1581:
2083:
2330:
1604:
1543:
1561:
206:
56:
2345:
2361:
1633:
2447:
1321:
2091:
classification system. The philosophy behind combining
Gilbert's and R. L. Folk's schemes is that it is better able to "portray the continuous nature of textural variation from mudstone to arenite and from stable to unstable grain composition". Dott's classification scheme is based on the mineralogy of framework grains, and on the type of matrix present in between the framework grains.
1525:
2041:
2057:
1761:
1645:
2138:
feldspars. They are commonly immature to submature texturally. They are associated with fluvial conglomerates and other fluvial deposits, or in deeper water marine conglomerates. They are formed under conditions that produce large volumes of unstable material, derived from fine-grained rocks, mostly
2133:
Feldspathic arenites are sandstones that contain less than 90% quartz, and more feldspar than unstable lithic fragments, and minor accessory minerals. Feldspathic sandstones are commonly immature or sub-mature. These sandstones occur in association with cratonic or stable shelf settings. Feldspathic
1880:
minerals. Quartz is the most common silicate mineral that acts as cement. In sandstone where there is silica cement present, the quartz grains are attached to cement, which creates a rim around the quartz grain called overgrowth. The overgrowth retains the same crystallographic continuity of quartz
1777:
Lithic framework grains (also called lithic fragments or lithic clasts) are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains. Lithic fragments can be any fine-grained or coarse-grained igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock, although the most common lithic
2137:
Lithic arenites are characterised by generally high content of unstable lithic fragments. Examples include volcanic and metamorphic clasts, though stable clasts such as chert are common in lithic arenites. This type of rock contains less than 90% quartz grains and more unstable rock fragments than
2090:
Dott's (1964) sandstone classification scheme is one of many such schemes used by geologists for classifying sandstones. Dott's scheme is a modification of
Gilbert's classification of silicate sandstones, and it incorporates R.L. Folk's dual textural and compositional maturity concepts into one
1683:
and chemical stability. These physical properties allow the quartz grains to survive multiple recycling events, while also allowing the grains to display some degree of rounding. Quartz grains evolve from plutonic rock, which are felsic in origin and also from older sandstones that have been
2094:
In this specific classification scheme, Dott has set the boundary between arenite and wackes at 15% matrix. In addition, Dott also breaks up the different types of framework grains that can be present in a sandstone into three major categories: quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains.
2252:
Geologists had recognized by 1941 that some rocks show the macroscopic characteristics of quartzite, even though they have not undergone metamorphism at high pressure and temperature. These rocks have been subject only to the much lower temperatures and pressures associated with
2052:
model that shows the likely tectonic origin of sandstones with various compositions of framework grains. Likewise, the stage of textural maturity chart illustrates the different stages that a sandstone goes through as the degree of kinetic processing of the sediments increases.
2305:. In turn, the distinction between an orthoquartzite and a metaquartzite is the onset of recrystallization of existing grains. The dividing line may be placed at the point where strained quartz grains begin to be replaced by new, unstrained, small quartz grains, producing a
1871:
Cement is what binds the siliciclastic framework grains together. Cement is a secondary mineral that forms after deposition and during burial of the sandstone. These cementing materials may be either silicate minerals or non-silicate minerals, such as calcite.
2249:. Most or all of the original texture and sedimentary structures of the sandstone are erased by the metamorphism. The grains are so tightly interlocked that when the rock is broken, it fractures through the grains to form an irregular or conchoidal fracture.
2065:
A QFL chart is a representation of the framework grains and matrix that is present in a sandstone. This chart is similar to those used in igneous petrology. When plotted correctly, this model of analysis creates for a meaningful quantitative classification of
1502:
Mechanical compaction takes place primarily at depths less than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). Chemical compaction continues to depths of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft), and most cementation takes place at depths of 2,000–5,000 meters (6,600–16,400 ft).
2300:
The typical distinction between a true orthoquartzite and an ordinary quartz sandstone is that an orthoquartzite is so highly cemented that it will fracture across grains, not around them. This is a distinction that can be recognized in the
1492:. Points of contact between grains are under the greatest strain, and the strained mineral is more soluble than the rest of the grain. As a result, the contact points are dissolved away, allowing the grains to come into closer contact.
2021:. This yields the relative percentages of quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains and the amount of clay matrix. The composition of a sandstone can provide important information on the genesis of the sediments when used with a triangular
2072:
A stage of textural maturity chart shows the differences between immature, submature, mature, and supermature sandstones. As the sandstone becomes more mature, grains become more rounded, and there is less clay in the matrix of the
1992:
Porosity is the percentage of bulk volume that is inhabited by interstices within a given rock. Porosity is directly influenced by the packing of even-sized spherical grains, rearranged from loosely packed to tightest packed in
4161:
1580:
135:, sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Because sandstone beds can form highly visible cliffs and other
1603:
2376:
Sandstone has been used since prehistoric times for construction, decorative art works and tools. It has been widely employed around the world in constructing temples, churches, homes and other buildings, and in
1687:
Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones. Feldspar can be divided into alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars, which can be distinguished under a petrographic
1927:
Sandstone that becomes depleted of its cement binder through weathering gradually becomes friable and unstable. This process can be somewhat reversed by the application of tetraethyl orthosilicate (Si(OC
3608:
1847:
is very fine material, which is present within interstitial pore space between the framework grains. The nature of the matrix within the interstitial pore space results in a twofold classification:
1888:
Calcite cement is the most common carbonate cement. Calcite cement is an assortment of smaller calcite crystals. The cement adheres to the framework grains, cementing the framework grains together.
2122:
or shelf environments. Quartz arenites emanate from multiple recycling of quartz grains, generally as sedimentary source rocks and less regularly as first-cycle deposits derived from primary
4146:
1781:
Accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone. These minerals usually make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone. Common accessory minerals include micas (
1655:
Framework grains are sand-sized (0.0625-to-2-millimeter (0.00246 to 0.07874 in) diameter) detrital fragments that make up the bulk of a sandstone. Most framework grains are composed of
3520:
2864:
Walker, Theodore R.; Waugh, Brian; Grone, Anthony J. (1 January 1978). "Diagenesis in first-cycle desert alluvium of
Cenozoic age, southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico".
3389:"Residue analysis, use-wear patterns, and replicative studies indicate that sandstone tools were used as reamers when producing shell fishhooks on San Nicolas Island, California"
2408:, have had poor long-term weather resistance, necessitating repair and replacement in older buildings. Because of the hardness of individual grains, uniformity of grain size and
2609:
Swanson, Susan K.; Bahr, Jean M.; Bradbury, Kenneth R.; Anderson, Kristin M. (February 2006). "Evidence for preferential flow through sandstone aquifers in
Southern Wisconsin".
