Roentgenium - Knowledge

3004:, at least four atoms must be produced, the half-life of the isotope used must be at least 1 second, and the rate of production must be at least one atom per week. Even though the half-life of Rg, the most stable confirmed roentgenium isotope, is 100 seconds, long enough to perform chemical studies, another obstacle is the need to increase the rate of production of roentgenium isotopes and allow experiments to carry on for weeks or months so that statistically significant results can be obtained. Separation and detection must be carried out continuously to separate out the roentgenium isotopes and allow automated systems to experiment on the gas-phase and solution chemistry of roentgenium, as the yields for heavier elements are predicted to be smaller than those for lighter elements. However, the experimental chemistry of roentgenium has not received as much attention as that of the heavier elements from 2234: 2000: 3274:, a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility. In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles. They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays. 1827: 3261:, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former). The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector. 1345: 1900: 1661: 2602:

and appears to have an even longer half-life of about 10.7 minutes, which would make it one of the longest-lived superheavy nuclides known; likewise, the unconfirmed Rg appears to have a long half-life of about 5.1 minutes. The isotopes Rg and Rg have also been reported to have half-lives over a second. The remaining isotopes have half-lives in the millisecond range.

2074: 1964:, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival. The transfer takes about 10 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long. The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the 3299:. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect. The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later. JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, 3303:; the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty"). This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992. The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage. 2670:

state is predicted to be the most stable. Roentgenium(III) is expected to be of comparable reactivity to gold(III), but should be more stable and form a larger variety of compounds. Gold also forms a somewhat stable −1 state due to relativistic effects, and it has been suggested roentgenium may do so as well: nevertheless, the

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actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects. Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei, as well as those closer to the expected island, have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.

2273:, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it 2601:

All roentgenium isotopes are extremely unstable and radioactive; in general, the heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter. The most stable known roentgenium isotope, Rg, is also the heaviest known roentgenium isotope; it has a half-life of 100 seconds. The unconfirmed Rg is even heavier

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provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei. Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically

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Seth, M.; Cooke, F.; Schwerdtfeger, P.; Heully, J.-L.; Pelissier, M. (1998). "The chemistry of the superheavy elements. II. The stability of high oxidation states in group 11 elements: Relativistic coupled cluster calculations for the di-, tetra- and hexafluoro metallates of Cu, Ag, Au, and element

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It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to

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Other than nuclear properties, no properties of roentgenium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production and the fact that roentgenium (and its parents) decays very quickly. Properties of roentgenium metal remain unknown and only predictions are

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The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed

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Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus. Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart

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caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.

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Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined. (That all decays within a decay

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The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam. In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products) and transferred to a

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Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei. The first direct measurement of mass of a

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In 2009, a team at the JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric Xe + Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as

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Roentgenium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusion of the nuclei of lighter elements or as intermediate decay products of heavier elements. Nine different isotopes of roentgenium have been reported with

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at 1037 kJ/mol. Its predicted second ionization energy, 2070 kJ/mol, is almost the same as that of silver. Based on the most stable oxidation states of the lighter group 11 elements, roentgenium is predicted to show stable +5 and +3 oxidation states, with a less stable +1 state. The +3

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Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus. This happens because

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Aksenov, Nikolay V.; Steinegger, Patrick; Abdullin, Farid Sh.; Albin, Yury V.; Bozhikov, Gospodin A.; Chepigin, Viktor I.; Eichler, Robert; Lebedev, Vyacheslav Ya.; Mamudarov, Alexander Sh.; Malyshev, Oleg N.; Petrushkin, Oleg V.; Polyakov, Alexander N.; Popov, Yury A.; Sabel'nikov, Alexey V.;

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This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle. Such separation can also be aided by a

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in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives. Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived

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superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL. Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).

2230:(JWP) concluded that there was insufficient evidence for the discovery at that time. The GSI team repeated their experiment in 2002 and detected three more atoms. In their 2003 report, the JWP decided that the GSI team should be acknowledged for the discovery of this element. 6191:

Sagaidak, Roman N.; Shirokovsky, Igor V.; Shumeiko, Maksim V.; Starodub, Gennadii Ya.; Tsyganov, Yuri S.; Utyonkov, Vladimir K.; Voinov, Alexey A.; Vostokin, Grigory K.; Yeremin, Alexander; Dmitriev, Sergey N. (July 2017). "On the volatility of nihonium (Nh, Z = 113)".

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Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Ackermann, D.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Cagarda, P.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharova, J.; Leino, M.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Popeko, A. G.; Reshitko, S.; Śaro, S.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2002). "New results on elements 111 and 112".

1883:—the probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur. This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can 2057:

chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.) The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the

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Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Alexander, C.; Binder, J.; et al. (May 30, 2013). "Experimental studies of the Bk + Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope Mt".

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and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning. As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from

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Hancock, Robert D.; Bartolotti, Libero J.; Kaltsoyannis, Nikolas (November 24, 2006). "Density Functional Theory-Based Prediction of Some Aqueous-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Element 111. Roentgenium(I) Is the 'Softest' Metal Ion".

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Unambiguous determination of the chemical characteristics of roentgenium has yet to have been established due to the low yields of reactions that produce roentgenium isotopes. For chemical studies to be carried out on a

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Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Heßberger, F.P.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; Münzenberg, G.; Schött, H. J.; Popeko, A. G.; Yeremin, A. V.; Andreyev, A. N.; Saro, S.; Janik, R.; Leino, M. (1995). "The new element 111".

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series). Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common language—isotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively.

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in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus. The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the

1992:. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons, and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238. In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding 1718: 7747: 3849: 2662:

of 1.9 V for the Rg/Rg couple is greater than that of 1.5 V for the Au/Au couple. Roentgenium's predicted first ionisation energy of 1020 kJ/mol almost matches that of the

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show that relativistic effects double the strength of the roentgenium–hydrogen bond, even though spin–orbit interactions also weaken it by 0.7 eV (16 kcal/mol). The compounds

2702:) as the 6d electrons participate in bonding to a greater extent. The spin-orbit interactions stabilize molecular roentgenium compounds with more bonding 6d electrons; for example, 1412: 3481:

Gyanchandani, Jyoti; Sikka, S. K. (May 10, 2011). "Physical properties of the 6 d -series elements from density functional theory: Close similarity to lighter transition metals".

