855:, which are purely shear. Rayleigh waves result from the interaction of P-waves and vertically polarized S-waves with the surface and can exist in any solid medium. Love waves are formed by horizontally polarized S-waves interacting with the surface, and can only exist if there is a change in the elastic properties with depth in a solid medium, which is always the case in seismological applications. Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves because they are the result of these waves traveling along indirect paths to interact with Earth's surface. Because they travel along the surface of the Earth, their energy decays less rapidly than body waves (1/distance vs. 1/distance), and thus the shaking caused by surface waves is generally stronger than that of body waves, and the primary surface waves are often thus the largest signals on earthquake
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possible that 5â6 Mw earthquakes described in the historical record could be larger events occurring elsewhere that were felt moderately in the populated areas that produced written records. Documentation in the historic period may be sparse or incomplete, and not give a full picture of the geographic scope of an earthquake, or the historical record may only have earthquake records spanning a few centuries, a very short time frame in a
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to assess the earthquakes that could occur in a region and their characteristics and frequency of occurrence. Secondly, studying strong ground motions generated by earthquakes to assess the expected shaking from future earthquakes with similar characteristics. These strong ground motions could either
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with discrete frequencies and periods of approximately an hour or shorter. Normal mode motion caused by a very large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event. The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s as the advent of higher fidelity instruments coincided with
2993:
Schulte, Peter; Laia
Alegret; Ignacio Arenillas; José A. Arz; Penny J. Barton; Paul R. Bown; Timothy J. Bralower; Gail L. Christeson; Philippe Claeys; Charles S. Cockell; Gareth S. Collins; Alexander Deutsch; Tamara J. Goldin; Kazuhisa Goto; José M. Grajales-Nishimura; Richard A. F. Grieve; Sean P.
1029:
warnings possible because seismic waves travel considerably faster than tsunami waves. Seismometers also record signals from non-earthquake sources ranging from explosions (nuclear and chemical), to local noise from wind or anthropogenic activities, to incessant signals generated at the ocean floor
1178:
In locations where a historical record exists it may be used to estimate the timing, location and magnitude of future seismic events. There are several interpretative factors to consider. The epicentres or foci and magnitudes of historical earthquakes are subject to interpretation meaning it is
31:
1171:. However, the magazine also indicated that the population of Aquila do not consider the failure to predict the earthquake to be the reason for the indictment, but rather the alleged failure of the scientists to evaluate and communicate risk. The indictment claims that, at a special meeting in
727:. An 80 kg (180 lb) Wiechert seismograph was brought to the Mexican city of Xalapa by rail after the earthquake. The instrument was deployed to record its aftershocks. Data from the seismograph would eventually determine that the mainshock was produced along a shallow crustal fault.
1191:
Engineering seismology is the study and application of seismology for engineering purposes. It generally applied to the branch of seismology that deals with the assessment of the seismic hazard of a site or region for the purposes of earthquake engineering. It is, therefore, a link between
1136:. Most seismologists do not believe that a system to provide timely warnings for individual earthquakes has yet been developed, and many believe that such a system would be unlikely to give useful warning of impending seismic events. However, more general forecasts routinely predict
3002:; Clive R. Neal; Douglas J. Nichols; Richard D. Norris; Elisabetta Pierazzo; Greg Ravizza; Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra; Wolf Uwe Reimold; Eric Robin; Tobias Salge; Robert P. Speijer; Arthur R. Sweet; Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi; Vivi Vajda; Michael T. Whalen; Pi S. Willumsen (5 March 2010).
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of the earth is liquid. Since S-waves do not pass through liquids, the liquid core causes a "shadow" on the side of the planet opposite the earthquake where no direct S-waves are observed. In addition, P-waves travel much slower through the outer core than the mantle.
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that move perpendicular to the direction of propagation. S-waves are slower than P-waves. Therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support transverse elastic waves because of their low shear strength, so S-waves only travel in solids.
2740:
The CUSP (Caltech-USGS Seismic
Processing) System consists of on-line real-time earthquake waveform data acquisition routines, coupled with an off-line set of data reduction, timing, and archiving processes. It is a complete system for processing local earthquake
1080:
Because seismic waves commonly propagate efficiently as they interact with the internal structure of the Earth, they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods for studying the planet's interior. One of the earliest important discoveries (suggested by
644:
in 1842. This seismometer was an inverted pendulum, which recorded the measurements of seismic activity through the use of a pencil placed on paper above the pendulum. The designs provided did not prove effective, according to Milne's reports.
716:" which remains the foundation for modern tectonic studies. The development of this theory depended on the considerable progress of earlier independent streams of work on the behavior of elastic materials and in mathematics.
