1153:"There is similar terminological confusion over the name for the inhabitants of the region. After 1945, in pursuit of a policy of national equality, the Communist Party designated the Albanian community as 'Šiptari' (Shqiptare, in Albanian), the term used by Albanians themselves to mark the ethnic identity of any member of the Albanian nation, whether living in Albania or elsewhere.… However, with the increased territorial autonomy of Kosovo in the late 1960s, the Albanian leadership requested that the term 'Albanians' be used instead—thus stressing national, rather than ethnic, self-identification of the Kosovar population. The term 'Albanians' was accepted and included in the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. In the process, however, the Serbian version of the Albanian term for ethnic Albanians—'Šiptari'—had acquired an openly pejorative flavor, implying cultural and racial inferiority. Nowadays, even though in the documents of post- socialist Serbia the term 'Albanians' is accepted as official, many state and opposition party leaders use the term 'Šiptari' indiscriminately in an effort to relegate the Kosovo Albanians to the status of one among many minority groups in Serbia. Thus the quarrel over the terms used to identify the region and its inhabitants has acquired a powerful emotional and political significance for both communities."
1056:"Today, the common name for Albanians, i.e. Albania, shqiptar, Shqiperia, is more recent. Albanians who settled in Greece in the Middle Ages and those who emigrated to Italy in the 15th century and later do not actually know about this name. The origin of the name Shqiptar is not clearly established. Until recently, the favorite interpretation was that it was derived from the Albanian shqipe "lord, nobility", thus "lord's sons". It is more likely, however, that the modern name given by the Albanians to themselves is derived from shqipon "to speak clearly" or from shqipton "to pronounce" (compared to the Slavic name nemci "dumb; those who do not speak intelligibly")."
972:"The ethnic name shqiptar has always been discussed together with the ethnic complex: (tosk) arbëresh, arbëror, arbër — (gheg) arbënesh, arbënu(e)r, arbën; i.e. . Among the neighbouring peoples and elsewhere the denomination of the Albanians is based upon the root arb/alb, cp. Greek 'Αλβανός, 'Αρβανός "Albanian", 'Αρβανίτης "Arbëresh of Greece", Serbian Albanac, Arbanas, Bulg., Mac. албанец, Arom. arbinés (Papahagi 1963 135), Turk. arnaut, Ital. albanese, German Albaner etc. This basis is in use among the Arbëreshs of Italy and Greece as well."
989:"They called themselves arbënesh, arbëresh, the country Arbëni, Arbëri, and the language arbëneshe, arbëreshe. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by shqiptarë, Shqipëri and shqipe... Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and Shqipni/Shqipëri is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of Arbëni, Arbëri."
351:
91:
841:"The name used in all these references is, allowing for linguistic variations, the same: 'Albanenses' or 'Arbanenses' in Latin, 'Albanoi' or 'Arbanitai' in Byzantine Greek. (The last of these, with an internal switching of consonants, gave rise to the Turkish form 'Arnavud', from which 'Arnaut' was later derived.)"
1022:"Arbëreshë was the term self-designiation of Albanians before the Ottoman invasion of the 15 century; similar terms are used for Albanian origins populations living in Greece ("Arvanitika," the Greek rendering of Arbëreshë) and Turkey ("Arnaut," Turkish for the Greek term Arvanitika)".
313:
and adjacent areas centuries before the change of the self-designation, namely the Arbëreshë of Italy, the
Arvanites of Greece as well as Arbanasi in Croatia. As such, the medieval migrants to Greece and later migrants to Italy during the 15th-century are not aware of the term
1308:
1071:
1486:
Guzina, Dejan (2003). "Kosovo or Kosova – Could it be both? The Case of
Interlocking Serbian and Albanian Nationalisms". In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.).
1322:
1593:
1603:"Shqip bei den altalbanischen Autoren vom 16. bis zum frühen 18. Jahrhundert [Shqip within Old Albanian authors from the 16th to the early 18th century]"
943:
is mentioned in old
Albanian documents, but it went out of use in the main part of Albanian-speaking area and remains in use only in diaspora dialects (It.-Alb.
