Coast - Knowledge (XXG)

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through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.

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the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas, the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock, forcing the rock apart, breaking it down. Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an

2767:. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.01 m ( 2714:

types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.

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Parts of a coastline can be categorised as high energy coast or low energy coast. The distinguishing characteristics of a high energy coast are that the average wave energy is relatively high so that erosion of small grained material tends to exceed deposition, and consequently landforms like cliffs,

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Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for

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Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US,

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down onto the shore slope expend much of their energy lifting the sediment. The weak swash does not carry it far up the slope, and the strong backwash carries it further down the slope, where it either settles in deeper water or is carried along the shore by a longshore current induced by an angled

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Swash is the shoreward flow after the break, backwash is the water flow back down the beach. The relative strength of flow in the swash and backwash determines what size grains are deposited or eroded. This is dependent on how the wave breaks and the slope of the shore. Depending on the form of the

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Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located in the case of coastlines that have estuaries. Today, riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to be

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Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches and surface waters as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other

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significantly contributes as well. It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. Since most inputs

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A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go

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The dynamic fluid nature of the ocean means that all components of the whole ocean system are ultimately connected, although certain regional classifications are useful and relevant. The waters of the continental shelves represent such a region. The term "coastal waters" has been used in a wide

619:. Since a landmass has features at all scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of a millimeter and below, there is no obvious size of the smallest feature that should be taken into consideration when measuring, and hence no single well-defined perimeter to the landmass. 663:

is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by

2795: ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F). 1213:

High energy coasts are exposed to the direct impact of waves and storms, and are generally erosional environments. High energy storm events can make large changes to a coastline, and can move significant amounts of sediment over a short period, sometimes changing a shoreline configuration.

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rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.

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forms after erosion and retreat of a sea cliff has been occurring for a long time. Gently sloping wave-cut platforms develop early on in the first stages of cliff retreat. Later, the length of the platform decreases because the waves lose their energy as they break further

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are made when certain rock beds are more susceptible to erosion than the surrounding rock beds because of different areas of weakness. These areas are eroded at a faster pace creating a hole or crevice that, through time, by means of wave action and erosion, becomes a

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The left bank of the Vistula, when measured with increased precision would furnish lengths ten, hundred and even thousand times as great as the length read off the school map. A statement nearly adequate to reality would be to call most arcs encountered in nature not

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Wave-cut notches are caused by the undercutting of overhanging slopes which leads to increased stress on cliff material and a greater probability that the slope material will fall. The fallen debris accumulates at the bottom of the cliff and is eventually removed by

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headlands and wave-cut terraces develop. Low energy coasts are generally sheltered from waves, or in regions where the average wind wave and swell conditions are relatively mild. Low energy coasts typically change slowly, and tend to be depositional environments.

957: 4935:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 914:

can be a challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents, and poor management practices of construction often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like

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Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California".

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According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline is a coastline that has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea-level change, or local uplift. Emergent coastlines are identifiable by the coastal

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lives within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea as of 2013. Due to its importance in society and its high population concentrations, the coast is important for major parts of the global food and economic system, and they provide many

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As a result of the fame of the Ligurian rivieras, the term came into English to refer to any shoreline, especially one that is sunny, topographically diverse and popular with tourists. Such places using the term include the

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Waltham, Nathan J.; Elliott, Michael; Lee, Shing Yip; Lovelock, Catherine; Duarte, Carlos M.; Buelow, Christina; Simenstad, Charles; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Claassens, Louw; Wen, Colin K-C; Barletta, Mario (2020).

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retreat landward because of the constant undercutting of slopes by waves. If the slope/cliff being undercut is made of unconsolidated sediment it will erode at a much faster rate than a cliff made of bedrock.

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breaking wave, its energy can carry granular material up the beach and deposit it, or erode it by carrying more material down the slope than up it. Steep waves that are close together and break with the surf

534:, make up about 7 percent of the Earth's oceans, but at least 85% of commercially harvested fish depend on coastal environments during at least part of their life cycle. As of October 2010, about 2.86% of 2763:'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human 1692:"Coastal waters" (or "coastal seas") is a rather general term used differently in different contexts, ranging geographically from the waters within a few kilometers of the coast, through to the entire 1232:, expend more of their energy in the swash which carries particles up the beach, leaving less energy for the backwash to transport them downslope, with a net constrictive influence on the beach. 1173:

According to the second principle of classification, a concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying

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Overview of different zones of coastal waters: Input, production, transport and storage pathway of carbon in marine waters, including movement across maritime zones of national jurisdiction:

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creates a high level of biological activity, which has attracted human activity for thousands of years. Coasts also create essential material for organisms to live by, including estuaries,

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While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to

553:(including seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst some terrestrial scientists might only think of coastal ecosystems as purely terrestrial plants that live close to the seashore (see also 1696:

which may stretch for more than a hundred kilometers from land. Thus the term coastal waters is used in a slightly different way in discussions of legal and economic boundaries (see

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This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr.

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formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to

848: 4975: 4171: 103: 2396:. Once a fishing port, the harbor is now dedicated to tourism and pleasure boating. Observe that the sand and rocks have been darkened by oil slick up to the high-water line. 1813:). The locations of these beds show the extent of ancient seas at particular points in geological time, and provide clues to the magnitudes of tides in the distant past. 3038:

Nagelkerken, I.; Blaber, S.J.M.; Bouillon, S.; Green, P.; Haywood, M.; Kirton, L.G.; Meynecke, J.-O.; Pawlik, J.; Penrose, H.M.; Sasekumar, A.; Somerfield, P.J. (2008).

3343: 3894:"Coastal Impact From High-Energy Events and the Importance of Concurrent Forcing Parameters: The Cases of Storm Ophelia (2017) and Storm Hector (2018) in NW Ireland" 4814:

De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020).

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quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1717: 5019: 4947: 4660: 5211: 3314:"Estuarine fish and shellfish species in US commercial and recreational fisheries: economic value as an incentive to protect and restore estuarine habitat" 2272:

and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that spawn in streams, estuaries and bays, but most complete their life cycles in the zone.

699:, and are characterized by funnel-shaped estuaries containing sand ridges aligned with tidal currents. Wave action is much more important for determining 691:

with a tidal range of less than 2 m (7 ft). The distinction between macrotidal and mesotidal coasts is more important. Macrotidal coasts lack

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approach of the wave-front to the shore. These waves which erode the beach are called destructive waves. Low waves that are further apart and break by

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and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans. Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff,

2889: 4429: 3139: 366: 6445: 4871:"Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters" 5167: 5124: 4541: 4483: 4189: 4122: 4038: 4004: 3587: 3019: 4594: 4115:

Ocean margin processes in global change: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change, Berlin, 1990, March 18-23

6455: 6061: 4254: 3753: 1177:, so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are 507:, on the other hand, may refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). 5907: 4971: 4771:

Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers".

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The identification of bodies of rock formed from sediments deposited in shoreline and nearshore environments (shoreline and nearshore

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occur when phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers cause excessive growth of microorganisms, which depletes oxygen and kills fauna.

