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22:
478:
294:. Moreover, "Kitakami Yuki-fu," an essay written in the early 19th century, explains that a ritual called hanasui-iwai is held every year on January 15. During this ritual, every new household is given a Shinshi.
514:
272:
in Japan, it is mentioned that a person who killed a white fox (known as shiratoume) near the Ise Shrine was exiled to that area. This suggests that there was a belief in spiritual foxes in ancient Japan.
538:
466:
128:
Over time animals were connected to certain shrines. It became a custom to take care of these animals when they were found within the area of the shrine. Normally, each
866:
870:
550:
797:
Smyers, Karen Ann. The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and
Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999. 8
526:
454:
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192:
practices, where animals aided shamans in traveling to the spirit world. Different deities have different associated animals, such as foxes for
2192:
1079:
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994:
967:
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898:
769:
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683:
179:. These creatures were thought to be extraordinary spiritual beings, and this perception, combined with their relationship with the specific
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234:. They wake her up every morning, according to folklore. Some experts believe that the rooster may be the bird depicted on the
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as an ancestor, and this may have influenced the connection between animals and spirits in Shinto. For example the
220:
1035:
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2187:
242:, a gate that marks the entrance to a shrine. They are believed to call up the dawn with their sounds.
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1788:
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1246:
1170:
959:
The
Element Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Complete A–Z for the Entire Magical World
841:
400:
340:
201:
175:
itself. For example, the foxes at Inari shrines was worshipped as a manifestation of
256:
priests discourage it. Rice food sake and other offerings are given to them for her
2308:
2236:
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1940:
1815:
1732:
376:
269:
230:, roosters roam around and are believed to be the assistants of the sun goddess,
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1935:
1810:
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1771:
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484:
Reclining Cow Statue (Domyoji
Tenmangu Shrine, Fujiidera City, Osaka Prefecture)
352:
193:
134:
had only one animal familiar, but sometimes, there were some exceptions where a
114:
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The "Chujin Harai-kun," a book written in the 12th century, states that the
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30:
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Zen
Gardens and Temples of Kyoto: A Guide to Kyoto's Most Important Sites
364:
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208:
189:
808:
21:
2068:
2051:
2014:
1974:
1945:
1913:
1677:
1442:
1414:
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1305:
579:
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383:
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429:
249:
106:
71:
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1546:
1389:
237:
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1139:
784:“‘My Own Inari’: Personalization of the Deity in Inari Worship.”
119:, there are tales of special animals that acted on behalf of the
2122:
2104:
419:
407:
395:
328:
197:
81:
60:
1572:
1183:
1143:
347:
335:
2381: (in order of the size of the shrine network they head)
460:
Reclining Cow Statue (Dazaifu City, Dazaifu
Tenmangu Shrine)
308:
In the modern day they are considered a notable concept for
986:
The
Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters
248:'s fox messengers are considered to be her, although both
1096:"Monkey Deities in Japanese Shinto Lore and Buddhist Art"
556:
Statue of a sacred horse (Ookami Shrine, Ichinomiya City)
544:
Yatagarasu Post (Kumano Hongu Taisha Shrine, Tanabe City)
1041:
Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection
1039:
532:
Statue of a deer (Higashiosaka City, Hiraoka Shrine)
2333:
2317:
2291:
2260:
2165:
2114:
2089:
1969:
1904:
1713:
1583:
1529:
1406:
1256:
1196:
1120:"Rage and Ravage: Gods of Medieval Japan, Volume 3"
508:Statue of Inari (Fushimi Inari Taisha, Kyoto City)
86:, a divine being. These animals are also known as
639:
637:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
125:to transmit the divine will or to bear oracles.
882:
880:
1068:Ono, Sokyo; Woodard, William P. (2011-09-13).
