270:
92:
1116:
230:. Arriving in late December they were received courteously, and he was given an audience on 4 January 1254. William's account provided an extensive description of the city's walls, markets and temples, and the separate quarters for Muslim and Chinese craftsmen among a surprisingly cosmopolitan population. He also visited the court of the Vastacius (
342:, although they are very different. William was a good observer and an excellent writer. He asked many questions along the way and did not take folk tales and fables as literal truth. He showed a great facility with language, noting the similarities between those he encountered and those European languages he already knew.
345:
In May 1254, during his stay among the
Mongols, William entered into a famous competition at the Mongol court, as the khan encouraged a formal theological debate between the Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims, in order to determine which faith was correct, as determined by three judges, one from each
362:...who traveled to regions in the east and north and attached himself to the midst of these places, and wrote of the above to the illustrious king; which book I carefully read and with his permission expounded on". After Bacon, however, William's narrative seems to have dropped out of sight until
959:
293:. William's report is divided into 40 chapters. Chapters 1–10 relate general observations about the Mongols and their customs, while chapters 11–40 give an account of the course and the events of William's voyage.
211:. Five weeks later, after the departure from Sudak, he reached the encampment of Batu Khan, Mongol ruler of the Kipchak Khanate and Volga River region. Batu refused conversion but sent the ambassadors on to the
166:
in 1249. The King had been encouraged to send another mission by reports of the presence of
Nestorian Christians at the Mongolian court, but because of an earlier rebuff he declined to send a formal mission.
296:
In the report, he described the peculiarities of the Mongol Empire as well as many geographical observations. There were also anthropological observations, such as his surprise at the presence of
1192:
The Mongol
Mission : Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries. Translated by a Nun of Stanbrook Abbey
249:
William's party stayed at the Khan's camp until 10 July 1254, when they began their long journey back home. After spending two weeks in late
September with Batu Khan, and Christmas at
593:... qui perlustravit regiones orientis et aquilonis et loca in medio his annexa, et scripsit haec praedicta illustri regi; quem librum diligenter vidi et cum ejus auctore contuli.
238:
and met
Nicaean envoys during his travels. Among the Europeans he encountered were the nephew of an English bishop, a woman from Lorraine who cooked William's Easter dinner, and
1380:
381:
The Latin text of an incomplete manuscript containing only the first 26 chapters, together with an
English translation by Richard Hakluyt, was published in 1599. A
1135:
1365:
222:
William and his travelling companions set off on horseback on 16 September 1253 on a 9,000-kilometre (5,600 mi) journey to the court of the Great Khan at
1415:
1249:. Veroffentlichungen des Forschungsinstituts für vergleichende Religionsgeschichte an der Universität Leipzig, II. Reihe, 13 (in German). Leipzig: Deichert.
1144:
1405:
523:
831:
Strange Names of God: The
Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses to Matteo Ricci's "Shangti" in Late Ming China, 1583-1644
1400:
1041:(1599). "The iournal of frier William de Rubruquis a French man of the order of minorite friers, unto the east parts of the worlde A. Dom. 1253".
277:
from a 14th-century copy of the manuscript. The upper portion shows
William of Rubruck and his travelling companion receiving a commission from
1375:
158:, "servant of God". William's was the fourth European mission to the Mongols: previous ones had been led by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine and
1216:
1028:
839:
709:
50:
1069:
1385:
1235:
771:
269:
1410:
786:
Geschichte der
Mongolen und Reisebericht, 1245-1247. (Trans. and ed., Friedrich Risch.). Leipzig: E. Pfeiffer, 1930, p. 174, n.34
1370:
150:. With William's party were Bartolomeo da Cremona, an attendant called Gosset, and an interpreter named in William's report as
1303:(in Latin). Vol. I: Itinera et relationes Fratrum Minorum saeculi XIII et XIV. Florence: Claras Aquas. pp. 164–332.