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live on rocky coasts and scavenge on food deposited by the sea. Some coastal animals are used to humans in developed areas, such as

2090: 813: 3003: 1834:. Each records an episode of retreat of the ocean from the shoreline over a period of 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. These often show 435:"Life Below Water", which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more 2894: 2684:

has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive

1240: 5912: 5204: 3867: 2805: 2324: 479: 475: 471: 432: 50: 4642: 423:) have led to the demise of coastal ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in population collapse of fisheries stocks, 6005: 5897: 5555: 3833: 3707: 2068: 1358:

isone which is mainly undergoing early stage development by major long-term processes such as tectonism and climate change A

4099: 4078: 1704:) or when considering the geography of coastal landforms or the ecological systems operating through the continental shelf ( 1300:, although the French use the term "Riviera" to refer to the Italian Riviera and call the French portion the "Côte d'Azur". 4689: 1059:

Coasts and their adjacent areas on and offshore are an important part of a local ecosystem. The mixture of fresh water and

267:, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the 5767: 5694: 5599: 1807:) is extremely important to geologists. These provide vital clues for reconstructing the geography of ancient continents ( 530:

has approximately 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats, which extend to the margins of the

5562: 3787: 3502: 3265: 3115: 5624: 4430:"Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges" 3364: 2610:, also known as marine litter, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in 2400: 2383: 2328: 2314: 776: 616: 2053: 1140:. In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea level has risen, due to a global sea-level change, local 564:. Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons. 6450: 6028: 5197: 2874: 43: 2539:, and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown 2072: 2057: 1480:

is formed when a headland is eroded away by wave and wind action or an arch collapses leaving an offshore remnant.

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environmental management it extends from the coast to just a few nautical miles while in the United States the

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is one where the primary processes have mostly stabilised, and more localised processes have become prominent.

4591:"The Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition to the Ocean on Marine Ecosystems and Climate WMO Bulletin Vol 58 (1)" 5393: 3168: 2813: 1944: 1842: 1673: 436: 85: 69: 5005: 2498:

and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although

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Coasts, especially those with beaches and warm water, attract tourists often leading to the development of

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The Riviera, Or The Coast from Marseilles to Leghorn, Including Carrara, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoja and Florence

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Richardson, L. F. (1961). "The problem of contiguity: An appendix to statistics of deadly quarrels".

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Some of the best-studied shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of the

1009:. Together, these ecosystems perform the four categories of ecosystem services in a variety of ways: The 6000: 4536:. Vol. III, Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts (Second ed.). London: Academic Press. 2499: 2472: 1370: 1174: 358: 264: 3191:"UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030—What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems?" 466:

are often used to describe a geographic location or region located on a coastline (e.g., New Zealand's

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atlas, 44% of all people live within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea. Many major cities are on or near good

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Maúre, Elígio de Raús; Terauchi, Genki; Ishizaka, Joji; Clinton, Nicholas; DeWitt, Michael (2021).

2570: 2428: 2412: 2370: 2348: 1917: 1381: 1355: 970: 889: 739: 531: 408: 385: 111: 2218:. Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres (660 ft) deep, it follows that 1377: 6361: 5902: 5889: 5742: 5702: 5413: 5316: 4851: 4753: 4306: 3538: 3468: 3144: 3039: 2574: 2479: 2340: 2265: 2112: 1949: 1724: 1697: 1669: 1305: 1122: 1042: 911: 772: 205: 3729: 615:

The measured length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it and the degree of

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is used to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur. Both the terms

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Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia

3996: 2577:, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by 632: 6404: 6204: 6172: 6164: 5958: 5864: 5777: 5483: 5321: 5311: 5271: 5236: 5220: 5163: 5120: 4908: 4843: 4796: 4745: 4737: 4547: 4537: 4479: 4410: 4402: 4363: 4345: 4298: 4185: 4128: 4118: 4034: 4000: 3761: 3681: 3671: 3641: 3618: 3608: 3583: 3567: 3530: 3365:""The Coast" is Complicated: A Model to Consistently Describe the Nation's Coastal Population" 3222: 3088: 3015: 2750: 2578: 2512: 2491: 2215: 2032: 1693: 1677: 1495: 1145: 991: 924: 907: 743: 610: 598: 582: 574: 554: 550: 515: 467: 451: 424: 296: 4030: 3579: 3572: 1148:. Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submerged, or "drowned" landforms, such as 812:

Nations defend their coasts against military invaders, smugglers and illegal migrants. Fixed

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Like the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The

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deposited inland. Coral reefs are a provider of sediment for coastlines of tropical islands.

431:, and loss of healthy habitats. International attention to these issues has been captured in 404:

destruction, further complicate the human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems.

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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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are important coastal vegetation types in tropical and temperate environments respectively.

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The following articles describe the various geologic processes that affect a coastal zone:

6440: 6414: 5990: 5772: 5717: 5584: 5493: 5488: 5373: 5256: 5023: 5012: 3460: 2967: 2900: 2879: 2681: 2552: 2548: 2366: 2336: 2227: 2017: 1907: 1846: 1775: 1740: 1685: 1550: 1484: 1477: 1313: 1293: 1249: 1030: 928: 916: 692: 546: 416: 381: 377: 272: 221: 217: 5100: 3286: 5062: 4886: 4831: 4784: 4725: 4284: 4230: 3909: 3809: 3518: 3503:"How Long is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension" 3057: 2935: 2404:

This stretch of coast in Tanzania's capital Dar es Salaam serves as a public waste dump.

900:. Coasts offer recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, boating, and 703:

of sediments deposited along mesotidal and microtidal coasts than in macrotidal coasts.

6303: 6158: 6070: 5383: 5378: 5341: 5281: 5261: 4903: 4870: 4358: 4325: 4146: 3607:. Walter E. Reed, Paul M. Davis (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 3044: 2962: 2864: 2738: 2725: 2659: 2643: 2642:, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not 2532: 2487: 2362: 1809: 1736: 1713: 1659: 1451:

Much of the sediment deposited along a coast is the result of erosion of a surrounding

1418: 1396: 1297: 1276:. Historically, the Ligurian Riviera extended from Capo Corvo (Punta Bianca) south of 1104: 1064: 1038: 920: 877: 790: 727: 708: 602: 420: 334: 320: 287: 233: 171: 2131:

who eat food thrown for them by tourists. Since the coastal areas are all part of the

486:.) Coasts with a narrow continental shelf that are close to the open ocean are called 6434: 6209: 5995: 5978: 5928: 5869: 5844: 5707: 5634: 5306: 4932: 4855: 4757: 4616: 4310: 3472: 3313: 2993: 2851: 2663: 2607: 2600: 2582: 2566: 2558: 2516: 2432: 2424: 2356: 2261: 2167: 2132: 1997: 1992: 1939: 1882: 1755: 1560: 1405: 1333:

or abrasion coast is one where marine action has produced steep declivities known as

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is a shortened sea stack that has been eroded away or fallen because of instability.

966:, Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually and is listed as a 6338: 6237: 5859: 5747: 5619: 5614: 5513: 5503: 5448: 4815: 2910: 2845: 2808:"Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving 2562: 2388: 2223: 2219: 2207: 2188: 1830: 1748: 1732: 1555: 1535: 1463: 1265: 1245: 1137: 1088: 963: 561: 190: 65: 3699: 3065: 2408: 545:

The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think of the "wet" (aquatic or

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United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

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for coastal communities. Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the

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for coastal communities. Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021-2030 the

6409: 6320: 6194: 6120: 6010: 5824: 5797: 5792: 5672: 5654: 5644: 5639: 5594: 5589: 5579: 5528: 5518: 5241: 4478:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 436–437. 4255:

Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Waters

2669: 2586: 2257: 2144: 2042: 1982: 1853: 1708:). The research on coastal waters often divides into these separate areas too. 1608: 1598: 1515: 1068: 1014: 901: 859: 836: 821: 676: 597:–like properties of coastlines; i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a 412: 308: 237: 5081: 4894: 4869:

Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020).

