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level, air pressure was equal to that in blood vessels, and activities, scenery, and lack of stress also helped. In the early 1900s, Arizona's sunshine and dry desert air attracted many people (called "lungers") who had tuberculosis, rheumatism, asthma, and numerous other diseases. Wealthier people chose to recuperate in exclusive TB resorts, while others used their savings to journey to
Arizona and arrived penniless. TB camps in the desert were formed by pitching tents and building cabins. During the tuberculosis epidemic, cities in Arizona advertised the state as an ideal place for treating TB. Many sanatoria in Arizona were modeled after European away-from-city resorts of the time, boasting courtyards and individual rooms. Each sanatorium was equipped to take care of about 120 people.
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shunned by most citizens. Many of the infected slept in the open desert. The area adjacent to what was then central
Phoenix, called Sunnyslope, was home to another large TB encampment. The residents primarily lived in tents pitched along the hillsides of the mountains that rise to the north of the city. Several sanatoria also opened in southern
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with over twelve hotel-style facilities in the city. By 1920, Tucson had 7,000 people who had come for treatment of tuberculosis. So many people came to the West that not enough housing was available. In 1910, tent cities began to pop up in different areas; one was described as a place of squalor and
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was established by Dr. Horatio Page
Gatchell in 1871, before the cause of tuberculosis (then called "phthisis" or "consumption") was even known. Fifty years earlier, Dr. J.F.E. Hardy had reportedly been cured in the "healing climate". Medical experts reported that at 2,200 feet (670 m) above sea
235:, in 1885, was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association (Canada) was founded in 1904, its members, including renowned pioneer in the fight against tuberculosis
385:
In 1907, Stannington
Sanatorium was opened in the northeast of England to treat tuberculosis in children. The sanatorium was opened using funds raised by a local charity, the Poor Children's Holiday Association, now the region's oldest children's charity,
328:, in 1910. Oregon was the first state on the West Coast to enact legislation stating that the government was to supply proper housing for people with TB who could not receive adequate care at home. The West Coast became a popular spot for sanatoriums.
239:, believed that a distinction should be made between the health resorts with which people were familiar and the new tuberculosis treatment hospitals: "So they decided to use a new word which instead of being derived from the Latin noun
219:(now Poland), for the treatment of tuberculosis. Patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude, fresh air, and good nutrition. Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the late-19th century onward.
390:. The largest U.S. tuberculosis sanatorium was located on the site of Chicago's present-day North Park Village. Chicago's Peterson Park fieldhouse housed the lab and morgue of Chicago's Municipal Tuberculosis Sanatorium.
410:, an antibiotic and the first cure for tuberculosis, sanatoria began to close. As in the case of the Paimio Sanatorium, many were transformed into general hospitals. By the 1950s, tuberculosis was no longer a major
124:. The idea of healing was an important reason for the historical wave of establishments of sanatoria, especially at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. One sought, for instance, the healing of
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in 1836 and later published his essay "On the
Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption" in 1840. His novel approach was dismissed as "very crude ideas and unsupported assertions" by reviewers in the
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53:(now SokoĆowsko, Poland). Brehmer established the first German sanatorium for the systematic open-air treatment of tuberculosis; it was the first institution of its kind.
777:"The history of tuberculosis: the social role of sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis in Italy between the end of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th"
296:
860:
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1335:
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Adams, Annmarie; Schwartzman, Kevin; Theodore, David (2008). "Collapse and Expand: Architecture and
Tuberculosis Therapy in Montreal, 1909, 1933, 1954".
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265:, a series of tuberculosis sanatoria were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas during the early 1900s. The most famous was the
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Sanatoriums should not be confused with the
Russian sanatoriums from the time of the Soviet Union, which were a type of
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used to have many sanatoria, as health professionals believed that clean, cold mountain air was the best treatment for
64:
sanatorium, founded in 1926, was one of the largest sanatoriums in Sweden for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
31:
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threat; it was controlled by antibiotics rather than extended rest. Most sanatoria had been demolished years before.
382:, was the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States until it closed on July 2, 2012.