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during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed. Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its

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through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.

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Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; et al. (2016). "Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120". In Peninozhkevich, Yu. E.; Sobolev, Yu. G. (eds.).

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s subshell in group 11 reaching a maximum at roentgenium. The isotopes Rg and Rg are promising for chemical experimentation and may be produced as the granddaughters of the

1838:. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all. 3188:

reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.

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near the end of the fourth transition metal series, thus making the high oxidation state roentgenium(V) more stable than its lighter homologue gold(V) (known only in

2682:), significantly lower than gold's value of 2.3 eV (53 kcal/mol), so roentgenides may not be stable or even possible. The 6d orbitals are destabilized by 3972: 3590:

Conradie, Jeanet; Ghosh, Abhik (June 15, 2019). "Theoretical Search for the Highest Valence States of the Coinage Metals: Roentgenium Heptafluoride May Exist".

1695: 1686: 5102: 3295:. There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, 2233: 2061:

of the emitted particle). Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.

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of 130 seconds, although the unconfirmed roentgenium-286 may have a longer half-life of about 10.7 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the

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Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).

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Liu, W.; van Wüllen, C. (1999). "Spectroscopic constants of gold and eka-gold (element 111) diatomic compounds: The importance of spin–orbit coupling".

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Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost

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Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). "Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?".

5781: 4040: 3064:(element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than 1273: 3857: 2103: 1935:. This happens in about 10 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus. The definition by the 1388: 1383: 1979:

and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited. Total

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atomic masses 272, 274, 278–283, and 286 (283 and 286 unconfirmed), two of which, roentgenium-272 and roentgenium-274, have known but unconfirmed

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Barber, R. C.; Greenwood, N. N.; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; Jeannin, Y. P.; Lefort, M.; Sakai, M.; Ulehla, I.; Wapstra, A. P.; Wilkinson, D. H. (1993).

3076:; sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical 2846:

is instead calculated to be more stable as a true roentgenium(VII) heptafluoride, although it would be somewhat unstable, its decomposition to Rg

5365:"Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements" 1850:, the greater the possibility that the two react. The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the 3853: 2907:

of the group 11 elements are expected to be relativistically contracted most strongly at roentgenium. Calculations on the molecular compound Rg

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is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of

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Düllmann, Christoph E. (2012). "Superheavy elements at GSI: a broad research program with element 114 in the focus of physics and chemistry".

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Seth, M.; Faegri, K.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (1998). "The Stability of the Oxidation State +4 in Group 14 Compounds from Carbon to Element 114".

4296: 5260: 3927:; Dmitriev, S. N.; Yeremin, A. V.; et al. (2009). "Attempt to produce the isotopes of element 108 in the fusion reaction Xe + Xe". 3112:

The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the

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releasing a small amount of energy at room temperature. Roentgenium(I) is expected to be difficult to obtain. Gold readily forms the

6174: 3755: 3094:. In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, Pb + Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19 1931:, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a 1679: 1195: 155: 98: 5230:"Responses on the report 'Discovery of the Transfermium elements' followed by reply to the responses by Transfermium Working Group" 2983:

structure, due to its being expected to have different electron charge densities from them. It should be a very heavy metal with a

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111. It is extremely radioactive and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a

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Wakhle, A.; Simenel, C.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (2015). Simenel, C.; Gomes, P. R. S.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (eds.).

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Eliav, E.; Kaldor, U.; Borschevsky, A. (2018). "Electronic Structure of the Transactinide Atoms". In Scott, R. A. (ed.).

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Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the

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into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to

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Forsberg, U.; et al. (2016). "Recoil-α-fission and recoil-α-α-fission events observed in the reaction Ca + Am".

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Aksenov, N. V.; Steinegger, P.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; et al. (2017). "On the volatility of nihonium (Nh, Z = 113)".

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Moody, Ken (November 30, 2013). "Synthesis of Superheavy Elements". In Schädel, Matthias; Shaughnessy, Dawn (eds.).

4819: 3822: 7752: 7742: 5176: 4330: 4256: 4111: 3685: 3443:Östlin, A.; Vitos, L. (2011). "First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals". 1984:

predicted and have so far been observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion:

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can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly

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If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay

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Kern, B. D.; Thompson, W. E.; Ferguson, J. M. (1959). "Cross sections for some (n, p) and (n, α) reactions".

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Eichler, Robert (2013). "First foot prints of chemistry on the shore of the Island of Superheavy Elements".

3964: 2317: 2266: 1880: 1398: 1129: 2991:, has a density of 22.61 g/cm. The atomic radius of roentgenium is expected to be around 138 pm. 6237:

Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; et al. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties".

5786: 4045: 1980: 1961: 1480: 1156: 1149: 1141: 1117: 4593:"Spontaneous fission modes and lifetimes of superheavy elements in the nuclear density functional theory" 2895:

The probable chemistry of roentgenium has received more interest than that of the two previous elements,

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of around 22–24 g/cm; in comparison, the densest known element that has had its density measured,

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Different sources give different values for half-lives; the most recently published values are listed.

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and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.

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Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements".

5976: 5854: 5746: 5659: 5492: 5457: 5329: 4987: 4954: 4905: 4782: 4710: 4614: 4183: 4142: 3987: 3884: 3787: 3709: 3490: 3452: 2976: 2862: 2679: 2624: 1867: 1665: 1338: 6293: 4443: 4377: 4036: 3033: 2980: 2972: 2651:, and gold; however, it is also predicted to show several differences from its lighter homologues. 2049: 2045: 1989: 1784:, although no chemical experiments have been carried out to confirm that it behaves as the heavier 1762:. Only a few roentgenium atoms have ever been synthesized, and they have no practical application. 1555: 1357: 4898:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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within 10 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire

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For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in

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thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the

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in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a

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metal ion, even softer than Au, although there is disagreement on whether it would behave as an

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without formation of a more stable nucleus. Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few

1751: 1376: 5286: 4322: 7326: 6386: 6335: 6309: 6281: 6271: 6170: 6056: 6015: 5905: 5727: 5157: 5013: 5005: 4931: 4923: 4800: 4726: 4632: 4401: 4347: 4323:"Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized" 4268: 4211: 3946: 3929: 3896: 3751: 3700: 3607: 3560: 3418: 2671: 2620: 2037: 2012: 1944: 1785: 1724: 1465: 1445: 1436: 1332: 1325: 1255: 1194: 778: 5703: 4559: 4517: 3197:

This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.