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have long been erected in many nations, and coastal countries typically have a

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The Coastal Hazard Wheel system published by UNEP for global coastal management

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are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of

6419: 6268: 6231: 6133: 5938: 5874: 5834: 5752: 5677: 5468: 5326: 5071: 5046: 5032: 4551: 3455: 3438: 3040:"The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review" 3011: 2827: 2804:

International attention to address the threats of coasts has been captured in

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is one where wind and water action has produced a flat and straight coastline.

1341: 1317: 1309: 1289: 1141: 1100: 1084: 1072: 1050: 802: 665: 637: 280: 209: 155: 73: 4741: 4446: 4406: 4349: 4302: 4181: 3918: 3893: 3546: 3226: 3207: 3190: 2820:, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention. 1852:(about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the 443:, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention. 6309: 6297: 6199: 6137: 6103: 6097: 5879: 5839: 5667: 5604: 5523: 5453: 5160:

The Coastlines of the World with Google Earth: Understanding our Environment

4816:"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru" 4132: 3685: 3622: 2999: 2915: 2733: 2647: 2631: 2436: 2352: 2290: 2269: 2249: 2211: 2200: 2159: 1977: 1959: 1821: 1817: 1681: 1456: 1438: 1076: 944: 893: 863: 855: 789:

More and more of the world's people live in coastal regions. According to a

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in which the upper part of the sandstone is coarser than the lower part (a

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However, the economic importance of coasts makes many of these communities

4643:"Euronews Living | Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic" 4414: 2741:

due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting

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or when the coastal infrastructure is no longer financially sustainable,

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for the majority of coastal human populations. Other coastal spaces like

253: 249: 213: 17: 4661:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report" 4456: 3640:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 656–659. 3418: 3401: 2650:

from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to

2210:, also called inshore fish or neritic fish, inhabit the sea between the 1384:

is usually on a substantial continental shelf or away from a plate edge.

6278: 6273: 6263: 6247: 6227: 6154: 6145: 6111: 5943: 5817: 5662: 5538: 5533: 5443: 5438: 5428: 5348: 3217: 2746: 2655: 2639: 2286: 2155: 2151: 2124: 1897: 1744: 1646: 1578: 1565: 1530: 1198: 1178: 1092: 1083:

also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the

1054: 998: 897: 735: 731: 696: 669: 649: 519: 488: 338: 324: 312: 304: 276: 257: 201: 198: 167: 159: 107: 61: 5186:- organization dedicated to ocean research, exploration, and education 5158:

Scheffers, Anja M.; Scheffers, Sander R.; Kelletat, Dieter H. (2012).

5016: 4173:

Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas

2240:

Coastal fish are the most abundant in the world. They can be found in

2135:, there is a profusion of marine life found just off-coast, including 283:

can often be found between depths of 1–50 m (3.3–164.0 ft).

6168: 6141: 6088: 5968: 5963: 5498: 5478: 5433: 5418: 5276: 3783: 2749:

accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from

2540: 2536: 2508: 2104: 1778:, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently 1636: 1583: 1412:. That between the cuspate foreland and the tombolo is a British bay. 1285: 1281: 967: 794: 245: 5189: 4623:. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4074:

Winter havens in the sunny South, a complete handbook to the Riviera

3962:"Coastal processes - AQA, Wave types - constructive and destructive" 1723:"Coastal waters" has specific meanings in the context of commercial 623:

exist when specific assumptions are made about minimum feature size.

5116: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4972:"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change" 4926: 4924: 4922: 3700:"How is beach sand created? - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution" 2622:

and on coastlines, frequently washing aground, when it is known as

2519:

is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid,

2439:; small oil spills created by large and small vessels, which flush 2264:

that feed on them. Forage fish thrive in inshore waters where high

6399: 6376: 6107: 5849: 5812: 5571: 5473: 5423: 5408: 5398: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5296: 5246: 5099:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011).

4476:

Sedimentology and sedimentary basins: from turbulence to tectonics

3340:"Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities" 3172: 2760: 2754: 2615: 2504: 2495: 2483: 2475: 2440: 2407: 2399: 2387: 2245: 2194: 2175: 2140: 1902: 1771: 1767: 1663: 1631: 1545: 1510: 1452: 1395: 1334: 1277: 1258:

is an Italian word for "shoreline", ultimately derived from Latin

1239: 1186: 1153: 1080: 806: 780: 723: 643: 631: 527: 514: 504: 361:, and as such can play a critical role in the near-future to help 316: 268: 179: 147: 91: 79: 3730:"Flocking to the Coast: World's Population Migrating into Danger" 3276:(1–6): 141–159. December 2000. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00107-7 2527:

or dust particles into the ocean. The pollution often comes from

182:

contains roughly 620,000 km (390,000 mi) of coastline.

5983: 5973: 5948: 5458: 5388: 5336: 5331: 4113:

Mantoura, R. F. C; Martin, Jean-Marie; Wollast, R, eds. (1991).

2651: 2619: 2282: 2163: 1972: 1857: 1763: 1525: 1433: 1409: 1182: 817: 798: 764: 656: 496: 311:

are major economic activities and create jobs, livelihoods, and

300: 299:

to humankind. For example, important human activities happen in

225: 175: 151: 139: 49:"Seacoast" redirects here. For the region of New Hampshire, see 6043: 5193: 2618:. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of 2557:

The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from

450:

cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the

349:) and building material. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and 5463: 5266: 4946:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US. 2611: 2238:, which inhabit the deep seas beyond the continental shelves. 2036: 1845:, a shallow sea that flooded central North America during the 1774:. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the 1759: 1540: 1423: 1401: 1190: 1149: 747: 500: 143: 4269:"Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes" 2626:

or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called

923:. In many of these communities, management practices such as 687:

with a tidal range of 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13 ft); and

601:. Although the "paradox of length" was previously noted by 146:

or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the

2289:

that can grow up to half a meter a day in ideal conditions.

2256:

and on or above the continental shelf. Coastal fish include

992:

Ecosystem service § Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services

742:

and reshaping of coasts as well as flooding and creation of

593:

does not have a well-defined length. This results from the

1193:; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as 38:"Shore" and "Shoreline" redirect here. For other uses, see 4326:"Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication" 3636:

Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).

3312:

Lellis-Dibble, K.A.; McGlynn, K.E.; Bigford, T.E. (2008).

2359:

that is contaminating coasts with plastic and other trash.

1739:

have yet other takes. Coastal waters have a wide range of

1727:, and somewhat different meanings in the context of naval 446:

Since coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's exact

158:

of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced

5142:

Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts

4029:. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. 3670:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 3439:"Lewis Fry Richardson: scientist, visionary and pacifist" 2995:

Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems

2463:

occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as

5183: 5107:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 4518: 4516: 2941:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1720:

considers this region to extend much further offshore.

