1122:
exposed to entertainment media like movies, music, mobile phone, newspapers etc., in Hindi. Kinnauri songs beings produced show heavy influence of Hindi. Young learners are encouraged to learn and speak Hindi in order to benefit in education and employment in future. Fluent speakers of
Kinnauri are only the elders or the mid aged people who have little exposure to the outer world or are still unaffected by the modernity. But whether the next generation will inherit the cultural knowledge or the legacy of ancestors is doubted. From UNESCO factors study, all languages in Kinnaur region are definitely endangered, inter-generational transmission is unsafe, number of speakers using Kinnauri as first language is very low, domains are shifting, Hindi is replacing Kinnauri in most domains, there is lack of literary traditions, government support towards the protection and promotion of Kinnaur language or culture is absent, very little is known about the linguistic structure of the languages in the region. Like other tribal languages, Kinnauri too may lose much of its linguistic characteristics due to lack of proper documentation and government support and community apathy as well. Among urgent measures, Kinnauri languages need community collaborative efforts to document and discuss among the locals, scholars, linguists and researchers.
354:
54:
1121:
Kinnaura people are bilinguals who speak Hindi along with their mother tongue. Hindi is the main lingua franca for people from different language groups in
Kinnaur. It is also the main language in schools, colleges, government offices, market place, banks and more such domains. Younger generation is
1104:
language, it shows agreement in person number features, adjective precedes head in the noun phrase, modifiers precede the head noun, causative occurs after main verb, marker of comparison follows the standard of comparison, negatives are pre-verbal, auxiliary follows the main verb, anaphor follows
536:
In absence of a detailed sociolinguistic survey on language use, the actual number of fluent speakers of KLs is unknown. The actual number of speakers is much lower than the total population. Census data include native as well as the non native and the migratory workers in the survey.
1105:
the antecedent and main clause precedes the subordinate clause. It exhibits some exceptions in SOV language features. SOV language should have preposed genitives and adjective should follow noun. But
Kinnauri has postpositional genitive and the adjective precedes the noun.
1306:
501:. It has a population of around 700. The language is considered a variety of Bhoti Kinnauri but is shows enough characteristics to stand as an independent language.
297:(Grierson 1909). It is the language of upper caste in lower Kinnaur. It is also spoken in Moorang tehsil and, Ropa and Giabong villages in upper Kinnaur. It is a
1422:
1305:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2001). "A descriptive study of
Kinnauri (Pangi dialect): A preliminary report". In Nagano, Yasuhiko; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.).
2165:
1220:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Typological
Characteristics of Kinnauri.” Interdisciplinary Journal of LinguisticC, KU Srinagar, India 5 (2012): 329–48.
1229:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International
Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 2023.
1211:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International
Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 2023.
1202:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International
Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 2023.
2155:
2145:
477:. The language shows slight phonemic variations in the valley. Main varieties are spoken in Poo Hangrang and Nako villages. It is a generic
1380:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2012). Nakamura, Wataru; Kikusawa, Ritsuko (eds.). "On a Middle Voice Suffix in
Kinnauri (Pangi dialect) Yoshiharu".
533:
spoken mainly by the
Scheduled Caste community of Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla and Moorang tehsils in Kinnaur. It has a population of 9000.
2160:
1346:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2007). "On the deictic patterns in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect)". In Bielmeier, Roland; Haller, Felix (eds.).
312:
247:
1284:
1415:
1894:
1097:
223:
1793:
1831:
1300:. Vol. Himachal Pradesh. New Delhi: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General India. pp. 935–1028.
1253:
342:
1275:(1993a). "カナウル語" [Kanauru language]. In 亀井 Kamei, 孝 Takashi; 河野 Kōno, 六郎 Rokurō; 千野 Chino, 栄一 Eichi (eds.).
1468:
2150:
1700:
1439:
914:
102:
1766:
1654:
1618:
1431:
1408:
1135:
518:
257:
96:
31:
1695:
330:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1001:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
880:
875:
868:
846:
832:
825:
818:
800:
793:
785:
773:
766:
746:
739:
716:
709:
704:
699:
693:
683:
676:
671:
666:
650:
643:
638:
633:
612:
607:
600:
595:
298:
91:
1964:
861:
526:
353:
1811:
1576:
1537:
1005:
811:
725:
568:
281:. The languages have seen different nomenclatures in written literature. Kinnauri was mentioned as
2046:
1927:
1806:
1726:
1710:
1326:
563:
558:
422:
326:
188:
2002:
1355:
Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2009). Nagano, Yasuhiko (ed.). "On the Verbal Affixes in West Himalayan".
1193:
NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Languages of Kannaura Tribe.” Languages of INDIAN HIMALAYAS, , 2021.