289:
283:
277:
235:
207:Many tribal communities viewed their shaman's
180:
170:
169:animal familiar became a common symbol of the
164:
135:
129:
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104:
98:
89:
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79:
44:
29:. Parishioners believe they are messengers of
1155:
667:
665:
8:
865:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
675:Symbolism: A Comprehensive Dictionary, 2d ed
282:messenger is second only to the eight great
1063:
1061:
699:
697:
695:
301:some buddhist deities have Shinshi such as
50:
1580:
1569:
1193:
1180:
1162:
1148:
1140:
1044:. : Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 46.
869:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
810:Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan: First Series
704:Goto, Seiko; Naka, Takahiro (2015-10-16).
78:that are believed to be associated with a
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
268:, which was written in the middle of the
983:Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (2016-04-01).
568:Statue of Monkey God (Hie Shrine, Tokyo)
520:Koma rabbit (Okazaki Shrine, Kyoto City)
319:
20:
595:
450:
185:, likely gave rise to this phenomenon.
2193:Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
858:
707:Japanese Gardens: Symbolism and Design
1012:"Izumo's welcome party (Kamiari sai)"
786:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
645:"Ise Shrine (Ise Jingu) - Ise, Japan"
140:had more than one. Even some of the "
7:
830:2018年 ISBN 978-4-396-11553-1 p.38.
496:A-Un Tiger (Kuramadera, Kyoto City)
920:Re-imagining Japan after Fukushima
840:第２版, 精選版 日本国語大辞典,デジタル大辞泉,世界大百科事典.
472:Guardians (Wake Shrine, Wake Town)
288:and is subordinate to the 100,000
14:
561:
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477:
465:
453:
2268:Shrine Parishioner Registration
1:
922:, ANU Press, pp. 35–50,
672:Olderr, Steven (2017-02-10).
305:whose messenger is the boar.
2366:Two bows, two claps, one bow
956:Illes, Judika (2010-04-15).
887:Dougill, John (2017-10-10).
647:. 2013-02-15. Archived from
2292:Misc practices for visitors
2278:Shrine Consolidation Policy
764:. Oxford University Press.
290:
284:
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236:
181:
171:
165:
136:
130:
121:
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105:
103:. In ancient texts such as
99:
90:
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16:Animal messengers in Shinto
2428:
188:It probably originated in
2379:
1579:
1568:
1233:honden / shinden / shōden
1192:
1179:
1100:www.onmarkproductions.com
221:Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto
45:
1036:Birmingham Museum of Art
788:23, no. 1/2 (1996): 102.
758:Hardacre, Helen (2017).
160:) had animal familiars.
616:D., John (2011-07-28).
1853:Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō
1805:daughters of Amaterasu
1257:Architectonic elements
1010:D, John (2011-11-09).
914:Mihic, Tamaki (2020),
34:
2273:Secular Shrine Theory
2188:Shinkai (divine rank)
1074:. Tuttle Publishing.
893:. Tuttle Publishing.
24:
1723:Fushimi Inari Taisha
962:. HarperCollins UK.
2412:Animals in religion
2198:Engishiki Jinmyocho
1860:Kumano Nachi Taisha
1186:Shinto architecture
1071:Shinto the Kami Way
916:"Sustainable Japan"
321:
219:was their ancestor
2217:Buddhist elements
2173:Twenty-Two Shrines
320:
76:Japanese mythology
35:
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2393:
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2389:
2386:
2385:
1784:Dazaifu Tenman-gū
1564:
1563:
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1559:
1450:ishi-no-ma-zukuri
1081:978-1-4629-0083-1
1051:978-1-904832-77-5
996:978-1-317-04425-3
969:978-0-00-737203-4
929:978-1-76046-353-3
900:978-1-4629-1958-1
807:Hearn, Lafcadio.