1393:

The following articles describe some coastal landforms:

4617:"What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean?" 4267:

Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Norman, S.; Byström, P. (2021).

2688:, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the 683:

with a tidal range greater than 4 m (13 ft);

605:, the first systematic study of this phenomenon was by 4027:

Nietzsche, Freud, Benn, and the Azure Spell of Liguria

1344:

is one where the land gradually descends into the sea.

4098:(Third ed.). Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. 2680:

waste all contribute to this problem. This increased

1466:

is formed when a headland is eroded through by waves.

1049:

of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects,

204:, which are important for bird populations and other 4974:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023. 4498: 3605:

Exploring earth: an introduction to physical geology

2143:, sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, fishes, and 1712:

variety of different ways in different contexts. In

1017:, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources. 193:. On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as 6387: 6349: 6287: 6256: 6218: 6182: 6081: 5921: 5888: 5693: 5653: 5570: 5227: 4937:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" 495:, while other coasts are more sheltered coast in a 380:and sea level rise, as well as related issues like 3571: 2103:Larger animals that live in coastal areas include 1185:. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating 2668:Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into 2252:, near sandy shores and rocky coastlines, around 307:(commercial, recreational, and subsistence) and 2638:, are also present. With the increasing use of 1400:Coastal landforms. The feature shown here as a 1107:, sea turtles, marine mammals, and coral reefs. 636:Atlantic rocky coastline, showing a surf area. 568:Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline 4383:"Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone" 4206:"coastal waters — European Environment Agency" 3079:Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J. (1990). 1758:has no single definition. It is the part of a 1136:, which are above the high tide mark, such as 943:A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of 345:are the primary source of wood for fuel (e.g. 271:is at the edge of the shore, representing the 6055: 5205: 4589:Duce, Robert; Galloway, J.; Liss, P. (2009). 4469: 4467: 4170:Simpson, John H.; Sharples, Jonathan (2012). 1404:would, in certain (mainly southern) parts of 1103:, and mangroves. Coasts provide habitats for 805:places have achieved port status by building 585:is the counterintuitive observation that the 8: 4875:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 4428:Glibert, Patricia; Burford, Michele (2017). 3995:. New Delhi: Allied Chambers. 2004. p. 3892:Guisado-Pintado, E; Jackson, D.W.T. (2019). 2419:The pollution of coastlines is connected to 2170:to forage for fish and shellfish. There are 1380:is on the edge of a tectonic plate, while a 178:dictates the type of shore that is created. 5045:WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018). 3986: 3984: 3982: 2071:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1259: 1067:) in estuaries provides many nutrients for 675:Geologists classify coasts on the basis of 407:The interactive effects of climate change, 6062: 6048: 6040: 5212: 5198: 5190: 4176:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3754:"Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History" 3106: 3104: 2759:Sea level rise lags behind changes in the 2551:, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, 2423:which can occur from a number of sources: 1838:reflecting various kinds of tidal cycles. 1573:Coastal features formed by another feature 1369:is on average undergoing erosion, while a 1013:include forest products, marine products, 668:can erode as the waves surge up the river 5080: 5070: 4902: 4455: 4445: 4357: 4292: 3917: 3454: 3417: 3216: 3206: 2870:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation 2091:Learn how and when to remove this message 1033:and disease regulation and buffer zones. 4147:"Coastal waters Definition: 255 Samples" 3293:. National Park Service. 1 December 2016 2890:List of countries by length of coastline 2704:Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics 2281:Many coastal areas are famous for their 1292:. Today, this coast is divided into the 367:atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide 279:coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water, 102: 56: 4570:Education | National Geographic Society 4534:World seas: an Environmental Evaluation 4020: 4018: 4016: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3114:. CoastalChallenges.com. Archived from 2927: 2305:is another type of coastal vegetation. 933: 826: 208:. In wave-protected areas, they harbor 5047:"Global sea-level budget 1993–present" 4257:, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3956: 3954: 3342:. Iucn.org. 2010-11-23. Archived from 2630:. Naturally occurring debris, such as 2435:, increasing the probability of large 2335:Pollution which can be in the form of 2230:. Coastal fish can be contrasted with 286:According to an atlas prepared by the 185:Coasts are important zones in natural 27:Area where land meets the sea or ocean 4978:from the original on 17 December 2023 4692:from the original on 13 February 2009 3661: 3659: 3657: 3163: 3161: 2427:(garbage and industrial debris); the 1041:, biologically mediated habitats and 931:to remove communities from the coast. 659:often determine the range over which 7: 5184:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3704:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3183: 3181: 3134: 3132: 3033: 3031: 2987: 2985: 2719:Sea level rise due to climate change 2069:adding citations to reliable sources 1785:Coastal waters can be threatened by 1660:Eutrophication § Coastal waters 754:Importance for humans and ecosystems 522:has the longest coastline in Africa. 333:can also provide protection against 3266:"The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia" 2732:Between 1901 and 2018, the average 2325:human-induced environmental impacts 1504:Coastal features formed by sediment 726:'s natural processes, particularly 5908:Integrated coastal zone management 4499:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 3381:from the original on June 14, 2023 2818:UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2666:, as well as to boats and coasts. 2515:are more vulnerable to pollution. 1280:, north and west into what is now 1218:Destructive and constructive waves 441:UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 126: – also called the 25: 3578:. W. H. Freeman and Co. pp. 3081:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 2511:or the atmosphere, it means that 2154:on various coasts. These include 1828:). Geologists refer to these are 898:tourism is central to the economy 6024: 6023: 5561: 5554: 4102:from the original on 2017-02-02. 4081:from the original on 2017-02-02. 3728:Goudarzi, Sara (July 18, 2006). 3490:. Vol. 6. pp. 139–187. 2895:List of U.S. states by coastline 2844: 2830: 2724:This section is an excerpt from 2702:This section is an excerpt from 2599:This section is an excerpt from 2452:This section is an excerpt from 2331:. The most important ones are: 2187:This section is an excerpt from 2041: 990:This section is an excerpt from 956: 936: 858:as viewed from Port Fòrum, with 847: 829: 734:phenomena, have resulted in the 573:This section is an excerpt from 555:estuaries and coastal ecosystems 392:. Other coastal issues, such as 353:have a much higher capacity for 323:generate large revenues through 189:, often home to a wide range of 5133:from the original on 2023-06-30 4988:Press Release Number: 21042023. 