1025:. Networks of seismographs continuously record ground motions around the world to facilitate the monitoring and analysis of global earthquakes and other sources of seismic activity. Rapid location of earthquakes makes
1046:(equivalent to that released by an explosion of ten kilotons of TNT) have been recorded by seismographs, as have a number of industrial accidents and terrorist bombs and events (a field of study referred to as
1731:
UdĂas, AgustĂn; Arroyo, Alfonso LĂłpez (2008). "The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 in
Spanish contemporary authors". In Mendes-Victor, Luiz A.; Oliveira, Carlos Sousa; Azevedo, JoĂŁo; Ribeiro, Antonio (eds.).
904:
One of the first attempts at the scientific study of earthquakes followed the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Other notable earthquakes that spurred major advancements in the science of seismology include the
752:
By the 1960s, Earth science had developed to the point where a comprehensive theory of the causation of seismic events and geodetic motions had come together in the now well-established theory of
2967:. International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology. Vol. 81B. International Association of Seismology & Physics of the Earth's Interior. pp. 1205â1216. Archived from
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the week before the earthquake occurred, scientists and officials were more interested in pacifying the population than providing adequate information about earthquake risk and preparedness.
859:. Surface waves are strongly excited when their source is close to the surface, as in a shallow earthquake or a near-surface explosion, and are much weaker for deep earthquake sources.
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are sensors that detect and record the motion of the Earth arising from elastic waves. Seismometers may be deployed at the Earth's surface, in shallow vaults, in boreholes, or
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1140:. Such forecasts estimate the probability of an earthquake of a particular size affecting a particular location within a particular time-span, and they are routinely used in
1953:
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laid the foundation of modern instrumental seismology and carried out seismological experiments using explosives. He is also responsible for coining the word "seismology."
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or seismometers or those simulated by computers using various techniques, which are then often used to develop ground motion prediction equations (or ground-motion models)
272:
873:
Both body and surface waves are traveling waves; however, large earthquakes can also make the entire Earth "ring" like a resonant bell. This ringing is a mixture of
1200:. There are two principal components of engineering seismology. Firstly, studying earthquake history (e.g. historical and instrumental catalogs of seismicity) and
617:(1761). Michell determined that earthquakes originate within the Earth and were waves of movement caused by "shifting masses of rock miles below the surface".
1759:
The
History and Philosophy of Earthquakes Accompanied by John Michell's 'conjectures Concerning the Cause, and Observations upon the Ph'nomena of Earthquakes'
535:
Scholarly interest in earthquakes can be traced back to antiquity. Early speculations on the natural causes of earthquakes were included in the writings of
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in the direction that the wave is moving and are always the first waves to appear on a seismogram as they are the fastest moving waves through solids.
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Observatory seismology: an anniversary symposium on the occasion of the centennial of the
University of California at Berkeley seismographic stations
39:
609:, set in motion intensified scientific attempts to understand the behaviour and causation of earthquakes. The earliest responses include work by
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1525: â university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data
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stated that the indictment was widely seen in Italy and abroad as being for failing to predict the earthquake and drew condemnation from the
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1132:. Various attempts have been made by seismologists and others to create effective systems for precise earthquake predictions, including the
1097:, seismologists have mapped the mantle of the earth to a resolution of several hundred kilometers. This has enabled scientists to identify
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886:. Since then, the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth.
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in order to produce better detection methods for earthquakes. The outcome of this was the production of one of the first modern
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701:. It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of seismological waves as they pass through changing densities of rock.
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Forecasting a probable timing, location, magnitude and other important features of a forthcoming seismic event is called
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was the first to claim, based on his study of earthquake waves, that below the mantle, the core of the Earth is liquid.
2716:"Large-Scale Processing and Analysis of Digital Waveform Data from the USGS Central California Microearthquake Network"
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1050:). A major long-term motivation for the global seismographic monitoring has been for the detection and study of
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674:, S-waves and surface waves on seismograms and found the first clear evidence that the Earth has a central core.
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Surface waves are the result of P- and S-waves interacting with the surface of the Earth. These waves are
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argued that earthquakes were caused by the movement of fire within a system of channels inside the Earth.
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Seismological instruments can generate large amounts of data. Systems for processing such data include:
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S. Gulick; Kirk R. Johnson; Wolfgang
Kiessling; Christian Koeberl; David A. Kring; Kenneth G. MacLeod;
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Science and
Civilization in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
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1975:
847:, meaning that different frequencies have different velocities. The two main surface wave types are
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778:. The red line marks the first arrival of P-waves; the green line, the later arrival of S-waves.
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Society, The Royal (2005-01-22). "Robert Mallet and the 'Great
Neapolitan earthquake' of 1857".
1510: â Sustained ground vibration associated with underground movement of magma or volcanic gas
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2759:. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering. Vol. 14. Springer. p. 194.
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2114:"A Pioneering Aftershock Study of the Destructive 4 January 1920 Jalapa, Mexico, Earthquake"
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Bird, Peter; Liu, Zhen (2007-01-01). "Seismic Hazard
Inferred from Tectonics: California".
598:(1645â1715) proposed that earthquakes were caused by chemical explosions within the Earth.