1499:
that binds the grains together. Pressure solution contributes to cementing, as the mineral dissolved from strained contact points is redeposited in the unstrained pore spaces.
2069:
A sandstone provenance chart is typically based on a QFL chart but allows geologists to visually interpret the different types of places from which sandstones can originate.
1484:
Compaction takes place as the sand comes under increasing pressure from overlying sediments. Sediment grains move into more compact arrangements, ductile grains (such as
2257:
of sedimentary rock, but diagenesis has cemented the rock so thoroughly that microscopic examination is necessary to distinguish it from metamorphic quartzite. The term
1560:
1542:
3458:
3431:
Saleh, Saleh A.; Helmi, Fatma M.; Kamal, Monir M.; E. El-Banna-a1, Abdel-Fattah (May 1992). "Study and consolidation of sandstone: Temple of Karnak, Luxor, Egypt".
733:
2910:"Quantifying compaction, pressure solution and quartz cementation in moderately-and deeply-buried quartzose sandstones from the Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming"
3058:
Zárraga, Ramón; Alvarez-Gasca, Dolores E.; Cervantes, Jorge (1 September 2002). "Solvent effect on TEOS film formation in the sandstone consolidation process".
3615:
2176:. The grains tend to be poorly rounded and less well sorted than those of pure quartz sandstones. These feldspar-rich sandstones come from rapidly eroding
1352:
1768:
sand grain; upper picture is plane-polarised light, bottom picture is cross-polarised light, scale box at left-centre is 0.25 millimeter. This type of
1050:
634:
4156:
2048:
Visual aids are diagrams that allow geologists to interpret different characteristics of a sandstone. For example, a QFL chart can be marked with a
4151:
3337:
2309:
that can be identified in thin sections under a polarizing microscope. With increasing grade of metamorphism, further recrystallization produces
2134:
sandstones are derived from granitic-type, primary crystalline, rocks. If the sandstone is dominantly plagioclase, then it is igneous in origin.
3757:
3514:
3320:
2982:
2945:
2661:
624:
3472:
Grissom, Carol A.; Aloiz, Emily M.; Vicenzi, Edward P.; Livingston, Richard A. (2020). "Seneca sandstone: a heritage stone from the USA".
4199:
1250:
2731:
3644:
3371:
3703:
3688:
3673:
3655:
3262:
3130:
3102:
3046:
3014:
2757:
1488:
grains) are deformed, and pore space is reduced. In addition to this physical compaction, chemical compaction may take place via
1449:
As sediments continue to accumulate in the depositional environment, older sand is buried by younger sediments, and it undergoes
4001:
2909:
2423:
A type of pure quartz sandstone, orthoquartzite, with more of 90–95 percent of quartz, has been proposed for nomination to the
2110:
rock fragments. Quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature sandstones. These pure quartz sands result from extensive
1245:
2416:, for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain, e.g.,
3287:
2782:
2696:
2593:
2424:
1177:
139:
features, certain colors of sandstone have become strongly identified with certain regions, such as the red rock deserts of
2222:
and some volcanic rocks, that are chemically altered and physically compacted after deep burial of the sandstone formation.
2082:
1985:
920:
728:
614:
5201:
4166:
3180:
1980:
Pore space includes the open spaces within a rock or a soil. The pore space in a rock has a direct relationship to the
3609:"'Piedra Mar del Plata': An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a 'Global Heritage Stone Resource'"
2837:
Choquette, P.W.; Pray, L.C. (1970). "Geologic
Nomenclature and Classification of Porosity in Sedimentary Carbonates".
1240:
1215:
1172:
789:
602:
1345:
3911:
3785:
3750:
3709:
1988:
of the rock. The porosity and permeability are directly influenced by the way the sand grains are packed together.
1668:
814:
427:
144:
31:
3991:
3871:
2207:
2114:
that occurred before and during transport. This weathering removed everything but quartz grains, the most stable
2037:). However, geologist have not been able to agree on a set of boundaries separating regions of the QFL triangle.
1338:
80:
3681:
A Color illustrated guide to constituents, textures, cements, and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks
2724:
2118:. They are commonly affiliated with rocks that are deposited in a stable cratonic environment, such as aeolian
1676:
1419:
1292:
925:
3537:
Hannibal, Joseph T. (2020). "Berea sandstone: A heritage stone of international significance from Ohio, USA".
1524:
2885:
5206:
4252:
4232:
4192:
3921:
3303:
Applegate, Alex; Zedeño, Nieves (2001). "Site E-92-8: A Late
Prehistoric C-Group Component at Nabta Playa".
2329:
2000:, work permeability may be measured in gallons per day through a one square foot cross section under a unit
1801:. Many of these accessory grains are more dense than the silicates that make up the bulk of the rock. These
1427:
1225:
1220:
819:
1671:. Framework grains can be classified into several different categories based on their mineral composition:
4677:
4011:
2338:
2018:
1439:
1118:
770:
540:
532:
381:
4642:
3835:
3743:
3452:
2238:
1496:
669:
105:
3387:
Smith, Kevin N.; Vellanoweth, René L.; Sholts, Sabrina B.; Wärmländer, Sebastian K.T.S. (August 2018).
1807:
are commonly resistant to weathering and can be used as an indicator of sandstone maturity through the
1510:, the third and final stage of diagenesis. As erosion reduces the depth of burial, renewed exposure to
3341:
2723:"A Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification", L.S. Fichter, Department of Geology/Environmental Science,
3815:
3810:
3661:
3546:
3481:
3400:
3192:
2873:
2618:
2401:
2334:
2099:
Arenites are types of sandstone that have less than 15% clay matrix in between the framework grains.
2049:
1729:
1495:
Lithification follows closely on compaction, as increased temperatures at depth hasten deposition of
1454:
1257:
872:
846:
467:
221:
140:
2241:, the individual quartz grains recrystallize, along with the former cementing material, to form the
1939:) which will deposit amorphous silicon dioxide between the sand grains. The reaction is as follows.