2081:
1992:
1954:
1659:
1603:
1368:
1280:
731:
627:
621:
583:
573:
494:
478:
398:
167:
1156:
463:(in Kanam, Labrang, Spilo, Shyaso, Taling, and Rushkaling villages) by a population of 2500.
2071:
2012:
1902:
1849:
1801:
1756:
1705:
1623:
1594:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1489:
1389:
1360:
1312:
1131:
530:
512:
498:
474:
460:
456:
446:
438:
434:
416:
412:
390:
386:
338:
316:
305:
199:
64:
2104:
2091:
2076:
2066:
2061:
1907:
1879:
1761:
1736:
1649:
1555:
1526:
1494:
1338:
1295:
1036:
839:
590:
578:
301:
83:
441:(in Jangi, Lippa, and Asrang villages). These villages have a population of nearly 2600.
2120:
2099:
2032:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1922:
1917:
1884:
1859:
1854:
1821:
1816:
1776:
1771:
1751:
1746:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1531:
1521:
1473:
1055:
504:
486:
468:
378:
334:
322:
177:
131:
215:
2139:
1982:
1912:
1675:
1628:
1101:
1048:
938:
758:
660:
408:
361:
Kinnaur has nearly ten linguistic varieties, with Kinnauri being the major language.
1157:"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"
1741:
1644:
1400:
1272:
76:
all Kinnauri varieties: 84,000; Kinnauri proper: about 45,000 (2011 census)
1844:
1181:
950:
933:
404:
238:
228:
1839:
981:
943:
363:
1372:
497:
language spoken in Nesang and Kunnu Charan villages of Poo division in upper
1008:
966:
208:
146:
385:
to Morang. Mainly the Kinnauri-speaking area is located in lower parts of
194:
183:
172:
162:
155:
1731:
1279:(in Japanese). Vol. 5. Tokyo: 三省堂 Sanseido Press. pp. 75b–86b.
1062:
372:
367:
lists the following locations for Kinnauri proper and related languages.
265:
253:
278:
261:
17:
1393:
1364:
1317:
1311:. Vol. 19. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. pp. 97–119.
452:
430:
382:
53:
393:. The estimated population of Kinnauri speaking people is 45,000.
1163:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
352:
309:
1247:. Bon studies. Vol. 3. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
27:
Sino-Tibetan dialect cluster centered on Himachal Pradesh, India
1404:
511:
language is spoken in Sunnam village of Poo division in upper
1359:. 75: Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics: 21–49.
1113:
The language does not have a script. It is an oral language
1308:
New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages
1245:
New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages
264:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1083:
1076:
1069:
545:
This description is of the Pangi dialect of Kinnauri.
2113:
2090:
2054:
2045:
2025:
1963:
1947:
1940:
1893:
1872:
1830:
1792:
1785:
1719:
1668:
1637:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1547:
1514:
1507:
1482:
1456:
1449:
1438:
1277:三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics
234:
222:
206:
144:
139:
125:
80:
70:
60:
41:
1243:Nagano, Yasuhiko; LaPolla, Randy J., eds. (2001).
349:Linguistic varieties and geographical distribution
1254:"A Sociolinguistic profile of the Kinnaura tribe"
1182:Endangered Languages Project data for Jangshung
47:𑚊𑚝𑚦𑚤𑚮𑚎𑚨𑚶𑚊𑚛, Kanawaringskad, ཀནབརིངསྐད
1416:
925:Kinnauri has six pairs of long/short vowels:
8:
1294:Perumalsamy, P (2022). "Kinnauri language".
325:, once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to
2051:
1944:
1789:
1608:
1599:
1511:
1453:
1446:
1423:
1409:
1401:
927:
38:
30:For the Indo-Aryan Kinnauri language, see
1316:
552:
1348:Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond
1148:
258:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1350:. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 341–354.
1334:
1324:
481:language spoken by nearly 7000 people.
403:is spoken by a thousand people in the
377:is spoken in the villages from Badhal
1138:, mutually intelligible with Kinnauri
124:
7:
1061:Kinnauri has the following types of
515:. It has a population of about 700.
419:(in Chitkul and Rakchham villages).
277:is the most widely used language in
473:is spoken in Poo division of upper
25:
1832:Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)
1432:Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages
357:A signboard in Kinnauri Language
52:
2166:Languages written in Devanagari
1794:Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)
1084:
1077:
1070:
285:(Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844),
337:(locally called Chhoyuli) are
1:
2156:Endangered languages of India
2146:Languages of Himachal Pradesh
1054:All consonants may occur in
979:
964:
948:
159: – Kinnauri proper
1047:) do not occur in syllable
2182:
1382:Senri Ethnological Studies
1357:Senri Ethnological Studies
1297:Linguistic Survey of India
381:to Sangla and north along
29:
2161:West Himalayish languages
1619:Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)
1096:Word order in Kinnari is
860:
838:
810:
724:
620:
589:
555:
244:
51:
46:
1252:Negi, Harvinder (2012).