771:978-0-19-062171-1
761:Shinto: A History
717:978-1-317-41164-2
685:978-0-7864-9067-7
444:
443:
424:Mitsumine Shrine
264:In a book called
2419:
1906:Tutelary deities
1843:Oyamakui no Kami
1757:Ise Grand Shrine
1581:
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1513:sumiyoshi-zukuri
1499:ryōnagare-zukuri
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1801:Munakata Taisha
1777:Shinmei shrines
1750:Hachiman Shrine
1740:Usa Hachiman-gū
1709:
1575:
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1525:
1471:misedana-zukuri
1429:hachiman-zukuri
1422:tsumairi-zukuri
1402:
1283:kaerumata: see
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1205:chōzu or temizu
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2183:Beppyo Shrines
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2178:Gokoku Shrines
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2166:Classification
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1994:Chinju no Mori
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1506:shinmei-zukuri
1502:
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1464:kibitsu-zukuri
1460:
1453:
1446:
1443:irimoya-zukuri
1439:
1436:hiyoshi-zukuri
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1418:
1415:hirairi-zukuri
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1172:Shinto shrines
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948:
938:j.ctv103xdt4.7
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813:. p. 154.
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745:Digital Museum
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215:believed that
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2283:Shrine Shinto
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2115:Miscellaneous
2113:
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2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Matsuri float
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2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:(propagation)
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
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1520:taisha-zukuri
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1478:nagare-zukuri
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1457:kasuga-zukuri
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989:. Routledge.
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848:(in Japanese)
847:
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833:
829:
826:『寺社が語る秦氏の正体』
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710:. Routledge.
709:
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681:
678:. McFarland.
677:
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651:on 2013-02-15
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62:
41:
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28:
23:
19:
2325:Jinja Honchō
2318:Institutions
2237:Whale mounds
2227:
2220:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2103:
2096:
2079:Shinko-shiki
2005:
1941:Yama-no-Kami
1816:Takeminakata
1733:Inari shrine
1715:Head shrines
1702:
1690:
1683:
1676:
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1653:
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1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
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1497:
1492:owari-zukuri
1490:
1485:ōtori-zukuri
1483:
1476:
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1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1128:. Retrieved
1126:. 2021-10-05
1123:
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1090:
1070:
1040:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1016:Green Shinto
1015:
1005:
985:
978:
958:
951:
941:, retrieved
919:
909:
889:
850:. Retrieved
845:
835:
819:
809:
802:
793:
785:
780:
760:
753:
744:
706:
674:
653:. Retrieved
649:the original
625:. Retrieved
622:Green Shinto
621:
377:Izumo-taisha
307:
296:
275:
270:Heian period
265:
263:
244:
225:
206:
187:
162:
127:
100:tsukawashime
38:
37:
36:
25:Chickens at
18:
2252:Sōja shrine
2064:Arahitogami
2047:Jingu Taima
2017:(locations)
1956:Ubusunagami
1936:Jinushigami
1865:Kumano Kodō
1848:Sannō torii
1811:Suwa Taisha
1772:Jingu Taima
1728:Inari Ōkami
1634:Kagura suzu
1530:Decorations
1277:hidden roof
353:Inari Ōkami
246:Inari Okami
194:Inari Okami
177:Inari Ōkami
2401:Categories
2130:Kanjo Nawa
1919:Chinjugami
1838:Ōkuninushi
1821:Yasakatome
1599:Chōzubachi
1584:Implements
1240:kagura-den
1130:2023-11-21
1105:2023-12-09
1021:2023-04-12
943:2023-10-18
852:2022-02-13
655:2023-11-11
627:2023-04-12
591:References
585:Gingitsune
435:Hie Shrine
266:Fusō Sakki
217:Yatagarasu
163:Later the
146:Daikokuten
2371:Jichinsai
2203:Chinjusha
2151:Miyamairi
2057:Senjafuda
2027:Kadomatsu
2021:Katashiro
2007:Meoto Iwa
1996:(forests)
1971:Yorishiro
1924:Garanshin
1894:Gion cult
1882:Gion cult
1762:Amaterasu
1692:Tamagushi
1552:Shimenawa
1348:nakazonae
1285:nakazonae
1264:Chinjusha
1197:Buildings
741:"Shinshi"
389:Amaterasu
372:Sea Snake
232:Amaterasu
228:Ise Jingu
213:Kamo clan
154:Benzaiten
94:no tsukai
31:Amaterasu
2341:Futomani
2299:Ō-mikuji
2247:Mitamaya
2242:Kamidana
2229:miyadera
2222:jingū-ji
2098:Kannushi
2002:(rocks)
1988:Shinboku
1961:Kunitama
1794:Tenmangū
1767:Jingūkyō
1745:Hachiman
1698:Masakaki
1620:Himorogi
1376:tamagaki
1355:shinboku
1320:katsuogi
1313:katōmado
1299:karahafu
1124:UH Press
1038:(2010).