205:
3976:
2432:
2393:
2193:
2185:
1591:
1514:
produces additional changes to the sandstone, such as dissolution of some of the cement to produce
1408:
1002:
256:
163:
4927:
2102:
Quartz arenites are sandstones that contain more than 90% of siliceous grains. Grains can include
55:
5196:
4473:
4185:
3938:
3820:
3562:
3497:
3208:
3075:
2466:
2405:
2044:
Ternary plot showing the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains in a sandstone
2001:
1515:
1325:
1210:
972:
951:
907:
664:
518:
492:
422:
413:
261:
226:
3239:
3162:
2850:
3146:
4428:
4100:
4047:
3699:
3684:
3669:
3651:
3367:
3316:
3283:
3258:
3126:
3098:
3042:
3010:
2978:
2941:
2778:
2753:
2657:
2589:
2477:
2413:
2389:
2378:
2344:
1530:
1489:
1012:
888:
841:
619:
482:
453:
448:
372:
296:
5125:
4837:
4624:
4493:
4006:
3928:
3856:
3554:
3489:
3440:
3408:
3308:
3235:
3200:
3158:
3067:
2881:
2846:
2728:
2649:
2626:
2483:
2397:
2242:
2215:
2147:
2127:
1881:
framework grain that is being cemented. Opal cement is found in sandstones that are rich in
1844:
1534:
1079:
857:
834:
799:
280:
109:
101:
2360:
2161:
Felspathic wackes are feldspathic sandstone that contain a matrix that is greater than 15%.
4937:
4697:
4550:
4120:
3876:
3840:
3830:
3524:
2735:
2460:
1697:
1610:
1587:
1477:
sandstones their color is likely formed during eogenesis. Deeper burial is accompanied by
1395:). The silicate sand grains from which they form are the product of physical and chemical
1262:
1232:
1102:
1026:
941:
915:
747:
676:
582:
3071:
3725:
3550:
3485:
3404:
3196:
2877:
2622:
2158:
Quartz wackes are uncommon because quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature.
83:
fragments are also common. Other minerals may be found in particularly mature sandstone.
5130:
4972:
4565:
4488:
4067:
3996:
3825:
3800:
3097:
Jackson, J. (1997). Glossary of
Geology. Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute
2486: – Medium to coarse-grained quartz sandstone with minor shale and laminite lenses.
2452:
2412:
of their structure, some types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make
2270:
2155:
Wackes are sandstones that contain more than 15% clay matrix between framework grains.
1648:
1511:
1299:
1187:
1092:
992:
946:
936:
883:
587:
577:
560:
477:
178:
5190:
5175:
5090:
5055:
4902:
4463:
4368:
4130:
4032:
3986:
3966:
3790:
3566:
3501:
3282:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 525.
3212:
2318:
2203:
2143:
1916:
1803:
1458:
1431:
1412:
1282:
1267:
1007:
809:
794:
765:
723:
718:
698:
597:
550:
508:
408:
400:
3079:
2086:
Diagram showing a slightly modified version of the Dott (1964) classification scheme
1632:
5100:
5080:
4952:
4599:
4577:
4518:
4418:
4363:
4348:
4214:
4062:
4016:
3950:
3766:
2588:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 119–135.
2446:
2211:
2034:
2014:
1996:
Permeability is the rate in which water or other fluids flow through the rock. For
1466:
1404:
1367:
1304:
1287:
1272:
1113:
997:
893:
703:
681:
629:
592:
572:
565:
487:
458:
174:
93:
3147:"Wacke, greywacke and matrix; what approach to immature sandstone classification?"
2700:
3413:
3388:
3312:
3125:
Carozzi, A. (1993). Sedimentary petrography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
2972:
2935:
2630:
2480: – Regions of long-term subsidence creating space for infilling by sediments
2210:
and angular grains of quartz and feldspar or grains surrounded by a fine-grained
4989:
4880:
4860:
4850:
4777:
4727:
4652:
4498:
4433:
4403:
4358:
4316:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4237:
3971:
3906:
3580:
3032:
Prothero, D. (2004). Sedimentary
Geology. New York, NN: W.H. Freeman and Company
2738:(accessed: March 2009): separates clastic, chemical & biochemical (organic).
2653:
2294:
2277:
with only very minor amounts of iron oxide and trace resistant minerals such as
2189:
1997:
1614:
1548:
1435:
1182:
1055:
1042:
1021:
967:
956:
829:
782:
755:
659:
609:
497:
151:
46:
2040:
1465:, take place at shallow depths (a few tens of meters) and are characterized by
1446:
along continental margins are also common environments for deposition of sand.
5155:
5140:
5115:
5110:
5020:
5005:
4922:
4890:
4855:
4845:
4827:
4807:
4752:
4732:
4687:
4609:
4594:
4570:
4530:
4503:
4483:
4453:
4413:
4388:
4378:
4373:
4353:
4262:
4125:
4052:
3881:
3866:
2442:
2409:
2385:
2302:
2254:
2111:
1816:
1769:
1664:
1469:
and mineralogical changes in the sands, with only slight compaction. The red
1450:
1396:
1277:
867:
691:
686:
472:
438:
270:
136:
128:
97:
3444:
2752:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–28.
2644:
Bjørlykke, Knut; Jahren, Jens (2010). "Sandstones and
Sandstone Reservoirs".
1418:
Eroded sand is transported by rivers or by the wind from its source areas to
5170:
5160:
5150:
5135:
5105:
5085:
5070:
5065:
5030:
5025:
4984:
4977:
4942:
4912:
4897:
4875:
4817:
4797:
4792:
4767:
4747:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4692:
4667:
4632:
4545:
4513:
4458:
4448:
4423:
4398:
4393:
4333:
4294:
4257:
4109:
4105:
4072:
4057:
4037:
3886:
3795:
2489:
2417:
2286:
2246:
2232:
2199:
1904:
1832:
1808:
1782:
1423:
1167:
1152:
1097:
862:
824:
760:
513:
170:
2474: – Regional name for an aeolian quartz calcrete on the Levantine coast
2317:, characterized by coarse, irregular grains, including some larger grains (
2237:
When sandstone is subjected to the great heat and pressure associated with
108:
together by another mineral. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all
3558:
2313:, characterized by polygonal grains meeting at triple junctions, and then
5145:
5120:
5045:
5015:
5010:
4932:
4917:
4885:
4865:
4762:
4737:
4614:
4589:
4582:
4560:
4555:
4508:
4443:
4328:
4279:
4269:
4227:
4042:
3730:
2463: – Natural stone that has been finished to specific sizes and shapes
2365:
2353:
2177:
2173:
2060:
Schematic QFL diagram showing tectonic provinces and sandstone provenance
1981:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1798:
1794:
1765:
1680:
1660:
1571:
1474:
1470:
1087:
545:
386:
197:
155:
120:
76:
17:
2750:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
2056:
5165:
5095:
5060:
5035:
4967:
4802:
4742:
4682:
4647:
4540:
4468:
4383:
4343:
4311:
4306:
4222:
3896:
3805:
2369:
2181:
2123:
2115:
1920:
1882:
1790:
1786:
1400:
1141:
1131:
804:
777:
443:
326:
275:
159:
124:
3426:
3424:
5075:
5050:
4947:
4907:
4870:
4772:
4637:
4535:
4525:
4478:
4438:
4408:
4338:
4323:
4301:
4247:
4242:
4115:
4095:
3981:
3916:
3891:
3780:
2471:
2428:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2169:
2103:
1912:
1908:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1679:; this is because they have exceptional physical properties, such as
1656:
1637:
1567:
1481:, during which most of the compaction and lithification takes place.
