1878 by the German physiologist
1191:
140:
8370:
8366:
8256:
8043:
7591:
5493:
5451:
5195:
3401:
Wald G (October 1968). "Molecular basis of visual excitation".
1427:
residue (lys296) in the seventh transmembrane domain through a
587:
8490:
7520:
5191:
1993:
Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie, Physiologische Abtheilung
1956:
Photophysiology: General Principles; Action of Light on Plants
1513:
were determined. Its structure has been studied in detail by
21:
This article is about the visual rhodopsin of the vertebrate
3793:
Melia TJ, Cowan CW, Angleson JK, Wensel TG (December 1997).
1501:, the retinal binding lysine being Lys296. It was the first
5078:
Jacobson SG, Kemp CM, Sung CH, Nathans J (September 1991).
3447:
Terakita A, Kawano-Yamashita E, Koyanagi M (January 2012).
3137:
Collins FD (March 1953). "Rhodopsin and indicator yellow".
1336:
Rhodopsin is a protein found in the outer segment discs of
1304:
that bind retinal and as a result become a light sensitive
5287:: STRUCTURE OF BOVINE RHODOPSIN IN A TRIGONAL CRYSTAL FORM
4422:
Saliba RS, Munro PM, Luthert PJ, Cheetham ME (July 2002).
4284:
Matthews RG, Hubbard R, Brown PK, Wald G (November 1963).
2923:
Oroshnik W, Brown PK, Hubbard R, Wald G (September 1956).
2217:"The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine"
3746:. Advances in Pharmacology. Vol. 70. pp. 1–36.
127:, CSNBAD1, OPN2, RP4, rhodopsin, Rhodopsin, visual purple
5166:
Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R, Jones BW (1 March 2010).
1549:
Rhodopsin is an essential G-protein coupled receptor in
396:
3188:
Pitt GA, Collins FD, Morton RA, Stok P (January 1955).
1991:[On the anatomy and physiology of the retina].
2264:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2070:
Wade NJ (November 2008). "Visual purple (sehpurpur)".
2052:"Was den Sehpurpur im Dunkel ändert, pflegt es z. Th.
1649:. The cGMP phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes (breaks down)
1419:, which lies horizontally to the cell membrane and is
2796:
Wald G, Brown PK, Hubbard R, Oroshnik W (July 1955).
2563:"G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling"
2457:"Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina"
1486:. Such mutations are one cause of autosomal dominant
561:
2404:
Wald G, Brown PK (January 1958). "Human rhodopsin".
1351:
Several closely related opsins differ only in a few
8606:
8508:
8466:
8422:
8407:
8340:
8274:
8109:
8067:
7913:
7790:
7609:
7462:
7079:
6927:
6920:
6426:
6314:
6307:
6072:
5959:
5950:
5786:
5691:
5588:
5520:
5511:
1685:. In general, the defect rhodopsin aggregates with
1093:
1072:
1046:
1025:
5347:: STRUCTURE OF BOVINE RHODOPSIN (Metarhodopsin II)
1776:
1774:
1772:
1755:
1753:
1751:
798:regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway
5437:: Crystal structure of a photoactivated rhodopsin
3850:Devine EL, Oprian DD, Theobald DL (August 2013).
2982:
2980:
2978:
1517:on rhodopsin crystals. Several models (e.g., the
343:
242:
4208:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967"
3442:
3440:
2007:"Rhodopsin: History and Etymology for rhodopsin"
1932:. Academic Press. 29 April 2014. pp. 441–.
4459:
4457:
4366:
4364:
4362:
2749:"Carotenoids and the Vitamin A Cycle in Vision"
2210:
2208:
2206:
2154:
2152:
2031:Rhodopsin: History and Etymology for rhodopsin
1478:-retinal is bound, but much less. Therefore 11-
5317:: Structure of bovine rhodopsin (dark adapted)
4543:The Journal of the Florida Medical Association
3680:Yang T, Snider BB, Oprian DD (December 1997).
2274:
2272:
1834:"RHO rhodopsin [Homo sapiens (human)]"
1781:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030324
1695:X-linked congenital stationary night blindness
8382:
5463:
5207:
3038:
3036:
2504:Foley LE, Gegear RJ, Reppert SM (June 2011).
1889:
1887:
1474:rhodopsin is constitutively active, if no 11-
8:
2857:"The neo-b isomer of vitamin A and retinene"
2215:Gühmann M, Porter ML, Bok MJ (August 2022).
1265:) for "rose", due to its pinkish color, and
828:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
4159:"Rhodopsin Oligomerization and Aggregation"
3345:
3343:
1760:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163914
8419:
8389:
8375:
8367:
8271:
8253:
8064:
8040:
7606:
7588:
6924:
6311:
5956:
5517:
5508:
5490:
5470:
5456:
5448:
5377:: Crystallographic model of bathorhodopsin
5214:
5200:
5192:
3298:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1577:spectroscopy. A first photoproduct called
1455:. Thus, a chemoreceptor is converted to a
1250:in 1876. The name rhodospsin derives from
858:
603:
384:
283:
180:
78:
5392:: Crystallographic model of lumirhodopsin
5158:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
5130:
5095:
5060:
5050:
4978:
4968:
4866:
4764:
4622:
4579:
4398:
4388:
4309:
4182:
3993:
3983:
3926:
3885:
3875:
3826:
3769:
3715:
3705:
3570:
3539:"Functions of Opsins in Drosophila Taste"
3505:
3464:
3272:
3262:
3213:
3008:
2958:
2948:
2872:
2831:
2821:
2772:
2578:
2537:
2480:
2455:Bowmaker JK, Dartnall HJ (January 1980).
2353:
2296:
2242:
2232:
2186:
2176:
2115:Journal of the Optical Society of America
2040:[Investigations into rhodopsin].
1989:"Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina"
1929:Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences
4089:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2898:Journal of the American Chemical Society
651:G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity
5302:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE RHODOPSIN
5272:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE RHODOPSIN
5229:
4605:Garriga P, Manyosa J (September 2002).
