610:
301:
596:
844:
878:
820:, who, because he was the son of a Vajjika princess, was therefore interested in the territory of his mother's homeland. The result of the Kauśalya invasion was that the Shakyas and Koliyas merely lost political importance after being annexed into Viḍūḍabha's kingdom. The Shakyas nevertheless soon disappeared as an ethnic group after their annexation, having become absorbed into the population of Kosala, with only a few displaced families maintaining the Shakya identity later. The Koliyas likewise disappeared as a polity and as a tribe soon after their annexation.
82:
403:
62:
808:. Viḍūḍabha finally triumphed over the Shakyas and Koliyas and annexed their state after a long war with massive loss of lives on both sides. Details of this war were exaggerated by later Buddhist accounts, which claimed that Viḍūḍabha exterminated the Shakyas in retaliation for having given in marriage to his father the slave girl who became Viḍūḍabha's mother. In actuality, Viḍūḍabha's invasion of Shakya might instead have had similar motivations to the conquest of the
1387:, the main of which was located at Kapilavatthu, although at least one other Sakya santhāgāra also existed at Cātuma. The judicial and legislative functions of the Assembly of the Sakyas were not distinctly separated, and it met to discuss important issues concerning public affairs, such as war, peace, and alliances. The Sakya Assembly deliberated on important issues, and it had a simple voting system through either raising hands or the use of wooden chips.
2113:: "The founder of the Sakya clan, King Ikṣvāku (Pāli: Okkāka) has a Munda name, suggesting that the Sakyas were at least bilingual (Kuiper 1991, 7; Mayrhofer 1992, vol. 1, 185). Many of the Sakya village names are believed to be non-IA in origin (Thomas 1960, 23), and the very word for town or city (nagara; cf. the Sakya village Nagakara, the locus of the Cūḷasuññata Sutta ) is of Dravidian stock (Mayrhofer 1963, vol. 2, 125)."
2117:"The Sakya clan derive their ancestry from King Ikṣvāku, whose name is of Austro-Asiatic Munda origin (see above, page 148). While the Sakyans' rough speech and Munda ancestors do not prove that they spoke a non-IA language, there is a lot of other evidence suggesting that they were indeed a separate ethnic (and probably linguistic) group."
1777:
The cremation rituals of the
Shakyas which were performed for the funeral of the Buddha as described by Buddhist texts involved wrapping his body in 500 layers of cloth, placing it in an iron vat full of oil as a mark of honour, and then covering it with another iron pot before being cremated. These
770:
During the life of the Buddha, an armed feud opposed the
Shakyas and the Koliyas concerning the waters of the river Rohiṇī, which formed the boundary between the two states and whose water was needed by both of them to irrigate their crops. The intervention of the Buddha finally put an end to these
1684:
and his
Enlightenment occurring under one such tree, suggest that the Shakyas practised tree worship, a custom likely derived from Munda religious customs of worshipping sacred groves, and the important role in their traditions of the Sāl tree, whose flowering marks the beginning of their New Year
1778:
rites originated from the pre-Indo-Aryan autochthonous populations of the eastern
Gangetic plains, as were the practices such as honouring the Buddha's body with singing, dancing, and music, as well as placing his bones in a golden urn, the veneration of these remains and their burial in a round
2223:: "The evidence for this final wave is however, very slim and there is no evidence for it in the Vedic texts; for their western origin, Witzel relies on a reference in Pāṇini (4.2.131, madravṛjyoḥ) to the Vṛjjis in dual relation with the Madras who are from the northwest, and to the
1667:
The myth of the
Shakyas' ancestors being four pairs of married twin siblings was a myth which traced the origins of the ruling Shakya families to a common ancestor, and was also a myth of an early human utopia where humans were born as couples.
1765:, who in Buddhist mythology protected the Buddha during a storm under a mucalinda tree, was a both snake- and a tree-deity, thus alluding to the practice of serpent worship among the Shakyas, which originated from among the pre-Indo-Aryan
1052:
s. The
Buddhist suttas are ambiguous on the status of the Buddha, sometimes calling him a kshatriya, but mostly ignoring the varna system. Additionally, the populations of Greater Magadha did not subscribe to the supremacy of the
968:
and the
Burmese monarchy belonged to the same Shakya clan of the Buddha. He migrated to present-day Burma after the annexation of the Shakya kingdom by Kosala. The earlier Burmese accounts stated that he was a descendant of
1649:
This myth was also a foundation myth of the city which, as the residence of the ruling families of the clan, the city, which was the centre of political and economic activity, was associated with that clan's
990:
cultural area, which was located in the eastern
Gangetic plain to the east of the confluence of the Gaṅgā and Yamunā rivers. Like the other eastern groups of the Greater Magadha region, the Shakyas were
1634:), and whose eight twin sons and daughters who were married to each other had founded the capital city of the Shakyas and were the tribe's ancestors. This was an origin myth of the ruling status of the
1517:
peoples, and was a practice of social demarcation and of maintaining power within a smaller sub-group of the Shakya clan, and was therefore not permitted among the lower classes of the Shakya.