1280:"What Tuberculosis did for Modernism: The Influence of a Curative Environment on Modernist Design and Architecture"
882:
347:
301:
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321:
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Topp, Leslie (1 December 1997). "An
Architecture for Modern Nerves: Josef Hoffmann's Purkersdorf Sanatorium".
838:
745:""The Sanatorium Age:'"Sanatorium' vs. 'Sanitarium', An History of the Fight Against Tuberculosis in Canada"
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243:, meaning health, would emphasize the need for scientific healing or treatment. Accordingly, they took the
57:
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1226:
Maitland, Leslie (1989). "The Design of
Tuberculosis Sanatoria in Late Nineteenth Century Canada".
525:
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195:, and his sanatorium was converted to an asylum soon after. The rationale for sanatoria in the pre-
164:
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943:"Waverly Hills Sanatorium still source of local curiosity - Louisville Cardinal, 21 October 2003"
561:
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564:. Cambridge: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus; Cambridge University Press
433:, is now a regional center for programs for treatment and occupational therapy associated with
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671:"History of Tuberculosis. Part 2 â the Sanatoria and the Discoveries of the Tubercle Bacillus"
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era was that a regimen of rest and good nutrition offered the best chance that the patient's
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Sanatorium, "When I Write my
Masters Thesis" and "Letter in Icelandic from the Ninette San".
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wrote three poems about his experiences in sanatoria, including "Wards Island Symphonique."
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Martini, M.; Gazzaniga, V.; Behzadifar, M.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Barberis, I. (2018-12-15).
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861:"Housing the Victims of the Great White Plague The Oregon State Tuberculosis Hospital"
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1048:"Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine : Tambaram Sanatorium, Chennai"
913:"The Great White Plague: The Culture of Death and the Tuberculosis Sanatorium"
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437:. In Japan in 2001, the Ministry of Welfare suggested changing the name of a
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for curiosity seekers who believe it is haunted. Because of its dry climate,
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was used for the treatment of bone tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s.
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The first suggestion of sanatoria in the modern sense was likely made by
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622:"The thorax: Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington"
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In the early 20th century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the
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834:"Visiting Our Past: Asheville was flush with a "Magic Mountain" high"
156:. Facility operators were often charitable associations, such as the
73:
324:, in 1905, followed closely by the first state-owned TB hospital in
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are set in and around the fictional abandoned Blackwood Sanitorium.
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Brehmer sanatorium, photo before 1904, founded by German physician
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Bloomington's Kelso Sanitarium promised to cure all - Pantagraph
1160:, Douglas Kleier Jr., Louisville Cardinal Online, Oct. 21, 2003.
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366:, tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911. It has become a
1228:
Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada
585:. Glasgow: Collins English Dictionary; HarperCollins Publishers
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would "wall off" pockets of pulmonary TB infection. In 1863,
120:. Sanatoriums are often in a healthy climate, usually in the
417:
Some, however, have been adapted for new medical roles. The
763:
Alvar Aalto - A Life's Work - Architecture, Design and Art
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and the newly founded social welfare insurance companies.
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Yiddish Poetry and the Tuberculosis Sanatorium: 1900-1970
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Major story elements of the 2015 drama horror video game
251:, meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium."
1158:
Waverly Hills Sanatorium still source of local curiosity
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in the early 20th century due to the dry, warm climate.
320:
The first sanatorium in the Pacific Northwest opened in
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has the song "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)" on their 1986
140:, but also of more obscure addictions and longings of
1030:"Inside Chicago's Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium"
455:, the 1924 novel by German writer and social critic
343:
The first tuberculosis sanatorium for blacks in the
269:, completed in 1933 and designed by world-renowned
1251:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
492:'s "Where There's a Will" was set in a sanatorium.
1220:Tuberculosis Hospital and Sanatorium Construction
1075:"Winter reads: The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann"
977:Sunland Hospital#A. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana
479:studio album, which had been in part inspired by
72:A 1978 Finnish postage stamp, depicting the 1933
27:Medical facility for treatment of chronic illness
962:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
945:. Archived from the original on 5 November 2003
995:. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014
372:Colorado Springs was home to several sanatoria
1100:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 34â39.