2328:Wald G, Brown PK, Smith PH (May 1955).
1747:
1727:
1693:. Other mutations on rhodopsin lead to
6620:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
4753:The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics
33:
7624:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
3096:Biophysics of Structure and Mechanism
2561:Casey PJ, Gilman AG (February 1988).
1391:of the cell membranes and have seven
1363:(light-sensitive, but not an opsin).
1236:congenital stationary night blindness
753:retina development in camera-type eye
692:integral component of plasma membrane
348:
309:
304:
247:
206:
201:
7:
4898:10.1001/archopht.1992.01080170068026
3237:Hubbard R, Kropf A (February 1958).
2285:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
833:rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway
758:sensory perception of light stimulus
722:photoreceptor outer segment membrane
717:photoreceptor inner segment membrane
25:. For other types of rhodopsin, see
4822:Ophthalmic Paediatrics and Genetics
4377:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4286:"Tautomeric Forms of Metarhodopsin"
3449:"Evolution and diversity of opsins"
2861:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2567:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2281:"Rhodopsin, light-sensor of vision"
2038:"Untersuchungen über den Sehpurpur"
1585:after irradiation, followed within
1379:Rhodopsin, like other opsins, is a
783:cellular response to light stimulus
641:G protein-coupled receptor activity
5119:American Journal of Human Genetics
4855:American Journal of Human Genetics
3752:10.1016/B978-0-12-417197-8.00001-8
3318:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb39550.x
3239:"The Action of Light on Rhodopsin"
2279:Hofmann KP, Lamb TD (March 2023).
2011:Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary
1090:
1069:
1043:
1022:
998:
979:
953:
934:
908:
889:
566:
484:
422:
401:
14:
5084:American Journal of Ophthalmology
4290:The Journal of General Physiology
2855:Brown PK, Wald G (October 1956).
2334:The Journal of General Physiology
2027:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
667:Golgi-associated vesicle membrane
7973:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
5427:
5412:
5397:
5382:
5367:
5352:
5337:
5322:
5307:
5292:
5277:
5262:
5247:
5232:
3909:Ovchinnikov YA (November 1982).
2298:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101116
2257:
813:phototransduction, visible light
577:
570:
332:
325:
319:
296:
231:
224:
218:
193:
42:
16:Light-sensitive receptor protein
7933:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
5180:Photoisomerization of rhodopsin
4163:The Journal of Membrane Biology
3596:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1288:discovered that rhodopsin is a
6595:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2473:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013097
1953:Giese AC (24 September 2013).
818:photoreceptor cell maintenance
727:integral component of membrane
588:More reference expression data
550:More reference expression data
1:
8013:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
6883:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
5097:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76726-1
4624:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03241-6
4343:10.1016/S1874-5342(07)80006-7
3819:10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78344-9
2874:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)89944-X
2580:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69103-3
1904:10.1016/S1874-5342(07)80005-5
1868:10.1016/S1874-5342(07)80004-3
317:
216:
5010:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90159-C
4928:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90119-Y
4797:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90236-7
4724:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90034-B
4478:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.02.007
4466:Trends in Molecular Medicine
3928:10.1016/0014-5793(82)80805-3
3651:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90034-b
3423:10.1126/science.162.3850.230
3019:10.1126/science.289.5480.739
2426:10.1126/science.127.3292.222
1246:Rhodopsin was discovered by
1222:in rods. Rhodopsin mediates
8665:G protein-coupled receptors
8650:Genes on human chromosome 3
8619:Guanylate cyclase activator
6798:Prolactin-releasing peptide
5483:G protein-coupled receptors
1630:pathway by stimulating the
1312:, they called apo-iodopsin
1302:G-protein-coupled receptors
778:absorption of visible light
773:detection of light stimulus
732:photoreceptor disc membrane
702:photoreceptor inner segment
682:photoreceptor outer segment
8691:
4175:10.1007/s00232-019-00078-1
1616:
1381:G-protein-coupled receptor
1266:
1254:
1196:G-protein-coupled receptor
803:retinoid metabolic process
793:response to light stimulus
621:signal transducer activity
504:retinal pigment epithelium
454:retinal pigment epithelium
20:
8270:
8252:
8063:
8039:
7605:
7587:
5507:
5489:
5227:
4886:Archives of Ophthalmology
4834:10.3109/13816819209046483
3608:10.1562/2006-07-11-RA-964
3563:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.068
3507:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.036
2461:The Journal of Physiology
2036:Ewald A, Kühne W (1878).
1816:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1798:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1613:Phototransduction cascade
1457:light or photo(n)receptor
1453:phototransduction cascade
1163:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1131:
1125:Chr 6: 115.91 – 115.92 Mb
1118:Chr 3: 129.53 – 129.54 Mb
1112:
1097:
1076:
1065:
1050:
1029:
1018:
1005:
1001:
986:
982:
973:
960:
956:
941:
937:
928:
915:
911:
896:
892:
883:
868:
861:
857:
841:
606:
602:
585:
569:
560:
547:
496:
487:
434:
425:
395:
387:
383:
366:
353:
316:
295:
286:
282:
265:
252:
215:
192:
183:
179:
134:
131:
121:
114:
109:
86:
81:
64:
59:
54:
50:
41:
36:
8119:Calcium-sensing receptor
7988:Methuselah-like proteins
5188:, summary with pictures.
5160:Medical Subject Headings
4683:Human Molecular Genetics
4653:Human Molecular Genetics
4157:Park PS (October 2019).
3707:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13559
1625:visual phototransduction
1619:Visual phototransduction
1220:visual phototransduction
6265:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
6153:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
5052:10.1073/pnas.88.15.6481
4970:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9370
4581:10.1002/humu.1380020403
4526:10.1126/science.1589761
4440:10.1242/jcs.115.14.2907
4428:Journal of Cell Science
3985:10.1073/pnas.1617446114
3877:10.1073/pnas.1306826110
3194:The Biochemical Journal
2624:10.1093/protein/7.2.195
2383:Encyclopædia Britannica
2178:10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213
1959:. Elsevier. p. 9.