1401:
s, the Sakya
Assembly met rarely and it instead had an inner and smaller Council which met more often to administer the republic in the name of the Assembly. The members of the council, titled
1646:, were often related to each other, and possessed adjacent areas of land, thus establishing kinship, which itself helped form rights of landownership, and, therefore, of political authority.
823:
The massive life losses incurred by Kosala during its conquest of Shakya and Koliya weakened it significantly enough that it was itself soon annexed by its eastern neighbour, the kingdom of
1786:
which possessed a central mast, flags, pennants, and parasols at a public crossroads, which were rituals that were performed by the pre-Indo-Aryan populations for their greater rulers.
609:
951:
in Nepal use the surname Shakya and also claim to be the descendants of the Shakya clan with titles such as Śākyavamsa (of the Shakya lineage) having been used in the past.
81:
1134:
s described the
Shakyas as "fierce, rough-spoken, touchy and violent," and accused them of not honouring, respecting, esteeming, revering or paying homage to the
1511:
Another reflection of non-Indo-Aryan cultural practices of the Shakyas was the practice of sibling marriages among their ruling clans, which was forbidden among
442:. To the north, the territory of the Shakyas stretched into the Himalayas until the forested regions of the mountains, which formed their northern border.
1152:, as attested by many of their villages having Mundari names, and the name of the founder of their clan, which has been recorded in the Sanskrit form
704:
Scholars criticize the Scythian hypothesis due to a lack of evidence, with Bryan Levman maintaining that the Shakyas were native to the north-east
694:
632:
The Shakyas were an eastern sub-Himalayan ethnic group on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Gangetic plain in the
2684:
2646:
2585:
2553:
2512:
2456:
2416:
2391:
2205:
2090:
1942:
689:
by the Indo-Aryans. These scholars have suggested that the people of the Buddha were Saka soldiers who arrived in South Asia in the army of
300:
2714:
2709:
2302:
2263:
1800:
595:
2357:
1122:
This negative view of the peoples of the Greater Magadha region by the Vedic peoples extended to the Shakyas, as recorded in the
61:
2235:. Neither the Sakyas nor any of the other eastern tribes are mentioned, and of course there is no proof that any of these are
270:
245:
2719:
843:
877:
2358:"Buddhist Monks or Kinsmen of the Buddha? Reflections on the Titles Traditionally Used by Sakyas in the Kathmandu Valley"
756:
2533:
2197:
804:, invaded the Shakya and Koliya republics, seeking to conquer their territories because they had once been part of
446:
113:
2250:
1471:
s were posted in the four corners or sides of the hall so as to clearly and easily hear the speeches made by the
1046:
s, that is of slaves or servants, indigenous clans who collaborated with the Indo-Aryan clans were the status of
2676:
2664:
402:
342:
650:, with the former group forming a minority. The Shakyas were closely related to their eastern neighbours, the
1539:
s had not acquired religious or cultural preponderance in the Greater Magadha area to which Shakya belonged.
1492:
s would record. The Assembly was then adjourned, after which the recorders compared their notes, and all the
558:
2185:
1766:
1377:
The political system of the Sakyas was identical to that of the Koliyas, and like the Koliyas and the other
1237:
s, themselves comprising at least an aristocracy, as well as land-owners, attendants, labourers, and serfs.
1110:, who were the neighbours of the Shakyas, as being "non-Aryan" and born from mixed caste marriages, and the
751:
During the fifth century itself, one of the members of the ruling aristocratic oligarchy of the Shakyas was
667:
31:
913:
2541:
2545:
2236:
2193:
1103:
828:
698:
2409:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
2050:, in the sense of 'able, capable, smart.' But, looking below the surface, we find in the allusion to
1932:
1529:
cultural area, the Shakyas followed non-Vedic religious customs which drastically differed from the
2563:
2432:
1302:
917:
744:
from the Kosala kingdom. By that time, the Shakya republic had become a vassal state of the larger
419:
387:
365:
67:
1745:
s, which was of pre-Indo-Aryan autochthonous origin, was prevalent in the Greater Magadha region.