462:The Austrian-American Jewish poet and artist
8:
507:, the first solo album by Canadian musician
993:Woodhorn Museum and Northumberland Archives
781:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
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701:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
675:Journal of Military and Veterans' Health
209:Brehmersche Heilanstalt fĂŒr Lungenkranke
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36:
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331:The greatest area for sanatoria was in
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955:
887:The White Plague in the City of Angels
542:List of sanatoria in the United States
1278:Campbell, Margaret (1 October 2005).
793:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.4.1103
76:tuberculosis sanatorium, designed by
7:
883:"The Sanatorium Movement in America"
394:Discovery of antibiotics and decline
765:, Otava Publishing, Helsinki, 1994.
989:"Voices of Stannington Sanatorium"
25:
1346:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
1073:WB Gooderham (14 December 2011).
891:University of Southern California
511:features 2 songs referencing the
562:"Sanatorium; US also sanitarium"
429:patients. The state hospital in
482:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
96:'to heal, make healthy'), also
832:Neufeld, Rob (April 7, 2019).
583:"Sanitorium (British English)"
469:The American heavy metal band
284:, the Heliantia Sanatorium in
112:for the treatment of specific
1:
695:McCarthy, O R (August 2001).
402:, then a graduate student at
292:In 20th-century United States
229:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium
184:, who opened a sanatorium in
620:Keers, Robert (July 1980).
32:Sanatorium (disambiguation)
1381:
1028:Eng, Monica (March 2018).
713:10.1177/014107680109400813
697:"The Key to the Sanatoria"
603:Bodington, George (1840).
312:. The first of several in
302:Lima Tuberculosis Hospital
29:
1296:10.1017/s0025727300009169
1218:Thomas Spees Carrington.
1094:Ernest B. Gilman (2014).
1013:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
533:(Michigan, United States)
459:, is set in a sanatorium.
322:Milwaukie Heights, Oregon
314:Asheville, North Carolina
360:Waverly Hills Sanatorium
213:Görbersdorf (SokoĆowsko)
134:discovery of antibiotics
116:, related ailments, and
1336:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
839:Asheville Citizen-Times
531:Battle Creek Sanitarium
435:intellectual disability
431:Sanatorium, Mississippi
167:residence for workers.
1360:Tuberculosis sanatoria
1339:(11th ed.). 1911.
1166:Technology and Culture
917:University of Virginia
425:is now a hospital for
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233:Saranac Lake, New York
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751:on December 15, 2004.
490:Mary Roberts Rinehart
376:A. G. Holley Hospital
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638:10.1136/thx.35.7.483
364:Louisville, Kentucky
356:Burkeville, Virginia
223:Early establishments
154:emotional exhaustion
110:specialised hospital
30:For other uses, see
1365:Destination resorts
1178:10.1353/tech.0.0172
526:Sanatorium (resort)
488:The mystery writer
419:Tambaram Sanatorium
388:Children North East
352:Piedmont Sanatorium
1330:"Sanatorium"
452:The Magic Mountain
404:Rutgers University
306:
81:
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1222:(New York, 1911).
1135:. Epitaph Records
1054:on 30 August 2006
923:on March 18, 2005
476:Master of Puppets
441:to a sanatorium.
398:After 1943, when
267:Paimio Sanatorium
237:Dr. R.G. Ferguson
231:, established in
165:sanatorium resort
158:Order of St. John
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1113:11 November
1058:8 September
457:Thomas Mann
439:leprosarium
274:Alvar Aalto
255:Switzerland
207:opened the
128:especially
122:countryside
108:name for a
78:Alvar Aalto
47:Görbersdorf
1354:Categories
999:28 October
949:2007-10-01
589:2022-07-20
568:2022-07-20
548:References
505:Provincial
498:Until Dawn
445:In culture
345:segregated
338:California
247:verb root
197:antibiotic
176:Conception
138:alcoholism
102:sanitorium
98:sanitarium
85:sanatorium
18:Sanitorium
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