1443:
1392:
1388:
340:
291:
286:
116:
72:
3493:
2269:
has occasionally been more generally applied to any quartz-cemented
1760:
1644:
30:
This article is about the geological rock type. For other uses, see
3712:, Thomas P. Dolley, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005 (format: PDF).
3696:
Sandstone depositional environments: clastic terrigenous sediments
3204:
3041:
Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary
Geology, p. 460,
2777:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 241–242, 258–260.
2400:. However, some types that have been used in the past, such as the
5040:
4962:
4957:
4822:
4787:
4707:
4662:
4657:
4162:
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
4077:
3945:
3901:
3861:
2971:
Francis John Pettijohn; Paul Edwin Potter; Raymond Siever (1987).
2359:
2343:
2328:
2219:
2139:
2119:
2107:
2081:
2055:
2039:
1835:, or other dense, resistant minerals derived from the source rock.
1778:
fragments found in sedimentary rocks are clasts of volcanic rocks.
1759:
1643:
1631:
1552:
1376:
1162:
1157:
713:
708:
555:
345:
4177:
2164:
Lithic wacke is a sandstone in which the matrix greater than 15%.
4812:
4757:
4672:
4604:
1877:
1595:
1485:
1380:
1065:
1060:
654:
350:
321:
316:
311:
132:
4181:
3739:
3735:
3698:, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 31.
3683:, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 28.
4147:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
2427:. In some regions of Argentina, the orthoquartzite-stoned
2388:
varies, sandstone is easy to work. That makes it a common
1675:
Quartz framework grains are the dominant minerals in most
3517:
Building stone in the City of Manchester: St Ann's Church
2886:
10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<19:DIFDAO>2.0.CO;2
2013:
Sandstones are typically classified by point-counting a
150:
Rock formations composed of sandstone usually allow the
2273:. Orthoquartzite (in the narrow sense) is often 99% SiO
1855:
sandstones that are free of or have very little matrix.
158:
enough to store large quantities, making them valuable
2832:
2830:
2775:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
1461:
of the sand. Early stages of diagenesis, described as
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
3581:"Definition of orthoquartzite – mindat.org glossary"
3364:
The Cambridge illustrated history of prehistoric art
3257:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3226:
Ireland, H. A. (1974). "Query: Orthoquartzite????".
3005:
Prothero & Schwab, Donald R. & Fred (1996).
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2492: – Variety of sandstone from Yorkshire, England
1862:
sandstones that have a significant amount of matrix.
4998:
4836:
4623:
4213:
4139:
4088:
4025:
3959:
3849:
3773:
65:
2261:is used to distinguish such sedimentary rock from
1885:materials, and very rarely is in other sandstones.
1663:, which are the common minerals most resistant to
1434:tend to accumulate sand rich in lithic grains and
131:processes at the Earth's surface. Like uncemented
2265:produced by metamorphism. By extension, the term
1667:processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in the
177:, usually related to tectonic compression within
3539:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3474:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2218:is formed by relatively soft fragments, such as
1772:would be a main component of a lithic sandstone.
1506:Unroofing of buried sandstone is accompanied by
1403:are most rapid in areas of high relief, such as
2699:. Mineral Information Institute. Archived from
2293:are normally present, the original texture and
1651:sand and the granitoid from which it is derived
3650:. Austin: Hemphill's Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981,
3607:Cravero, Fernanda; et al. (8 July 2014).
2937:Sedimentary Rocks in the Field: A Colour Guide
1876:Silica cement can consist of either quartz or
1551:tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of
4193:
3751:
3527:. Sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-11.
3174:
3172:
2727:(JMU), Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 2000,
1346:
169:Quartz-bearing sandstone can be changed into
8:
3614:. Geological Society, London. Archived from
2966:
2964:
2586:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1891:Other minerals that act as cements include:
1586:Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the
39:
3457:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3240:10.1306/74D729F0-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
3163:10.1306/74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
3028:
3026:
2851:10.1306/5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D
4200:
4186:
4178:
3758:
3744:
3736:
3393:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
3305:Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara
3255:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
3093:
3091:
3089:
1353:
1339:
188:
54:
3412:
3366:. Cambridge, U.K.: New York. p. 84.
2908:Stone, W. Naylor; Siever, Naylor (1996).
4157:Mason Contractors Association of America
3710:USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension
2773:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
1700:range in chemical composition from KAlSi
4152:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
3140:
3138:
2501:
1613:, Arizona, worn smooth by erosion from
1520:
196:
3694:Scholle, P.A., and D. Spearing, 1982,
3450:
123:, because they are the most resistant
38:
3602:
3600:
3113:
2077:
7:
3726:Sandstone shapes 'forged by gravity'
3179:Howard, Jeffrey L. (November 2005).
3151:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research
2719:
2717:
2675:
2673:
2172:sandstones are more than 25 percent
3664:, P.E. Potter and R. Siever, 1987,
2431:is one of the main features of the
2352:by Fidelis Sporer, around 1770, in
3072:10.1023/B:SILC.0000025602.64965.e7
1574:coating providing an orange colour
154:of water and other fluids and are
25:
3181:"The Quartzite Problem Revisited"
2806:Blatt and Tracy 1996, pp. 265-280
2797:Blatt and Tracy 1996, pp. 220-227
3228:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology
2445:
1811:. Common heavy minerals include
1732:range in composition from NaAlSi
1602:
1579:
1559:
1541:
1523:
1371:in origin (as opposed to either
1320:
1319:
204:
4002:Non-explosive demolition agents
3278:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997).
734:Microbial calcite precipitation
3646:Petrology of sedimentary rocks
2425:Global Heritage Stone Resource
115:Most sandstone is composed of
1:
3340:. Mike Royden. Archived from
3009:. W. H. Freeman. p. 24.
1430:for sediments to accumulate.
449:Aeolian (windborne) transport
4167:Worshipful Company of Masons
3414:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.05.011
3313:10.1007/978-1-4615-0653-9_19
2914:Special Publications of SEPM
2684:(3rd ed.). p. 182.