67:
He is best known for his travels to various parts of the Middle East and
Central Asia in the 13th century, including the
1395:
147:
1083:
390:
358:, and described him as "Brother William through whom the lord King of France sent a message to the Tartars in 1253 AD
1390:
1100:
394:
289:
Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratiae 1253 ad partes Orientales
1057:
406:
136:
1339:
1079:
1020:
386:
332:
309:
338:
William's report is one of the great masterpieces of medieval geographical literature, comparable to that of
1323:
163:
1360:
1355:
1104:
641:
570:
1047:(in English and Latin). Vol. 1. London: George Bishop, Ralph Newberie, and Robert Baker. pp.
566:
1087:
1062:
The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253-1255
335:
had extensive knowledge of the region, William was the first to answer the question in written form.
159:
304:. William was critical of the Hellenic traditions he encountered among the Christians of the former
461:
370:
1287:
1279:
1187:
533:
278:
243:
124:
108:
104:
1048:
308:, including the Nicaean celebration of a feast day for Felicitas, which he reports was known to
1304:
1250:
1231:
1212:
1195:
1175:
1065:
1024:
835:
829:
767:
705:
699:
561:
258:
250:
239:
188:
72:
1271:
1008:
382:
323:
William also answered a long-standing question in demonstrating by his passage north of the
305:
285:
On his return, William presented to King Louis IX a very clear and precise report, entitled
231:
1335:
1131:
1038:
635:
557:
553:
402:
363:
196:
112:
1329:
981:
937:
915:
728:
1042:
242:, a French silversmith who was making ornaments for the Khan's women and altars for the
528:
216:
120:
91:
42:
34:
1349:
1291:
1139:
1122:
1053:
Based on British Library MS Royal 14.C.XIII Fol. 225r-236r and thus ends prematurely.
496:
Ends after Chapter 26 paragraph 8. Used by Richard Hakluyt for his 1599 translation.
352:, William's contemporary and fellow-Franciscan, cited the traveller copiously in his
132:
115:. On 7 May 1253, on Louis' orders, he set out on a missionary journey to convert the
68:
1013:
1094:(in French and Latin). Vol. 4. Paris: Société de Geographie. pp. 205–396.
328:
317:
204:
184:
143:
1044:
The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
349:
324:
208:
192:
139:. There, William received letters to some of the Tatar chiefs from the emperor.
80:
1275:
1127:
589:
frater Wilhelmus quem dominus rex Franciae misit ad Tartaros, Anno Domini 1253
464:
at the beginning of the text and includes some chapter titles in the margins.
354:
339:
301:
254:
76:
61:
1308:
1179:
1148:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 810–812.
1199:
1106:
The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55
235:
223:
200:
128:
1254:
227:
100:
1283:
1299:
Van den Wyngaert, Anastasius (1929). "Itinerarium Willelmi de Rubruc".
274:
17:
701:
From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi
634:
346:
faith. A Chinese person participated with William in the competition.
142:
William then followed the route of the first journey of the Hungarian
575:
373:
wrote in 1958 long poem "Rubruck in Mongolia" ("Рубрук в Монголии").
212:
176:
116:
71:. His account of his travels is one of the masterpieces of medieval
1228:
In Light of Another's Word: European Ethnography in the Middle Ages
444:
Oldest and the basis of Van den Wyngaeret's 1929 critical edition.
1121:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
297:
268:
180:
1168:
Filologia mediolatina: Rivista della Fondazione Ezio Franceschini
506:
Yale University Library, New Haven, Beinecke MS 406 ff. 93r–142v
313:
1262:
Jackson, Peter (1987). "William of Rubruck: A review article".
796:
794:
792:
984:. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
656:
654:
652:
385:
of the complete Latin text prepared by the French historian
281:. The lower portion shows the two friars on their journey.
1096:
A critical edition of the Latin text on pp. 213–396.