445:, their leadership requested, and attained in 1974, the term Albanians be officially used stressing a national over an only ethnic, self-identification.
1266:
1165:
1294:
462:. It continued to be used by some Yugoslav and Serb politicians to relegate the status of Albanians to simply one of the minority ethnic groups.
531:
1744:
1696:
1630:
1563:
1535:
1402:
Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen
Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet
279:
are attested from 14th century onward, but it was only at the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries that the placename
1456:
1389:
585:
573:
1640:
Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2010a). "Cultural
Intimacy and Subversive Disorder: The Politics of Romance in the Republic of Macedonia".
1039:"The Albanians who use the 'Alb-' root are the ones who emigrated to Italy in the fifteenth century, who call themselves 'Arberesh'."
1717:
1514:
1495:
1476:
1434:
1410:
1362:
1179:
301:
speakers. This was due to socio-political, cultural, economic and religious complexities that
Albanians experienced during the
527:
1399:
Demiraj, Bardhyl (2010). "Shqiptar–The generalization of this ethnic name in the XVIII century". In
Demiraj, Bardhyl (ed.).
1223:
438:
555:
516:
1769:
1653:
Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2010b). "Postsocialism, Social Value, and
Identity Politics among Albanians in Macedonia".
1602:
1280:
1193:
1774:
401:
368:
197:. It has been used as a national symbol since their earliest records, and was a common heraldic symbol for many
238:
387:
466:
75:
34:
496:
1736:
The Social
Construction of Man, the State and War: Identity, Conflict, and Violence in Former Yugoslavia
434:
355:
121:
1252:
572:
for 'I fucked your
Shiptar mother'). He was punished with suspension for the next game against
185:(eagle). This theory, now considered a folk etymology, is based mainly on the symbolic meaning of the
441:
designated the Albanian community as Shiptars, however with increasing autonomy during the 1960s for
99:
1231:
1201:
590:
539:
512:
405:
359:
1764:
1670:
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335:
1740:
1734:
1713:
1692:
1626:
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1531:
1510:
1491:
1472:
1452:
1430:
1406:
1385:
1368:
1358:
1099:
1004:
342:
by some Western European authors in use from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.
298:
198:
194:
54:
23:
1662:
569:
543:
520:
455:
442:
391:
202:
170:
350:
243:
1295:"'I'm f***ing your Albanian mother' - Marko Arnautovic apologises for Euro 2020 outburst"
614:
551:
547:
535:
508:
415:
302:
145:
309:, however, persisted and was retained by Albanian communities which had migrated from
1758:
1682:
1674:
1574:
210:
1444:
1420:
209:, whose family symbol was the black double-headed eagle, which is displayed on the
137:
26:
1707:
1686:
1620:
1525:
1466:
1451:, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 75 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press,
1424:
1400:
1281:"Arnautovic says he is 'not a racist' and apologises after North Macedonia clash"
808:
427:
419:
117:
1267:"Serbian Defense Minister Sparks Controversy by Using Pejorative for Albanians"
1166:"Serbian Defense Minister Sparks Controversy by Using Pejorative for Albanians"
154:, denoting people who speak the same language, similar to the ethno-linguistic
1666:
1253:"Serbia: l'Alta corte emette sentenza storica. "Šiptar", un termine offensivo"
621:
423:
206:
166:
1372:
886:, and from the 14th century onwards in Latin and other Western documents as
499:, a Serbian gangster, was nicknamed "Šiptar". In 2018, the Supreme Court in
253:
155:
90:
65:
1309:"Arnautović apologises and denies being a racist after outburst at Alioski"
1622:
Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century
1545:
Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). "Albanian". In Hinrichs, Uwe; Uwe Büttner (eds.).
500:
57:
1614:. Beograd: Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije.
310:
112:
61:
504:
459:
263:
42:
874:, appears from the 11th century onwards in Byzantine chronicles as
1357:(in Serbian). Translated by Milenković, Ljubinka. Belgrade: Clio.
951:). In other areas, it has been replaced by the term with the root
349:
190:
186:
1612:
Iz istorije Albanaca. Zbornik predavanja. Priručnik za nastavnike
1576:
A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European
1524:
Rusakov, Alexander (2017). "Albanian". In Mate Kapović (ed.).