1589:by a second one called
1519:bicycle-pedal mechanism
1279:Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne
788:protein phosphorylation
8146:Metabotropic glutamate
4390:10.1074/jbc.M209675200
4206:The Nobel Foundation.
4066:10.1002/anie.200600585
4031:10.1002/anie.200600595
2135:10.1364/josa.41.000949
1677:Diseases of the retina
1647:cGMP phosphodiesterase
1546:
1376:
646:11-cis retinal binding
631:photoreceptor activity
500:neural layer of retina
470:superior frontal gyrus
6175:Lysophosphatidic acid
5479:Cell surface receptor
5186:Rhodopsin and the eye
5175:The Rhodopsin Protein
5170:. University of Utah.
4241:(Mar 30): 1279–1286.
4214:. Nobel Media AB 2014
3264:10.1073/pnas.44.2.130
2950:10.1073/pnas.42.9.578
2823:10.1073/pnas.41.7.438
2510:Nature Communications
2234:10.3390/cells11152441
1540:
1515:x-ray crystallography
1403:for rhodopsin is the
1393:transmembrane domains
1374:
1316:(for its relation to
8414:retinylidene protein
8100:Vomeronasal receptor
7070:Vomeronasal receptor
4434:(Pt 14): 2907–2918.
4302:10.1085/jgp.47.2.215
3492:(17): 2961–2969.e4.
2747:Wald G (July 1934).
2346:10.1085/jgp.38.5.623
1683:retinitis pigmentosa
1523:hula-twist mechanism
1488:retinitis pigmentosa
1320:) and apo-rhodopsin
1248:Franz Christian Boll
1232:retinitis pigmentosa
768:response to stimulus
350:6 E3|6 53.72 cM
311:Chromosome 6 (mouse)
209:Chromosome 3 (human)
82:List of PDB id codes
55:Available structures
27:Retinylidene protein
8655:Biological pigments
7993:Parathyroid hormone
5953:signaling molecules
5043:1991PNAS...88.6481S
4961:1991PNAS...88.9370D
4695:10.1093/hmg/1.9.769
4518:1992Sci...256..804H
4247:1963Natur.197.1279Y
4095:(35): 10618–10619.
3976:2017PNAS..114E2608G
3970:(13): E2608–E2615.
3868:2013PNAS..11013351D
3862:(33): 13351–13355.
3811:1997BpJ....73.3182M
3799:Biophysical Journal
3698:1997PNAS...9413559Y
3692:(25): 13559–13564.
3555:2020CBio...30E1367L
3549:(8): 1367–1379.e6.
3498:2019CBio...29E2961K
3415:1968Sci...162..230W
3372:10.1038/nature09789
3364:2011Natur.471..651C
3310:1959NYASA..74..266K
3255:1958PNAS...44..130H
3151:1953Natur.171..469C
3057:1967Natur.216.1178B
3051:(5121): 1178–1181.
3001:2000Sci...289..739P
2941:1956PNAS...42..578O
2910:10.1021/ja01592a095
2814:1955PNAS...41..438W
2765:1934Natur.134...65W
2710:1987Natur.326...73D
2659:1986Natur.321...75D
2612:Protein Engineering
2522:2011NatCo...2..356F
2418:1958Sci...127..222W
2159:Terakita A (2005).
2127:1951JOSA...41..949W
1507:amino acid sequence
1439:-retinal absorbs a
763:signal transduction
532:outer nuclear layer
524:conjunctival fornix
8142:Glutamate receptor
7527:Protease-activated
4766:10.1007/BF01899733
4665:10.1093/hmg/1.1.41
3108:10.1007/BF00535659
2530:10.1038/ncomms1364
1995:(in German): 4–35.
1713:as a light-driven
1547:
1399:for a ligand. The
1387:that embed in the
1383:(GPCR). GPCRs are
1377:
1198:(GPCR). It is the
963:ENSMUSG00000030324
746:Biological process
687:cell-cell junction
660:Cellular component
614:Molecular function
536:tibiofemoral joint
508:epithelium of lens
462:lower lobe of lung
442:buccal mucosa cell
8675:Sensory receptors
8637:
8636:
8504:
8503:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8030:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7574:
6916:
6915:
6303:
6302:
5946:
5945:
5445:
5444:
5037:(15): 6481–6485.
4955:(20): 9370–9374.
4512:(5058): 804–808.
4352:978-1-55938-659-3
4255:10.1038/1971279a0
4136:10.1021/bi050720o
4130:(27): 9395–9403.
4101:10.1021/ja071793t
4060:(26): 4274–4277.
4054:Angewandte Chemie
4025:(26): 4270–4273.
4019:Angewandte Chemie
3761:978-0-12-417197-8
3409:(3850): 230–239.
3358:(7340): 651–655.
3206:10.1042/bj0590122
3145:(4350): 469–471.
3065:10.1038/2161178a0
2995:(5480): 739–745.
2904:(11): 2651–2652.
2412:(3292): 222–226.
2078:(11): 1617–1620.
1966:978-1-4832-6227-7
1939:978-0-12-385158-1
1913:978-1-55938-659-3
1877:978-1-55938-659-3
1722:Explanatory notes
1707:Bacteriorhodopsin
1581:forms within 200
1551:phototransduction
1533:Phototransduction
1493:The rhodopsin of
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1143:
1142:
1108:
1107:
1087:
1086:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1039:
1014:
1013:
995:
994:
969:
968:
950:
949:
924:
923:
905:
904:
853:
852:
823:visual perception
808:phototransduction
626:metal ion binding
598:
597:
594:
593:
556:
555:
543:
542:
481:
480:
379:
378:
278:
277:
105:
104:
101:
100:
65:Ortholog search:
8682:
8629:Rhodopsin kinase
8420:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8368:
8272:
8254:
8065:
8041:
7607:
7589:
6925:
6312:
6210:Lysophospholipid
5957:
5518:
5513:Neurotransmitter
5509:
5491:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5449:
5431:
5416:
5401:
5386:
5371:
5356:
5341:
5326:
5311:
5296:
5281:
5266:
5251:
5236:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5193:
5171:
5144:
5134:
5109:
5099:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5021:
4992:
4982:
4972:
4939:
4909:
4880:
4870:
4845:
4816:
4778:
4768:
4743:
4706:
4676:
4644:
4626:
4601:
4583:
4558:
4537:
4490:
4489:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4392:
4383:(5): 3162–3169.