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3645:
3619:
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Earthquake Data in
Engineering Seismology: Predictive Models, Data Management and Networks
2616:"A Survey of Techniques for Predicting Earthquake Ground Motions for Engineering Purposes"
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1976:"Andrija MohoroviÄiÄ (1857â1936) â On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his birth"
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3004:"The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary"
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3114:"Ultra-Low Velocity Zones Near the Core-Mantle Boundary from Broadband PKP Precursors"
2032:
Rudnick, R. L.; Gao, S. (2003-01-01), Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.),
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1787:"The Study of Earthquakes in the Hundred Years Following Lisbon Earthquake of 1755"
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There are two types of body waves, pressure waves or primary waves (P-waves) and
27:
Scientific study of earthquakes and propagation of elastic waves through a planet
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1419:
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Public controversy over earthquake prediction erupted after Italian authorities
1022:
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633:
580:
576:
516:
241:
208:
2806:"A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives"
2528:
Wiemer, Stefan (2001-05-01). "A Software Package to Analyze Seismicity: ZMAP".
2449:
Plimer, Richard C. SelleyL. Robin M. CocksIan R., ed. (2005-01-01). "Editors".
2388:
Historical Seismology: Interdisciplinary Studies of Past and Recent Earthquakes
3813:
3788:
3744:
3671:
3576:
3226:
2642:
1793:. Earth sciences history: journal of the History of the Earth Sciences Society
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17:
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and glaciers. Above-ocean meteor strikes with energies as high as 4.2 Ă 10
3150:
2592:
2434:
1021:. A complete instrument package that records seismic signals is called a
2425:
2318:
2293:
1881:
1856:
1605:
1148:
987:
625:
484:
318:
1593: â Study of the response of buildings and structures to earthquakes
1584: â generic name for a relatively persistent vibration of the ground
1085:
in 1906 and definitively shown by Harold Jeffreys in 1926) was that the
3691:
3478:
3390:
2982:
Seismological Grand Challenges in Understanding Earth's Dynamic Systems
2674:"Recent and future developments in earthquake ground motion estimation"
2137:
1039:
1026:
827:
770:
681:, one of the founders of modern seismology, discovered and defined the
504:
35:
2402:"Influence of Fault Zone Maturity on Fully Dynamic Earthquake Cycles"
1493: â Series of localized seismic events within a short time period
1010:
Installation for a temporary seismic station, north Iceland highland.
972:
811:
786:
that propagate in solid or fluid materials. They can be divided into
671:
606:
536:
223:
218:
2930:
2903:
2226:
2210:"Inge Lehmann's work materials and seismological epistolary archive"
1073:
1043:
1005:
939:
or vibrating controlled sources are one of the primary methods of
690:
512:
472:
29:
2485:
Ambraseys, N. N. (1988-12-01). "Engineering seismology: Part I".
3374:
794:
that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials; and
3451:
3199:
1696:
International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology
663:
consists of a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of iron.
499:, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions and
3091:
An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes and Earth Structure
1157:
a magnitude 6.3 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy on April 5, 2009
994:, and then physically proven to exist using seismic maps from
990:, was localized to Central America by analyzing ejecta in the
3195:
2988:. Report to the National Science Foundation, IRIS consortium.
3171:
3165:
2753:
Akkar, Sinan; Polat, GĂŒlkan; van Eck, Torild, eds. (2010).
2292:
Naderyan, Vahid; Hickey, Craig J.; Raspet, Richard (2016).
1652:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 626â635.
432:
423:
417:
399:
3447:
1620: â study of how tectonic faults influence earthquakes
1210:
685:. Usually referred to as the "Moho discontinuity" or the "
420:
411:
1855:
Barckhausen, Udo; Rudloff, Alexander (14 February 2012).
1558: â Surface shaking on interstellar bodies in general
1540: â Interpretation of seismic data using linear model
1072:
Seismic velocities and boundaries in the interior of the
659:'s theoretical calculations led him to conclude that the
3177:
1595:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
878:
two of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century the
851:, which have both compressional and shear motions, and
1499: â Application of geology to engineering practice
955:). Controlled-source seismology has been used to map
605:, coinciding with the general flowering of science in
723:
from a destructive earthquake came after the January
527:
is a scientist works in basic or applied seismology.
435:
429:
402:
396:
1694:
Agnew, Duncan Carr (2002). "History of seismology".
1622:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1586:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1571:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1527:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
414:
3852:
3781:
3743:
3690:
3664:
3628:
3595:
3554:
3526:
3485:
3383:
3315:
3254:
3233:
1481: â Study of oscillations in stars (starquakes)
1165:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
790:that travel through the interior of the materials;
774:Seismogram records showing the three components of
507:to infer information regarding past earthquakes is
408:
405:
2863:
2862:Ewing, W. M.; Jardetzky, W. S.; Press, F. (1957).