458:
usage acquiring pejorative connotations that implied Albanian
1426:
A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture
774:, vol. 2 (Livorno: Successore di Egisto Vignozzi, 1864), 152.
523:, sparked controversy by using the pejorative for Albanians.
221:
During the Middle Ages, the Albanians called their country
904:
902:
653:
651:
1180:"Croatia Museum Upsets Albanians by Using Insulting Term"
189:
for the Albanian people, as it is their national bird, a
116:, the oldest Albanian language book published in 1555 by
693:
691:
465:
The official (and often neutral) terms for Albanians in
373:
1329:. Union of European Football Associations. 16 June 2021
772:
Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
538:, immediately after scoring a goal, Austrian forward
1610:
Mirdita, Zef (1969). "Iliri i etnogeneza Albanaca".
476:
470:
409:
395:
173:(1864), on the other hand, was the first to derive
1605:. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. pp. 103–122.
1507:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero
858:"Their traditional designation, based on a root
488:
106:The first documentation of the adverb/adjective
1151:
1054:
1037:
1020:
987:
970:
937:
856:
839:
1405:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 533–565.
280:
165:. This etymology is widely accepted by modern
69:
747:Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik
683:Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik
559:
482:
449:
8:
1490:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 30–52.
1135:
1123:
1468:The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names
149:
1592:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
908:
823:
758:
669:
68:call themselves. They call their country
1382:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
448:These developments resulted in the word
124:(1854) was the first to derive the term
89:
1067:
1033:
1000:
966:
933:
835:
733:
697:
657:
618:[Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin
607:
193:associated with freedom and heroism in
1709:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
1585:
1147:
1111:
1095:
1083:
983:
642:
546:descent—shouted to Macedonian players
1050:
922:History of Albania (A Brief Overview)
852:
795:
783:
709:
430:, due to its negative connotations.
7:
1547:Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik
1016:
721:
813:. Flag Research Center. 1987-01-01.
136:("to speak out, pronounce"), while
1355:Albanci: od srednjeg veka do danas
586:Names of the Albanians and Albania
305:era. The usage of the old endonym
14:
616:Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct
241:terms by neighbouring peoples as
1688:Albanian etymological dictionary
1449:Historical Dictionary of Albania
229:) and referred to themselves as
1488:Understanding the war in Kosovo
1429:. London: Hurst & Company.
1323:"AB: Austria v North Macedonia"
460:racial and cultural inferiority
418:, Slovene and Macedonian is an
140:(1891) was the first to derive
560:
481:(in Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic),
477:
410:
358:reading "Death for Shiptars" (
1:
1224:"Banditi pod šapkom zemljaka"
439:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
346:Use in South Slavic languages
334:is a historical rendering or
100:Albanian community of Romania
1625:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1465:Everett-Heath, John (2017).
862:and its rhotacized variants
563:Jeb'o sam ti majku šiptarsku
433:After 1945, in pursuit of a
422:, and it is also considered
205:; an example is the flag of
110:can already be found in the
1601:Matzinger, Joachim (2013).
1549:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
1530:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
1527:The Indo-European Languages
1471:. Oxford University Press.
475:(in Serbo-Croatian Latin),
471:
450:
435:policy of national equality
396:
374:
1791:
426:by Albanians when used by
1667:10.1017/S003767790000989X
1642:Anthropological Quarterly
1573:Matasović, Ranko (2019).
1505:Hodgkison, Harry (2005).
1380:Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011).
745:Frashëri, Kristo (2013).
681:Frashëri, Kristo (2013).
489:
363:
132:("to speak clearly") and
1712:. Taylor & Francis.
939:"The name with the root
920:Kristo Frasheri (1964).
517:Serbian Defense Minister
128:from the Albanian verbs
1733:Wilmer, Franke (2014).
1556:Kosovo: A Short History
1509:. Bloomsbury Academic.
402:Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic
285:and the ethnic demonym
177:from the Albanian noun
79:
38:
1554:Malcolm, Noel (1998).