154:, meaning "man of God", perhaps representing the Arabic
1230:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
686:
The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia
982:"Le Pelerinage de vie humaine, etc.: Beinecke MS 406"
399:
The Journey of William of Rubruk to the Eastern Parts
312:
through the alleged possession of the second half of
764:
Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde
438:
Corpus Christi, Cambridge, MS 181, pp. 321–398
327:
that it was an inland sea and did not flow into the
1012:
490:British Library, MS Royal 14 C XIII ff. 255r–236r
393:was published in 1839. An English translation by
940:. Parker Library on the Web, Stanford University
918:. Parker Library on the Web, Stanford University
731:. Parker Library on the Web, Stanford University
454:Corpus Christi, Cambridge, MS 66A, ff. 67r–110r
1162:Chiesa, Paolo (2008). "Testo e tradizione dell
1088:"Voyage en Orient du Frère Guillaume de Rubruk"
815:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
474:Corpus Christi, Cambridge, MS 407, ff. 37r–66r
331:; although earlier Scandinavian explorers like
1332:, Silk Road Seattle, University of Washington.
1207:Kappler, Claude-Claire; Kappler, René (1985).
1019:. Translated by Naomi Walford. New Brunswick:
902:
890:
749:
27:Flemish missionary and explorer (fl. 1248–55)
8:
1209:Voyage dans l'empire Mongol : 1253-1255
866:
729:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 066A"
1336:William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols
1051:–92 Latin text, 93–117 English translation.
938:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 407"
916:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 181"
800:
660:
587:
287:
127:, who had recently returned from a trip to
524:Chronology of European exploration of Asia
199:. The Khan sent William on to his father,
95:Voyage of William of Rubruck in 1253–1255
878:
672:
416:
146:, and in Asia that of the Italian Friar
90:
1381:Roman Catholic missionaries in Mongolia
854:
723:
721:
625:
545:
405:in 1900, and an updated translation by
1342:. From the 1900 Rockhill translation.
119:to Christianity. He first stopped in
7:
1366:People from Nord (French department)
1264:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1090:. In d'Avezac-Macaya, M.A.P. (ed.).
645:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
257:, he and his companions reached the
1416:Belgian Roman Catholic missionaries
480:Ends after Chapter 26 paragraph 8.
183:, William continued his trek with
25:
1406:Christians of the Seventh Crusade
1092:Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires
633:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
441:Last quarter of the 13th century
1114:
704:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 670–.
1401:Christians of the Sixth Crusade
1247:Reise zu den Mongolen 1253-1255
834:. Peter Lang. pp. 141 ff.
766:. Penn State Press. p. 3.
187:. Nine days after crossing the
107:. In 1248, he accompanied King
1:
1376:13th-century writers in Latin
1226:Khanmohamadi, Shirin (2014).
612:from Jackson and Morgan 1990.
457:First third of 14th century
389:and the English antiquarian
148:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
1211:(in French). Paris: Payot.
1101:Rockhill, William Woodville
1064:. London: Hakluyt Society.
762:De Weese, Devin A. (1994).
1432:
1194:. London: Sheed and Ward.
1166:di Guglielmo di Rubruck".
1109:. London: Hayklut Society.
477:Beginning of 15th century
395:William Woodville Rockhill
234:) during the feast day of
1386:Diplomats of the Holy See
1276:10.1017/S0035869X00166997
1245:Risch, Friedrich (1934).
1015:The Empire of the Steppes
903:Jackson & Morgan 1990
891:Jackson & Morgan 1990
750:Jackson & Morgan 1990
137:Baldwin II, Latin Emperor
75:, comparable to those of
64:missionary and explorer.
1340:University of Washington
1170:(in Italian and Latin).
1132:Beazley, Charles Raymond
1060:; Morgan, David (1990).
1021:Rutgers University Press
867:Michel & Wright 1839
333:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
310:John III Doukas Vatatzes
1411:Franciscan missionaries
1145:Encyclopædia Britannica
801:Yule & Beazley 1911
698:Morris Rossabi (2014).
661:Yule & Beazley 1911
636:"William Rubruck"
604:Details of manuscripts
401:, was published by the
1371:13th-century explorers
1330:Map of Rubruck's Route
588:
288:
282:
96:
47:Gulielmus de Rubruquis
46:
38:
1338:, Silk Road Seattle,
1136:Rubruquis, William of
828:Sangkeun Kim (2004).
642:Catholic Encyclopedia
366:'s 1599 publication.