4368:
4357:
4356:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4169:(4–5): 413–423.
4154:
4148:
4147:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3930:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3879:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3805:(6): 3182–3191.
3790:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3509:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3159:10.1038/171469a0
3134:
3128:
3127:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3012:
3010:10.1.1.1012.2275
2984:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2825:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2774:10.1038/134065a0
2744:
2738:
2737:
2718:10.1038/326073a0
2693:
2687:
2686:
2667:10.1038/321075a0
2642:
2636:
2635:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2582:
2573:(6): 2577–2580.
2558:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2385:. Britannica.com
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2067:
2061:
2049:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1778:
1767:
1757:
1735:
1732:
1667:rhodopsin kinase
1628:second messenger
1607:metarhodopsin II
1375:Cattle rhodopsin
1324:(for its use in
1292:, consisting of
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1224:dim light vision
1216:receptor protein
1179:, also known as
1156:
1155:
1127:
1120:
1103:
1091:
1082:
1070:
1066:RefSeq (protein)
1056:
1044:
1035:
1023:
999:
980:
954:
935:
909:
890:
859:
707:ciliary membrane
604:
590:
581:
574:
567:
552:
492:
490:Top expressed in
485:
458:secondary oocyte
430:
428:Top expressed in
423:
402:
385:
375:
362:
351:
336:
329:
323:
312:
300:
284:
274:
261:
250:
235:
228:
222:
211:
197:
181:
175:
126:
119:
96:
79:
73:
52:
51:
46:
34:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8602:
8500:
8462:
8411:
8403:
8395:
8365:
8352:
8336:
8266:
8240:
8127:
8105:
8059:
8027:
7909:
7786:
7601:
7571:
7458:
7075:
6912:
6518:Cholecystokinin
6422:
6299:
6128:Free fatty acid
6068:
5952:
5951:Metabolites and
5942:
5782:
5687:
5584:
5503:
5485:
5476:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5408:
5402:
5393:
5387:
5378:
5372:
5363:
5357:
5348:
5342:
5333:
5327:
5318:
5312:
5303:
5297:
5288:
5282:
5273:
5267:
5258:
5252:
5243:
5237:
5223:
5220:
5165:
5152:
5147:
5112:
5077:
5024:
4995:
4942:
4912:
4883:
4848:
4819:
4781:
4746:
4709:
4679:
4649:
4604:
4561:
4540:
4503:
4499:
4497:Further reading
4494:
4493:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4370:
4369:
4360:
4353:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3762:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3543:Current Biology
3536:
3535:
3531:
3486:Current Biology
3479:
3478:
3474:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3042:
3041:
3034:
2986:
2985:
2976:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2704:(6108): 73–77.
2695:
2694:
2690:
2653:(6065): 75–79.
2644:
2643:
2639:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2121:(12): 949–956.
2112:
2111:
2107:
2084:10.1068/p3711ed
2069:
2068:
2064:
2035:
2022:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1987:Boll F (1877).
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1770:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1709:, used in some
1703:
1679:
1663:
1655:cation channels
1640:
1621:
1615:
1603:metarhodopsin I
1571:IR spectroscopy
1559:
1535:
1484:inverse agonist
1482:-retinal is an
1369:
1342:scotopic vision
1334:
1326:scotopic vision
1318:photopic vision
1244:
1187:encoded by the
1165:View/Edit Mouse
1160:View/Edit Human
1123:
1116:
1113:Location (UCSC)
1099:
1078:
1052:
1031:
944:ENSG00000163914
837:
741:
737:cell projection
712:plasma membrane
672:Golgi apparatus
655:
636:protein binding
586:
576:
575:
548:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
488:
477:
472:
468:
466:pars reticulata
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
426:
370:
357:
349:
339:
338:
337:
330:
310:
287:Gene location (
269:
256:
248:
238:
237:
236:
229:
207:
184:Gene location (
173:RHO - orthologs
135:
122:
115:
88:
66:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8688:
8686:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8642:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8610:
8608:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8565:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8530:
8524:
8514:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8472:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8444:
8434:
8428:
8426:
8417:
8405:
8404:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8278:
8276:
8268:
8267:
8257:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8213:
8207:
8202:
8193:
8188:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8139:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8115:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8074:
8072:
8061:
8060:
8044:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8019:
8010:
8005:
7999:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7945:
7939:
7930:
7925:
7919:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7796:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7615:
7613:
7603:
7602:
7592:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7563:
7558:
7549:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7524:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7479:
7474:
7472:Adrenomedullin
7468:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6934:
6932:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6904:
6899:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6869:
6864:
6855:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6825:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6760:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6707:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6677:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6592:
6586:
6581:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6556:
6550:Formyl peptide
6547:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6530:
6524:
6515:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6502:
6493:
6487:
6482:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6414:
6405:
6399:
6390:
6381:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6336:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6207:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
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6150:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6104:
6091:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6045:
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6035:
6022:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5981:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5905:
5899:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5821:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5755:
5749:
5744:
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5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5697:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5620:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5556:
5547:
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5526:
5524:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5494:
5487:
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5474:
5467:
5460:
5452:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5381:
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5366:
5364:
5358:
5351:
5349:
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5336:
5334:
5328:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5306:
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5298:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5261:
5259:
5253:
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5238:
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5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
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5218:
5211:
5204:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5172:
5163:
5151:
5150:External links
5148:
5146:
5145:
5125:(4): 699–706.
5110:
5090:(3): 256–271.
5075:
5022:
5004:(2): 468–470.
4993:
4940:
4922:(1): 199–205.