4953:from the original on 2022-10-24 4840:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877 4793:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 4734:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060 4641:Graham, Rachel (10 July 2019). 4532:Sheppard, Charles, ed. (2019). 4117:. Chichester, New York: Wiley. 3934:"Method for high energy coasts" 3710:from the original on 2021-06-28 3668:Surface processes and landforms 3140:"Climate change and the coasts" 2992:Nagelkerken, Ivan, ed. (2009). 2806:Sustainable Development Goal 14 2503:come from land, either via the 433:Sustainable Development Goal 14 154:. Coasts are influenced by the 51:Seacoast Region (New Hampshire) 6326:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves 6006:Region of freshwater influence 4522:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 572 4510:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 585 3574:The Fractal Geometry of Nature 3291:Oceans, Coasts & Seashores 3083:(5th (illustrated) ed.). 2968:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2814:sustainable economic practices 2781: ft) or even 1.6 m ( 1037:of coastal ecosystems include 609:, and it was expanded upon by 549:) vegetated habitats as being 437:sustainable economic practices 1: 6446:Coastal and oceanic landforms 6334:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved 5768:Large-scale coastal behaviour 5600:Beaches in estuaries and bays 3938:www.field-studies-council.org 3838:www.field-studies-council.org 3066:10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 2944:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 2365:, and associated issues like 2285:beds. Kelp is a fast-growing 1751:of the continental shelf. 4399:10.1126/science.281.5374.217 4273:Geophysical Research Letters 3788:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3666:Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). 3527:10.1126/science.156.3775.636 1684:(international waters), and 376:, which causes increases in 374:vulnerable to climate change 6456:Oceanographical terminology 4686:"Facts about marine debris" 4621:National Ocean Service (US) 3993:Chambers Concise Dictionary 3638:Origin of sedimentary rocks 3240:Nelson, Stephen A. (2007). 3195:Frontiers in Marine Science 2429:transportation of petroleum 2384:Human impact on marine life 2329:coastal development hazards 2315:Coastal development hazards 2222:coastal fish are generally 1826:coarsening upwards sequence 1820:are preserved as lenses of 1816:Sediments deposited in the 1615:Other features on the coast 777:Coastal development hazards 746:and drowned river valleys ( 617:cartographic generalization 400:, coastal development, and 220:, all of which can provide 6472: 6163:Scarcely vegetated areas, 4895:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5 4342:10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 4229:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02). 4092:Black, Charles B. (1887). 3868:"Classification of Coasts" 3808:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02). 2875:European Atlas of the Seas 2723: 2701: 2598: 2451: 2381: 2312: 2186: 2030: 2015: 1657: 1205:High and low energy coasts 1162: 1120: 1057:, science and education. 989: 982: 762: 572: 275:where there is one. Along 44:Shoreline (disambiguation) 29: 6075:Vegetation classification 6019: 5552: 5072:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018 5051:Earth System Science Data 5033:10.1017/9781009157896.001 4820:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4773:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4714:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4053:The more common ones are 3603:Davidson, Jon P. (2002). 3456:10.1007/s40329-014-0063-z 3437:Vulpiani, Angelo (2014). 3270:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3012:10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0 2810:marine coastal ecosystems 2394:Marblehead, Massachusetts 1706:marine coastal ecosystems 1373:is accumulating material. 1027:climate change mitigation 1003:marine coastal ecosystems 429:invasion of alien species 331:Marine coastal ecosystems 138: – is the 5713:Coastal biogeomorphology 5006:Summary for Policymakers 4447:10.5670/oceanog.2017.110 4381:Jickells, T. D. (1998). 4182:10.1017/CBO9781139034098 3919:10.3389/feart.2019.00190 3488:General Systems Yearbook 3402:"Length, shape and area" 3400:Steinhaus, Hugo (1954). 3208:10.3389/fmars.2020.00071 3112:"UN Atlas of the Oceans" 2765:greenhouse gas emissions 2319:marine coastal ecosystem 2226:, inhabiting the sunlit 2150:There are many kinds of 2022:Marine coastal ecosystem 1324:Other coastal categories 1288:and sometimes as far as 985:Marine coastal ecosystem 640:, west coast of Portugal 536:exclusive economic zones 84:Rugged coastline of the 3501:Mandelbrot, B. (1967). 3406:Colloquium Mathematicum 2392:A settled coastline in 2297:, macroalgal beds, and 1945:Coastal sediment supply 1843:Western Interior Seaway 1674:Exclusive Economic Zone 363:mitigate climate change 256:) and various kinds of 6357:Terrestrial vegetation 6134:Herbaceous communities 5610:Coastal morphodynamics 5162:. New York: Springer. 4474:Leeder, M. R. (2011). 4077:. London: The Bazaar. 4071:Baughan, Rosa (1880). 4025:Kolb, Martina (2013). 2686:marine garbage patches 2443:water into the ocean. 2416: 2405: 2397: 2345:coastal eutrophication 2323:Coasts also face many 2204: 1787:coastal eutrophication 1689: 1413: 1260: 1252: 1152:(drowned valleys) and 786: 653: 641: 621:Various approximations 540:marine protected areas 523: 359:terrestrial ecosystems 119: 100: 89: 77: 40:Shore (disambiguation) 33:Coast (disambiguation) 6001:Physical oceanography 4330:Nature Communications 4279:(20): e2021GL095046. 3784:"Costiera Amalfitana" 2531:such as agricultural 2500:marine transportation 2411: 2403: 2391: 2198: 2178:and other countries. 2119:and various kinds of 2115:, among many others. 1770:that is close to the 1667: 1399: 1243: 1163:Further information: 1121:Further information: 1011:provisioning services 884:such as those of the 880:communities. In many 784: 763:Further information: 664:themselves; however, 647: 635: 518: 365:effects by uptake of 341:. In many countries, 265:physical oceanography 106: 95: 83: 60: 6395:Biogeographic realms 5830:Submergent coastline 5783:Marine transgression 5738:Discordant coastline 5723:Concordant coastline 4294:10.1029/2021GL095046 3834:"High energy coasts" 3004:Springer Netherlands 2812:and supporting more 2349:harmful algal blooms 2214:and the edge of the 2065:improve this section 1791:harmful algal blooms 1754:Similarly, the term 1702:international waters 1627:Discordant coastline 1622:Concordant coastline 1272:, then shortened to 1169:Discordant coastline 1165:Concordant coastline 1159:Concordant coastline 1127:Submergent coastline 1087:. The high level of 1023:carbon sequestration 730:, waves and various 607:Lewis Fry Richardson 425:loss of biodiversity 355:carbon sequestration 31:For other uses, see 6306:, semicaducifolious 5934:Coastal engineering 5082:20.500.11850/287786 5063:2018ESSD...10.1551W 4887:2020ESPR...27.5559K 4832:2020MarPB.15110877D 4785:2009MarPB..58.1225F 4726:2019MarPB.143..152W 4597:on 18 December 2023 4501:, pp. 673–674. 