272:
131:, the capital of the
94:
58:Guillaume de Rubrouck
960:"MS Royal 14 C XIII"
244:Nestorian Christians
195:, next ruler of the
160:Ascelin of Lombardia
99:William was born in
1396:Flemish Franciscans
1188:Dawson, Christopher
813:Weatherford, Jack.
675:, pp. 280–281.
462:historiated initial
413:List of manuscripts
371:Nikolay Zabolotskiy
261:on 15 August 1255.
175:After reaching the
164:André de Longjumeau
39:Willem van Rubroeck
1301:Sinica franciscana
1080:Michel, Francisque
534:Benedict of Poland
283:
279:Louis IX of France
125:Baldwin of Hainaut
109:Louis IX of France
97:
31:William of Rubruck
1391:Explorers of Asia
1218:978-2-228-13670-9
1030:978-0-8135-1304-1
962:. British Library
841:978-0-8204-7130-3
711:978-90-04-28529-3
515:
514:
387:Francisque Michel
259:County of Tripoli
240:Guillaume Boucher
73:travel literature
16:(Redirected from
1423:
1312:
1295:
1258:
1241:
1222:
1203:
1183:
1149:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1095:
1075:
1052:
1039:Hakluyt, Richard
1034:
1018:
994:
993:
991:
989:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
845:
825:
819:
818:
810:
804:
798:
787:
784:
778:
777:
759:
753:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
725:
716:
715:
695:
689:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
647:
646:
638:
630:
613:
602:
596:
595:
592:
585:
579:
550:
417:
383:critical edition
361:
306:Byzantine Empire
291:
232:Empire of Nicaea
215:of the Mongols,
55:
54: 1248–1255
52:
21:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1346:
1345:
1324:Rubrouck Museum
1320:
1315:
1298:
1261:
1244:
1238:
1225:
1219:
1206:
1186:
1161:
1157:
1155:Further reading
1152:
1126:
1115:
1113:
1099:
1078:
1072:
1071:978-090418029-9
1056:
1037:
1031:
1007:
1003:
998:
997:
987:
985:
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
936:
935:
931:
921:
919:
914:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
842:
827:
826:
822:
812:
811:
807:
799:
790:
785:
781:
774:
761:
760:
756:
752:, Frontispiece.
748:
744:
734:
732:
727:
726:
719:
712:
697:
696:
692:
683:
679:
671:
667:
659:
650:
632:
631:
627:
622:
617:
616:
603:
599:
590:
586:
582:
558:Hauts-de-France
554:French Flanders
551:
547:
542:
520:
415:
403:Hakluyt Society
379:
364:Richard Hakluyt
359:
267:
253:in present-day
197:Kipchak Khanate
173:
135:, on behalf of
123:to confer with
113:Seventh Crusade
89:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1318:External links
1316:
1314:
1313:
1296:
1259:
1242:
1237:978-0812245622
1236:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1190:, ed. (1955).
1184:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1140:Chisholm, Hugh
1111:
1097:
1084:Wright, Thomas
1076:
1070:
1058:Jackson, Peter
1054:
1035:
1029:
1009:Grousset, René
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
973:
951:
929:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
840:
820:
817:. p. 173.
805:
803:, p. 811.
788:
779:
772:
754:
742:
717:
710:
690:
684:Frances Wood,
677:
665:
663:, p. 810.
648:
624:
623:
621:
618:
615:
614:
597:
580:
544:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
519:
516:
513:
512:
510:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
466:
465:
458:
455:
452:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
414:
411:
378:
375:
316:'s incomplete
266:
263:
226:in modern-day
185:oxen and carts
172:
169:
121:Constantinople
88:
85:
60:was a Flemish
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1428:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:public domain
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
983:
977:
974:
961:
955:
952:
939:
933:
930:
917:
911:
908:
905:, p. 52.