1518:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
1151:six seismologists and one government official for
3178:Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
1093:Processing readings from many seismometers using
459:) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of
2813:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2487:Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
1677:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2672:Douglas, John; Edwards, Benjamin (2016-09-01).
1569: â basic concept in earthquake engineering
982:, which was caused by an impact that has been
2828:(2nd rev. ed.). Basel: BirkhÀuser Basel.
2722:. University of California Press. p. 86.
2280:
2265:
2263:
2261:
1857:"Earthquake on a stamp: Emil Wiechert honored"
1757:Member of the Royal Academy of Berlin (2012).
1030:and coasts induced by ocean waves (the global
3463:
3211:
3112:Wen, Lianxing; Helmberger, Donald V. (1998).
2791:Allaby, Ailsa; Allaby, Michael, eds. (2003).
2332:
2034:"3.01 â Composition of the Continental Crust"
1780:
1778:
1671:Dewey, James; Byerly, Perry (February 1969).
1608: â Sediment/structure shaken seismically
368:
8:
2298:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1861:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
1673:"The early history of seismometry (to 1900)"
620:In response to a series of earthquakes near
3168:, real-time earthquake information website.
3166:European-Mediterranean Seismological Center
2161:"On the Amplitudes of Bodily Seismic Waues"
2112:SuĂĄrez, G.; Novelo-Casanova, D. A. (2018).
1898:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1546: â Study of ground motions of the Moon
1101:and other large-scale features such as the
515:motion as a function of time, created by a
3470:
3456:
3448:
3218:
3204:
3196:
2614:Douglas, John; Aochi, Hideo (2008-10-10).
375:
361:
44:
2929:
2433:
2317:
2225:
2184:
1880:
959:, anticlines and other geologic traps in
909:, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the
3089:Stein, Seth; Wysession, Michael (2002).
1067:
769:
467:) and the generation and propagation of
2269:
1640:
1602: â Seismic wave velocity variation
1552: â Seismic event occurring on Mars
628:in 1839, a committee was formed in the
56:
2453:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 499â515.
1534: â Type of map used in seismology
1224:CUSP (Caltech-USGS Seismic Processing)
741:determined that within Earth's liquid
3190:A brief history of seismology to 1910
2714:Lee, W. H. K.; S. W. Stewart (1989).
2480:
2478:
2400:Thakur, Prithvi; Huang, Yihe (2021).
1734:The 1755 Lisbon earthquake: revisited
941:underground exploration in geophysics
491:such as volcanic, tectonic, glacial,
7:
3430:
2998:; Jay Melosh; Alessandro Montanari;
2376:
2365:
2354:
2343:
1982:from the original on 1 February 2021
1956:from the original on 1 February 2021
1375:SebastiĂŁo de Melo, Marquis of Pombal
971:, rock types, and long-buried giant
3909:
2793:Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences
2208:Hjortenberg, Eric (December 2009).
670:identified the separate arrival of
2961:Earthquake prediction: An overview
2186:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1926.tb05381.x
1629: â Data processing technology
1614: â Electro-magnetic phenomena
1487: â Non-tectonic seismic event
1103:large low-shear-velocity provinces
704:In 1910, after studying the April
689:," it is the boundary between the
25:
2165:Geophysical Journal International
2093:. United States Geological Survey
1926:from the original on 26 June 2013
640:, first presented in a report by
575:In 132 CE, Zhang Heng of China's
3908:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3516:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3172:Seismological Society of America
2904:"Scientists on trial: At fault?"
1462:
1448:
481:earthquake environmental effects
392:
64:
3184:USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
2701:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.005
2159:Jeffreys, Harold (1926-06-01).
2087:"Reid's Elastic Rebound Theory"
943:(in addition to many different
2881:Seismology and Plate Tectonics
2866:Elastic Waves in Layered Media
2847:. Cambridge University Press.
2573:Seismological Research Letters
2530:Seismological Research Letters
2459:10.1016/b0-12-369396-9/90020-0
2118:Seismological Research Letters
2058:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4
1916:"Andrya (Andrija) Mohorovicic"
1627:Stabilized inverse Q filtering
869:Free oscillations of the Earth
479:. It also includes studies of
1:
3143:10.1126/science.279.5357.1701
1708:10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80203-0
1038:events associated with large
992:CretaceousâPaleogene boundary
719:An early scientific study of
706:1906 San Francisco earthquake
562:
551:
540:
2406:Geophysical Research Letters
2294:"Wind-induced ground motion"
2242:"History of plate tectonics"
1698:. International Geophysics.
1591:Seismic performance analysis
984:implicated in the extinction
503:. A related field that uses
40:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
3541:Geological history of Earth
3365:Precession of the equinoxes
2390:(2008) Springer Netherlands
1578: â Measurement process
1290:Galitzine, Boris Borisovich
919:Great East Japan earthquake
798:, a form of standing wave.
