46:
614:
342:
executive (at both private and public company institutions), and possess the authority to make crucial decisions affecting the direction of such organizations. As such, executive assistants play a role in decision-making and policy setting. The executive assistant performs the usual roles of managing correspondence, preparing research, and communication, often with one or more administrative assistants or scheduling assistants who report to him or her. The executive assistant also acts as the "gatekeeper", understanding in varying degree the requirements of the executive, and with an ability through this understanding to decide which scheduled events, meetings, teleconferences, or e-mails are most appropriate for allocation of the executive's time.
550:
320:
level that the executive interacts with increases so does the level of skill required in the executive assistant that works with the executive. Those executive assistants that work with corporate officers must be capable of emulating the style, corporate philosophy, and corporate persona of the executive for which they work. In the modern workplace the advancement of the executive assistants is codependent on the success of the executive and the ability of both to make the job performance of the team seamless whereas the job place evaluation is reflective of each other's performance executive secretary for now.
141:
163:, and preparing expense reports. Secretaries might also manage all the administrative details of running a high-level conference or meeting and be responsible for arranging the catering for a lunch meeting. Often executives will ask their assistant to take the minutes at meetings and prepare meeting documents for review. In addition to the minutes, the secretary may be responsible for keeping all of the official records of a company or organization. A secretary is also regarded as an "office manager".
364:
505:
523:. Just "secretary" remained in use either as an abbreviation when clear in the context or for relatively modest positions such as administrative assistant of the officer(s) in charge, either individually or as member of a secretariat. As such less influential posts became more feminine and common with the multiplication of bureaucracies in the public and private sectors, new words were also coined to describe them, such as personal assistant.
159:, can have many administrative duties. The title "secretary," with its root meaning of "keeper of secrets," is not used as often as in decades past, and responsibilities have evolved in response to the technological age. The duties may vary according to the nature and size of the company or organization, and might include managing budgets, bookkeeping, attending telephone calls, handling visitors, maintaining websites, travel arrangements,
460:
officers of equivalent rank holding the title of chief of staff in other service organizations headed by a flag officer or general officer. In the case of unified combatant commands and service major commands, the Chief of Staff is often a general officer or flag officer himself/herself, typically at the 1-star or 2-star level, but he or she should not be confused with the 4-star officers holding the title of
648:
303:
350:(a job which is often part of the career path of an executive assistant) in that they are expected to possess a higher degree of business acumen, be able to manage projects, as well as have the ability to influence others on behalf of the executive. In the past, executive assistants were required to have a high school diploma only, but increasingly jobs are requiring a
587:. In some cases the demand was great enough to spur secretaries being recruited from overseas; in particular, there was often a steady demand for young British women to come to the U.S. and fill temporary or permanent secretarial positions. Several organizations were created to assist secretaries from foreign lands, including the
115:
The functions of a personal assistant may be entirely carried out to assist one other employee or may be for the benefit of more than one. In other situations, a secretary is an officer of a society or organization who deals with correspondence, admits new members, and organizes official meetings and
319:
The largest difference between a generalized secretary and skilled executive assistants is that the executive assistant is required to be able to interact extensively with the general public, vendors, customers, and any other person or group that the executive is responsible to interact with. As the
209:
In a business, many job descriptions overlap. However, while administrative assistant is a generic term, not necessarily implying directly working for a superior, a secretary is usually the key person for all administrative tasks, and often referred to as the "gate keeper". Other titles describing
609:
In the 20th century, with the spread of the typewriter, shorthand saw competition from steno-typing. Typing thus became the prerogative of women, widows or relatively well-educated young girls, originally from the middle class or the petty bourgeoisie, then from working-class backgrounds with the
480:
provided many new job openings in business and government for women and men. At
Chicago's Metropolitan Business College in the 1892-1893 were female; in the shorthand and typing courses, however, 90 percent of the students were female. For most of the 20th century, women with shorthand or typing
621:
Until recent years, the profession of secretary in the original sense was often subject, in the collective imagination, to stereotypes and pejorative connotations. Indeed, secretarial work was easily associated with low-value, thankless, and badly paid tasks, such as serving coffee to superiors,
459:
Like their civilian counterparts, EAs are also a resource in decision-making, policy setting, and will have leadership oversight of the entire military and civilian staff supporting the civilian official, general officer, or flag officer. EAs are often interchangeable with other senior military
341:
The work of an executive assistant (sometimes called a management assistant) differs a great deal from that of an administrative assistant. In many organizations, an executive assistant is a high-ranking position in the administrative hierarchy. Executive assistants work for a company officer or
345:
An executive assistant may, from time to time, act as proxy for the executives, representing him/her/them in meetings or communications and project managing the production of reports or other deliverables in the absence of the executive. An executive assistant differs from an
354:
of any field of study or when complying with educational requirements within their given industry, may require specialized knowledge in a specific fields of study through a bachelor's degree pertinent to the employer's industry or division's role within the organization.