1136:Malana, Himachal Pradesh
32:Pahari Kinnauri language
411:in Nichar subdivision,
1161:www.censusindia.gov.in
358:
246:This article contains
356:
1941:Tshangla-East Bodish
1732:Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
1261:Nepalese Linguistics
429:is spoken in Morang
1840:Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)
1058:and word-medially.
909:are post-alveolar.
1273:Nishi 西, Yoshio 義郎
359:
293:(Bailey 1909) and
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2041:
2040:
2021:
2020:
1936:
1935:
1868:
1867:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1503:
1502:
1469:Chitkuli Kinnauri
1394:10.15021/00002533
1365:10.15021/00002556
1318:10.15021/00002143
1117:Language vitality
994:
993:
888:
887:
788:
761:
734:
696:
663:
630:
451:is spoken in Poo
399:Chitkuli Kinnauri
272:
271:
254:rendering support
250:phonetic symbols.
168:Chitkuli Kinnauri
16:(Redirected from
2173:
2151:Kinnaur district
2052:
1945:
1790:
1624:Standard Tibetan
1609:
1600:
1512:
1454:
1447:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1397:
1376:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1301:
1290:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1132:Kanashi language
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1003:
928:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:Note on palatals
882:
877:
870:
848:
834:
827:
820:
802:
795:
784:
775:
768:
757:
748:
741:
730:
718:
711:
706:
701:
692:
685:
678:
673:
668:
659:
652:
645:
640:
635:
626:
614:
609:
602:
597:
553:
461:Himachal Pradesh
457:Kinnaur district
439:Himachal Pradesh
435:Kinnaur district
417:Himachal Pradesh
413:Kinnaur district
391:Himachal Pradesh
387:Kinnaur district
317:Himachal Pradesh
306:Kinnaur district
304:centered on the
218:
197:
186:
175:
165:
158:
149:
86:
65:Himachal Pradesh
56:
39:
21:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2109:
2086:
2037:
2017:
1959:
1932:
1889:
1864:
1826:
1781:
1767:Chochangachakha
1715:
1664:
1633:
1612:Central Tibetan
1581:
1543:
1499:
1478:
1441:
1440:West Himalayish
1434:
1429:
1388:(77): 157–175.
1379:
1354:
1345:
1333:
1323:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1271:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1094:
999:
923:
915:alveolo-palatal
551:
543:
521:Pahari Kinnauri
351:
302:dialect cluster
252:Without proper
214:
193:
192:
182:
181:
171:
170:
161:
160:
154:
153:
145:
121:
103:West Himalayish
87:
84:Language family
82:
73:
72:Native speakers
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1895:Kyirong–Kagate
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:Bhoti Kinnauri
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1669:Kham (Eastern)
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1377:
1352:
1343:
1335:|journal=
1302:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1249:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1174:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1102:postpositional
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
998:
995:
992:
991:
989:
986:
984:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
922:
919:
886:
885:
883:
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
844:
842:
836:
835:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
781:
780:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
754:
753:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
728:
722:
721:
719:
714:
712:
707:
702:
697:
689:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
669:
664:
656:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
636:
631:
624:
618:
617:
615:
610:
605:
603:
598:
593:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
547:
542:
539:
469:Bhoti Kinnauri
379:Rampur Bushahr
350:
347:
331:Bhoti Kinnauri
289:(Konow 1905),
270:
269:
256:, you may see
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
212:
204:
203:
150:
142:
141:
140:Language codes
137:
136:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
97:Tibeto-Kanauri
90:
88:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1858:
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1071:(C)V(C)(C)(C)
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1873:Sherpa-Jirel
1645:Amdo Tibetan
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1165:. Retrieved
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529:language of
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407:area of the
397:
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383:Satluj river
371:
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321:
299:Sino-Tibetan
294:
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274:
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245:
207:
110:
92:Sino-Tibetan
36:
1965:East Bodish
1845:Spiti Bhoti
862:Approximant
405:Baspa river
260:instead of
2140:Categories
1812:Changthang
1577:Chaudangsi
1538:Zhangzhung
1442:(Kanauric)
1286:4385152144
1267:: 101–105.