3958:
3514:
3282:Geophysical fluid dynamics
3072:Cambridge University Press
3068:Introduction to Seismology
3066:Shearer, Peter M. (2009).
2885:Cambridge University Press
2845:The founders of seismology
2826:Introduction to Seismology
1600:Seismic velocity structure
1556:Quake (natural phenomenon)
1240:
1169:American Geophysical Union
1121:
1061:
1002:Detection of seismic waves
935:Seismic waves produced by
928:
925:Controlled seismic sources
915:Sumatra-Andaman earthquake
907:1857 Basilicata earthquake
893:
866:
763:
273:Coordinating Committee for
3878:
3555:Composition and structure
3508:Index of geology articles
3399:
2979:Lay, Thorne, ed. (2009).
2902:Hall, Stephen S. (2011).
2843:Davison, Charles (2014).
2804:Ben-Menahem, Ari (1995),
2643:10.1007/s10712-008-9046-y
2333:Wen & Helmberger 1998
1896:"Oldham, Richard Dixon".
1228:RadExPro seismic software
1076:sampled by seismic waves
683:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
603:Lisbon earthquake of 1755
579:designed the first known
304:AdamsâWilliamson equation
2872:McGraw-Hill Book Company
2451:Encyclopaedia of Geology
2038:Treatise on Geochemistry
2009:Thomas Nelson & Sons
1736:. Springer. p. 14.
1648:Needham, Joseph (1959).
1538:Linear seismic inversion
1390:Richter, Charles Francis
1058:Mapping Earth's interior
1057:
880:1960 Valdivia earthquake
252:Seismic intensity scales
247:Seismic magnitude scales
3292:Near-surface geophysics
3028:10.1126/science.1177265
2879:Gubbins, David (1990).
2797:Oxford University Press
2001:Andrew McLeish (1992).
1902:Charles Scribner's Sons
1785:Oldroyd, David (2007).
1612:Seismo-electromagnetics
1280:Dziewonski, Adam Marian
3942:Earthquake engineering
3340:Earth's magnetic field
2550:10.1785/gssrl.72.3.373
2507:10.1002/eqe.4290170101
1946:"MohoroviÄiÄ, Andrija"
1826:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0076
1562:Seismic interferometry
1325:Keilis-Borok, Vladimir
1295:Gamburtsev, Grigory A.
1243:Category:Seismologists
1187:Engineering seismology
1142:earthquake engineering
1113:Seismology and society
1077:
1011:
911:1964 Alaska earthquake
884:1964 Alaska earthquake
779:
725:1920 Xalapa earthquake
714:elastic rebound theory
314:Earthquake engineering
42:
3804:Environmental geology
3412:Geophysics portal
3335:Earth's energy budget
2681:Earth-Science Reviews
2623:Surveys in Geophysics
2593:10.1785/gssrl.78.1.37
1761:. Cambridge Univ Pr.
1365:Oldham, Richard Dixon
1237:Notable seismologists
1205:be observations from
1130:earthquake prediction
1124:Earthquake prediction
1118:Earthquake prediction
1071:
1009:
931:Reflection seismology
773:
760:Types of seismic wave
586:In the 17th century,
548:Anaximenes of Miletus
337:Earth Sciences Portal
309:FlinnâEngdahl regions
275:Earthquake Prediction
33:
3763:Planetary geophysics
2426:10.1029/2021GL094679
2319:10.1002/2015JB012478
2214:Annals of Geophysics
1904:. 2008. p. 203.
1882:10.1029/2012eo070002
1360:MohoroviÄiÄ, Andrija
1107:coreâmantle boundary
1083:Richard Dixon Oldham
949:induced polarization
900:Lists of earthquakes
810:or secondary waves (
668:Richard Dixon Oldham
299:Shear wave splitting
3865:Petroleum geologist
3829:Forensic geophysics
3799:Engineering geology
3546:Timeline of geology
3498:Glossary of geology
3384:Related disciplines
3350:Geothermal gradient
3135:1998Sci...279.1701W
3129:(5357): 1701â1703.
3020:2010Sci...327.1214S
3014:(5970): 1214â1218.
2922:2011Natur.477..264H
2693:2016ESRv..160..203D
2635:2008SGeo...29..187D
2585:2007SeiRL..78...37B
2542:2001SeiRL..72..373W
2499:1988EESD...17....1A
2418:2021GeoRL..4894679T
2310:2016JGRB..121..917N
2281:Schulte et al. 2010
2177:1926GeoJ....1..334J
2130:2018SeiRL..89.1894S
2050:2003TrGeo...3....1R
1873:2012EOSTr..93...67B
1658:1959scc3.book.....N
1503:Epicentral distance
1497:Engineering geology
1255:Ambraseys, Nicholas
1155:in connection with
1048:forensic seismology
978:. For example, the
710:Harry Fielding Reid
679:Andrija MohoroviÄiÄ
487:as well as diverse
199:Epicentral distance
3891:Geology portal
3819:Geologic modelling
3758:Geophysical survey
3710:Geodetic astronomy
3636:Structural geology
3597:Historical geology
3528:History of geology
3503:History of geology
3493:Outline of geology
3267:Geophysical survey
2138:10.1785/0220180150
2004:Geological science
1350:Mercalli, Giuseppe
1095:seismic tomography
1078:
1012:
816:longitudinal waves
782:Seismic waves are
780:
638:James David Forbes
588:Athanasius Kircher
176:Induced seismicity
123:Remotely triggered
43:
3924:
3923:
3809:Planetary geology
3725:Planetary geodesy
3445:
3444:
3360:Mantle convection
3104:978-0-86542-078-6
3081:978-0-521-70842-5
2916:(7364): 264â269.