4910:
4892:(5): 646–653.
4881:
4861:(3): 590–597.
4846:
4828:(3): 145–153.
4817:
4791:(5): 815–830.
4779:
4759:(2): 125–132.
4744:
4718:(4): 719–725.
4707:
4689:(9): 769–771.
4677:
4647:
4645:
4617:(1–3): 17–22.
4602:
4574:(4): 249–255.
4568:Human Mutation
4559:
4549:(7): 485–488.
4538:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4472:(4): 177–185.
4453:
4414:
4358:
4351:
4325:
4296:(2): 215–240.
4276:
4225:
4212:Nobelprize.org
4198:
4149:
4114:
4079:
4044:
4009:
3950:
3921:(2): 179–191.
3901:
3842:
3785:
3760:
3731:
3672:
3645:(4): 719–725.
3629:
3602:(2): 273–279.
3586:
3529:
3472:
3466:10.1002/wmts.6
3459:(1): 104–111.
3436:
3393:
3339:
3304:(2): 266–280.
3288:
3249:(2): 130–139.
3229:
3200:(1): 122–128.
3180:
3129:
3102:(4): 235–244.
3086:
3032:
2974:
2935:(9): 578–580.
2915:
2888:
2867:(2): 865–877.
2847:
2808:(7): 438–451.
2788:
2739:
2688:
2637:
2618:(2): 195–203.
2602:
2553:
2496:
2467:(1): 501–511.
2447:
2396:
2369:
2340:(5): 623–681.
2320:
2268:
2202:
2165:Genome Biology
2148:
2105:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2050:From p. 181:
2033:
2016:
1998:
1979:
1965:
1945:
1938:
1919:
1912:
1883:
1876:
1850:
1825:
1807:
1789:
1768:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1702:
1699:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1659:
1638:
1617:Main article:
1614:
1611:
1591:bathorhodopsin
1579:photorhodopsin
1558:
1555:
1534:
1531:
1468:constitutively
1431:. However, 11-
1397:binding pocket
1385:chemoreceptors
1368:
1365:
1340:. It mediates
1333:
1330:
1243:
1240:
1218:that triggers
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
984:
983:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
958:
957:
951:
948:
947:
939:
938:
932:
926:
925:
922:
921:
913:
912:
906:
903:
902:
894:
893:
887:
881:
880:
875:
870:
866:
865:
855:
854:
851:
850:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
747:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
677:Golgi membrane
674:
669:
663:
661:
657:
656:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
617:
615:
611:
610:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
583:
582:
564:
558:
557:
554:
553:
545:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:corneal stroma
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
493:
482:
479:
478:
476:
475:
474:occipital lobe
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
431:
419:
418:
410:
399:
393:
392:
389:RNA expression
381:
380:
377:
376:
368:
364:
363:
355:
352:
347:
341:
340:
331:
324:
318:
314:
313:
308:
302:
301:
293:
292:
280:
279:
276:
275:
267:
263:
262:
254:
251:
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239:
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217:
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205:
199:
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177:
176:
133:
129:
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120:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
84:
83:
75:
74:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8687:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8630:
8627:
8625:
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8611:
8609:
8605:
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8507:
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8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
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8471:
8469:
8465:
8457:
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8445:
8443:
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8427:
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8421:
8418:
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8406:
8402:
8399:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8380:
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8373:
8372:
8369:
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8339:
8332:
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8324:
8322:
8319:
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8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8255:
8251:
8236:
8233:
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8217:
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8112:
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7709:
7705:
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7698:
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7608:
7604:
7599:
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7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
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7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6921:Miscellaneous
6919:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6434:Anaphylatoxin
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6011:Prostaglandin
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5794:Acetylcholine
5792:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5436:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:(in German).
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:lumirhodopsin
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:of light and
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:lipid bilayer
1386:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1346:monochromatic
1343:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:photoreceptor
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1281:(1837–1900).
1280:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1252:Ancient Greek
1249:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:photobleaches
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:visual purple
1178:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:RefSeq (mRNA)
1017:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
985:
981:
978:
976:
972:
965:
964:
959:
955:
952:
946:
945:
940:
936:
933:
931:
927:
920:
919:
914:
910:
907:
901:
900:
895:
891:
888:
886:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
856:
849:
845:
840:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
745:
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
659:
658:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:Gene ontology
605:
601:
589:
584:
580:
573:
568:
565:
563:
559:
551:
546:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
486:
483:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
424:
421:
420:
417:
415:
411:
409:
408:
404:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
369:
365:
361:
356:
346:
342:
335:
328:
322:
315:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
285:
281:
273:
268:
264:
260:
255:
245:
241:
234:
227:
221:
214:
210:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
125:
118:
113:
108:
97:
95:
91:
85:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
28:
24:
19:
8431:
8110:
8077:
8050:Metabotropic
7914:
7799:
7752:
7710:
7676:
7647:
7618:
7463:
7088:
6937:
6888:Urotensin-II
6828:Somatostatin
6783:Prokineticin
6680:Melanocortin
6383:
6316:Neuropeptide
6255:Oxoglutarate
6097:
6059:Prostacyclin
6028:
6015:
5968:
5856:GHB receptor
5757:
5700:
5499:
5434:
5419:
5404:
5389:
5374:
5359:
5344:
5329:
5314:
5299:
5284:
5269:
5254:
5239:
5182:, animation.
5122:
5118:
5087:
5083:
5034:
5030:
5001:
4997:
4952:
4948:
4919:
4915:
4889:
4885:
4858:
4854:
4825:
4821:
4788:
4784:
4756:
4752:
4715:
4711:
4686:
4682:
4659:(1): 41–45.
4656:
4652:
4614:
4611:FEBS Letters
4610:
4571:
4567:
4546:
4542:
4509:
4505:
4469:
4465:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4380:
4376:
4334:
4328:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4211:
4201:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4127:
4124:Biochemistry
4123:
4117:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4022:
4018:
4012:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3918:
3915:FEBS Letters
3914:
3904:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3743:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3456:
3452:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3355:
3351:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3048:
3044:
2992:
2988:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2759:(3376): 65.