2631:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.008
2078:Dott's classification scheme
3668:, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag.
3515:Edensor, T. & Drew, I.
2654:10.1007/978-3-642-02332-3_4
2384:Although its resistance to
2368:discovered at the caves of
2333:The Main Quadrangle of the
1453:. This mostly consists of
1399:of bedrock. Weathering and
1241:cross-cutting relationships
790:Amorphous calcium carbonate
5223:
2934:Dorrik A. V. Stow (2005).
2297:structures are preserved.
2230:
1669:Goldich dissolution series
1609:Red sandstone interior of
815:Coastal sediment transport
32:Sandstone (disambiguation)
29:
3992:Lewis (lifting appliance)
1677:clastic sedimentary rocks
1420:depositional environments
625:Soft-sediment deformation
222:Terrigenous (lithogenous)
70:
53:
44:
3445:10.1179/sic.1992.37.2.93
3253:Allaby, Michael (2013).
2725:James Madison University
2364:17,000 yr old sandstone
2017:using a method like the
1851:Arenites are texturally
926:calcareous nannoplankton
615:Sediment–water interface
94:clastic sedimentary rock
27:Type of sedimentary rock
4253:Basaltic trachyandesite
4233:Alkali feldspar granite
3433:Studies in Conservation
3145:Robert H. Dott (1964).
2824:Boggs 2006, pp. 147-154
2396:material, including in
2315:porphyroblastic texture
1617:over thousands of years
1440:Intracontinental basins
820:Coastal sediment supply
593:Paleocurrent indicators
143:and other areas of the
3362:Bahn, Paul G. (1998).
3185:The Journal of Geology
2748:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
2373:
2357:
2341:
2087:
2061:
2045:
2019:Gazzi-Dickinson Method
1858:Wackes are texturally
1773:
1652:
1641:
1251:original horizontality
921:biogenic calcification
771:oolitic aragonite sand
541:Sedimentary structures
382:Oolitic aragonite sand
100:(0.0625 to 2 mm)
4643:Banded iron formation
3679:Scholle, P.A., 1978,
3559:10.1144/SP486-2019-33
2940:. Manson Publishing.
2682:Essentials of Geology
2363:
2347:
2332:
2239:regional metamorphism
2214:matrix. Much of this
2085:
2059:
2043:
1764:Photomicrograph of a
1763:
1647:
1635:
1611:Lower Antelope Canyon
1594:) of Jackson County,
60:Cut slab of sandstone
3816:Massive precut stone
3811:Post-tensioned stone
3307:. pp. 529–533.
2648:. pp. 113–140.
2646:Petroleum Geoscience
2402:Collyhurst sandstone
2339:sandstone university
2335:University of Sydney
1730:Plagioclase feldspar
164:petroleum reservoirs
141:Arches National Park
5202:Industrial minerals
4012:Stonemason's hammer
3977:Ceramic tile cutter
3551:2020GSLSP.486..177H
3486:2020GSLSP.486..163G
3405:2018JArSR..20..502S
3280:Glossary of geology
3197:2005JG....113..707H
3116:, pp. 130–131.
3007:Sedimentary Geology
2878:1978GSAB...89...19W
2623:2006SedG..184..331S
2611:Sedimentary Geology
2584:Boggs, Sam (2006).
2433:Mar del Plata style
2194:physical weathering
2186:chemical weathering
1592:Lower Carboniferous
1428:accommodation space
1409:continental rifting
1051:Soil carbon storage
986:Sedimentary ecology
908:Biogenous sediments
192:Part of a series on
96:composed mainly of
41:
4999:Specific varieties
3666:Sand and sandstone
3643:Folk, R.L., 1965,
3523:2016-06-11 at the
3338:"The Calderstones"
2974:Sand and Sandstone
2898:Boggs 2006, p. 148
2734:2011-07-23 at the
2680:Marshak, Stephen.
2467:List of sandstones
2406:North West England
2374:
2358:
2342:
2088:
2062:
2046:
2009:Types of sandstone
2002:hydraulic gradient
1774:
1653:
1642:
1516:secondary porosity
1293:carbonate-silicate
1263:Sedimentary record
1246:lateral continuity
1043:Sedimentary carbon
973:Reverse weathering
952:diatomaceous earth
635:Vegetation-induced
519:Turbidity currents
493:ice-sheet dynamics
423:Sediment transport
414:Sedimentary budget
145:American Southwest
5184:
5183:
4429:Nepheline syenite
4175:
4174:
4101:Hardstone carving
4048:Polygonal masonry
3872:Decorative stones
3322:978-1-4613-5178-8
3060:Silicon Chemistry
2984:978-0-387-96350-1
2947:978-1-874545-69-9
2663:978-3-642-02331-6
2478:Sedimentary basin
2379:civil engineering
2348:Sandstone statue
2202:sandstones are a
2128:metamorphic rocks
1636:Paradise Quarry,
1490:pressure solution
1363:
1362:
1013:Soil biodiversity
889:Sedimentary basin
842:Marine regression
620:Sedimentary basin
483:Fluvial processes
454:Biomineralization
373:Manganese nodules
110:sedimentary rocks
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
5214:
5126:Rapakivi granite
4838:Metamorphic rock
4625:Sedimentary rock
4494:Quartz monzonite
4202:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4007:Plug and feather
3857:Artificial stone
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3723:Webb, Jonathan.
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3534:
3528:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3142:
3133:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2834:
2825:
2822:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2745:
2739:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2695:Powell, Darryl.
2692:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2617:(3–4): 331–342.
2606:
2600:
2599:
2581:
2484:Sydney sandstone
2455:
2450:
2449:
2398:asphalt concrete
2350:Maria Immaculata
2243:metamorphic rock
2208:lithic fragments
2180:and metamorphic
2148:metamorphic rock
2033:ithic fragment (
1628:Framework grains
1606:
1583:
1563:
1545:
1535:Navajo Sandstone
1527:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1080:Sedimentary rock
835:pelagic red clay
800:Continental rise
208:
189:
58:
47:Sedimentary rock
42:
21:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
4994:
4938:Pseudotachylite
4832:
4619:
4551:Tephriphonolite
4209:
4206:
4176:
4171:
4135:
4084:
4021:
3955:
3877:Dimension stone
3845:
3769:
3764:
3720:
3718:Further reading
3715:
3662:Pettijohn F. J.