2894:978-0-521-37141-4
2824:Bath, M. (1979).
2766:978-94-007-0151-9
2468:978-0-12-369396-9
2067:978-0-08-043751-4
2044:, Pergamon: 659,
2018:978-0-17-448221-5
1978:. seismosoc.org.
1814:Notes and Records
1576:Seismic migration
1456:Geophysics portal
1385:Richards, Paul G.
1198:civil engineering
745:there is a solid
712:put forward the "
511:. A recording of
385:
384:
38:triggered by the
16:(Redirected from
3949:
3912:
3911:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3824:Forensic geology
3794:Economic geology
3720:Gravity of Earth
3615:Paleoclimatology
3520:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3355:Gravity of Earth
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3154:
3118:
3108:
3085:
3070:(2nd ed.).
3062:
3060:
3058:
3000:Joanna V. Morgan
2989:
2987:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2951:
2933:
2898:
2875:
2869:
2858:
2839:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2795:(2nd ed.).
2777:
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2774:
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2744:
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2711:
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2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:scecinfo.usc.edu
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2124:(5): 1894â1899.
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2007:(2nd ed.).
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1950:Encyclopedia.com
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1900:. Vol. 10.
1893:
1887:
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1884:
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1846:
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1800:
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1782:
1773:
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1691:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1645:
1623:
1596:
1587:
1572:
1544:Lunar seismology
1528:
1519:
1516: â Sunquake
1491:Earthquake swarm
1479:Asteroseismology
1472:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1370:Omori, Fusakichi
1340:Macelwane, James
1310:Jeffreys, Harold
1260:Anderson, Don L.
1099:convection cells
1064:Earth's interior
980:Chicxulub Crater
953:magnetotellurics
947:methods such as
832:transverse waves
661:Earth's interior
642:David Milne-Home
594:(1638â1712) and
567:
564:
556:
553:
545:
542:
501:human activities
477:planetary bodies
442:
441:
438:
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426:
425:
422:
419:
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148:Earthquake swarm
68:
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3925:
3920:
3883:
3874:
3848:
3844:Mineral physics
3777:
3739:
3686:
3660:
3646:Plate tectonics
3624:
3620:Palaeogeography
3591:
3567:Crystallography
3550:
3522:
3521:
3512:
3481:
3476:
3446:
3441:
3404:
3395:
3379:
3330:Coriolis effect
3325:Chandler wobble
3317:
3311:
3287:Mineral physics
3250:
3229:
3224:
3162:
3157:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3095:Wiley-Blackwell
3088:
3082:
3065:
3056:
3054:
2996:Takafumi Matsui
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:Kanamori, Hiroo
2954:
2931:10.1038/477264a
2901:
2895:
2878:
2861:
2855:
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2823:
2808:
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2786:
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2671:
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2569:
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2342:
2338:
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2327:
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2279:
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2268:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2227:10.4401/ag-4625
2207:
2206:
2202:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2091:1906 Earthquake
2085:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:. p. 122.
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1974:
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1969:
1959:
1957:
1944:
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1621:
1618:Seismotectonics
1594:
1585:
1570:
1567:Seismic loading
1526:
1523:IRIS Consortium
1517:
1514:Helioseismology
1508:Harmonic tremor
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1320:Kanamori, Hiroo
1300:Gutenberg, Beno
1245:
1239:
1218:
1189:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1066:
1060:
1052:nuclear testing
1004:
996:oil exploration
945:electromagnetic
933:
927:
917:, and the 2011
902:
894:Main articles:
892:
871:
865:
841:
814:). P-waves are
804:
768:
762:
754:plate tectonics
732:Harold Jeffreys
565:
554:
543:
533:
509:paleoseismology
489:seismic sources
463:(or generally,
428:
395:
391:
381:
329:
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267:
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188:Characteristics
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3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3839:Mining geology
3836:
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3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3773:Tectonophysics
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3735:Geopositioning
3732:
3730:Remote sensing
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3682:Marine geology
3679:
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3569:
3564:
3562:Cosmochemistry
3558:
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3327:
3321:
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3309:
3307:Tectonophysics
3304:
3299:
3297:Paleomagnetism
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Geomathematics
3274:
3269:
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3258:
3256:
3252:
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3194:
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3187:
3181:
3175:
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3161:
3160:External links
3158:
3156:
3155:
3109:
3103:
3086:
3080:
3063:
2990:
2976:
2974:on 2013-10-24.