7390: 7095: 6924: 6753: 6672: 6591: 6564: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6378: 6305: 6254: 6208: 6139: 6086: 6048: 6007: 6006:. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. p. 82. 5984: 5947: 5939: 5897: 5862: 5824: 5754: 5667: 5613: 5572: 5533: 5465: 5421: 5376: 5337: 5301: 5244: 5044: 4995: 4913: 4867: 4790: 4718: 4622: 4393: 4339: 4260: 4248: 4201: 4191: 4150: 3995: 3968: 3938: 3888: 3795: 3743: 3717: 3668: 3632: 3599: 3552: 3498: 3460: 3360: 3288: 3225: 2960: 2940: 2877: 2640: 2590: 2589:. All of these decay through alpha decay or spontaneous fission, though Rg may also have an 2586: 2270: 1940: 1920: 1859: 1793: 1781: 1777: 1216: 1134: 1122: 112: 46: 5924: 5598: 5518: 5406: 2257:. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 5171: 4434: 4318: 3924: 3827: 3053: 2237:

Backdrop for presentation of the discovery and recognition of roentgenium at GSI Darmstadt

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Roentgenium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and to crystallize in the

6455: 6297: 3653: 3012:, despite early interest in theoretical predictions due to relativistic effects on the 2904: 2099: 2058: 1872: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1766: 1644: 1600: 1577: 1536: 1500: 1189: 183: 1923:—and thus it is very unstable. To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may 7731: 7549: 6220: 6098: 5681: 5625: 5390: 5056: 5025: 4978: 4858: 4738: 4154: 4007: 3910: 3807: 3775: 3619: 3540: 3271: 3077: 3057: 3024:

isotopes Nh and Nh, which have already received preliminary chemical investigations.

2639:, thus implying that roentgenium's basic properties will resemble those of the other 2628: 1916: 1851: 1735: 1470: 1287: 1099: 948: 6398: 6151: 5874: 5766: 5758: 5545: 5433: 5349: 5256: 4871: 4413: 4359: 4304: 4079: 3740:

Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei

7603: 7432: 7137: 6537: 6470: 5477: 3892: 2900: 2675: 2632: 2223: 1965: 1344: 1075: 990: 857: 631: 4853: 4827:. Dai 2 Kai Hadoron Tataikei no Simulation Symposium, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan. 4196: 4169: 3603: 1796:. Roentgenium is calculated to have similar properties to its lighter homologues, 6212: 5469: 5103:"The Transfermium Wars: Scientific Brawling and Name-Calling during the Cold War" 4722: 3799: 7657: 7621: 7522: 7504: 7495: 6532: 6323: 6011: 5902:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981002)37:18<2493::AID-ANIE2493>3.0.CO;2-F

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http://www.jinr.ru/posts/both-neutron-properties-and-new-results-at-she-factory/

3073: 3009: 3005: 2932: 2655: 2131: 2115: 1985: 1491: 1083: 1032: 1004: 927: 913: 906: 172: 6412: 5561:"Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100" 4627: 4592: 4439:"How to Make Superheavy Elements and Finish the Periodic Table [Video]" 4381: 3942: 3747: 3721: 3672: 3502: 3464: 7666: 7594: 7567: 7540: 7200: 7182: 7155: 6986: 6977: 6716: 5702:. National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from 5646:

Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (2022).

4397: 4170:"Comparing Experimental and Theoretical Quasifission Mass Angle Distributions" 3221: 3065: 2896: 1903: 1039: 983: 962: 941: 680: 666: 645: 517: 510: 311: 6390: 5829: 5812: 5048: 5009: 4927: 4804: 4730: 4636: 4405: 4351: 4215: 3950: 3541:"Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties" 7675: 7648: 7639: 7486: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7236: 7146: 7119: 7067: 7013: 6995: 6959: 6939: 6878: 6815: 6759: 6698: 6687: 6606: 6557: 6547: 6542: 6285: 5617: 5577: 5560: 5537: 5425: 5381: 5364: 5305: 5248: 5154:

Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond

4343: 4264: 3364: 3284: 3017: 2956: 2948: 2842:, which is lower in energy than a true gold(VII) heptafluoride would be; RgF 2774:

is unknown and is expected to be only marginally stable to decomposition to

2663: 2152: 2107: 1932: 1747: 1739: 1450: 1293: 1046: 1025: 1018: 899: 885: 878: 871: 708: 638: 617: 580: 538: 524: 496: 478: 434: 385: 341: 297: 288: 228: 6090: 6060: 5925:"Darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium form strong bonds with cyanide" 5909: 5132:[Popular library of chemical elements. Seaborgium (eka-tungsten)]. 4935: 4918: 4893: 3611: 1875:. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart. 5519:"On the claims for discovery of elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118" 5395:(Note: for Part I see Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 879–886, 1991) 3068:(although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than 2296:(Rg) was suggested by the GSI team in 2004, to honor the German physicist 7630: 7531: 7414: 7396: 7371: 7362: 7335: 7308: 7272: 7263: 7245: 7173: 7164: 7058: 6930: 6896: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6734: 6653: 6635: 6570: 5287:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)" 4567:

Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)

4525:

Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)

3258: 3091: 3021: 2944: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2025: 1948: 1011: 934: 843: 829: 813: 806: 785: 764: 736: 729: 715: 659: 652: 573: 471: 448: 378: 371: 364: 357: 325: 265: 251: 203: 6328:

From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation

5150:Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Серебро – Нильсборий и далее 3220:

Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example,

7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7585: 7576: 7558: 7513: 7441: 7423: 7353: 7299: 7281: 7254: 7227: 7209: 7191: 7101: 7031: 7004: 6968: 6950: 6914: 6905: 6887: 6869: 6768: 6707: 6597: 6552: 5952: 5341: 4206: 3999: 3556: 3069: 2984: 2952: 2924: 2859: 2192: 2123: 2111: 2033: 2029: 2021: 1972: 1928: 1835: 1770: 1210: 976: 969: 955: 920: 864: 850: 799: 757: 743: 722: 701: 687: 673: 603: 552: 531: 503: 489: 462: 455: 441: 427: 348: 304: 221: 6169:(2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 24–8. 6052: 5943: 5228:

Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T.; Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (1993).