4285:2021GeoRL..4895046S 3910:2019FrEaS...7..190G 3519:1967Sci...156..636M 3419:10.4064/cm-3-1-1-13 3318:NOAA Technical Memo 3058:2008AqBot..89..155N 2571:ocean acidification 2523:, silicon, sulfur, 2513:continental shelves 2371:saltwater intrusion 2203:, a coastal species 2162:, who join up with 2113:rockhopper penguins 1035:Supporting services 1019:Regulating services 971:World Heritage Site 890:South Pacific Ocean 744:continental shelves 532:continental shelves 409:habitat destruction 386:saltwater intrusion 290:, about 44% of the 206:terrestrial animals 112:Serra de Tramuntana 96:Southeast coast of 6405:Floristic kingdoms 6362:Aquatic vegetation 5903:Coastal management 5743:Emergent coastline 5414:Intertidal wetland 5317:Continental margin 5022:2023-05-26 at the 5011:2021-08-11 at the 4566:"Marine Pollution" 3764:on 31 October 2011 3568:Mandelbrot, Benoit 3443:Lettera Matematica 3145:World Ocean Review 3118:on 2 November 2013 2575:nutrient pollution 2492:invasive organisms 2417: 2406: 2398: 2341:nutrient pollution 2205: 1950:sediment transport 1868:Geologic processes 1698:territorial waters 1690: 1414: 1371:depositional coast 1306:Australian Riviera 1253: 1123:Emergent coastline 1117:Emergent coastline 1043:primary production 979:Ecosystem services 912:coastal management 787: 773:Coastal management 654: 642: 551:coastal ecosystems 524: 297:ecosystem services 120: 101: 90: 78: 6451:Coastal geography 6428: 6427: 6173:Barren vegetation 6165:desert vegetation 6037: 6036: 5865:Wave-cut platform 5778:Marine regression 5322:Continental shelf 5312:Coastal waterfall 5221:Coastal geography 5169:978-94-007-0737-5 5126:978-0-309-15176-4 4933:Hewitt, Helene T. 4543:978-0-12-805204-4 4485:978-1-4051-7783-2 4393:(5374): 217–222. 4210:www.eea.europa.eu 4191:978-0-521-87762-6 4124:978-0-471-92673-3 4040:978-1-4426-4329-1 4006:978-81-86062-36-4 3589:978-0-7167-1186-5 3513:(3775): 636–638. 3021:978-90-481-2405-3 2971:. Merriam-Webster 2751:thermal expansion 2563:plastic pollution 2216:continental shelf 2101: 2100: 2093: 2033:Seashore wildlife 1737:marine biologists 1694:continental shelf 1678:continental shelf 1496:wave-cut platform 1146:isostatic rebound 1047:Cultural services 1025:(contributing to 1007:marine ecosystems 925:beach nourishment 908:Growth management 866:can also be seen. 820:and some form of 801:facilities. Some 759:Human settlements 689:microtidal coasts 681:macrotidal coasts 611:Benoit Mandelbrot 599:fractal dimension 583:coastline paradox 575:Coastline paradox 452:coastline paradox 86:West Coast Region 16:(Redirected from 6463: 6415:Plant life-forms 6312:, perennifolious 6127:, dwarf-scrubs, 6064: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6027: 6026: 5788:Raised shoreline 5763:Ingression coast 5758:Graded shoreline 5733:Cuspate foreland 5565: 5558: 5509:Submarine canyon 5369:Freshwater marsh 5214: 5207: 5200: 5191: 5173: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5074: 5057:(3): 1551–1590. 5042: 5036: 5002: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4941: 4931:Fox-Kemper, B.; 4928: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4881:(5): 5559–5571. 4866: 4860: 4859: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4779:(8): 1225–1228. 4768: 4762: 4761: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593:. Archived from 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4449: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4296: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4231:"Coastal Waters" 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4068: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4022: 4011: 4010: 3988: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3898:Front. Earth Sci 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3864: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3810:"Coastal Waters" 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760:. Archived from 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3577: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3545:. Archived from 3498: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3458: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3287:"Ocean Habitats" 3283: 3277: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3244:. Archived from 3237: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3210: 3185: 3176: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3087:. pp. 7–8. 3076: 3070: 3069: 3035: 3026: 3025: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2932: 2906:Ballantine Scale 2885:Land reclamation 2860:Bank (geography) 2854: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2838:Geography portal 2835: 2834: 2833: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2529:nonpoint sources 2461:Marine pollution 2454:Marine pollution 2447:Marine pollution 2421:marine pollution 2174:on the coast of 2139:animals such as 2096: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2045: 2037: 1923:Sea level change 1913:Marine sediments 1729:littoral warfare 1725:coastal shipping 1594:Mangrove forests 1521:Cuspate foreland 1349:graded shoreline 1263: 1039:nutrient cycling 960: 940: 851: 841:Fengbin, Hualien 839:by the coast of 833: 814:coastal defenses 685:mesotidal coasts 672:from the ocean. 402:marine ecosystem 394:marine pollution 390:coastal flooding 303:cities. Coastal 292:human population 116:Balearic Islands 54: 47: 36: 21: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6383: 6345: 6300:, caducifolious 6294:Loss of leaves 6283: 6252: 6220: 6214: 6178: 6121:Dwarf-shrubland 6077: 6068: 6038: 6033: 6015: 5991:Intertidal zone 5917: 5884: 5773:Longshore drift 5718:Coastal erosion 5689: 5649: 5585:Beach evolution 5566: 5560: 5559: 5550: 5237:Anchialine pool 5223: 5218: 5180: 5170: 5157: 5154: 5152:Further reading 5149: 5148: 5136: 5134: 5127: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5024:Wayback Machine 5013:Wayback Machine 5003: 4994: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4920: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4125: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4024: 4023: 4014: 4007: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3865: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3758:Unique Costiera 3752: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3678: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3648: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3242:"Coastal Zones" 3239: 3238: 3234: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3022: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2901:Intertidal zone 2880:Intertidal zone 2850: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2682:water pollution 2676:and wind-blown 2660:marine reptiles 2604: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2553:deep sea mining 2549:bilge pollution 2457: 2449: 2386: 2380: 2367:coastal erosion 2337:water pollution 2321: 2311: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2228:epipelagic zone 2224:epipelagic fish 2192: 2184: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2062: 2046: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2018:Coastal ecology 2014: 2009: 1908:Longshore drift 1870: 1847:late Cretaceous 1799: 1776:high water mark 1741:marine habitats 1670:territorial sea 1662: 1656: 1651: 1617: 1575: 1570: 1506: 1448: 1443: 1391: 1367:erosional coast 1360:secondary coast 1326: 1314:Turkish Riviera 1294:Italian Riviera 1284:territory past 1250:Italian Riviera 1238: 1220: 1207: 1171: 1161: 1129: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1105:migratory birds 1031:waste treatment 995: 987: 981: 974: 961: 952: 941: 929:managed retreat 917:coastal erosion 874: 867: 852: 843: 834: 779: 761: 756: 728:sea level rises 693:barrier islands 630: 625: 624: 578: 570: 513: 417:water pollution 382:coastal erosion 378:extreme weather 321:seaside resorts 273:intertidal zone 242:sessile animals 234:aquatic animals 222:nursery habitat 170:composition of 55: 48: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6323:, stiff leaves 6317:Leaf hardness 6315: 6314: 6313: 6307: 6304:Semi-deciduous 6301: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6234:, ombrophilous 6224: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6161: 6152: 6131: 6118: 6101: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6071:Phytogeography 6069: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5282:Brackish marsh 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Barrier island 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5178:External links 5176: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5125: 5117:10.17226/12877 5091: 5037: 4992: 4963: 4918: 4861: 4806: 4763: 4703: 4677: 4652: 4633: 4608: 4581: 4557: 4542: 4524: 4512: 4503: 4491: 4484: 4463: 4420: 4373: 4316: 4259: 4246: 4221: 4197: 4190: 4162: 4138: 4123: 4105: 4084: 4063: 4046: 4039: 4012: 4005: 3978: 3950: 3925: 3884: 3850: 3825: 3800: 3775: 3745: 3720: 3691: 3676: 3653: 3646: 3628: 3613: 3595: 3588: 3559: 3493: 3478: 3449:(3): 121–128. 