861:cite web
574:See also
365:Hachiman
316:Examples
254:Buddhist
209:familiar
190:shamanic
2361:Hakushu
2261:History
2157:Shinshi
2069:Mikoshi
2052:Omamori
2023:(dolls)
2015:Kannabi
2000:Iwakura
1990:(trees)
1983:Mirrors
1975:Shintai
1946:Oyagami
1931:Dōsojin
1914:Ujigami
1678:Shinsen
1606:Chōzuya
1334:komainu
1306:karamon
580:Komainu
447:Gallery
439:Juzenji
384:Chicken
325:Animal
297:Due to
260:History
144:" like
115:Nihongi
72:animals
54:
39:Shinshi
2407:Shinto
2356:Misogi
2351:Kagura
2213:Hokora
2144:Misaki
2137:Junrei
2032:Bunrei
1789:Tenjin
1648:Ō-nusa
1641:O-miki
1613:Hakama
1574:Others
1542:Saisen
1407:Styles
1226:hokora
1219:Heiden
1212:Haiden
1078:
1048:
993:
966:
936:
926:
897:
842:"神使とは"
768:
714:
682:
430:Monkey
413:Marici
360:Pigeon
341:Tenjin
303:Marici
279:kami's
250:Shinto
202:Kasuga
166:kami's
152:) and
107:Kojiki
61:spirit
2346:Harae
2334:Rites
2304:Shuin
2090:Staff
2042:Ofuda
2036:Kanjō
1951:Sorei
1704:Washi
1671:Shide
1664:Sanbo
1655:Gohei
1547:Tomoe
1537:Sandō
1390:torii
1383:tokyō
1369:sōrin
1362:shōrō
1292:kairō
1270:chigi
934:JSTOR
846:コトバンク
828:祥伝社新書
238:torii
200:with
158:snake
150:mouse
63:envoy
2123:A-un
2105:Miko
2034:and
1973:and
1685:Suzu
1397:tōrō
1076:ISBN
1046:ISBN
991:ISBN
964:ISBN
924:ISBN
895:ISBN
871:link
867:link
766:ISBN
712:ISBN
680:ISBN
420:Wolf
408:Boar
396:Deer
329:Kami
291:kami
285:kami
252:and
198:deer
196:and
182:kami
172:kami
137:kami
131:kami
122:kami
111:and
91:kami
82:kami
70:are
51:lit.
2309:Ema
1627:Jōe
1341:mon
824:関裕二
348:Fox
336:Cow
226:At
156:(a
148:(a
97:or
74:in
2403::
1592:An
1122:.
1098:.
1060:^
1014:.
932:,
918:,
879:^
863:}}
859:{{
844:.
743:.
726:^
694:^
664:^
636:^
620:.
598:^
437:,
312:.
223:.
204:.
49:,
46:神使
1163:e
1156:t
1149:v
1133:.
1108:.
1084:.
1054:.
1024:.
999:.
972:.
903:.
873:)
855:.
774:.
747:.
720:.
688:.
658:.
630:.
68:)
66:'
57:'
43:(
33:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