5172:"Nobelium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table" 5017: 5000: 4973: 3776:"Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120" 2798:

is expected to be stable to decomposition, exactly analogous to the Au

2073: 7477: 7405: 7290: 7218: 7128: 7110: 7076: 7040: 7022: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6725: 6678: 6644: 6626: 6581: 5988: 5866: 3292: 2988: 2928: 2648: 2644: 2119: 1976: 1801: 1797: 892: 836: 750: 694: 624: 610: 587: 559: 545: 413: 406: 399: 318: 281: 258: 244: 212: 5223: 5221: 5130:"Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Сиборгий (экавольфрам)" 5072:"Exploring the superheavy elements at the end of the periodic table" 5782:"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist" 5741: 5096: 5094: 4511: 4509: 4041:"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist" 3652:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

2226:) in 1986, but no atoms of Rg had then been observed. In 2001, the 7380: 7085: 6743: 6617: 6365: 6126: 4847: 4845: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4609: 4371: 4369: 4286: 4284: 2876:, which is used in its extraction from ore through the process of 2666: 2305: 2301: 2232: 2219: 2082: 2072: 1998: 1825: 1759: 1162: 820: 594: 332: 237: 6424: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4382:"A History and Analysis of the Discovery of Elements 104 and 105" 2048:

suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an

7344: 7317: 6860: 6824: 6662: 5129: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 3061: 2936: 2912: 2636: 2253: 2215: 1943:

can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not

1847: 1789: 1755: 1058: 792: 771: 420: 392: 272: 6428: 1906:

of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the

7049: 2248:

Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements

566: 1804:, and gold, although it may show some differences from them. 5517:

Karol, P. J.; Nakahara, H.; Petley, B. W.; Vogt, E. (2003).

4771:"Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements" 2028:(element 102), and by 30 orders of magnitude from 3733: 3731: 142: 139: 133: 118: 76: 73: 67: 5285:

Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (1997).

2931:, Au, or Rg, were also studied. Rg is predicted to be the 6464: 5196: 5194: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 3521:

Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications

130: 64: 52: 4953:. 50th Anniversary of Nuclear Fission, Leningrad, USSR. 4672: 4670: 3411:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

5599:"Name and symbol of the element with atomic number 111" 3270:

Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist

3020:

isotopes Mc and Mc respectively; their parents are the

5923:

Demissie, Taye B.; Ruud, Kenneth (February 25, 2017).

4488: 3774:

Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; et al. (2016).

2114:, on December 8, 1994. The team bombarded a target of 5405:

Karol; Nakahara, H.; Petley, B. W.; Vogt, E. (2001).

4476: 4464: 3769: 3767: 156: 136: 121: 99: 70: 55: 7748:

Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure

5039:

Grant, A. (2018). "Weighing the heaviest elements".

4293:

Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering

4107:"Something new and superheavy at the periodic table" 3881:

Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry

2619:

Roentgenium is the ninth member of the 6d series of

1792:

in group 11 as the ninth member of the 6d series of

124: 115: 58: 49: 2951:. It is also expected to form Rg(I) complexes with 2214:This reaction had previously been conducted at the 2044:for nuclei with about 280 nucleons. The later 1892: 1397: 1382: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1331: 1321: 1316: 1303: 1286: 1254: 1235: 1230: 1209: 1188: 1183: 1172: 1155: 1140: 1128: 1116: 1097: 181: 171: 145: 127: 79: 61: 37: 32: 5813:"The Periodic Table and the Platinum Group Metals" 2880:; roentgenium is expected to follow suit and form 4591:Staszczak, A.; Baran, A.; Nazarewicz, W. (2013). 3654:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 2674:of roentgenium is expected to be around 1.6 1996:for each mode, but they can be tunneled through. 4972:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Rykaczewski, K. P. (2015). 5693: 5691: 5648:"New isotope Mc produced in the Am+Ca reaction" 3545:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry 1834:reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a 2834:, is known as a gold(V) difluorine complex AuF 6440: 4291:Krása, A. (2010). "Neutron Sources for ADS". 4082:[Superheavy steps into the unknown]. 3353:Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences 2635:are similar to that of its lighter homologue 2336: 1680: 1146: 8: 4175:European Physical Journal Web of Conferences 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3413:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 3346:"Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" 21: 18:Chemical element with atomic number 111 (Rg) 6072: 6070: 5592: 5590: 5588: 4821:Fission properties of the heaviest elements 4688: 4649: 3103: pb), as estimated by the discoverers. 2947:, with an Rg–O bond distance of 207.1 2726:, which is expected to be more stable than 1750:, Germany. It is named after the physicist 1744:GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research 6447: 6433: 6425: 6033: 6031: 5932:International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 5407:"On the discovery of the elements 110–112" 2343: 2329: 2322: 2077:Roentgenium was named after the physicist 1968:, and the time of the decay are measured. 1951:and thus display its chemical properties. 1687: 1673: 1413: 1406: 1343: 194: 6364: 6302:The Transuranium People: The Inside Story 6125: 5951: 5828: 5740: 5671: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5576: 5380: 4999: 4917: 4794: 4626: 4608: 4205: 4195: 3476: 3474: 2943:. In aqueous solution, Rg would form the 2814:should be unstable to decomposition to Ag 4974:"A beachhead on the island of stability" 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 1429: 190: 7547: 5806: 5804: 3585: 3583: 3514: 3512: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3336: 3045: 2379: 1854:of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only 7601: 7430: 7135: 5266:from the original on November 25, 2013 5148:"Экавольфрам" [Eka-tungsten]. 4894:"Chemistry of the superheavy elements" 4751: 4676: 4661: 4500: 3854:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2005:Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions 1889: 20: 7655: 7619: 7610: 7520: 7502: 7493: 6352:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 6114:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 5212: 5200: 4775:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3708:(054621). American Physical Society. 3438: 3436: 3434: 3320: 3318: 2122:-64 and detected three nuclei of the 2104:Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 1710: 1633: 1630: 1612: 1609: 1589: 1586: 1548: 1545: 1525: 1522: 1484: 1479: 1389:Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 7: 7664: 7592: 7565: 7538: 7198: 7180: 7153: 6984: 6975: 6167:The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements 5493:"New results on element 111 and 112" 4489:Zagrebaev, Karpov & Greiner 2013 4297:Czech Technical University in Prague 2216:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 7673: 7646: 7637: 7484: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7234: 7144: 7117: 7065: 7011: 6993: 6957: 6937: 6876: 6813: 6714: 6696: 6685: 6604: 5780:Subramanian, S. (August 28, 2019). 4477:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000 4465:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000 4247:Loveland, W. D.; Morrissey, D. J.; 3973:"The identification of element 108" 3850:"Discovery of Elements 113 and 115" 3742:. Exotic Nuclei. pp. 155–164. 2714:is expected to be more stable than 7691: 7628: 7529: 7412: 7394: 7369: 7360: 7333: 7306: 7261: 7243: 7171: 7162: 7056: 6928: 6894: 6804: 6786: 6777: 6757: 6732: 5597:Corish; Rosenblatt, G. M. (2004). 3971:; Folger, H.; et al. (1984). 2261:(with the corresponding symbol of 14: 7583: 7574: 7556: 7511: 7421: 7351: 7324: 7297: 7279: 7270: 7252: 7225: 7207: 7189: 7099: 7029: 7002: 6966: 6912: 6903: 6885: 6867: 6795: 6766: 6705: 6651: 6633: 6595: 6568: 6004:Relativistic Methods for Chemists 4652:, pp. 030001-129–030001-138. 4080:"Сверхтяжелые шаги в неизвестное" 2654:Roentgenium is predicted to be a 2250:, roentgenium should be known as 1815:Superheavy element § Introduction 7475: 7439: 7403: 7288: 7216: 7126: 7108: 7038: 7020: 6948: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6676: 6579: 3823:"Explainer: superheavy elements" 2098:by an international team led by 2036:(element 100). The earlier 1898: 1813:This section is an excerpt from 1660: 1659: 1269:3rd: 3080 kJ/mol 1266:2nd: 2070 kJ/mol 1263:1st: 1020 kJ/mol 111: 45: 7378: 7083: 7074: 6741: 6723: 6642: 6624: 6193:The European Physical Journal A 5759:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.025 5700:"Interactive Chart of Nuclides" 5498:. GSI report 2000. pp. 1–2 5077:Chemical & Engineering News 4818:Moller, P.; Nix, J. R. (1994). 4703:The European Physical Journal A 3633:Chemical Data. Roentgenium - Rg 3415:Springer Science+Business Media 2228:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party 1937:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party 7342: 7315: 6858: 6822: 6660: 6615: 6383:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001 6144:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012003 4796:10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005 3893:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2632 3780:The European Physics Journal A 3060:if its atomic number is high; 2975:structure, unlike its lighter 1908:Australian National University 1822:Synthesis of superheavy nuclei 1: 7047: 6270:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 6259:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 4571:Université libre de Bruxelles 4529:Université libre de Bruxelles 4251:(2005). "Nuclear Reactions". 3604:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01139 2324:List of roentgenium isotopes 6418:The Periodic Table of Videos 4951:Biomodal spontaneous fission 4852:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2004). 4155:10.1016/0029-5582(59)90211-1 3523:(3rd ed.). p. 631. 2660:standard electrode potential 2304:. This name was accepted by 6012:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2 5673:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306 5450:European Physical Journal A 4257:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4197:10.1051/epjconf/20158600061 3324:This isotope is unconfirmed 2118:with accelerated nuclei of 1915:The resulting merger is an 7774: 6946: 6775: 6694: 6613: 6577: 6479: 6421:(University of Nottingham) 6268:Concepts of modern physics 6213:10.1140/epja/i2017-12348-8 5890:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl 5565:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5470:10.1140/epja/i2001-10119-x 5369:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5294:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5237:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5177:Royal Society of Chemistry 4723:10.1140/epja/i2017-12348-8 4628:10.1103/physrevc.87.024320 4331:Pure and Applied Chemistry 3943:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024608 3800:10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4 3748:10.1142/9789813226548_0024 3722:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621 3503:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.172101 3465:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.113104 3209:time-of-flight measurement 2315: 1812: 1758:Roentgen), who discovered 1725:synthetic chemical element 486: 354: 294: 234: 209: 7689: 7389: 7094: 6923: 6752: 6671: 6590: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6300:; Seaborg, G. T. (2000). 