3429: 3392: 3356: 3331: 3304: 3278: 3258: 3232: 3177: 3157: 3128: 3100: 3093: 3071: 3052:(2): 155–185. 3045:Aquatic Botany 3027: 3020: 2981: 2954: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2865:Beach cleaning 2862: 2856: 2855: 2841: 2825: 2822: 2801: 2798: 2739:Climate change 2730: 2726:Sea level rise 2722: 2720: 2717: 2708: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2664:marine mammals 2605: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2545:ship pollution 2488:carbon dioxide 2458: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2363:Sea level rise 2360: 2310: 2307: 2278: 2275: 2193: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2168:oystercatchers 2099: 2098: 2049: 2047: 2040: 2028: 2025: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1810:paleogeography 1798: 1795: 1743:from enclosed 1733:Oceanographers 1714:European Union 1655: 1654:Coastal waters 1652: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419:Barrier island 1415: 1408:, be called a 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1363: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1325: 1322: 1298:French Riviera 1270:riviera ligure 1268:, in the form 1237: 1234: 1219: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1160: 1157: 1138:raised beaches 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1065:brackish water 996: 988: 980: 977: 976: 975: 962: 955: 953: 942: 935: 921:sea level rise 882:island nations 878:seaside resort 873: 870: 869: 868: 853: 846: 844: 835: 828: 791:United Nations 760: 757: 755: 752: 629: 626: 603:Hugo Steinhaus 579: 571: 569: 566: 512: 509: 421:eutrophication 335:sea level rise 288:United Nations 88:of New Zealand 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6468: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6337:Latifolious, 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:suffruticetum 6126: 6125:subshrublands 6122: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Littoral zone 5994: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:Bulkhead line 5927: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5870:Wave shoaling 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845:Surge channel 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708:Cliffed coast 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5635:Shingle beach 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Coastal plain 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253:USEPA (2001) 4250: 4247: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4163: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3967: 3966:www.bbc.co.uk 3963: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3677:0-13-860958-6 3673: 3669: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647:0-13-642710-3 3643: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3614:0-13-018372-5 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3549:on 2021-10-19 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3346:on 2012-03-19 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3248:on 2013-03-16 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3094:0-7506-2759-X 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2852:Oceans portal 2847: 2842: 2839: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2697:Microplastics 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:ocean dumping 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608:Marine debris 2602: 2601:Marine debris 2594:Marine debris 2593: 2588: 2584: 2583:microplastics 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:microplastics 2564: 2560: 2559:marine debris 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535:, wind-blown 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:Air pollution 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425:Marine debris 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357:marine debris 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2268:results from 2267: 2263: 2262:predator fish 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2236:offshore fish 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:littoral zone 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2095: 2092: 2084: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2050:This section 2048: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998:wave shoaling 1996: 1994: 1993:wave breaking 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1940:Sedimentation 1938: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1831:parasequences 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:littoral zone 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561:Surge channel 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446:Cliff erosion 1445: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1383: 1382:passive coast 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356:primary coast 1353: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1331:cliffed coast 1328: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181:by the ocean 1180: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029:) as well as 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 993: 986: 978: 972: 969: 965: 959: 954: 950: 946: 939: 934: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 909: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886:Mediterranean 883: 879: 871: 865: 861: 857: 854:Coastline of 850: 845: 842: 838: 832: 827: 825: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 783: 778: 774: 770: 769:island nation 766: 758: 753: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 716: 714: 713:cliffed coast 710: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 662: 658: 651: 646: 639: 634: 627: 622: 618: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595:fractal curve 592: 588: 584: 576: 567: 565: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 538:were part of 537: 533: 529: 521: 517: 510: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491: 490: 485: 484:United States 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 398:marine debris 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 117: 113: 109: 105: 99: 94: 87: 82: 75: 71: 68:coastline at 67: 63: 59: 52: 45: 41: 34: 19: 6410:Plant habits 6339:broad-leaved 6149: 6128: 6115: 6096: 5860:Volcanic arc 5748:Feeder bluff 5655:River mouths 5620:Raised beach 5615:Pocket beach 5543: 5514:Tidal island 5504:Strand plain 5449:Natural arch 5301: 5159: 5141: 5135:. 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Retrieved 3734:Live Science 3733: 3723: 3712:. Retrieved 3703: 3694: 3667: 3637: 3631: 3604: 3598: 3573: 3562: 3551:. Retrieved 3547:the original 3510: 3506: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3425:rectifiable. 