2756:
2752:
2742:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2288:
2284:
2227:(15): 2441.
2224:
2220:
2168:
2164:
2161:"The opsins"
2118:
2114:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1982:
1972:23 September
1970:. Retrieved
1955:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1895:
1859:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1730:
1711:halobacteria
1680:
1664:
1661:Deactivation
1622:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1583:femtoseconds
1578:
1560:
1548:
1543:visual cycle
1527:
1522:
1518:
1511:3D-structure
1492:
1479:
1475:
1461:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1412:
1378:
1361:cryptochrome
1350:
1345:
1335:
1321:
1313:
1283:
1273:
1261:
1245:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1098:
1077:
1051:
1030:
1006:
987:
961:
942:
916:
897:
877:
872:
512:ciliary body
412:
405:
371:115,916,997
358:115,908,709
270:129,535,344
257:129,528,639
132:External IDs
87:
31:
18:
8437:Cone opsins
7758:Latrophilin
6893:Vasopressin
6878:Thyrotropin
6455:Angiotensin
6408:Neurotensin
6085:Cannabinoid
6064:Thromboxane
5222:PDB gallery
4218:12 December
2379:"Rhodopsin"
1843:16 November
1715:proton pump
1587:picoseconds
1567:George Wald
1563:Schiff base
1499:amino acids
1429:Schiff-base
1423:bound to a
1409:chromophore
1357:wavelengths
1355:and in the
1353:amino acids
1344:, which is
1290:holoprotein
1286:George Wald
1214:-sensitive
110:Identifiers
8670:Rhodopsins
8644:Categories
8510:Crystallin
8476:Melanopsin
8348:Smoothened
8341:Smoothened
8264:Smoothened
7923:Calcitonin
6858:Tachykinin
6755:, but not
6749:Nociceptin
6615:Kisspeptin
6533:Endothelin
6496:Bradykinin
6384:Neuromedin
5961:Eicosanoid
5590:Purinergic
5522:Adrenergic
2389:30 January
2377:Rogers K.
2330:"Iodopsin"
2291:: 101116.
2171:(3): 213.
2072:Perception
2056:zersetzt."
2048:: 139–218.
1787:, May 2017
1766:, May 2017
1742:References
1635:transducin
1557:Activation
1445:isomerizes
1421:covalently
1395:forming a
1310:cone opsin
1298:apoprotein
416:(ortholog)
153:HomoloGene
8624:Recoverin
8468:nonvisual
8432:Rhodopsin
8258:Class F:
8057:pheromone
8053:glutamate
7477:Olfactory
6513:Chemokine
6295:Succinate
6080:Bile acid
5888:Melatonin
5861:Histamine
5701:(all but
5693:Serotonin
5598:Adenosine
5500:Rhodopsin
5156:Rhodopsin
3524:201420079
3005:CiteSeerX
2315:253041556
1691:apoptosis
1687:ubiquitin
1643:activates
1632:G-protein
1595:cryogenic
1472:wild-type
1464:evolution
1405:vitamin A
1367:Structure
1338:rod cells
1322:scotopsin
1314:photopsin
1204:rod cells
1177:Rhodopsin
1101:NP_663358
1080:NP_000530
1054:NM_145383
1033:NM_000539
863:Orthologs
161:GeneCards
8614:Arrestin
8401:proteins
8282:Frizzled
8275:Frizzled
8260:Frizzled
8102:, type 2
8008:Secretin
7948:Glucagon
7653:Cadherin
7611:Adhesion
7598:Secretin
6931:, bitter
6778:Oxytocin
6475:Bombesin
6123:Estrogen
5824:Dopamine
4998:Genomics
4916:Genomics
4813:37524461
4740:13172583
4641:41860711
4633:12297272
4598:28459589
4486:15823756
4448:12082151
4409:12427735
4320:14080814
4263:14002749
4193:31286171
4144:15996094
4109:17691730
4074:16729349
4039:16586416
4004:28289214
3945:85819100
3896:23904486
3780:24931191
3667:13172583
3624:23060331
3616:16961436
3581:32243853
3516:31447373
3380:21389988
3334:45830716
3326:13627857
3283:16590155
3224:14351151
3167:13046517
3124:20407577
3027:10926528
2969:16589909
2883:13367054
2842:16589696
2597:38970721
2548:21694704
2442:45459123
2434:13495499
2364:14367777
2307:36273969
2253:35954284
2197:15774036
2143:14908734
2100:19145558
2092:19189727
1783:–
1762:–
1701:See also
1671:arrestin
1497:has 348
1149:Wikidata
842:Sources:
697:membrane
528:gastrula
446:testicle
8451:OPN1MW2
8071:, sweet
8046:Class C
7978:PACAPR1
7594:Class B
6803:Relaxin
6725:Motilin
6610:Ghrelin
6575:Galanin
6308:Peptide
5496:Class A
5141:1897520
5132:1683182
5106:1882937
5071:1862076
5039:Bibcode
5018:1840561
4989:1833777
4957:Bibcode
4936:1765377
4906:1580841
4877:1539595
4868:1684283
4842:1484692
4805:1418997
4775:1391967
4732:1356370
4703:1302614
4673:1301135
4590:8401533
4555:7673885
4534:1589761
4514:Bibcode
4506:Science
4400:1364529
4311:2195338
4271:4263392
4243:Bibcode
4184:6790290
3995:5380078
3972:Bibcode
3937:6759163
3887:3746867
3864:Bibcode
3837:9414230
3828:1181221
3807:Bibcode
3771:4120657
3726:9391065
3694:Bibcode
3659:1356370
3572:7252503
3551:Bibcode
3494:Bibcode
3431:4877437
3411:Bibcode
3403:Science
3388:4302421
3360:Bibcode
3306:Bibcode
3251:Bibcode
3215:1216098
3175:4152360
3147:Bibcode
3116:6342691
3081:1657759
3073:4294735
3053:Bibcode
2997:Bibcode
2989:Science
2937:Bibcode
2810:Bibcode
2783:4022911
2761:Bibcode
2734:4352920
2726:2881211
2706:Bibcode
2683:4324074
2675:3010132
2655:Bibcode
2632:8170923
2589:2830256
2539:3128388
2518:Bibcode
2516:: 356.