2228:
2029:
2021:
1483:
took his appointed seat and put forward the matters to be discussed once the Assembly was ready.
1422:
925:
866:
643:
145:
1719:
s in Sanskrit) in early Buddhist texts is an attestation of the worship of these beings done at
1246:
s, literally meaning "enjoyers (of the right to own land)," and used in the sense of "headmen."
2332:"Myths of origin: the Janajati Movement, local traditions, nationalism and identities in Nepal"
2680:
2642:
2581:
2549:
2508:
2452:
2412:
2387:
2298:
2259:
2201:
2086:
1938:
1680:
in the life of the Buddha according to the Buddhist texts, as well as his representation as a
1111:
774:
After the death of the Buddha, the Shakyas claimed a share of his relics from the Mallakas of
361:
333:
2292:
2239:. I view the Sakyas and the later Śakas as two separate groups, the former being aboriginal."
2038:
we find only a fanciful desire to account for the name Sakya by identifying it with the word
2704:
2638:
2608:
2573:
2448:
2074:
2013:
1795:
1320:
1182:
998:
948:
733:
690:
1384:
1181:
The society of the Shakyas and Koliyas was a stratified one which did not subscribe to the
929:
2496:
2155:
2119:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2115:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1681:
1526:
1149:
1077:
987:
965:
956:
921:
633:
391:
127:
1060:
601:
Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Viḍūḍabha's conquest of Kālāma, Sakya and Koliya
1543:
615:
Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Viḍūḍabha's conquest of Kālāma, Sakya and Koliya
386:. The Shakyas were on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern
2121:"Okkāka was the legendary progenitor of the Sakyas, and bears a name of Munda ancestry"
1689:
tribe worship the Sāl tree and gather to make communal decisions under them Sāl trees.
1677:
1555:
1433:
943:
of Tarai region of India and Nepal claim descent from Sakya. Significant population of
809:
775:
760:
741:
721:
663:
554:
1486:
During the session, the members of the Assembly expressed their views, which the four
2698:
2672:
2668:
2656:
2596:
2078:
2033:
1686:
1597:
1165:
1107:
858:
832:
752:
725:
647:
435:
149:
87:
2567:
2062:, the grove of teak-trees, the real origin of the other name, Sākiya, Śākiya, Śākya.
1407:
s, formed a college which was directly in charge of public affairs of the republic.
2577:
2331:
1429:
1426:
1119:
requiring visitors to these lands to perform purificatory sacrifices as expiation.
944:
940:
99:
1368:'s death was passed to his eldest son, who while he was living held the title of
759:, who was the daughter of a Koliya noble, and the son of Suddhodana and Māyā was
1997:
1310:
817:
427:
373:
141:
2017:
1530:
1087:
849:
439:
357:
308:
304:
159:
1421:
The head of the Sakya republic was an elected chief, which was a position of
2384:
Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism
2232:
1762:
1332:
1313:
1199:
1015:
970:
797:
676:
671:
415:
376:
207:
2613:
1451:
was in charge of administering the republic with the help of the council.
1249:
The lower classes of Shakya society consisted of servants, in Pāli called
1651:
1631:
1551:
1316:
961:
801:
764:
474:
379:
179:
169:
2597:"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures"
1640:
families of the Shakya clan, who had the right to be represented in the
1148:
The Shakyans were at least bilingual, under the linguistic influence of
2025:
2001:
1754:
1554:, having been founded by the Shakya Siddhartha Gautama, the historical
1208:
1190:
1099:
1024:
1006:
881:
870:
824:
813:
137:
123:
17:
2634:
2444:
2440:
2224:
2006:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1725:
1693:
1436:
1217:
1095:
1033:
862:
805:
793:
787:
745:
737:
729:
717:
705:
651:
431:
423:
263:
250:
103:
2252:
The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya
2190:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
1931:
Trainor, K (2010). "Kapilavastu". In Keown, D; Prebish, CS (eds.).
670:
have equated the Shakyas with Central Asian nomads who were called
571:), meaning 'branch,’ and was connected to the Shakyas' practice of
2504:
1779:
1589:
1567:
1533:
tradition, and even by the time of the Buddha, Brahmanism and the
876:
842:
411:
401:
312:
311:"Sage of the Shakyas," the most famous Shakya. Seated bronze from
299:
292:
288:
2156:"Possible Iranian Origins for the Śākyas and Aspects of Buddhism"
1040:. While non-Indo-Aryan indigenous clans were given the status of
534:)) meaning "to be able," "worthy," "possible," or "practicable."