4872:10.1088/2058-7058/17/7/31 4829:University of North Texas 4398:10.1524/ract.1987.42.2.57 3547:. Structure and Bonding. 3539:Fricke, Burkhard (1975). 2979:which crystallize in the 2750:is homologous to that of 2369: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2353: 1897: 1830:A graphic depiction of a 1658: 1654: 1627: 1606: 1583: 1542: 1519: 1476: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1292:empirical: 138 1074: 189: 5830:10.1595/147106708X297486 5811:Griffith, W. P. (2008). 5322:Zeitschrift für Physik A 5101:Robinson, A. E. (2019). 5049:10.1063/PT.6.1.20181113a 4781:(1): 012005-1–012005-6. 4769:Oganessian, Yu. (2012). 4380:; Keller, O. L. (1987). 4253:Modern Nuclear Chemistry 3980:Zeitschrift für Physik A 3673:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 3635:, Royal Chemical Society 2597:Stability and half-lives 1962:surface-barrier detector 1776:. It is a member of the 1176:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 5618:10.1351/pac200476122101 5578:10.1351/pac197951020381 5538:10.1351/pac200375101601 5426:10.1351/pac200173060959 5382:10.1351/pac199365081757 5306:10.1351/pac199769122471 5249:10.1351/pac199365081815 4344:10.1351/pac199163060879 4265:10.1002/0471768626.ch10 3365:10.14494/jnrs2000.5.R19 3056:, an element is called 2688:spin–orbit interactions 2318:Isotopes of roentgenium 2267:systematic element name 1860:electrostatic repulsion 1712:[ʁœntˈɡeːni̯ʊm] 1399:Isotopes of roentgenium 6091:10.1524/ract.2011.1842 5817:Platinum Metals Review 5787:Bloomberg Businessweek 4919:10.1098/rsta.2014.0191 4046:Bloomberg Businessweek 3519:Kratz; Lieser (2013). 2995:Experimental chemistry 2762:; the silver analogue 2623:. Calculations on its 2298:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 2238: 2086: 2016: 1839: 1157:Electron configuration 5698:Sonzogni, Alejandro. 5491:Hofmann; et al. 4949:Hulet, E. K. (1989). 4854:"Superheavy elements" 4691:, p. 030001-125. 3885:John Wiley & Sons 3860:on September 11, 2015 2915:X and RgX, where X = 2625:ionization potentials 2308:on November 1, 2004. 2277:, with the symbol of 2236: 2076: 2032:(element 90) to 2024:(element 92) to 2002: 1829: 1780:and is placed in the 1774:transactinide element 1666:Category: Roentgenium 1223:22–24 g/cm 6231:General bibliography 5156:] (in Russian). 4892:Schädel, M. (2015). 2684:relativistic effects 2606:Predicted properties 2300:, the discoverer of 2081:, the discoverer of 1939:(JWP) states that a 1165:] 5f 6d 7s 6375:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z 6266:Beiser, A. (2003). 6251:2017ChPhC..41c0001A 6205:2017EPJA...53..158A 6136:2013JPhCS.420a2003E 5981:1999JChPh.110.3730L 5859:1998JChPh.109.3935S 5751:2016NuPhA.953..117F 5664:2022PhRvC.106f4306O 5462:2002EPJA...14..147H 5334:1995ZPhyA.350..281H 4992:2015PhT....68h..32O 4959:1989nufi.rept...16H 4910:2015RSPTA.37340191S 4787:2012JPhCS.337a2005O 4715:2017EPJA...53..158A 4619:2013PhRvC..87b4320S 4444:Scientific American 4230:"Nuclear Reactions" 4188:2015EPJWC..8600061W 4147:1959NucPh..10..226K 4078:Ivanov, D. (2019). 4039:(August 28, 2019). 3992:1984ZPhyA.317..235M 3925:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. 3821:Krämer, K. (2016). 3792:2016EPJA...52..180H 3714:2013PhRvC..87e4621O 3592:Inorganic Chemistry 3495:2011PhRvB..83q2101G 3457:2011PhRvB..84k3104O 3344:Turler, A. (2004). 3034:Island of stability 2981:face-centered cubic 2973:body-centered cubic 2967:Physical and atomic 2903:, as the valence s- 2738:. The stability of 2350: 2050:island of stability 2046:nuclear shell model 1990:spontaneous fission 1955:Decay and detection 1339:body-centered cubic 1256:Ionization energies 1247:), (+5), (+7) 1184:Physical properties 1173:Electrons per shell 182:Roentgenium in the 29: 7758:Synthetic elements 5559:Chatt, J. (1979). 5342:10.1007/BF01291182 5070:Howes, L. (2019). 4904:(2037): 20140191. 4754:, p. 432–433. 4558:Pauli, N. (2019). 4516:Pauli, N. (2019). 4259:pp. 249–297. 4105:Hinde, D. (2017). 4000:10.1007/BF01421260 3557:10.1007/BFb0116498 2828:Gold heptafluoride 2692:gold pentafluoride 2323: 2239: 2090:Official discovery 2087: 2017: 2013:quadrupole magnets 2011:in the former and 1864:strong interaction 1840: 1322:Natural occurrence 1081: 1066: 177:(unconfirmed: 286) 23:Roentgenium, 7753:Transition metals 7743:Chemical elements 7725: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7684: 7683: 6341:978-3-319-75813-8 6315:978-1-78-326244-1 6277:978-0-07-244848-1 6239:Chinese Physics C 6079:Radiochimica Acta 6053:10.1021/ic061282s 6021:978-1-4020-9974-8 5944:10.1002/qua.25393 5728:Nuclear Physics A 5658:(64306): 064306. 5652:Physical Review C 5612:(12): 2101–2103. 5532:(10): 1601–1611. 5300:(12): 2471–2474. 5203:, pp. 38–39. 5001:10.1063/PT.3.2880 4597:Physical Review C 4560:"Nuclear fission" 4386:Radiochimica Acta 4274:978-0-471-76862-3 3930:Physical Review C 3902:978-1-119-95143-8 3887:. pp. 1–16. 3701:Physical Review C 3661:Chinese Physics C 3598:(58): 8735–8738. 3566:978-3-540-07109-9 3483:Physical Review B 3445:Physical Review B 3424:978-1-4020-3555-5 3259:must be preserved 3224:is caused by the 3040:Explanatory notes 2672:electron affinity 2641:group 11 elements 2621:transition metals 2587:metastable states 2581: 2580: 2126:roentgenium-272: 2096:first synthesized 2038:liquid drop model 1913: 1912: 1794:transition metals 1782:group 11 elements 1701: 1700: 1650: 1649: 1333:Crystal structure 1309:121 pm 1231:Atomic properties 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1079: 1064: 1054: 1053: 780:Mercury (element) 7765: 7694: 7693: 7680: 7678: 7671: 7669: 7662: 7660: 7653: 7651: 7644: 7642: 7635: 7633: 7626: 7624: 7617: 7615: 7608: 7606: 7599: 7597: 7590: 7588: 7581: 7579: 7572: 7570: 7563: 7561: 7554: 7552: 7545: 7543: 7536: 7534: 7527: 7525: 7518: 7516: 7509: 7507: 7500: 7498: 7491: 7489: 7482: 7480: 7473: 7471: 7464: 7462: 7455: 7453: 7446: 7444: 7437: 7435: 7428: 7426: 7419: 7417: 7410: 7408: 7401: 7399: 7385: 7383: 7376: 7374: 7367: 7365: 7358: 7356: 7349: 7347: 7340: 7338: 7331: 7329: 7322: 7320: 7313: 7311: 7304: 7302: 7295: 7293: 7286: 7284: 7277: 7275: 7268: 7266: 7259: 7257: 7250: 7248: 7241: 7239: 7232: 7230: 7223: 7221: 7214: 7212: 7205: 7203: 7196: 7194: 7187: 7185: 7178: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7160: 7158: 7151: 7149: 7142: 7140: 7133: 7131: 7124: 7122: 7115: 7113: 7106: 7104: 7090: 7088: 7081: 7079: 7072: 7070: 7063: 7061: 7054: 7052: 7045: 7043: 7036: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7018: 7016: 7009: 7007: 7000: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6982: 6980: 6973: 6971: 6964: 6962: 6955: 6953: 6944: 6942: 6935: 6933: 6919: 6917: 6910: 6908: 6901: 6899: 6892: 6890: 6883: 6881: 6874: 6872: 6865: 6863: 6856: 6854: 6847: 6845: 6838: 6836: 6829: 6827: 6820: 6818: 6811: 6809: 6802: 6800: 6793: 6791: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6771: 6764: 6762: 6748: 6746: 6739: 6737: 6730: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6701: 6692: 6690: 6683: 6681: 6667: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6649: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6631: 6629: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6609: 6602: 6600: 6586: 6584: 6575: 6573: 6465: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6426: 6402: 6368: 6345: 6319: 6306:World Scientific 6289: 6262: 6225: 6224: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6129: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6035: 6026: 6025: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5989:10.1063/1.478237 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5929: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5867:10.1063/1.476993 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5744: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5706:on July 28, 2018 5695: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5643: 5630: 5629: 5603: 5594: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5523: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5497: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5411: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5384: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5291: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5243:(8): 1815–1824. 