726:
was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.). As the duties of a modern secretary often still include the handling of confidential information, the literal meaning of their title still holds true.
299:
is essential. At higher grades and with more experience they begin to take on additional roles and spend more of their time maintaining physical and electronic files, dealing with the post, photocopying, emailing clients, ordering stationery and answering telephones.
316:. A secretary / executive assistant may also control access to a manager, thus becoming an influential and trusted aide. Executive assistants are available for contact during off hours by new electronic communication methods for consultations.
534:
writers to "professional and commercial men". Originally, this school was only for male students. In 1871, there were more than 150 such schools operating in the United States, a number that grew to as many as 500 by the 1890s.
606:" to highlight the increased responsibility of today's secretary and other administrative workers, and to avoid embarrassment to those who believe that "secretary" refers only to women or to unskilled workers.
311:
A more skilled executive assistant may be required to type at high speeds using technical or foreign languages, organize diaries, itineraries and meetings and carry out administrative duties which may include
1193:
45:
602:
holiday, to recognize the hard work of the staff in the office. The holiday caught on, and during the fourth week of April is now celebrated in offices all over the world. It has been renamed "
598:
In 1952 Mary
Barrett, president of the National Secretaries Association, C. King Woodbridge, president of Dictaphone Corporation, and American businessman Harry F. Klemfuss created a special
569:
1509:
519:
With time, like many titles, the term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify various secretarial work better, like general secretary or
1014:
613:
592:
465:
210:
jobs similar to or overlapping those of the traditional secretary are Office
Coordinator, Executive Assistant, Office Manager and Administrative Professional.
549:
430:
526:
In the 1840s and 1850s commercial schools were emerging to train male and female students the skills needed to work in a clerical position. In 1870,
461:
988:
807:
775:
501:
until the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful had assumed the title of secretary.
959:
932:
603:
438:
1055:
622:
making photocopies or filing menial documents. In addition, the profession was once exercised almost exclusively by women and considered a
422:
371:
1110:
1249:"Educating Women for Self-Reliance and Economic Opportunity: The Strategic Entrepreneurialism of the Katharine Gibbs Schools, 1911–1968"
1029:
1316:
449:
434:
426:
406:
1436:
687:
546:, the role of secretary has been primarily associated with women. By the 1930s, fewer men were entering the field of secretaries.
84:, or other similar titles is an individual whose work consists of supporting management, including executives, using a variety of
565:
202:, carry out specific projects, take on some of the manager's responsibilities, get involved in decision-making processes, handle
896:
716:) meaning "having been set apart", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word
1217:
93:
140:
669:
588:
1514:
1363:
453:
1111:"Secretaries and Administrative Assistants : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
1487:
414:
375:
1465:
206:
tasks, and/or logistics and procurement along with a wide range of other duties related to their specific industry.