2952:
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2819:(4): 1202â1225
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2664:
2629:(3): 187â220.
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2536:(3): 373â382.
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2435:2027.42/170290
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2304:(2): 917â930.
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1470:Physics portal
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1430:Winthrop, John
1427:
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1405:Paul G. Silver
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1395:Sekiya, Seikei
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1345:Mallet, Robert
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1285:Ewing, Maurice
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1275:Claerbout, Jon
1272:
1270:Beroza,Gregory
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1234:
1233:
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1207:accelerometers
1188:
1185:
1159:. A report in
1138:seismic hazard
1122:Main article:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
1003:
1000:
926:
923:
891:
888:
864:
861:
849:Rayleigh waves
840:
837:
803:
800:
764:Main article:
761:
758:
630:United Kingdom
596:Nicolas Lemery
566: 340 BCE
555: 550 BCE
544: 585 BCE
532:
529:
455:" and -λογία (
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3954:
3943:
3940:
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3932:
3917:
3916:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3871:
3870:Volcanologist
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
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3800:
3797:
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3759:
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3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
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3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Earth's orbit
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Geomorphology
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:Dynamic Earth
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3587:Sedimentology
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Geochronology
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
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3408:
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3333:
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3328:
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3320:
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3308:
3305:
3303:
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3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3246:Geophysicists
3244:
3242:
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3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
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3106:
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3087:
3083:
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3013:
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2977:
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2927:
2923:
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2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2856:
2854:9781107691490
2850:
2846:
2841:
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2835:9783034852838
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:data ...
2731:
2729:9780520065826
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
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2686:
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2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
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2178:
2174:
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2166:
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2119:
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2079:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1874:
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1866:
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1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:9781108059909
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1743:9781402086090
1739:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1717:9780124406520
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1683:(1): 183â227.
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
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1644:
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1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:Seismic noise
1580:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
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1471:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Wen, Lianxing
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:Tucker, Brian
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
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1393:
1391:
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1373:
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1361:
1358:
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1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Lehmann, Inge
1333:
1331:
1330:Knopoff, Leon
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
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1301:
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1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1215:
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1208:
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1199:
1195:
1194:earth science
1186:
1184:
1182:
1181:seismic cycle
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
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1158:
1154:
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1139:
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1108:
1104:
1100:
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1049:
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1028:
1024:
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901:
897:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
870:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:Surface waves
838:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:that involve
817:
813:
809:
801:
799:
797:
793:
792:surface waves
789:
785:
784:elastic waves
777:
776:ground motion
772:
767:
759:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
657:Emil Wiechert
653:
651:
650:Robert Mallet
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
592:Martin Lister
589:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
560:
549:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:elastic waves
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Ancient Greek
440:
389:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
282:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
233:
232:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:Seismic waves
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
77:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
34:Animation of
32:
19:
3913:
3901:
3882:
3782:Applications
3767:
3753:Geomagnetism
3677:Hydrogeology
3610:Paleontology
3605:Stratigraphy
3572:Geochemistry
3434:
3422:
3403:
3370:Seismic wave
3301:
3272:Geomagnetism
3126:
3120:
3090:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3011:
3007:
2981:
2969:the original
2960:
2913:
2907:
2880:
2865:
2844:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2792:
2770:. Retrieved
2755:
2748:
2739:
2733:. Retrieved
2719:
2709:
2684:
2680:
2667:
2626:
2622:
2609:
2579:(1): 37â48.
2576:
2572:
2566:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2490:
2486:
2450:
2444:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2372:
2361:
2350:
2339:
2328:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2276:
2270:Gubbins 1990
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2090:
2081:
2071:, retrieved
2041:
2037:
2027:
2003:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1910:
1897:
1891:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1820:(1): 45â64.
1817:
1813:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:Researchgate
1790:
1758:
1752:
1733:
1726:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1649:
1643:
1420:Vidale, John
1380:Press, Frank
1305:Hough, Susan
1219:
1190:
1177:
1153:manslaughter
1146:
1127:
1092:
1079:
1015:Seismometers
1013:
934:
903:
875:normal modes
872:
863:Normal modes
842:
805:
796:normal modes
795:
791:
787:
781:
766:Seismic wave
751:
739:Inge Lehmann
736:
729:
718:
703:
676:
665:
654:
647:
634:seismometers
619:
615:John Michell
600:
585:
574:
539:of Miletus (
534:
525:seismologist
524:
519:is called a
471:through the
456:
448:
387:
386:
323:
293:Other topics
98:Blind thrust
18:Seismologist
3853:Occupations
3834:Meteoritics
3700:Cartography
3656:Volcanology
3641:Geodynamics
3262:Geodynamics
2687:: 203â219.