1353:Bartl, Peter (2001) .
1194:"Glavni ortak zemljak"
1155:
1058:
1041:
1024:
991:
974:
957:
896:
843:
526:During a game between
483:
467:South Slavic languages
379:
281:
249:Arbanenses / Albaneses
237:) while known through
150:
103:
70:
1619:Mojzes, Paul (2011).
356:Republic of Macedonia
353:
327:Use in Western Europe
271:and so on. The words
122:Johann Georg von Hahn
93:
1706:Skutsch, C. (2013).
969:, pp. 534, 536:
556:Macedonian Albanians
542:—who is of paternal
503:defined the word as
428:South Slavic peoples
388:Serbo-Croatian Latin
1138:, pp. 884–891.
936:, pp. 554–555:
761:, pp. 103–122.
736:, pp. 533–565.
672:, pp. 107–108.
591:Albania (placename)
289:gradually replaced
98:, published by the
1770:Culture of Albania
1255:. 22 October 2018.
770:Demetrio Camarda,
380:
322:Non-Albanian usage
199:Albanian dynasties
104:
80:Shqypnia, Shqipnia
1775:Albanian language
1746:978-1-135-95621-9
1698:978-90-04-11024-3
1632:978-1-4422-0663-2
1565:978-0-3304-1224-7
1537:978-1-315-67855-9
1182:. 31 August 2018.
1136:Neofotistos 2010b
1124:Neofotistos 2010a
1036:, pp. 22–40:
810:The Flag Bulletin
660:, pp. 13–14.
493:(in Macedonian).
487:(in Slovene) and
372:
307:Arbënesh/Arbëresh
195:Albanian folklore
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1727:
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612:
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566:
540:Marko Arnautović
521:Aleksandar Vulin
497:Dušan Spasojević
492:
491:
486:
480:
479:
474:
453:
443:Kosovo Albanians
413:
412:
399:
377:
367:
365:
354:Graffiti in the
284:
203:Late Middle Ages
171:Demetrio Camarda
153:
73:
16:Albanian endonym
1790:
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1297:. 15 June 2021.
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999:
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855:, p. liii:
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582:
532:North Macedonia
515:. In 2019, the
375:Smrt za Šiptari
364:Смрт за Шиптари
348:
329:
324:
219:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1683:Orel, Vladimir
1679:
1661:(4): 882–902.
1650:
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1607:
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1570:
1564:
1551:
1542:
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1521:
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1496:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1458:978-0810861886
1457:
1441:
1435:
1417:
1411:
1396:
1391:978-1598843026
1390:
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1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
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1314:
1300:
1286:
1272:
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1230:(in Serbian).
1215:
1204:. 6 March 2012
1200:(in Serbian).
1185:
1171:
1157:
1150:, pp. 32
1140:
1128:
1126:, p. 288.
1116:
1104:
1088:
1086:, p. 202.
1076:
1060:
1043:
1026:
1009:
993:
986:, p. 277:
976:
959:
926:
913:
909:Matasović 2019
898:
845:
828:
824:Hodgkison 2005
816:
800:
798:, p. 140.
788:
776:
763:
759:Matzinger 2013
751:
738:
726:
724:, p. 119.
714:
702:
700:, p. 548.
687:
674:
670:Matzinger 2013
662:
647:
645:, p. 277.
626:
606:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
588:
581:
578:
552:Egzon Bejtulai
548:Ezgjan Alioski
536:UEFA Euro 2020
509:discriminatory
416:Serbo-Croatian
347:
344:
328:
325:
323:
320:
218:
215:
163:Deutsch—Wälsch
94:The newspaper
87:
84:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1787:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1739:. Routledge.
1738:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1719:9781135193881
1715:
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1655:Slavic Review
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1516:1-85043-941-9
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1497:9780714653914
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1478:9780192556462
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1450:
1446:
1445:Elsie, Robert
1442:
1438:
1436:1-85065-570-7
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:Elsie, Robert
1418:
1414:
1412:9783447062213
1408:
1404:
1403:
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1383:
1378:
1374:
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1364:9788671020176
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35:Gheg Albanian
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27:definite form
25:
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1735:
1723:. Retrieved
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1384:. ABC-CLIO.