2491:7359434
2482:1279132
2414:Bibcode
2406:Science
2355:2147498
2244:9368030
2188:1088937
2123:Bibcode
1785:Ensembl
1764:Ensembl
1447:to all-
1417:retinal
1407:-based
1332:General
1296:and an
1294:retinal
1206:in the
1202:of the
1185:protein
1183:, is a
975:UniProt
930:Ensembl
869:Species
848:QuickGO
438:choroid
391:pattern
117:Aliases
8456:OPN1SW
8447:OPN1MW
8442:OPN1LW
8424:visual
8262:&
8191:GPRC6A
7928:CALCRL
7792:Orphan
7081:Orphan
7072:type 1
6763:Orexin
6751:&
6730:Opioid
6470:Apelin
5162:(MeSH)
5139:
5129:
5104:
5069:
5059:
5016:
4987:
4977:
4934:
4904:
4875:
4865:
4840:
4811:
4803:
4785:Neuron
4773:
4738:
4730:
4712:Neuron
4701:
4671:
4639:
4631:
4596:
4588:
4553:
4532:
4484:
4446:
4407:
4397:
4349:
4318:
4308:
4269:
4261:
4235:Nature
4191:
4181:
4142:
4107:
4072:
4037:
4002:
3992:
3943:
3935:
3894:
3884:
3835:
3825:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3724:
3714:
3665:
3657:
3639:Neuron
3622:
3614:
3579:
3569:
3522:
3514:
3429:
3386:
3378:
3352:Nature
3332:
3324:
3281:
3274:335377
3271:
3222:
3212:
3173:
3165:
3139:Nature
3122:
3114:
3079:
3071:
3045:Nature
3025:
3007:
2967:
2960:534254
2957:
2881:
2840:
2833:528115
2830:
2781:
2753:Nature
2732:
2724:
2698:Nature
2681:
2673:
2647:Nature
2630:
2595:
2587:
2546:
2536:
2489:
2479:
2440:
2432:
2362:
2352:
2313:
2305:
2251:
2241:
2195:
2185:
2141:
2098:
2090:
2023:See:
1963:
1936:
1910:
1874:
1575:UV/Vis
1505:whose
1495:cattle
1441:photon
1425:lysine
1401:ligand
1262:rhódon
1210:and a
1208:retina
1194:and a
1135:search
1133:PubMed
1008:P15409
989:P08100
918:212541
885:Entrez
562:BioGPS
450:retina
249:3q22.1
141:180380
8607:Other
8568:Gamma
8518:Alpha
8409:Opsin
8111:Other
8078:TAS1R
8069:Taste
7967:GLP2R
7962:GLP1R
7915:Other
7780:ELTD1
7753:ADGRL
7711:ADGRG
7677:ADGRE
7648:ADGRC
7619:ADGRB
7600:-like
7482:Opsin
7464:Other
6938:TAS2R
6929:Taste
6757:Sigma
6739:Kappa
6734:Delta
6442:C5a (
6427:Other
6073:Other
6001:FPRL1
5969:CysLT
5787:Other
5738:5-HT2
5708:5-HT1
5703:5-HT3
5502:-like
5062:52109
4980:52716
4809:S2CID
4736:S2CID
4637:S2CID
4594:S2CID
4267:S2CID
3941:S2CID
3717:28345
3663:S2CID
3620:S2CID
3520:S2CID
3384:S2CID
3330:S2CID
3171:S2CID
3120:S2CID
3077:S2CID
2779:S2CID
2730:S2CID
2679:S2CID
2593:S2CID
2438:S2CID
2311:S2CID
2221:Cells
2096:S2CID
1503:opsin
1449:trans
1284:When
1274:ópsis
1256:ῥόδον
1242:Names
1212:light
1200:opsin
878:Mouse
873:Human
844:Amigo
414:Mouse
407:Human
354:Start
289:Mouse
253:Start
186:Human
157:68068
149:97914
8533:Beta
8486:OPN5
8481:OPN3
8216:RAIG
8124:GABA
7957:GIPR
7704:CD97
7552:SREB
7353:137B
7328:109B
7323:109A
6753:Zeta
6710:MCHR
6490:NMBR
6485:GRPR
6480:BRS3
6118:EBI2
5984:LTB4
5908:TAAR
5758:5-HT
5435:2i37
5420:2i36
5405:2i35
5390:2hpy
5375:2g87
5360:1u19
5345:1ln6
5330:1l9h
5315:1jfp
5300:1hzx
5285:1gzm
5270:1f88
5255:1edx
5240:1eds
5137:PMID
5102:PMID
5067:PMID
5014:PMID
4985:PMID
4932:PMID
4902:PMID
4873:PMID
4838:PMID
4801:PMID
4771:PMID
4728:PMID
4699:PMID
4669:PMID
4629:PMID
4586:PMID
4551:PMID
4530:PMID
4482:PMID
4444:PMID
4405:PMID
4347:ISBN
4316:PMID
4259:PMID
4220:2015
4189:PMID
4140:PMID
4105:PMID
4070:PMID
4035:PMID
4000:PMID
3933:PMID
3892:PMID
3833:PMID
3776:PMID
3756:ISBN
3722:PMID
3655:PMID
3612:PMID
3577:PMID
3512:PMID
3427:PMID
3376:PMID
3322:PMID
3279:PMID
3220:PMID
3163:PMID
3112:PMID
3069:PMID
3023:PMID
2965:PMID
2879:PMID
2838:PMID
2722:PMID
2671:PMID
2628:PMID
2585:PMID
2544:PMID
2487:PMID
2430:PMID
2391:2016
2360:PMID
2303:PMID
2249:PMID
2193:PMID
2139:PMID
2088:PMID
1974:2015
1961:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1845:2017
1838:NCBI
1669:and
1651:cGMP
1601:and
1573:and
1541:The
1509:and
1268:ὄψις
1234:and
1192:gene
899:6010
516:iris
397:Bgee
345:Band
306:Chr.