3639:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3621:on 9 April 2015
3618:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3525:Wayback Machine
3513:
3509:
3494:10.1144/SP486.4
3471:
3470:
3466:
3449:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3087:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2736:Wayback Machine
2729:JMU-sed-classif
2722:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2503:
2499:
2461:Dimension stone
2451:
2444:
2441:
2327:
2289:. Although few
2276:
2235:
2229:
2080:
2011:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1869:
1842:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:Alkali feldspar
1630:
1625:
1618:
1607:
1598:
1588:Logan Formation
1584:
1575:
1566:Sand grains of
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1365:Sandstones are
1359:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1233:Legacy sediment
1202:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1148:
1125:
1109:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1027:root microbiome
1017:
987:
979:
978:
977:
963:
942:biogenic silica
932:
916:Calcareous ooze
910:
900:
899:
898:
879:
853:
750:
748:Marine sediment
740:
739:
738:
649:
641:
640:
639:
535:
525:
524:
523:
504:
463:
434:
418:
403:
393:
392:
391:
377:
367:
359:
358:
357:
333:
305:
283:
266:
251:
243:
242:
241:
231:
216:
187:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5207:Building stone
5204:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5131:Rhomb porphyry
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4973:Talc carbonate
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4566:Trachyandesite
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4489:Quartz diorite
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:Types of rocks
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Letter cutting
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3692:
3677:
3659:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3596:
3585:www.mindat.org
3572:
3545:(1): 177–204.
3529:
3507:
3480:(1): 163–176.
3464:
3420:
3379:
3373:978-0521454735
3372:
3354:
3336:Royden, Mike.
3328:
3321:
3295:
3288:
3270:
3263:
3245:
3234:(1): 264–265.
3218:
3205:10.1086/449328
3191:(6): 707–713.
3168:
3134:
3118:
3106:
3085:
3066:(5): 397–402.
3050:
3034:
3022:
3015:
2997:
2983:
2960:
2946:
2926:
2900:
2891:
2856:
2826:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2783:
2765:
2758:
2740:
2713:
2687:
2669:
2662:
2636:
2601:
2594:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2453:Geology portal
2440:
2437:
2337:, a so-called
2326:
2323:
2319:porphyroblasts
2307:mortar texture
2274:
2271:quartz arenite
2267:orthoquartzite
2259:orthoquartzite
2231:Main article:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2197:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2144:volcanic rocks
2135:
2131:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1994:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1889:
1886:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1804:heavy minerals
1779:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1615:flash flooding
1608:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1522:
1512:meteoric water
1432:Forearc basins
1413:orogenic belts
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:Paleolimnology
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:soil pathogens
1000:
995:
993:Soil biomantle
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
970:
964:
962:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
947:silicification
944:
937:Siliceous ooze
933:
931:
930:
929:
928:
923:
912:
911:
906:
905:
902:
901:
897:
896:
891:
886:
884:Salt tectonics
880:
878:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
854:
852:
851:
850:
849:
839:
838:
837:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
786:
785:
775:
774:
773:
768:
758:
752:
751:
746:
745:
742:
741:
737:
736:
731:
729:Mineralization
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
695:
694:
689:
684:
674:
673:
672:
667:
662:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
606:
605:
600:
590:
585:
580:
578:Alluvial river
575:
570:
569:
568:
563:
561:graded bedding
558:
553:
543:
537:
536:
531:
530:
527:
526:
522:
521:
516:
511:
505:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
485:
480:
478:Exner equation
475:
470:
464:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
433:
432:
431:
430:
419:
417:
416:
411:
405:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
384:
378:
376:
375:
369:
368:
366:By composition
365:
364:
361:
360:
356:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
334:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
306:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
294:
284:
278:
267:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
183:
179:orogenic belts
85:
84:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5219:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Litchfieldite
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Hyaloclastite
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:Litchfieldite
4901:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Phonotephrite
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Hyaloclastite
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:Organizations
4138:
4132:
4131:Machicolation
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Diamond blade
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Angle grinder
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3729:(July 2014),
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:0-89181-307-1
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:0-89181-304-7
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:0-387-96350-2
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:0-914696-14-9
3653:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3439:(2): 93–104.
3438:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3344:on 2008-07-25
3343:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3264:9780199653065
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3157:(3): 625–32.
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:0-13-799438-9
3128:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:3-540-27951-2
3100:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3047:0-7167-2726-9
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3016:0-7167-2726-9
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:AAPG Bulletin
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2759:9781405177832
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2703:on 2009-03-02
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:metaquartzite
2260:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:heterogeneous
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1922:
1918:
1917:clay minerals
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:lithification
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:volcanic arcs
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Sedimentology
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Pedodiversity
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
983:
982:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
935:
934:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
913:
909:
904:
903:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
855:
848:
847:transgression
845:
844:
843:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:Bioirrigation
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Calcification
793:
791:
788:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
772:
769:
767:
766:aragonite sea
764:
763:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
744:
743:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Hydropedology
722:
720:
719:Soil salinity
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
652:
648:Soil sediment
645:
644:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
604:
601:
599:
598:sole markings
596:
595:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:cross-bedding
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
529:
528:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Lithification
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
412:
410:
409:Sedimentation
407:
406:
402:
397:
396:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
374:
371:
370:
363:
362:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
247:
246:
237:
234:
233:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
212:
211:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
191:
190:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
78:
74:
69:
64:
57:
52:
49:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
5101:Luxullianite
5081:Lapis lazuli
5026:Blue Granite
4953:Serpentinite
4928:Metapsammite
4782:
4678:Conglomerate
4600:Trondhjemite
4578:Trachybasalt
4519:Pantellerite
4419:Monzogranite
4364:Hornblendite
4349:Granodiorite
4215:Igneous rock
4063:Tuckpointing
4017:Straightedge
3951:Stone veneer
3933:
3767:Stonemasonry
3724:
3695:
3680:
3665:
3645:
3637:Bibliography
3623:. Retrieved
3616:the original
3588:. Retrieved
3584:
3575:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3516:
3510:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3453:cite journal
3436:
3432:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3363:
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:the original
3331:
3304:
3298:
3279:
3273:
3254:
3248:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3188:
3184:
3154:
3150:
3121:
3109:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3037:
3006:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2977:. Springer.
2973:
2951:. Retrieved
2936:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
2903:
2894:
2872:(1): 19–32.