2493:(1): 1â50.
2171:: 334â348.
1410:Stein, Ross
1400:Sieh, Kerry
1355:Milne, John
1315:Jones, Lucy
1265:Bolt, Bruce
1250:Aki, Keiiti
1036:cryospheric
1023:seismograph
913:, the 2004
890:Earthquakes
857:seismograms
820:compression
721:aftershocks
648:From 1857,
613:(1757) and
581:seismoscope
577:Han dynasty
517:seismograph
461:earthquakes
451:) meaning "
281:Forecasting
242:Seismometer
236:Measurement
209:Shadow zone
58:Earthquakes
3937:Seismology
3931:Categories
3814:Geobiology
3789:Biogeology
3768:Seismology
3745:Geophysics
3672:Glaciology
3577:Mineralogy
3302:Seismology
3227:Geophysics
3192:(UCSB ERI)
2784:References
2772:2011-10-19
2735:2011-10-12
2251:2024-02-20
2073:2019-11-21
1986:30 January
1960:30 January
1930:30 January
1920:Penn State
1435:Zhang Heng
1241:See also:
1134:VAN method
1087:outer core
1032:microseism
1019:underwater
957:salt domes
937:explosions
929:See also:
896:Earthquake
867:See also:
853:Love waves
845:dispersive
802:Body waves
788:body waves
747:inner core
743:outer core
611:John Bevis
572:(132 CE).
570:Zhang Heng
521:seismogram
497:microseism
495:, oceanic
453:earthquake
388:Seismology
324:Seismology
265:Prediction
204:Hypocenter
138:Supershear
118:Megathrust
113:Intraplate
108:Interplate
93:Aftershock
3860:Geologist
3715:Geomatics
3582:Petrology
3486:Overviews
3345:Geodynamo
3318:phenomena
3316:Physical
3255:Subfields
3036:1095-9203
2948:205067216
2651:0169-3298
2601:0895-0695
2558:0895-0695
2515:1096-9845
2377:Hall 2011
2366:Hall 2011
2355:Hall 2011
2344:Hall 2011
2195:1365-246X
2146:134449441
1867:(7): 67.
1834:0035-9149
1797:4 October
1550:Marsquake
1485:Cryoseism
1232:SeisComP3
1202:tectonics
1105:near the
988:dinosaurs
963:-bearing
961:petroleum
824:expansion
737:In 1937,
730:In 1926,
677:In 1909,
655:In 1897,
559:Aristotle
475:or other
447:ÏΔÎčÏÎŒÏÏ (
194:Epicenter
171:Volcanism
133:Submarine
88:Foreshock
83:Mainshock
3424:Category
3234:Overview
3044:20203042
2958:(2003).
2940:21921895
2659:53066367
1980:Archived
1954:Archived
1924:Archived
1842:71003016
1702:: 3â11.
1606:Seismite
1442:See also
1173:L'Aquila
1167:and the
1149:indicted
1040:icebergs
882:and the
697:and the
666:In 1906
626:Scotland
485:tsunamis
483:such as
344:Category
319:Seismite
50:a series
48:Part of
3915:Geology
3903:Geology
3692:Geodesy
3479:Geology
3436:Commons
3391:Geodesy
3241:Outline
3151:9497284
3131:Bibcode
3122:Science
3057:5 March
3052:2659741
3016:Bibcode
3008:Science
2918:Bibcode
2689:Bibcode
2631:Bibcode
2581:Bibcode
2538:Bibcode
2495:Bibcode
2414:Bibcode
2306:Bibcode
2173:Bibcode
2126:Bibcode
2097:6 April
2046:Bibcode
1869:Bibcode
1654:Bibcode
1027:tsunami
986:of the
976:craters
828:S-waves
812:S-waves
672:P-waves
568:), and
531:History
505:geology
493:fluvial
449:seismĂłs
443:; from
143:Tsunami
103:Doublet
36:tsunami
3149:
3101:
3078:
3050:
3042:
3034:
2946:
2938:
2909:Nature
2891:
2851:
2832:
2763:
2726:
2657:
2649:
2599:
2556:
2513:
2465:
2412:(17).
2193:
2144:
2064:
2015:
1840:
1832:
1765:
1740:
1714:
1161:Nature
1034:), to
973:meteor
969:faults
699:mantle
622:Comrie
607:Europe
537:Thales
465:quakes
457:-logĂa
224:S wave
219:P wave
160:Causes
3665:Water
3117:(PDF)
3048:S2CID
2986:(PDF)
2972:(PDF)
2965:(PDF)
2944:S2CID
2809:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2655:S2CID
2619:(PDF)
2220:(6).
2142:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1635:Notes
1216:Tools
1074:Earth
965:rocks
808:shear
695:crust
691:Earth
513:Earth
473:Earth
76:Types
3375:Tide
3147:PMID
3099:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3059:2010
3040:PMID
3032:ISSN
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