5234: 5225: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5003: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4921: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4826: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4766: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4698: 4692: 4689:Audi et al. 2017 4686: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4650:Audi et al. 2017 4647: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4612: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4564: 4555: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4431: 4418: 4417: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4327: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4234: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4199: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4112:The Conversation 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4075: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4010:. Archived from 3977: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3856:. Archived from 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3694: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3658: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3536: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3440: 3429: 3428: 3406: 3369: 3368: 3350: 3341: 3325: 3322: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3289:Stockholm County 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226:weak interaction 3218: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3087: 3081: 3050: 2961:hydrogen sulfide 2891: 2890: 2889: 2878:gold cyanidation 2875: 2874: 2873: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2591:electron capture 2562: 2537: 2516: 2495: 2474: 2453: 2432: 2411: 2390: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2331: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2199: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2138: 2094:Roentgenium was 1941:chemical element 1921:compound nucleus 1902: 1901: 1890: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1663: 1662: 1641: 1636: 1620: 1615: 1597: 1592: 1574: 1571: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1533: 1528: 1512: 1509: 1497: 1494: 1487: 1462: 1430: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1393: 1362:54386-24-2 1347: 1317:Other properties 1246: 1237:Oxidation states 1220: 1199: 1198: 1148: 1109: 1108: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 481: 474: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 351: 344: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 291: 284: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 231: 224: 215: 206: 200: 199: 195: 191: 160: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 103: 95: 94: 93: 92: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 57: 54: 51: 30: 28: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7685: 7676: 7674: 7667: 7665: 7658: 7656: 7649: 7647: 7640: 7638: 7631: 7629: 7622: 7620: 7613: 7611: 7604: 7602: 7595: 7593: 7586: 7584: 7577: 7575: 7568: 7566: 7559: 7557: 7550: 7548: 7541: 7539: 7532: 7530: 7523: 7521: 7514: 7512: 7505: 7503: 7496: 7494: 7487: 7485: 7478: 7476: 7469: 7467: 7460: 7458: 7451: 7449: 7442: 7440: 7433: 7431: 7424: 7422: 7415: 7413: 7406: 7404: 7397: 7395: 7381: 7379: 7372: 7370: 7363: 7361: 7354: 7352: 7345: 7343: 7336: 7334: 7327: 7325: 7318: 7316: 7309: 7307: 7300: 7298: 7291: 7289: 7282: 7280: 7273: 7271: 7264: 7262: 7255: 7253: 7246: 7244: 7237: 7235: 7228: 7226: 7219: 7217: 7210: 7208: 7201: 7199: 7192: 7190: 7183: 7181: 7174: 7172: 7165: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7138: 7136: 7129: 7127: 7120: 7118: 7111: 7109: 7102: 7100: 7086: 7084: 7077: 7075: 7068: 7066: 7059: 7057: 7050: 7048: 7041: 7039: 7032: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7014: 7012: 7005: 7003: 6996: 6994: 6987: 6985: 6978: 6976: 6969: 6967: 6960: 6958: 6951: 6949: 6940: 6938: 6931: 6929: 6915: 6913: 6906: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6861: 6859: 6852: 6850: 6843: 6841: 6834: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6807: 6805: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6787: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6758: 6744: 6742: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6708: 6706: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6686: 6679: 6677: 6663: 6661: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6643: 6636: 6634: 6627: 6625: 6618: 6616: 6607: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6582: 6580: 6571: 6569: 6458: 6453: 6409: 6348: 6342: 6322: 6316: 6292: 6278: 6265: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6076: 6075: 6068: 6047:(26): 10780–5. 6037: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5853:(10): 3935–43. 5843: 5842: 5838: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5645: 5644: 5633: 5606:Pure Appl. Chem 5601: 5596: 5595: 5586: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5526:Pure Appl. Chem 5521: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5414:Pure Appl. Chem 5409: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5147: 5146:Reprinted from 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5038: 5037: 5033: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4768: 4767: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4603:(2): 024320–1. 4590: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4435:Chemistry World 4433: 4432: 4421: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4325: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4246: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4135:Nuclear Physics 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4076: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4037:Subramanian, S. 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4017:on June 7, 2015 4014: 3975: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3903: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3828:Chemistry World 3820: 3819: 3815: 3773: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3680: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3538: 3537: 3528: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3442: 3441: 3432: 3425: 3408: 3407: 3372: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3054:nuclear physics 3051: 3047: 3042: 3030: 2997: 2969: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2582: 2576: 2560: 2551: 2535: 2514: 2493: 2472: 2451: 2430: 2409: 2388: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2349: 2320: 2314: 2285:or even simply 2244: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2092: 2079:Wilhelm Röntgen 2071: 2066: 2065: 2042:fission barrier 1994:energy barriers 1957: 1899: 1893:External videos 1824: 1818: 1810: 1752:Wilhelm Röntgen 1717: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1693: 1668: 1639: 1634: 1618: 1613: 1595: 1590: 1572: 1569: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1531: 1526: 1510: 1507: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1460: 1453: 1446:abundance 1419: 1401: 1391: 1377:Wilhelm Röntgen 1349: 1348: 1305:Covalent radius 1282: 1278:(all estimated) 1242: 1214: 1192: 1102: 1098: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1055: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 821: 814: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 479: 472: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 349: 342: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 289: 282: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 229: 222: 213: 204: 167: 158: 153: 114: 110: 101: 96: 89: 88: 87: 48: 44: 26: 22: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7771: 7769: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7730: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7672: 7663: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7573: 7564: 7555: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7377: 7368: 7359: 7350: 7341: 7332: 7323: 7314: 7305: 7296: 7287: 7278: 7269: 7260: 7251: 7242: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7197: 7188: 7179: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7143: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7082: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7019: 7010: 7001: 6992: 6983: 6974: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6945: 6936: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6893: 6884: 6875: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6803: 6794: 6785: 6776: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6695: 6693: 6684: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6659: 6650: 6641: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6576: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6456:Periodic table 6454: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6408: 6407:External links 6405: 6404: 6403: 6346: 6340: 6320: 6314: 6294:Hoffman, D. C. 6290: 6276: 6263: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6182: 6175: 6157: 6104: 6066: 6027: 6020: 5994: 5959: 5915: 5896:(18): 2493–6. 