2869:
2866:GSA Bulletin
2865:
2859:
2842:
2838:
2802:
2793:
2774:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2705:. Retrieved
2701:the original
2690:
2681:
2645:
2639:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2585:
2422:
2383:
2375:
2349:
2314:
2311:foam texture
2310:
2306:
2299:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2093:
2089:
2047:
2035:QFL diagrams
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:thin section
2012:
1986:permeability
1979:
1926:
1883:volcanogenic
1870:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1824:
1802:
1654:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1467:bioturbation
1462:
1448:
1426:has created
1417:
1384:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1305:Biosignature
1273:Stratigraphy
1226:soil science
1221:paleontology
1178:Organic-rich
1136:
1119:conglomerate
998:Soil zoology
894:Tidal bundle
873:hemipelagite
704:Soil horizon
670:permeability
630:Unconformity
573:Alluvial fan
566:ripple marks
533:By structure
488:Glacier flow
459:Bioturbation
175:metamorphism
168:
149:
114:
89:
88:
45:
36:
4990:Whiteschist
4881:Greenschist
4861:Cataclasite
4851:Amphibolite
4778:Phosphorite
4728:Itacolumite
4653:Calcarenite
4499:Quartzolite
4434:Nephelinite
4404:Lamprophyre
4359:Harzburgite
4317:Napoleonite
4290:Charnockite
4285:Carbonatite
4275:Blairmorite
4238:Anorthosite
3972:Bush hammer
3907:Lime mortar
3786:Rustication
3648:PDF version
3399:: 502–505.
2697:"Quartzite"
2435:bungalows.
2414:grindstones
2295:sedimentary
2206:mixture of
2190:subordinate
2066:sandstones.
1998:groundwater
1993:sandstones.
1959:O (l) → SiO
1688:microscope.
1640:, Australia
1508:telogenesis
1479:mesogenesis
1473:that gives
1436:plagioclase
1407:, areas of
1237:Principles
1183:Phosphorite
1056:Soil carbon
1022:Rhizosphere
968:Microfossil
957:radiolarite
830:Marine clay
783:calcite sea
756:Abyssal fan
610:River delta
603:imbrication
498:ice rafting
238:Hydrogenous
235:Cosmogenous
152:percolation
137:topographic
66:Composition
5191:Categories
5156:Teschenite
5141:Shonkinite
5116:Pietersite
5111:Novaculite
5021:Borolanite
5006:Adamellite
4923:Metapelite
4891:Calcflinta
4856:Blueschist
4846:Anthracite
4828:Wackestone
4808:Travertine
4753:Lumachelle
4733:Jaspillite
4688:Diamictite
4610:Websterite
4595:Troctolite
4571:Benmoreite
4531:Shonkinite
4504:Rhyodacite
4484:Pyroxenite
4454:Peridotite
4414:Lherzolite
4389:Kimberlite
4379:Ignimbrite
4374:Icelandite
4354:Granophyre
4263:Shoshonite
4126:Stone wall
4053:Repointing
4026:Techniques
3882:Fieldstone
3867:Cast stone
3821:Monumental
3590:2015-12-13
3348:2009-07-20
3289:0922152349
3114:Boggs 2006
2784:0716724383
2707:2009-09-09
2595:0131547283
2410:friability
2386:weathering
2356:, Germany
2255:diagenesis
2112:weathering
2050:provenance
1976:Pore space
1963:(s) + 4 C
1817:tourmaline
1665:weathering
1623:Components
1455:compaction
1451:diagenesis
1397:weathering
1278:Rock cycle
1258:Provenance
1216:geological
1093:Carbonates
868:contourite
825:Evaporites
677:morphology
665:pore space
473:Concretion
468:Compaction
439:Weathering
401:By process
271:Grain size
250:By texture
129:weathering
98:sand-sized
71:Typically
5197:Sandstone
5171:Variolite
5161:Theralite
5151:Tachylite
5136:Rodingite
5106:Mangerite
5086:Larvikite
5071:Jasperoid
5066:Jadeitite
5031:Epidosite
4985:Tectonite
4978:Soapstone
4943:Quartzite
4913:Migmatite
4898:Itabirite
4876:Granulite
4818:Turbidite
4798:Sylvinite
4793:Siltstone
4783:Sandstone
4768:Oil shale
4748:Limestone
4723:Gritstone
4718:Greywacke
4713:Geyserite
4703:Evaporite
4693:Diatomite
4668:Claystone
4633:Argillite
4546:Tachylyte
4514:Comendite
4459:Phonolite
4449:Pegmatite
4424:Monzonite
4399:Lamproite
4394:Komatiite
4334:Foidolite
4295:Enderbite
4258:Mugearite
4121:Sculpture
4110:Footstone
4106:Headstone
4073:Brickwork
4058:Scabbling
4038:Flushwork
3934:Sandstone
3912:Limestone
3887:Flagstone
3850:Materials
3831:Sculpture
3796:Dry stone
3567:210265062
3502:134230768
3213:128463511
2919:2 October
2490:Yorkstone
2418:gritstone
2372:, France
2287:magnetite
2247:quartzite
2233:Quartzite
2227:Quartzite
2200:Greywacke
2029:eldspar,
1955:(l) + 2 H
1923:minerals.
1905:anhydrite
1901:feldspars
1833:magnetite
1809:ZTR index
1783:muscovite
1708:to NaAlSi
1684:recycled.