922:
665:
494:
394:
96:. There is a diverse array of work experiences attainable within the administrative support field, ranging between
39:
949:
658:
295:
with a small number of administrative roles. A good command of the prevailing office language and the ability to
291:
In previous decades, especially in the 20th century and before, at the most basic level a secretary is usually an
1383:
418:
367:
49:
347:
224:
171:
70:
34:. For the position known as secretary that operates within the cabinet of a government's executive branch, see
1470:
1401:
1359:
634:
historically held by men in decades past, as secretary, administrative assistant, or program assistant roles.
1131:
402:
812:
780:
183:
583:
By the mid-20th century the need for secretaries was great and offices and organizations featured large
410:
328:, a senior role within a company responsible for compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements.
745:
580:
called the
Certified Professional Secretaries Examination (CPS). It was first administered in 1951.
489:
The role of secretary emerged from
European church and state bureaucracies as aspects of the role of
351:
35:
1342:
1145:
631:
557:
520:
109:
1288:
Weiss, J (1981). "Educating for clerical work: The nineteenth-century private commercial school".
363:
1321:
1060:
623:
398:
248:
179:
175:
89:
85:
80:
1084:
610:
rise of the profession between the two world wars, which saw the women seize these innovations.
599:
1447:
1432:
1270:
1008:
955:
928:
741:
573:
504:
325:
129:
121:
117:
31:
1337:
1297:
1260:
878:
736:
584:
553:
527:
203:
187:
160:
1170:
1466:
The debate theorical-methodological in field of secretariat: diversities and singularities
817:
785:
627:
498:
199:
191:
125:
101:
30:
This article is about the occupation of an assistant. For the position of leadership, see
493:
became distinct, and encompassed managing the work of a number of clerks gathered in the
401:(MA) or executive assistant (EA) is typically held by Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps
840:
383:
194:
and filing, carry out background research and present findings, produce documents like
626:
in previous decades, but in the 21st century many employers began re-classifying many
542:, more women began to enter the field and during the upcoming years, especially since
1503:
577:
1388:
755:
512:
442:
292:
53:
1471:
Educational handbooks for professions occupied by females in the 1960s and 1970s.
871:"Example job description and person specification for a school library assistant"
1378:
870:
750:
647:
543:
481:
skills could get secretarial jobs without further education beyond high school.
387:
313:
302:
296:
195:
144:
57:
882:
539:
490:
477:
167:
97:
1274:
564:
In an effort to promote professionalism among United States secretaries, the
147:, left, personal aide to the president of the United States from 2009 to 2011
17:
531:
379:
105:
1301:
965:
1402:"Secretary – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
845:
1265:
1248:
672: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
52:, left, personal secretary to the president of the United States, with
1427:
National
Association of Parliamentarians, Education Committee (1993).
1030:"Love details time with President Obama in new book "Power Forward""
927:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. 458–460.
954:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. 142–151.
701:
612:
548:
503:
362:
301:
242:
139:
44:
116:
events. But this role should not be confused with the role of an
92:, communication, and/or organizational skills within the area of
1493:
iaap – International
Association of Administrative Professionals
166:
Today, many secretaries also conduct research, briefings, write
1431:. Independence, MO: National Association of Parliamentarians.
710:, "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle (
641:
568:
was created in 1942. Today, this organization is known as the
1247:
Mullaney, Marie Marmo; Hilbert, Rosemary C. (February 2018).
1132:
Military aides still carry the president's nuclear 'football'
433:
and other civilian defense officials down to the level of a
214:
List of job titles synonymous with or similar to secretary:
897:"Secretary Job Information | National Careers Service"
1492:
1194:"The college degree has become the new high school degree"
108:
with positions in nearly every industry, especially among
1482:
808:"Three Wellesley alumnae tapped for Obama administration"
776:"Three Wellesley alumnae tapped for Obama administration"
570:
International
Association of Administrative Professionals
899:. Nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk. January 27, 2012
1338:"English Girls in New York: They Don't Go Home Again"
190:
duties, devise and maintain office systems including
132:, all which differ from an administrative assistant.