1621:
1614:
clan claimed descent from the Sun-god via his descendant, named
675:
550:
458:
422:
with their neighbors to the west and south being the kingdom of
353:
323:
2386:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 57.
1073:
s were regarded as higher in the societies of Greater Magadha.
897:
The Buddha was given the epithet of the "Sage of the Shakyas,"
537:
The name of the Shakyas was also derived from the name of the
2294:
Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia
30:
This article is about the ancient group. For other uses, see
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1570:, whom they considered their ancestor, hence why the Shakya
997:("of mixed origin"), and therefore did not subscribe to the
2501:
Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
888:"The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni", circa 100 BCE.
1914:
1912:
1076:
Vedic literature therefore considered the populations of
549:
tree, which Bryan Levman has identified with either the
2538:
After Buddhism: Rethinking the Dharma for a Secular Age
2569:
Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India
2045:
1780:
1755:
1714:
1708:
1659:
1652:
1625:
1583:
1544:
1534:
1512:
1396:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1303:
1272:
1183:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1112:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1054:
999:
992:
986:
The Shakyas lived in what scholars presently call the
904:
701:
the origin of the wandering asceticism of the Buddha.
684:
637:
576:
559:
538:
523:
511:
499:
487:
478:
366:
347:
68:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
636:
cultural region. The Shakyas were of 'mixed origin' (
486:
The Shakyas' name was derived from the Sanskrit root
457:
The name of the Shakyas is attested primarily in the
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1498:
s came back and waited for the recorders' decision.
1225:, but instead consisted of an aristocratic class of
1542:It was in this non-Vedic cultural environment that
434:tribe, while on the northeast they bordered on the
284:
204:
189:
175:
165:
155:
133:
119:
109:
95:
41:
2057:
2051:
2039:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1700:
1694:
1641:
1635:
1615:
1609:
1590:
1577:
1571:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1412:
1402:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1159:
1123:
1068:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
898:
582:
544:
468:
462:
327:
2160:Journal of the Oxford Centre For Buddhist Studies
2631:Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C
2507:, Japan: Kosei Publishing Company. p. 124.
1350:formed an Assembly, and they held the title of
973:, son of a solar spirit and a dragon princess.
1937:. Milton Park, UK: Routledge. pp. 436–7.
960:, first published in 1823, the legendary king
566:
529:
517:
505:
493:
27:Republican tribe confederacy in Iron-Age India
1459:When sessions of the Assembly were held, the
8:
1658:(territory), and was equated with the whole
831:was defeated and killed by the Māgadhī king
2411:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
1278:
1256:
716:By the sixth century BCE, the Shakyas, the
445:The capital of the Shakyas was the city of
1918:
1692:The importance of the tree spirits called
1293:), who performed the labour in the farms.
912:The functioning of the proceedings in the
778:on the grounds that he had been a Shakya.
557:tree, which is ultimately related to word
80:
60:
38:
2612:
2483:
2471:
2278:
1465:s gathered in the santhāgāra; while four
755:. Suddhodana was married to the princess
708:plain and unrelated to the Iranic Sakas.
426:, their neighbors to the east across the
360:, whose existence is attested during the
2106:
2104:
2102:
414:– an area south of the foothills of the
1812:
1439:, and whose incumbent had the title of
763:, the historical Buddha and founder of
695:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
2365:Kailash – Journal of Himalayan Studies
2317:
2281:, Chapter 2, Section 2, 7th paragraph.
2220:
2141:
2110:
1984:
1957:
1903:
1852:
928:, are modelled on those of the Shakya
792:Shortly after the Buddha's death, the
2083:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2002:"The Inscription on the Piprawa Vase"
1550:movements existed, with one of them,
1080:as existing outside of the limits of
728:lived between the territories of the
203:
188:
184:
7:
2437:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism
2258:. Wisdom Publications. p. 409.
1769:populations of northern South Asia.
654:tribe, with whom they intermarried.
364:. The Shakyas were organised into a
2231:(§198) as arising from the dust of
1231:s and a slave or servant class of
1189:social organisation consisting of
1140:s owing to their "menial origin."
1005:social organisation consisting of
25:
2339:Contributions to Nepalese Studies
1801:Family tree of Sinhalese monarchs
1301:The Sakyas were organised into a
740:to the east, thus separating the
572:
1685:and Flower Feast festivals: the
800:, who had overthrown his father
683:by the Achaemenid Persians, and
608:
594:
268:
243:
909:in Sanskrit, by his followers.