5880: 5836: 5823:(2): 114–119. 5800: 5772: 5717: 5687: 5631: 5584: 5571:(2): 381–384. 5551: 5509: 5483: 5456:(2): 147–157. 5439: 5420:(6): 959–967. 5397: 5355: 5328:(4): 281–282. 5311: 5277: 5217: 5205: 5190: 5163: 5121: 5090: 5062: 5031: 4964: 4941: 4884: 4841: 4810: 4756: 4744: 4693: 4681: 4679:, p. 433. 4666: 4664:, p. 439. 4654: 4642: 4583: 4541: 4505: 4503:, p. 432. 4493: 4481: 4479:, p. 335. 4469: 4467:, p. 334. 4457: 4419: 4378:Hoffman, D. C. 4365: 4319:Wapstra, A. H. 4310: 4280: 4273: 4249:Seaborg, G. T. 4235:. pp. 7–8 4221: 4160: 4125: 4097: 4059: 4028: 3986:(2): 235–236. 3969:Armbruster, P. 3965:Münzenberg, G. 3956: 3916: 3901: 3871: 3841: 3813: 3763: 3756: 3727: 3689: 3678: 3637: 3625: 3579: 3565: 3526: 3508: 3489:(17): 172101. 3470: 3451:(11): 113104. 3430: 3423: 3370: 3359:(2): R19–R25. 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3314: 3305: 3276: 3263: 3250: 3240: 3230: 3213: 3199: 3190: 3183: 3174: 3164: 3155: 3145: 3136: 3126: 3117: 3105: 3098: 3082: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3026: 2996: 2993: 2968: 2965: 2886: 2870: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790:. Moreover, Rg 2787: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2699: 2695: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2316:Main article: 2313: 2310: 2243: 2240: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2185: 2176: 2165: 2156: 2144: 2135: 2100:Sigurd Hofmann 2091: 2088: 2070: 2067: 2059:kinetic energy 2015:in the latter. 1981:binding energy 1956: 1953: 1911: 1910: 1895: 1894: 1873:speed of light 1844:atomic nucleus 1832:nuclear fusion 1823: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1767:periodic table 1699: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1669: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635:10.7 min? 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1433:Main isotopes 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1402: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1072: 1071: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 826: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 600: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 485: 483: 476: 468: 467: 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 353: 346: 338: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 295: 293: 286: 278: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 233: 226: 218: 217: 210: 208: 198: 187: 186: 184:periodic table 179: 178: 175: 169: 168: 166: 165: 108: 41: 39: 35: 34: 24: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7770: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7688: 7679: 7670: 7661: 7652: 7643: 7634: 7625: 7616: 7607: 7598: 7589: 7580: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7508: 7499: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7427: 7418: 7409: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7366: 7357: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7114: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7080: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6943: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6909: 6900: 6891: 6882: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6801: 6792: 6783: 6772: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6691: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6621: 6610: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6359:(1): 012001. 6358: 6354: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6245:(3): 030001. 6244: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6183: 6178: 6176:9783642374661 6172: 6168: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6120:(1): 012003. 6119: 6115: 6108: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5975:(8): 3730–5. 5974: 5970: 5969:J. Chem. Phys 5963: 5960: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5847:J. Chem. Phys 5840: 5837: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5718: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5510: 5494: 5487: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215:, p. 40. 5214: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5110: 5109: 5108:Distillations 5104: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041:Physics Today 5035: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4979:Physics Today 4975: 4968: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4859:Physics World 4855: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4830: 4823: 4822: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4584: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4518:"Alpha decay" 4512: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4458: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4376:Hyde, E. K.; 4372: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245:Published as 4231: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3937:(2): 024608. 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3757:9789813226555 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3667:(3): 030001. 3666: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3272:Georgy Flerov 3267: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3109: 3106: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3078:superactinide 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002:transactinide 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2879: 2864: 2861: 2829: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2375: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2222:(then in the 2221: 2217: 2209: 2169: 2148: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2010: 2009:dipole magnet 2006: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:excited state 1909: 1905: 1904:Visualization 1896: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1881:cross section 1876: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842:A superheavy 1837: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:atomic number 1733: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1705: 1697: 1694: | 1690: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1614:5.1 min? 1605: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1472: 1471:product 1469: 1467: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1288:Atomic radius 1285: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1245: 1241:(−1), (+1), ( 1240: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135:period 7 1133: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1123:group 11 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100:Atomic number 1096: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1060: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 982: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 961: 959: 954: 952: 950:Rutherfordium 947: 945: 940: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 919: 917: 912: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 833: 828: 827: 824: 819: 817: 812: 810: 805: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 784: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 763: 761: 756: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 601: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 537: 535: 530: 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 500: 495: 493: 488: 484: 482: 477: 475: 470: 469: 466: 461: 459: 454: 452: 447: 445: 440: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 417: 412: 410: 405: 403: 398: 396: 391: 389: 384: 382: 377: 375: 370: 368: 363: 361: 356: 352: 347: 345: 340: 339: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 317: 315: 310: 308: 303: 301: 296: 292: 287: 285: 280: 279: 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 255: 250: 248: 243: 241: 236: 232: 227: 225: 220: 219: 216: 211: 207: 202: 201: 197: 196: 193: 192: 188: 185: 180: 176: 174: 170: 163: 162: 150: 109: 106: 105: 91: 84: 43: 42: 40: 38:Pronunciation 36: 31: 16: 7612: 6416: 6356: 6350: 6327: 6301: 6267: 6242: 6238: 6199:(158): 158. 6196: 6192: 6185: 6166: 6160: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6085:(2): 67–74. 6082: 6078: 6044: 6040: 6003: 5997: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5935: 5931: 5918: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5820: 5816: 5791:. 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