904:
899:
896:
892:
887:
884:
880:
879:Rockhill 1900
875:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
848:
843:
837:
833:
832:
824:
821:
816:
809:
806:
802:
797:
795:
793:
789:
783:
780:
775:
773:0-271-01073-8
769:
765:
758:
755:
751:
746:
743:
730:
724:
722:
718:
713:
707:
703:
702:
694:
691:
687:
681:
678:
674:
673:Grousset 1970
669:
666:
662:
657:
655:
653:
649:
644:
643:
637:
629:
626:
619:
611:
607:
601:
598:
594:
584:
581:
577:
573:
572:
568:
564:
563:
559:
555:
549:
546:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
511:
509:15th century
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:15th century
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
421:
419:
418:
412:
410:
408:
407:Peter Jackson
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Thomas Wright
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
369:Russian poet
367:
365:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
290:
280:
276:
271:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
133:Mongol Empire
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
93:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:Mongol Empire
65:
63:
59:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1361:1290s deaths
1356:1220s births
1300:
1270:(1): 92–97.
1267:
1263:
1246:
1227:
1208:
1191:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1143:
1105:
1091:
1061:
1043:
1014:
986:. Retrieved
976:
964:. Retrieved
954:
942:. Retrieved
932:
920:. Retrieved
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
855:Hakluyt 1599
850:
830:
823:
814:
808:
782:
763:
757:
745:
733:. Retrieved
700:
693:
685:
680:
668:
640:
628:
609:
605:
600:
583:
569:
560:
548:
501:
485:
469:
449:
433:
398:
380:
368:
353:
348:
344:
337:
329:Arctic Ocean
322:
318:Book of Days
295:
286:
284:
248:
221:
174:
162:in 1245 and
155:
151:
144:Friar Julian
141:
98:
66:
57:
30:
29:
1174:: 133–216.
1164:Itinerarium
1128:Yule, Henry
988:13 November
966:13 November
944:13 November
922:13 November
735:13 November
571:département
529:Michał Boym
460:Contains a
350:Roger Bacon
325:Caspian Sea
217:Möngke Khan
209:Volga River
193:Sartaq Khan
81:Ibn Battuta
1350:Categories
620:References
422:Manuscript
355:Opus Majus
340:Marco Polo
302:Inner Asia
255:Azerbaijan
251:Nakhchivan
213:Great Khan
77:Marco Polo
62:Franciscan
1309:215235814
1292:163539053
1180:1124-0008
1134:(1911). "
688:2002:119.
409:in 1990.
236:Felicitas
224:Karakorum
207:near the
201:Batu Khan
191:, he met
129:Karakorum
1284:25212071
1200:16535040
1103:(1900).
1086:(1839).
1011:(1970).
518:See also
377:Editions
228:Mongolia
179:town of
156:Abdullah
152:Homo Dei
105:Flanders
101:Rubrouck
1255:6823121
1142:(ed.).
1125::
1001:Sources
556:in the
275:initial
265:Account
177:Crimean
171:Travels
111:on the
87:Mission
18:Rubruck
1307:
1290:
1282:
1253:
1234:
1215:
1198:
1178:
1138:". In
1119:
1068:
1027:
838:
770:
708:
591:
576:France
562:région
428:Notes
360:
117:Tatars
1288:S2CID
1280:JSTOR
574:) of
540:Notes
298:Islam
205:Sarai
203:, at
181:Sudak
56:) or
43:Latin
35:Dutch
1305:OCLC
1251:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1196:OCLC
1176:ISSN
1066:ISBN
1025:ISBN
990:2019
968:2019
946:2019
924:2019
836:ISBN
768:ISBN
737:2019
706:ISBN
567:Nord
552:Now
425:Date
314:Ovid
79:and
1272:doi
1268:119
608:to
300:in
273:An
189:Don
51:fl.
1352::
1286:.
1278:.
1266:.
1172:15
1130:;
1082:;
1049:71
1023:.
791:^
720:^
651:^
639:.
397:,
320:.
246:.
219:.
103:,
83:.
49:;
45::
41:;
37::
1326:.
1311:.
1294:.
1274::
1257:.
1240:.
1221:.
1202:.
1182:.
1074:.
1033:.
992:.
970:.
948:.
926:.
893:.
881:.
869:.
857:.
844:.
776:.
739:.
714:.
610:D
606:A
578:.
565:(
502:E
486:D
470:C
450:B
434:A
33:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