244:Band
203:Chr.
137:OMIM
94:5DGY
90:4ZWJ
71:RCSB
68:PDBe
23:rods
8660:Eye
8496:RGR
8491:RRH
8398:Eye
8210:179
8205:158
8200:156
8196:GPR
7983:GPR
7904:157
7899:155
7894:144
7889:143
7884:133
7879:128
7874:126
7869:125
7864:124
7859:123
7854:116
7849:115
7844:114
7839:113
7834:112
7829:111
7824:110
7800:GPR
7682:EMR
7521:RRH
7516:RGR
7511:1SW
7506:1MW
7501:1LW
7453:183
7448:182
7443:177
7438:176
7433:174
7428:173
7423:171
7418:162
7413:161
7408:160
7403:153
7398:152
7393:151
7388:150
7383:149
7378:148
7373:146
7368:142
7363:141
7358:139
7348:135
7343:132
7338:120
7333:119
7318:103
7313:101
7089:GPR
6625:MAS
6570:FSH
6438:C3a
6324:B/W
6260:PAF
6112:119
6098:GPR
6094:CB2
6089:CB1
6050:),
6027:),
6006:OXE
5623:P2Y
5612:A2B
5607:A2A
5127:PMC
5092:doi
5088:112
5057:PMC
5047:doi
5006:doi
4975:PMC
4965:doi
4924:doi
4894:doi
4890:110
4863:PMC
4830:doi
4793:doi
4761:doi
4720:doi
4691:doi
4661:doi
4619:doi
4615:528
4576:doi
4522:doi
4510:256
4474:doi
4436:doi
4432:115
4395:PMC
4385:doi
4381:278
4339:doi
4306:PMC
4298:doi
4251:doi
4239:197
4179:PMC
4171:doi
4167:252
4132:doi
4097:doi
4093:129
4062:doi
4027:doi
3990:PMC
3980:doi
3968:114
3923:doi
3919:148
3882:PMC
3872:doi
3860:110
3823:PMC
3815:doi
3766:PMC
3748:doi
3712:PMC
3702:doi
3647:doi
3604:doi
3567:PMC
3559:doi
3502:doi
3461:doi
3419:doi
3407:162
3368:doi
3356:471
3314:doi
3269:PMC
3259:doi
3210:PMC
3202:doi
3155:doi
3143:171
3104:doi
3061:doi
3049:216
3015:doi
2993:289
2955:PMC
2945:doi
2906:doi
2869:doi
2865:222
2828:PMC
2818:doi
2769:doi
2757:134
2714:doi
2702:326
2663:doi
2651:321
2620:doi
2575:doi
2571:263
2534:PMC
2526:doi
2477:PMC
2469:doi
2465:298
2422:doi
2410:127
2350:PMC
2342:doi
2293:doi
2239:PMC
2229:doi
2183:PMC
2173:doi
2131:doi
2080:doi
2029::
1900:doi
1864:doi
1480:cis
1476:cis
1437:cis
1433:cis
1413:cis
1411:11-
1328:).
1189:RHO
367:End
266:End
169:OMA
165:RHO
145:MGI
124:RHO
61:PDB
37:RHO
8646::
8562:B3
8557:B2
8552:B1
8547:A4
8542:A2
8537:A1
8331:10
8187:))
8055:/
8048::
7952:GR
7819:98
7814:97
7809:64
7804:56
7596::
7308:92
7303:88
7298:87
7293:85
7288:84
7283:83
7278:82
7273:81
7268:78
7263:75
7258:68
7253:65
7248:63
7243:62
7238:61
7233:55
7228:52
7223:50
7218:45
7213:44
7208:42
7203:39
7198:37
7193:35
7188:34
7183:33
7178:32
7173:31
7168:27
7163:26
7158:25
7153:23
7148:22
7143:21
7138:20
7133:19
7128:18
7123:17
7118:15
7113:12
7063:60
7058:50
7053:46
7048:45
7043:43
7038:42
7033:41
7028:40
7023:39
7018:38
7013:31
7008:30
7003:20
6998:19
6993:16
6988:14
6983:13
6978:10
6902:1B
6897:1A
6744:Mu
6674:X4
6669:X3
6664:X2
6659:X1
6634:1L
6505:B2
6500:B1
6451:))
6404:))
6339:FF
6114:))
6107:55
6102:18
6096:,
6052:FP
6029:EP
6016:DP
5902:1C
5897:1B
5892:1A
5881:H4
5876:H3
5871:H2
5866:H1
5849:D5
5844:D4
5839:D3
5834:D2
5829:D1
5818:M5
5813:M4
5808:M3
5803:M2
5798:M1
5767:5A
5682:14
5677:13
5672:12
5667:11
5662:10
5617:A3
5602:A1
5580:β3
5575:β2
5570:β1
5550:α2
5530:α1
5498::
5481::
5135:.
5123:49
5121:.
5117:.
5100:.
5086:.
5082:.
5065:.
5055:.
5045:.
5035:88
5033:.
5029:.
5012:.
5002:11
5000:.
4983:.
4973:.
4963:.
4953:88
4951:.
4947:.
4930:.
4920:11
4918:.
4900:.
4888:.
4871:.
4859:50
4857:.
4853:.
4836:.
4826:13
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4807:.
4799:.
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4757:37
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4751:.
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4627:.
4613:.
4609:.
4592:.
4584:.
4570:.
4566:.
4547:82
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4528:.
4520:.
4508:.
4480:.
4470:11
4468:.
4456:^
4442:.
4430:.
4426:.
4403:.
4393:.
4379:.
4375:.
4361:^
4345:.
4314:.
4304:.
4294:47
4292:.
4288:.
4265:.
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3858:.
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3831:.
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3813:.
3803:73
3801:.
3797:.
3774:.
3764:.
3754:.
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