1381:
1354:
1346:Bibliography
1331:. Retrieved
1326:
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1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1197:
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1119:
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1091:
1079:
1068:Demiraj 2010
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1034:Malcolm 1998
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1021:
1012:
1001:Skutsch 2013
996:
988:
979:
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967:Demiraj 2010
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934:Rusakov 2017
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836:Malcolm 1998
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766:
754:
746:
741:
734:Demiraj 2010
729:
717:
705:
698:Demiraj 2010
682:
677:
665:
658:Mirdita 1969
615:
610:
562:
525:
495:
464:
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383:
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339:
338:of the term
331:
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159:Sloven—Nemac
158:
141:
138:Gustav Meyer
133:
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111:
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105:
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64:), by which
51:Shqyptarë/-t
50:
47:Shqiptarë/-t
46:
31:Shqip(ë)tari
30:
19:
18:
1148:Guzina 2003
1112:Guzina 2003
1096:Wilmer 2014
1084:Mojzes 2011
1070:, pp.
984:Lloshi 1999
947:, Gr.-Alb.
643:Lloshi 1999
574:Netherlands
420:ethnic slur
156:dichotomies
118:Gjon Buzuku
39:Shqyptar/-i
1759:Categories
1725:2017-07-28
1228:Novosti.rs
1198:Novosti.rs
1098:, p.
1051:Bartl 2001
1003:, p.
892:Arbanenses
888:Albanenses
853:Elsie 2010
796:Elsie 2010
784:Elsie 2001
710:Elsie 2001
424:derogatory
414:) used in
406:Macedonian
360:Macedonian
332:Skipetar/s
239:derivative
207:Skanderbeg
1765:Ethnonyms
1691:. Brill.
1675:165104213
1588:cite book
1582:. Zagreb.
1017:Cole 2011
949:arvanitas
924:. Tirana.
884:Arbanites
880:Arbanitai
722:Orel 1998
602:Citations
513:Albanians
382:The term
369:romanized
295:Arbëreshë
287:Shqiptarë
282:Shqipëria
259:Arbanites
254:Arvanites
183:shqiponjë
144:from the
96:Sqipetari
86:Etymology
71:Shqipëria
66:Albanians
1685:(1998).
1447:(2010),
1423:(2001).
1373:51036121
1327:UEFA.com
945:arbëresh
620:, 1895,
580:See also
511:against
501:Belgrade
340:Shqiptar
316:Shqiptar
299:Albanian
297:amongst
277:Shqiptar
273:Shqipëri
244:Arbanasi
235:Arbënesh
231:Arbëresh
175:Shqiptar
151:excipere
134:shqiptoj
126:Shqiptar
58:ethnonym
55:Albanian
53:) is an
24:Albanian
20:Shqiptar
1333:16 June
1072:534–535
876:Albanoi
872:*arbar-
868:*albar-
864:*arban-
860:*alban-
622:Shkodër
597:Sources
570:Serbian
534:at the
528:Austria
490:Албанец
484:Albanec
478:Албанац
472:Albanac
456:Serbian
392:Slovene
384:Shiptar
371::
311:Albania
303:Ottoman
291:Arbëria
269:Arbineş
233:(Gheg:
227:Arbënia
225:(Gheg:
223:Arbëria
217:History
201:in the
142:shqipoj
130:shqipoj
113:Meshari
62:endonym
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870:, and
554:—both
505:racist
451:Šiptar
437:, the
411:Шиптар
397:Šiptar
336:exonym
264:Arnaut
179:shqipe
102:(1889)
43:plural
1671:S2CID
1580:(PDF)
1237:4 May
1208:4 May
191:totem
187:eagle
148:verb
146:Latin
108:shqip
1741:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1648:(2).
1627:ISBN
1594:link
1560:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1473:ISBN
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1407:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1369:OCLC
1359:ISBN
1335:2021
1239:2014
1210:2014
941:arb-
890:and
550:and
544:Serb
530:and
507:and
469:are
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