1150:
Recruiting
Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better
1381:, « Histoire des secrétaires », émission
104:, associate, junior, mid-senior, and senior level
530:founded a school where students could qualify as
1483:American Society of Administrative Professionals
1056:"Leaving Obama's Shadow, to Cast One of His Own"
1013:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
472:Education, training, and entering the profession
875:CILIP Guidelines for Secondary School Libraries
476:In the late 19th century, the invention of the
386:recipients, Wednesday, October 6, 2021, in the
951:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief
1510:Office and administrative support occupations
1360:Sténographie, sténotypie ou dictaphone ?
1218:Military Assistant/Executive Officer Handbook
995:. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013
593:Association of British Secretaries in America
572:(IAAP). The organization developed the first
374:Jayna McCarron, left, serving as part of the
8:
721:
711:
705:
948:Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011).
1264:
841:"White House staffers depart for Harvard"
688:Learn how and when to remove this message
1317:"Secretaries wanted across the Atlantic"
1192:Rampell, Catherine (September 9, 2014).
538:In the 1880s, with the invention of the
767:
27:Office occupation supporting management
1404:. Merriam-webster.com. August 31, 2012
1006:
921:Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011).
456:as his/her senior military assistant.
324:This should be distinguished from the
306:Secretary at work, photo taken in 2007
128:who hold the title of "secretary", or
1488:Administrative Professional Resources
1374:
1372:
1355:
1353:
924:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
435:Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
7:
1315:Scot, Barbara (September 29, 1967).
989:"Two-sport athlete charged with DWI"
916:
914:
865:
863:
670:adding citations to reliable sources
589:Society of International Secretaries
448:The Secretary of Defense also has a
378:is seen meeting with U.S. President
1336:Seebohm, Caroline (July 19, 1971).
1146:"Program Assistant Job Description"
1144:content.external (April 11, 2022).
314:accountancy or financial accounting
1054:Kantor, Jodi (November 11, 2011).
604:Administrative Professional's Week
25:
1448:"The Slow Death of the Secretary"
1085:"Secretary Jobs in the Age of AI"
1028:Martin, Nick (February 4, 2015).
425:who are in direct support of the
238:administrative support specialist
646:
566:National Secretaries Association
987:Staff report (April 21, 2011).
657:needs additional citations for
466:Chief of Staff of the Air Force
1429:Spotlight on You the Secretary
1253:History of Education Quarterly
839:Parnes, Amie (June 16, 2011).
511:(the town clerk), painting by
1:
1446:Covert, Bryce (May 4, 2015).
1235:So You Want to Be a Secretary
700:The term is derived from the
151:A secretary, also known as a
1220:. Retrieved on 11 June 2013.
816:. Wellesley, Massachusetts:
784:. Wellesley, Massachusetts:
431:Deputy Secretary of Defense
376:White House Military Office
220:administrative professional
1531:
1231:Swimming in the Steno Pool
883:10.29085/9781783300303.017
462:Chief of Staff of the Army
395:U.S. Department of Defense
40:Secretary (disambiguation)
29:
1290:Journal of Social History
1113:. Bls.gov. March 29, 2012
368:United States Coast Guard
617:Secretary typist in 1951
560:with his Secretary, 1627
348:administrative assistant
225:administrative assistant
157:administrative assistant
71:administrative assistant
1384:La Marche de l'Histoire
813:The Wellesley Townsman
781:The Wellesley Townsman
722:
712:
706:
618:
561:
516:
390:
307:
234:administrative officer
184:stakeholder management
148:
61:
38:. For other uses, see
1237:. Ebook-Position 702.