1549:Kokh-type
1463:eogenesis
1424:tectonics
1188:Siliceous
1173:Iron-rich
1168:Greywacke
1153:Evaporite
1137:sandstone
1098:limestone
863:turbidite
761:Aragonite
514:Siltation
257:Roundness
227:Biogenous
215:By origin
198:Sediments
171:quartzite
90:Sandstone
40:Sandstone
18:Sandstein
5146:Taconite
5121:Pyrolite
5046:Ganister
5016:Aphanite
5011:Appinite
4933:Phyllite
4918:Mylonite
4886:Hornfels
4866:Eclogite
4763:Mudstone
4738:Laterite
4698:Dolomite
4615:Wehrlite
4590:Trachyte
4583:Hawaiite
4561:Tonalite
4556:Tephrite
4509:Rhyolite
4474:Porphyry
4444:Obsidian
4329:Essexite
4280:Boninite
4270:Basanite
4228:Andesite
4089:Products
4043:Knapping
3836:Slipform
3731:BBC News
3521:Archived
3080:93736643
2732:Archived
2439:See also
2404:used in
2390:building
2366:oil lamp
2354:Freiburg
2182:terrains
2178:granitic
2174:feldspar
1982:porosity
1897:limonite
1893:hematite
1799:corundum
1795:pyroxene
1766:volcanic
1681:hardness
1661:feldspar
1572:hematite
1471:hematite
1385:chemical
1326:Category
1207:History
1103:dolomite
1088:Badlands
546:Bedforms
387:Tektites
173:through
160:aquifers
125:minerals
121:feldspar
106:cemented
104:grains,
102:silicate
77:feldspar
5166:Unakite
5096:Llanite
5061:Ijolite
5036:Felsite
4968:Suevite
4803:Tillite
4743:Lignite
4683:Coquina
4648:Breccia
4541:Syenite
4469:Picrite
4384:Ijolite
4344:Granite
4312:Diorite
4307:Diabase
4223:Adakite
4033:Flaming
3897:Granite
3841:Snecked
3806:Masonry
3791:Carving
3625:3 April
3547:Bibcode
3482:Bibcode
3401:Bibcode
3193:Bibcode
2874:Bibcode
2619:Bibcode
2370:Lascaux
2291:fossils
2245:called
2124:igneous
2120:beaches
2116:mineral
2025:uartz,
1921:zeolite
1823:(hence
1791:olivine
1787:biotite
1740:to CaAl
1533:in the
1475:red bed
1444:grabens
1401:erosion
1387:, like
1375:, like
1373:organic
1368:clastic
1283:calcium
1211:geology
1201:Related
1142:mudrock
1132:breccia
1114:Clastic
858:Pelagic
805:Bay mud
778:Calcite
682:texture
444:Erosion
428:coastal
327:colloid
297:granule
276:boulder
262:Sorting
185:Origins
127:to the
5076:Kenyte
5051:Gossan
4948:Schist
4908:Marble
4871:Gneiss
4773:Oolite
4638:Arkose
4536:Sovite
4526:Scoria
4479:Pumice
4439:Norite
4409:Latite
4339:Gabbro
4324:Dunite
4302:Dacite
4248:Basalt
4243:Aplite
4116:Mosaic
4096:Castle
4068:Veneer
3997:Trowel
3982:Chisel
3929:Mortar
3917:Marble
3892:Gabion
3826:Rubble
3781:Ashlar
3702:
3687:
3672:
3654:
3565:
3500:
3370:
3319:
3286:
3261:
3211:
3129:
3101:
3078:
3045:
3013:
2990:11 May
2981:
2953:11 May
2944:
2781:
2756:
2660:
2592:
2472:Kurkar
2429:facade
2394:paving
2283:rutile
2279:zircon
2216:matrix
2184:where
2170:Arkose
2146:, and
2140:shales
2104:quartz
1971:OH (g)
1919:, and
1913:barite
1909:gypsum
1867:Cement
1845:Matrix
1840:Matrix
1829:garnet
1821:rutile
1813:zircon
1797:, and
1657:quartz
1638:Sydney
1568:quartz
1531:Alcove
1497:cement
1422:where
1411:, and
1393:jasper
1389:gypsum
1324:
1288:silica
699:Catena
660:matrix
556:duness
341:oolite
337:Other
292:pebble
287:gravel
281:cobble
156:porous
117:quartz
81:lithic
73:quartz
5041:Flint
4963:Slate
4958:Skarn
4823:Varve
4788:Shale
4708:Flint
4663:Chert
4658:Chalk
4078:Wythe
3960:Tools
3946:Slate
3922:Types
3902:Grout
3862:Brick
3774:Types
3619:(PDF)
3612:(PDF)
3563:S2CID
3498:S2CID
3209:S2CID
3076:S2CID
2497:Notes
2303:field
2220:shale
2108:chert
2073:rock.
1943:Si(OC
1860:dirty
1853:clean
1770:grain
1570:with
1553:Petra
1383:, or
1377:chalk
1163:Chert
1158:Chalk
714:Humin
709:Humus
692:color
687:value
583:Fault
346:scree
92:is a
4813:Tufa
4758:Marl
4673:Coal
4605:Tuff
3939:List
3700:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3670:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3627:2015
3459:link
3368:ISBN
3317:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2992:2012
2979:ISBN
2955:2012
2942:ISBN
2921:2020
2779:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2392:and
2325:Uses
2285:and
2212:clay
1984:and
1878:opal
1785:and
1649:Grus
1596:Ohio
1486:mica
1457:and
1442:and
1391:and
1381:coal
1379:and
1066:Peat
1061:Coal
655:Soil
588:Fold
351:till
322:clay
317:silt
312:sand
162:and
133:sand
75:and
5176:Wad
3555:doi
3543:486
3490:doi
3478:486
3441:doi
3409:doi
3309:doi
3236:doi
3201:doi
3189:113
3159:doi
3068:doi
2882:doi
2847:doi
2650:doi
2627:doi
2615:184
2321:.)
2192:to
2188:is
2126:or
2106:or
1827:),
1825:ZTR
1789:),
1659:or
119:or
5193::
3599:^
3583:.
3561:.
3553:.
3541:.
3496:.
3488:.
3476:.
3455:}}
3451:{{
3437:37
3435:.
3423:^
3407:.
3397:20
3395:.
3391:.
3315:.
3232:44
3230:.
3207:.
3199:.
3187:.
3183:.
3171:^
3155:34
3153:.
3149:.
3137:^
3088:^
3074:.
3062:.
3025:^
2963:^
2912:.
2880:.
2870:89
2868:.
2845:.
2843:54
2841:.
2829:^
2811:^
2716:^
2672:^
2656:.
2625:.
2613:.
2504:^
2420:.
2381:.
2281:,
2142:,
1915:,
1911:,
1907:,
1903:,
1899:,
1895:,
1831:,
1819:,
1815:,
1793:,
1744:Si
1518:.
1438:.
1415:.
181:.
166:.
147:.
112:.
79:;
4201:e
4194:t
4187:v
4112:)
4108:(
3759:e
3752:t
3745:v
3706:.
3691:.
3676:.
3658:.
3629:.
3593:.
3569:.
3557::
3549::
3504:.
3492::
3484::
3461:)
3447:.
3443::
3417:.
3411::
3403::
3376:.
3351:.
3325:.
3311::
3292:.
3267:.
3242:.
3238::
3215:.
3203::
3195::
3165:.
3161::
3082:.
3070::
3064:1
3019:.
2994:.
2957:.
2923:.
2888:.
2884::
2876::
2853:.
2849::
2787:.
2762:.
2710:.
2666:.
2652::
2633:.
2629::
2621::
2598:.
2275:2
2196:.
2150:.
2130:.
2031:L
2027:F
2023:Q
2004:.
1969:5
1967:H
1965:2
1961:2
1957:2
1953:4
1951:)
1949:5
1947:H
1945:2
1937:4
1935:)
1933:5
1931:H
1929:2
1752:.
1750:8
1748:O
1746:2
1742:2
1738:8
1736:O
1734:3
1716:.
1714:8
1712:O
1710:3
1706:8
1704:O
1702:3
1590:(
1354:e
1347:t
1340:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