2578:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416
2085:. UK: Routledge. p. 208.
1240:Landholders held the title of
356:of the northeastern region of
1:
2407:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
1507:Aristocratic marriage customs
812:by Viḍūḍabha's relative, the
658:Alternative origin hypothesis
195:
49:
1362:was hereditary, and after a
677:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
1781:
1756:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1660:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:The Shakyas worshipped the
1545:
1535:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:Functioning of the assembly
1447:
1441:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1304:
1273:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1160:
1154:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1113:
1089:
1082:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
1000:
993:
905:
899:
685:
638:
583:
577:
560:
545:
539:
524:
512:
500:
488:
479:
469:
463:
367:
348:
328:
86:Shakya to the north of the
69:
2736:
2198:Princeton University Press
2154:Attwood, Jayarava (2012).
1676:The important role of the
1576:clan claimed to be of the
932:or general assembly hall.
886:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho
857:"Sage of the "Shakyas" in
785:
29:
2595:Levman, Bryan G. (2014).
2297:. Routledge. p. 64.
2018:10.1017/S0035869X00034079
1383:s, the Assembly met in a
1128:, according to which the
567:
530:
518:
506:
494:
410:The Shakyas lived in the
337:
222:
218:
185:
79:
59:
48:
2715:Ancient peoples of India
2710:Ancient peoples of Nepal
2677:Harvard University Press
2291:Leoshko, Janice (2017).
2249:Walshe, Maurice (1995).
2186:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1934:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
1525:Since they lived in the
1297:Administrative structure
406:Map of Shakyan territory
90:in the post-Vedic period
2601:Buddhist Studies Review
2356:Gellner, David (1989).
1395:Similarly to the other
1331:The heads of the Sakya
1114:Baudhāyana-Dharmaśāstra
668:Christopher I. Beckwith
32:Shakya (disambiguation)
2629:Sharma, J. P. (1968).
2614:10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145
2542:New Haven, Connecticut
889:
874:
407:
316:
199: 7th century BCE
53: 7th century BCE
2546:Yale University Press
2194:Princeton, New Jersey
880:
846:
405:
382:), also known as the
303:
160:Aristocratic Republic
120:Common languages
2564:Bronkhorst, Johannes
2433:Bronkhorst, Johannes
2330:Skar, H. O. (1995).
1059:s of the peoples of
732:to the west and the
699:Scytho-Saka nomadism
206:• Conquered by
2229:Jaiminīya Brāhamaṇa
1960:, pp. 182–206.
1600:("Solar dynasty").
1356:s. The position of
1319:) similarly to the
1172:Social organisation
977:Culture and society
420:Indo-Gangetic Plain
388:Indo-Gangetic Plain
191:• Established
55:–c. 5th century BCE
2661:The Past Before Us
2534:Batchelor, Stephen
2382:Hla Pe, U (1985).
2320:, p. 159-168.
2144:, p. 207-217.
1987:, p. 392-399.
1906:, p. 182-206.
1477:s; and the consul
1423:first among equals
1158:and the Pali form
964:, who founded the
926:Buddhist cosmology
890:
875:
867:Minor Pillar Edict
782:Conquest by Kosala
761:Siddhartha Gautama
430:being the related
408:
317:
305:Siddhartha Gautama
214:c. 5th century BCE
2686:978-0-674-72651-2
2648:978-9-004-02015-3
2587:978-9-047-41965-5
2555:978-0-300-21622-6
2544:, United States:
2514:978-4-333-01893-2
2458:978-9-004-20140-8
2447:, United States:
2418:978-0-521-80496-7
2393:978-9971-98-800-5
2237:Indo-Aryan groups
2207:978-0-691-17632-1
2200:. pp. 1–21.
2196:, United States:
2092:978-1-884-96498-5
2075:Douglas Q., Adams
1944:978-0-415-55624-8
1733:. The worship of
746:Kingdom of Kosala
662:Scholars such as
418:and north of the
394:cultural region.
352:) was an ancient
346:
298:
297:
280:
279:
276:
275:
256:
255:
66:Shakya among the
16:(Redirected from
2727:
2690:
2652:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2591:
2559:
2519:
2518:
2497:Nakamura, Hajime
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2474:, p. 32-33.