1171:"Secretaries/typists"
630:positions, including
616:
552:
509:Der Gemeindeschreiber
507:
423:lieutenant commanders
366:
305:
143:
48:
1302:10.1353/jsh/14.3.407
746:Department secretary
666:improve this article
427:Secretary of Defense
372:Lieutenant Commander
258:management assistant
136:Duties and functions
110:white-collar careers
1515:Private secretaries
1364:Archives nationales
1266:10.1017/heq.2017.49
1198:The Washington Post
558:Constantijn Huygens
521:financial secretary
407:lieutenant colonels
332:Executive assistant
278:body man/body women
230:executive assistant
118:executive secretary
76:executive assistant
1322:The Glasgow Herald
1061:The New York Times
968:on August 16, 2017
820:. January 20, 2009
788:. January 20, 2009
619:
562:
517:
450:lieutenant general
399:military assistant
391:
308:
286:personal assistant
282:personal secretary
249:military assistant
180:program evaluation
176:project management
153:personal assistant
149:
90:program evaluation
86:project management
81:personal secretary
62:
1391:, 16 janvier 2013
1346:. pp. 34–38.
961:978-0-306-82019-9
934:978-0-306-82020-5
742:Cabinet secretary
698:
697:
690:
632:white-collar jobs
585:secretarial pools
574:standardized test
352:bachelor's degree
326:company secretary
270:project assistant
266:program assistant
130:company secretary
122:cabinet secretary
32:Secretary (title)
16:(Redirected from
1522:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1452:The New Republic
1442:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
964:. Archived from
945:
939:
938:
918:
909:
908:
906:
904:
893:
887:
886:
867:
858:
857:
855:
853:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
772:
725:
715:
709:
693:
686:
682:
679:
673:
650:
642:
554:Thomas de Keyser
528:Sir Isaac Pitman
439:general officers
262:office secretary
204:public relations
188:customer service
21:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1500:
1499:
1479:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1426:
1423:
1421:Further reading
1418:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1377:
1370:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1005:
998:
996:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
962:
947:
946:
942:
935:
920:
919:
912:
902:
900:
895:
894:
890:
869:
868:
861:
851:
849:
838:
837:
833:
823:
821:
818:GateHouse Media
806:
805:
801:
791:
789:
786:GateHouse Media
774:
773:
769:
764:
733:
694:
683:
677:
674:
663:
651:
640:
624:pink-collar job
600:Secretary's Day
499:the Renaissance
487:
474:
397:, the title of
361:
339:
334:
200:gray literature
192:data management
172:content writing
138:
126:cabinet members
43:
36:Cabinet members
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1477:External links
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1443:
1437:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1393:
1368:
1349:
1328:
1307:
1280:
1239:
1222:
1210:
1184:
1162:
1136:
1134:, USATODAY.com
1124:
1102:
1075:
1046:
1034:Duke Chronicle
1020:
993:Duke Chronicle
979:
960:
940:
933:
910:
888:
859:
831:
799:
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
739:
732:
729:
696:
695:
654:
652:
645:
639:
636:
578:office workers
556:, Portrait of
486:
483:
473:
470:
384:Medal of Honor
370:military aide
360:
357:
338:
335:
333:
330:
322:
321:
317:
309:
289:
161:event planning
137:
134:
94:administration
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1527:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1438:1-884048-25-0
1434:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1173:. NHS Careers
1172:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1083:Smith, Noah.
1079:
1076:
1064:. p. A24
1063:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1010:
994:
990:
983:
980:
967:
963:
957:
953:
952:
944:
941:
936:
930:
926:
925:
917:
915:
911:
898:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
866:
864:
860:
848:
847:
842:
835:
832:
819:
815:
814:
809:
803:
800:
787:
783:
782:
777:
771:
768:
761:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
728:
724:
719:
714:
708:
703:
692:
689:
681:
671:
667:
661:
660:
655:This section
653:
649:
644:
643:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
615:
611:
607:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
524:
522:
514:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
484:
482:
479:
471:
469:
467:
463:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
443:flag officers
440:
437:, as well as
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:, and senior
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
356:
353:
349:
343:
336:
331:
329:
327:
318:
315:
310:
304:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
212:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
146:
142:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
59:
55:
51:
50:Katie Johnson
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Secretaryship
1497:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1428:
1406:. Retrieved
1396:
1389:France Inter
1382:
1362:, fiche des
1341:
1331:
1325:. p. 9.