1143:References
1100:, it is a
1009:obstruents
549:Consonants
527:Indo-Aryan
364:Ethnologue
152:Variously:
1928:Gyalsumdo
1807:Zangskari
1727:Sikkimese
1711:Zitsadegu
1457:Kinnauric
1373:0387-6004
1337:ignored (
1327:cite book
1063:syllables
1006:aspirated
997:Syllables
812:Fricative
786:aspirated
759:voiceless
726:Affricate
694:aspirated
661:voiceless
569:Retroflex
541:Phonology
425:Jangshung
283:Kunawaree
239:Jangshung
209:Glottolog
189:Jangshung
147:ISO 639-3
2082:Chantyal
2047:Tamangic
1993:Bumthang
1955:Tshangla
1948:Tshangla
1720:Southern
1701:Dongwang
1660:mDungnag
1483:Lahaulic
1464:Kinnauri
1126:See also
564:Alveolar
559:Bilabial
489:Chhoyuli
373:Kinnauri
327:Tamangic
295:Kunawari
291:Kanawari
275:Kinnauri
266:Help:IPA
229:Kinnauri
216:kinn1250
202:(Thebor)
191:(Thebor)
180:(Thebor)
126:Dialects
111:Kinnauri
42:Kinnauri
2072:Thakali
1903:Kyirong
1850:Nyamkat
1802:Ladakhi
1786:Western
1757:Brokkat
1706:Drugchu
1655:Khalong
1604:Tibetic
1572:Dhuleli
1567:Byangsi
1562:Darmiya
1515:Central
1508:Eastern
1490:Pattani
1450:Western
1092:Grammar
1035:), and
939:Central
622:Plosive
584:Glottal
574:Palatal
531:Kinnaur
513:Kinnaur
507:Sunnami
499:Kinnaur
495:Tibetic
479:Tibetan
475:Kinnaur
308:of the
287:Kanauri
279:Kinnaur
262:Unicode
200:Shumcho
107:Kanauri
99: ?
18:Shumcho
2105:Kutang
2077:Manang
2067:Gurung
2062:Tamang
2003:Kurtöp
1908:Kagate
1880:Sherpa
1762:Brokpa
1747:Lunana
1737:Khamba
1696:Zhongu
1650:Gserpa
1595:Bodish
1556:Rangas
1548:Almora
1527:Rongpo
1495:Tinani
1371:
1283:
1167:7 July
1109:Script
1078:CCV(C)
1056:onsets
1039:(i.e.
1037:glides
1033:/t͡ʃʰ/
1029:/t͡sʰ/
1011:(i.e.
921:Vowels
905:, and
732:voiced
628:voiced
525:is an
453:tehsil
447:Sumcho
431:tehsil
339:Bodish
310:Indian
235:
61:Region
2121:Kaike
2114:Kaike
2100:Ghale
2092:Ghale
2033:Basum
2026:Basum
2008:Nupbi
1998:Kheng
1988:Chali
1978:Dzala
1973:Takpa
1923:Nubri
1918:Yolmo
1885:Jirel
1860:Tukpa
1822:Balti
1817:Purgi
1777:Naapa
1772:Lakha
1752:Groma
1691:Choni
1686:Baima
1681:Tseku
1629:Mugom
1532:Sunam
1522:Bunan
1474:Sunam
1257:(PDF)
1085:CCCVC
1049:codas
951:Close
934:Front
903:/tʃʰ/
840:Trill
591:Nasal
579:Velar
493:is a
335:Tukpa
323:Kaike
313:state
178:Sunam
132:Sunam
2055:TGTM
2013:ʼOle
1983:Nyen
1913:Tsum
1742:Laya
1638:Amdo
1369:ISSN
1339:help
1281:ISBN
1169:2018
1025:/kʰ/
1021:/ʈʰ/
1017:/tʰ/
1013:/pʰ/
982:Open
944:Back
899:/tʃ/
895:/dʒ/
333:and
1390:doi
1361:doi
1313:doi
1134:of
1098:SOV
1051:.
1045:/j/
1041:/w/
1002:/h/
967:Mid
913:is
911:/ɲ/
907:/ʃ/
901:,
893::
801:tʃʰ
794:tsʰ
389:in
345:).
315:of
248:IPA
224:ELP
195:scu
184:jna
173:ssk
163:cik
156:kfk
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1386:77
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1367:.
1331::
1329:}}
1325:{{
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1259:.
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1031:,
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1023:,
1019:,
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1004:,
988:a
976:o
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958:ɨ
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897:,
774:tʃ
767:ts
747:dʒ
740:dz
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710:ʈʰ
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833:h
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684:k
677:ʈ
672:t
667:p
651:ɡ
644:ɖ
639:d
634:b
613:ŋ
608:ɲ
601:n
596:m
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