2469:
2463:
2462:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2246:
2240:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2122:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1856:
1850:
1796:Shakya (surname)
1784:
1773:Funerary customs
1759:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1663:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1613:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1548:
1538:
1516:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1450:
1444:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1307:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1163:
1157:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1092:
1085:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1003:
996:
994:saṃkīrṇa-yonayaḥ
949:Kathmandu valley
916:heaven ruled by
908:
902:
873:(circa 250 BCE).
691:Darius the Great
688:
680:
641:
639:saṃkīrṇa-yonayaḥ
612:
598:
586:
580:
570:
569:
563:
548:
542:
533:
532:
527:
521:
520:
515:
509:
508:
503:
497:
496:
491:
482:
472:
466:
370:
351:
341:
339:
331:
272:
271:
260:
259:
247:
246:
240:
239:
224:
223:
200:
197:
84:
72:
64:
54:
51:
39:
21:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2637:, Netherlands:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2594:
2588:
2562:
2556:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2503:. Vol. 1.
2495:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2443:, Netherlands;
2431:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2100:
2093:
2073:
2072:
2068:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1919:Bronkhorst 2007
1917:
1910:
1902:
1859:
1851:
1814:
1809:
1792:
1775:
1751:
1749:Serpent worship
1674:
1606:
1564:
1527:Greater Magadha
1523:
1509:
1504:
1457:
1419:
1393:
1329:
1299:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1179:
1174:
1150:Munda languages
1146:
1078:Greater Magadha
988:Greater Magadha
984:
979:
966:Tagaung Kingdom
957:Hmannan Yazawin
938:
895:
841:
827:, and its king
790:
784:
714:
674:by the Greeks,
660:
634:Greater Magadha
630:
625:
620:
619:
618:
617:
616:
613:
604:
603:
602:
599:
510:), more rarely
455:
400:
392:Greater Magadha
384:Shakya Republic
315:, 11th century.
291:
269:
244:
211:
198:
192:
150:serpent worship
128:Munda languages
126:
91:
75:
52:
44:
43:Shakya Republic
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2657:Thapar, Romila
2653:
2647:
2626:
2607:(2): 145–180.
2592:
2586:
2560:
2554:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2488:
2484:Batchelor 2015
2476:
2472:Batchelor 2015
2464:
2457:
2424:
2417:
2399:
2392:
2374:
2348:
2322:
2310:
2303:
2283:
2279:Batchelor 2015
2271:
2264:
2241:
2213:
2206:
2177:
2146:
2123:
2098:
2091:
2079:Mallory, J. P.
2066:
2012:(1): 149–180.
1989:
1962:
1950:
1943:
1923:
1908:
1857:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1774:
1771:
1750:
1747:
1673:
1670:
1605:
1602:
1563:
1560:
1522:
1519:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1456:
1453:
1418:
1409:
1392:
1389:
1328:
1325:
1298:
1295:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1145:
1142:
1125:Ambaṭṭha Sutta
983:
980:
978:
975:
937:
936:Descent claims
934:
920:, lord of the
894:
891:
840:
837:
810:Vajjika League
786:Main article:
783:
780:
742:Vajjika League
713:
710:
664:Michael Witzel
659:
656:
629:
626:
624:
621:
614:
607:
606:
605:
600:
593:
592:
591:
590:
589:
454:
451:
399:
396:
296:
295:
286:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
266:
257:
254:
253:
248:
236:
235:
230:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
205:
202:
201:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
176:Historical era
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
135:
131:
130:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
97:
93:
92:
85:
77:
76:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2732:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:United States
2670:
2669:Massachusetts
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2486:, p. 36.
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2451:. p. 1.
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2304:9781351550307
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2265:0-86171-103-3
2261:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:sākavanasaṇḍa
2054:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1767:Tibeto-Burman
1764:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1596:, and of the
1595:
1593:
1588:in Sanskrit)
1586:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1374:("Viceroy").
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1339:clans of the
1338:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:grouping the
1093:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1002:
995:
989:
981:
976:
974:
972:
967:
963:
959:
958:
954:According to
952:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
907:
901:
892:
887:
884:inscription:
883:
879:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:Brahmi script
856:
852:
851:
845:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
789:
781:
779:
777:
772:
771:hostilities.
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
702:
700:
697:, and saw in
696:
692:
687:
682:
679:
673:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
649:
648:Munda descent
645:
640:
635:
627:
622:
611:
597:
588:
585:
579:
574:
564:
562:
556:
552:
547:
541:
535:
526:
514:
502:
490:
484:
481:
476:
471:
465:
460:
452:
450:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
404:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
369:
363:
359:
355:
350:
344:
335:
330:
325:
321:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
287:
285:Today part of
283:
267:
265:
262:
261:
258:
252:
249:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
194:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
89:
88:Mahajanapadas
83:
78:
74:
71:
63:
58:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2720:Gaṇa saṅghas
2660:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2604:
2600:
2568:
2537:
2500:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2436:
2427:
2408:
2402:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2325:
2313:
2293:
2286:
2274:
2251:
2244:
2216:
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2163:
2159:
2149:
2082:
2069:
2037:
2009:
2005:
1998:Fleet, J. F.