1320:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1259:(1): 65–93.
1256:
1252:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1229:Lynn Peril:
1225:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1139:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1105:
1095:February 19,
1093:. Retrieved
1088:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1059:
1049:
1039:December 20,
1037:. Retrieved
1033:
1023:
997:. Retrieved
992:
982:
970:. Retrieved
966:the original
950:
943:
923:
901:. Retrieved
891:
874:
850:. Retrieved
844:
834:
822:. Retrieved
811:
802:
790:. Retrieved
779:
770:
756:Receptionist
717:
699:
684:
675:
664:Please help
659:verification
656:
620:
608:
597:
582:
563:
537:
525:
518:
513:Albert Anker
508:
488:
475:
458:
454:vice admiral
447:
392:
344:
340:
323:
293:audio typist
285:
281:
277:
274:personal aid
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:military aid
253:
247:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
219:
215:
208:
196:white papers
165:
156:
152:
150:
114:
79:
75:
69:
65:
63:
54:Barack Obama
1408:February 3,
1379:Jean Lebrun
1155:February 8,
1117:December 8,
972:December 6,
903:February 3,
877:: 121–122.
824:January 22,
792:January 22,
751:Office lady
723:secretarius
628:entry-level
544:World War I
421:and senior
388:Oval Office
145:Reggie Love
102:entry-level
58:White House
1504:Categories
1366:françaises
1296:(3): 416.
1233:. Kapitel
1177:January 1,
1091:. Substack
1089:Noahpinion
999:August 16,
762:References
678:April 2013
540:typewriter
491:chancellor
478:typewriter
419:commanders
98:internship
1275:0018-2680
1068:April 23,
707:secernere
638:Etymology
532:shorthand
413:and Navy
380:Joe Biden
216:secretary
174:, handle
168:memoranda
106:pay bands
66:secretary
1343:New York
1009:cite web
852:June 21,
846:Politico
731:See also
713:secretum
591:and the
495:chancery
415:captains
403:colonels
359:Military
337:Civilian
155:(PA) or
124:such as
1457:May 18,
1203:July 6,
718:secret.
497:. From
393:In the
60:in 2009
56:at the
1435:
1273:
958:
931:
515:, 1874
485:Origin
411:majors
382:about
737:Clerk
704:word
702:Latin
284:, or
243:clerk
112:.
1459:2018
1433:ISBN
1410:2014
1387:sur
1271:ISSN
1205:2016
1179:2012
1157:2023
1119:2013
1097:2024
1070:2014
1041:2016
1015:link
1001:2013
974:2015
956:ISBN
929:ISBN
905:2014
854:2011
826:2009
794:2009
576:for
297:type
198:and
1298:doi
1261:doi
879:doi
744:or
668:by
464:or
452:or
441:or
1506::
1450:.
1371:^
1352:^
1340:.
1319:.
1294:14
1292:.
1269:.
1257:58
1255:.
1251:.
1196:.
1148:.
1087:.
1058:.
1032:.
1011:}}
1007:{{
991:.
913:^
873:.
862:^
843:.
810:.
778:.
720:A
595:.
468:.
445:.
429:,
417:,
405:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
240:,
236:,
232:,
228:,
222:,
218:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
170:,
120:,
100:,
88:,
78:,
74:,
68:,
64:A
1461:.
1441:.
1412:.
1304:.
1300::
1277:.
1263::
1207:.
1181:.
1159:.
1121:.
1099:.
1072:.
1043:.
1017:)
1003:.
976:.
937:.
907:.
885:.
881::
856:.
828:.
796:.
691:)
685:(
680:)
676:(
662:.
288:.
245:,
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