3423: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3383:. Retrieved 3371: 3359: 3348:. Retrieved 3344:the original 3334: 3324:24 September 3322:. Retrieved 3320:. NMFS-F/SPO 3317: 3307: 3297:25 September 3295:. Retrieved 3290: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3250:. Retrieved 3246:the original 3235: 3198: 3194: 3173:A/RES/71/313 3149:. Retrieved 3143: 3120:. Retrieved 3116:the original 3080: 3074: 3049: 3043: 2994: 2973:. Retrieved 2966: 2957: 2946:. Retrieved 2939: 2930: 2911:Coastal path 2899:Offshore or 2803: 2800:Global goals 2731: 2709: 2670:storm drains 2627: 2624:beach litter 2623: 2606: 2565:, including 2469:agricultural 2459: 2418: 2343:(leading to 2322: 2280: 2266:productivity 2235: 2232:oceanic fish 2231: 2208:Coastal fish 2206: 2189:Coastal fish 2182:Coastal fish 2149: 2145:sea anemones 2102: 2087: 2078: 2063:Please help 2051: 1871: 1840: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1784: 1753: 1722: 1710: 1691: 1609:Oyster reefs 1599:Kelp forests 1556:Strand plain 1536:Raised beach 1464:natural arch 1455:, or bluff. 1392: 1378:active coast 1302: 1273: 1269: 1266:Ligurian Sea 1255: 1254: 1248:, along the 1246:Cinque Terre 1221: 1212: 1208: 1199:outcroppings 1172: 1130: 1089:biodiversity 1073:Salt marshes 1046: 1034: 1018: 1010: 997: 964:Amalfi Coast 906: 875: 837:Paddy fields 811: 788: 721: 717: 705: 688: 684: 680: 674: 655: 580: 562:jurisdiction 559: 544: 525: 492: 487: 463: 459: 456:coastal zone 455: 445: 427:, increased 419:(especially 406: 371: 329: 285: 262: 238:Rocky shores 232:, and other 210:salt marshes 191:biodiversity 184: 142:next to the 135: 131: 127: 123: 121: 66:Jersey Shore 6321:Sclerophyll 6195:Subtropical 6082:Physiognomy 6011:River plume 5825:Steep coast 5798:Rocky shore 5793:Rip current 5673:River delta 5645:Wash margin 5640:Storm beach 5630:Shell beach 5595:Beach wrack 5590:Beach ridge 5580:Beach cusps 5529:Tied island 5519:Tidal marsh 5242:Archipelago 4982:18 December 4720:: 152–162. 4688:. US NOAA. 4336:(1): 6142. 4235:www.epa.gov 4151:Law Insider 3991:"riviera". 3412:(1): 1–13. 3218:2440/123896 2963:"coastline" 2636:drift seeds 2587:marine life 2473:residential 2258:forage fish 2254:coral reefs 2242:tidal pools 2109:sea turtles 1983:diffraction 1978:Water waves 1854:Book Cliffs 1836:laminations 1749:open waters 1686:deep seabed 1604:Coral reefs 1526:Dune system 1516:Beach cusps 1101:coral reefs 1069:marine life 1015:fresh water 822:coast guard 677:tidal range 666:tidal bores 648:Seaside in 454:. The term 413:overfishing 309:aquaculture 281:coral reefs 70:Spring Lake 6435:Categories 6420:Vegetation 6331:Leaf form 6269:Submontane 6138:grasslands 6116:fruticetum 6110:, scrubs, 6104:Shrublands 5939:Grain size 5913:Submersion 5890:Management 5875:Wind fetch 5835:Surf break 5753:Flat coast 5683:regressive 5469:Salt marsh 5327:Coral reef 5137:2022-04-11 5101:"Synopsis" 5027:pp. 3−32, 4957:2022-10-18 4826:: 110877. 4671:2021-04-09 4627:2022-09-21 4575:2023-06-19 4552:1052566532 4240:2022-06-29 4215:2022-06-29 4156:2022-06-22 4055:puntellare 3819:2020-05-04 3739:2008-12-14 3714:2021-08-10 3553:2021-05-21 3350:2012-06-07 3252:2008-12-11 3151:2020-12-19 3122:2013-10-31 2975:2024-07-19 2948:2024-07-19 2922:References 2743:ice sheets 2690:food chain 2644:biodegrade 2525:pesticides 2494:enter the 2465:industrial 2437:oil spills 2413:Dead zones 2382:See also: 2353:oil spills 2313:See also: 2299:salt marsh 2295:seagrasses 2199:Schooling 2160:cormorants 2117:Sea snails 2081:April 2018 2031:See also: 2016:See also: 2005:Weathering 1988:refraction 1966:suspension 1893:Deposition 1888:Denudation 1797:In geology 1658:See also: 1642:Island arc 1589:Salt marsh 1457:Sea cliffs 1342:flat coast 1318:Aegean Sea 1316:along the 1310:Queensland 1290:Marseilles 1175:resistance 1142:subsidence 1085:food chain 1061:salt water 1051:recreation 983:See also: 902:sunbathing 803:landlocked 638:Porto Covo 628:Formation 547:intertidal 480:Gulf Coast 468:West Coast 357:than many 351:seagrasses 218:seagrasses 195:freshwater 187:ecosystems 168:geological 162:, such as 156:topography 74:New Jersey 6350:Substrate 6310:Evergreen 6298:Deciduous 6200:Temperate 6159:parklands 6098:arboretum 6093:woodlands 5898:Accretion 5880:Wind wave 5840:Surf zone 5695:Processes 5668:Mouth bar 5625:Recession 5605:Beachrock 5524:Tide pool 5454:Peninsula 5342:cliff-top 5229:Landforms 4856:211112493 4758:150122831 4742:0025-326X 4407:0036-8075 4350:2041-1723 4311:244253181 4303:1944-8007 3473:128975381 3227:2296-7745 3000:Dordrecht 2916:Shorezone 2734:sea level 2674:waterways 2648:lost nets 2632:driftwood 2486:, excess 2480:particles 2378:Pollution 2291:Mangroves 2270:upwelling 2250:estuaries 2212:shoreline 2201:threadfin 2172:sea lions 2121:barnacles 2052:does not 1962:processes 1960:subaerial 1933:isostatic 1918:Saltation 1878:Attrition 1822:sandstone 1818:shoreface 1780:submerged 1745:estuaries 1682:high seas 1499:offshore. 1470:Sea caves 1439:Peninsula 1389:Landforms 1195:headlands 1134:landforms 1077:mangroves 1005:are both 999:Estuarine 945:Mariehamn 894:Caribbean 864:Port Vell 856:Barcelona 797:and have 740:accretion 670:estuaries 587:coastline 470:, or the 448:perimeter 343:mangroves 305:fisheries 254:barnacles 230:shellfish 214:mangroves 199:estuarine 132:shoreline 128:coastline 98:Greenland 18:Shoreline 6388:See also 6372:Mangrove 6367:Riparian 6257:Altitude 6243:Seasonal 6219:Climatic 6205:Subpolar 6190:Tropical 6183:Latitude 6155:Savannas 6150:herbetum 6146:prairies 6112:thickets 6029:Category 5855:Undertow 5808:Sea foam 5803:Sea cave 5703:Blowhole 5545:Windwatt 5404:Headland 5252:Avulsion 5131:Archived 5020:Archived 5009:Archived 4976:Archived 4948:Archived 4913:31853844 4848:32056653 4801:19481226 4750:31789151 4696:10 April 4690:Archived 4368:34686688 4133:22765791 4100:Archived 4079:Archived 4059:litorale 3971:13 April 3943:13 April 3877:13 April 3843:13 April 3708:Archived 3686:39890526 3623:45917172 3570:(1983). 3543:15662830 3535:17837158 3385:June 13, 3376:Archived 3085:Elsevier 2824:See also 2747:glaciers 2678:landfill 2656:seabirds 2579:plastics 2521:nitrogen 2303:Restinga 2260:and the 2156:pelicans 2152:seabirds 2129:seagulls 2125:dolphins 2012:Wildlife 1955:solution 1928:eustatic 1903:Flooding 1883:Currents 1862:Colorado 1429:Headland 1312:and the 1296:and the 1236:Rivieras 1230:spilling 1225:plunging 1097:seagrass 1021:include 860:Montjuïc 709:abrasion 701:bedforms 661:sediment 591:landmass 347:charcoal 339:tsunamis 277:tropical 258:seaweeds 250:starfish 202:wetlands 136:seashore 6279:Coastal 6274:Lowland 6264:Montane 6248:Drought 6228:Pluvial 6142:steppes 6089:Forests 5979:shingle 5959:granule 5944:boulder 5922:Related 5818:peresyp 5728:Current 5663:Debouch 5572:Beaches 5539:Waituna 5534:Tombolo 5444:Mudflat 5439:Machair 5429:Isthmus 5349:Estuary 5292:Channel 5059:Bibcode 4904:7028838 4883:Bibcode 4828:Bibcode 4781:Bibcode 4722:Bibcode 4415:9660744 4387:Science 4359:8536747 4281:Bibcode 3906:Bibcode 3904:(190). 3768:28 June 3515:Bibcode 3507:Science 3465:3344519 3054:Bibcode 2936:"coast" 2790:⁄ 2776:⁄ 2640:plastic 2614:or the 2433:tankers 2309:Threats 2287:seaweed 2220:pelagic 2137:sessile 2105:puffins 2073:removed 2058:sources 2027:Animals 1898:Erosion 1747:to the 1676:(EEZ), 1647:Machair 1579:Estuary 1566:Tombolo 1531:Mudflat 1406:Britain 1274:riviera 1256:Riviera 1093:wetland 1081:beaches 1055:tourism 872:Tourism 795:harbors 736:erosion 732:weather 697:lagoons 652:, Italy 650:Budelli 520:Somalia 489:pelagic 482:of the 464:coastal 325:tourism 317:beaches 313:protein 246:mussels 224:for fin 160:erosion 110:coast, 108:Escorca 64:on the 62:Sunrise 6441:Coasts 6400:Biomes 6377:Swampy 6288:Leaves 6238:Cloudy 6221:regime 6169:Desert 5969:pebble 5964:gravel 5954:cobble 5499:Strait 5479:Skerry 5434:Lagoon 5419:Island 5374:Fundus 5277:Bodden 5166: 5123: 5015:. 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