1992:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1921:, p. 6.
1776:
1752:
1691:
1675:
1672:Tree worship
1666:
1648:
1607:
1565:
1541:
1524:
1510:
1485:
1458:
1420:
1394:
1376:
1330:
1327:The assembly
1311:aristocratic
1300:
1248:
1239:
1180:
1177:Class system
1166:Munda origin
1147:
1121:
1075:
985:
955:
953:
941:Tharu people
939:
914:Trāyastriṃśa
911:
903:in Pali and
896:
885:
855:Sa-kya-mu-nī
854:
848:
822:
791:
773:
769:
750:
715:
703:
661:
631:
536:
485:
456:
444:
409:
383:
374:aristocratic
319:
318:
233:Succeeded by
232:
227:
146:tree worship
100:Vassal state
36:
2639:E. J. Brill
2345:(1): 31–42.
2318:Sharma 1968
2221:Levman 2014
2142:Sharma 1968
2111:Levman 2014
1985:Thapar 2013
1958:Sharma 1968
1904:Sharma 1968
1853:Levman 2014
1608:The Shakya
1604:Origin myth
1562:Sun worship
1531:Brahmanical
1425:similar to
1391:The council
1321:Licchavikas
1164:, being of
1104:Licchavikas
1086:, with the
893:In Buddhism
734:Licchavikas
693:during the
573:worshipping
447:Kapilavastu
428:Rohni River
228:Preceded by
166:Legislature
142:Sun worship
140:religions,
114:Kapilavastu
2699:Categories
1807:References
1682:Bodhi tree
1643:santhāgāra
1598:Sūryavaṃśa
1398:gaṇasaṅgha
1385:santhāgāra
1380:gaṇasaṅgha
1314:oligarchic
1305:gaṇasaṅgha
1185:caturvarṇa
1090:Manusmṛiti
1001:caturvarṇa
930:santhāgāra
906:Śākya-muni
900:Sakka-muni
847:The words
833:Ajātasattu
818:Ajātasattu
753:Suddhodana
644:Indo-Aryan
473:, and the
440:Kushinagar
377:oligarchic
368:gaṇasaṅgha
358:South Asia
309:Shakyamuni
210:of Kosala
156:Government
70:Gaṇasaṅgha
2665:Cambridge
2233:Rajasthan
2053:sākasaṇḍa
2034:161625116
1763:Mucalinda
1707:in Pali (
1502:Lifestyle
1266:labourers
1252:kammakara
1083:Āryāvarta
1063:Āryāvarta
982:Ethnicity
971:Pyusawhti
829:Viḍūḍabha
798:Viḍūḍabha
730:Kauśalyas
712:Statehood
672:Scythians
453:Etymology
416:Himalayas
343:romanized
307:, called
208:Viḍūḍabha
134:Religion
2659:(2013).
2566:(2007).
2536:(2015).
2499:(2000).
2435:(2011).
2188:(2015).
2081:(1997).
2000:(1906).
1790:See also
1678:Sāl tree
1664:itself.
1661:janapada
1654:janapada
1637:khattiya
1632:Sanskrit
1611:khattiya
1573:khattiya
1552:Buddhism
1536:brāhmaṇa
1521:Religion
1448:mahārājā
1442:mahārājā
1417:(Consul)
1414:mahārājā
1335:khattiya
1317:republic
1228:khattiya
1202:khattiya
1193:brāhmaṇa
1144:Language
1137:brāhmaṇa
1131:brāhmaṇa
1108:Mallakas
1100:Māgadhīs
1096:Vaidehas
1070:khattiya
1056:brāhmaṇa
1049:khattiya
1018:khattiya
1009:brāhmaṇa
962:Abhiyaza
802:Pasenadi
794:Kauśalya
776:Kusinārā
765:Buddhism
738:Vaidehas
726:Mallakas
706:Gangetic
475:Sanskrit
436:Mallakas
398:Location
380:republic
362:Iron Age
334:Sanskrit
180:Iron Age
124:Prakrits
2705:Shakyas
2526:Sources
2371:: 5–20.
2227:in the
2166:: 47–69
2026:2521022
1627:Ikṣvāku
1568:Sun-god
1546:Śramaṇa
1514:Vaidika
1437:archons
1430:consuls
1371:uparājā
1282:
1260:
1243:bhojakā
1155:Ikṣvāku
882:Bharhut
871:Lumbini
825:Magadha
814:Māgadhī
722:Moriyas
718:Koliyas
623:History
525:śakyate
513:śakyati
507:शक्नोति
501:śaknoti
390:in the
345::
138:Sramana
110:Capital
18:Shakyas
2683:
2645:
2635:Leiden
2620:4 June
2584:
2552:
2511:
2455:
2445:Boston
2441:Leiden
2415:
2390:
2301:
2262:
2225:Mallas
2204:
2170:4 June
2089:
2032:
2024:
1941:
1742:yakkhī
1739:s and
1736:yakkha
1728:cetiya
1722:yakkha
1713:s and
1702:yakkhī
1699:s and
1696:yakkha
1687:Santal
1624:) and
1617:Okkāka
1585:Āditya
1579:Ādicca
1556:Buddha
1495:amaccā
1489:amaccā
1468:amaccā
1445:. The
1404:amaccā
1342:Gotama
1274:sevaka
1271:) and
1216:, and
1161:Okkāka
1106:, and
1067:, and
1032:, and
945:Newars
863:Ashoka
850:Bu-dhe
839:Legacy
806:Kosala
788:Kosala
724:, and
652:Koliya
628:Origin
587:tree.
531:शक्यते
519:शक्यति
461:forms
432:Koliya
424:Kosala
320:Shakya
264:Kosala
251:Kosala
104:Kosala
96:Status
2505:Tokyo
2449:Brill
2361:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
2256:(PDF)
2047:śakya
2041:sakya
2030:S2CID
2022:JSTOR
1782:stūpa
1761:king
1716:yakṣī
1710:yakṣa
1592:gotta
1434:Greek
1427:Roman
1347:gotta
1288:serfs
1234:sudda
1220:sudda
1211:vessa
1043:sudda
1036:sudda
1027:vessa
922:devas
918:Sakka
861:, on
816:king
796:king
642:) of
561:śākhā
522:) or
480:Śākya
477:form
470:Sakka
464:Sakya
412:Terai
349:Śākya
338:शाक्य
329:Sakya
313:Tibet
293:Nepal
289:India
170:Sabhā
2681:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2622:2022
2582:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2172:2022
2087:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1757:nāga
1753:The
1630:(in
1622:Pāli
1620:(in
1480:rājā
1474:rājā
1462:rājā
1432:and
1411:The
1365:rājā
1359:rājā
1353:rājā
1309:(an
1279:lit.
1257:lit.
853:and
757:Māyā
736:and
686:Śāka
678:Sakā
666:and
646:and
584:sāka
578:śaka
575:the
568:शाखा
555:sāla
551:teak
546:sāka
540:śaka
467:and
459:Pali
372:(an
354:clan
324:Pāḷi
2609:doi
2574:doi
2014:doi
1277:s (
1255:s (
947:of
924:in
869:of
865:'s
581:or
553:or
543:or
498:) (
495:शक्
489:śak
438:of
102:of
2701::
2679:.
2675::
2671:,
2667:,
2663:.
2641:.
2633:.
2605:30
2603:.
2599:.
2580:.
2572:.
2548:.
2540:.
2439:.
2369:15
2367:.
2363:.
2343:22
2341:.
2337:.
2192:.
2162:.
2158:.
2126:^
2101:^
2077:;
2056:,
2044:,
2036:.
2028:.
2020:.
2010:38
2008:.
2004:.
1965:^
1911:^
1860:^
1815:^
1558:.
1323:.
1207:,
1198:,
1168:.
1102:,
1098:,
1023:,
1014:,
835:.
767:.
748:.
720:,
483:.
449:.
340:,
336::
332:;
326::
196:c.
148:,
144:,
50:c.
2689:.
2651:.
2624:.
2611::
2590:.
2576::
2558:.
2517:.
2461:.
2421:.
2396:.
2307:.
2268:.
2210:.
2174:.
2164:3
2095:.
2016::
1947:.
1855:.
1731:s
1705:s
1582:(
1291:'
1285:'
1269:'
1263:'
1223:s
1214:s
1205:s
1196:s
1117:s
1030:s
1021:s
1012:s
681:s
565:(
528:(
516:(
504:(
492:(
322:(
73:s
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
