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230:
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51:
211:. The tower has miniature spires, in horizontal and vertical rows, all the way to the top, creating a grid-like effect on each face. The tower is generally less strongly vertical in overall shape, often approaching a pyramidal shape. This shape is mainly found in the northern
444:
is also a term for the upper tower only, equating to shikhara. The curve is also very slight until the top, and the amalaka rather large, typically supported by four lion sculptures facing out. Of the many temples in
562:
202:
echoing the main shape. These may run up most of the face. There may be more than one size of these, sometimes called secondary and tertiary. Tertiary spirelets are typically near the ends of the face or on the
665:
424:
The Nagara style is more prevalent in northern India, within which, the shikhara is recognized as a high curved shape. In the north-east, the local term
285:, is uncertain. However, the current structure of the Mahabodhi Temple may represent a restoration of earlier work of the 2nd or 3rd century CE.
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chamber where the presiding deity is enshrined is the most prominent and visible part of a Hindu temple of North India.
372:
has several early forms from early in the century, though Latina ones reappear after about 1050, in examples like the
326:
next to the entrance. It is thought that this shape of a truncated pyramid was derived from the design of the stepped
338:, with an elongated structure formed of a succession of steps with niches containing Buddha images, alternating with
174:
within each face. All the elements run smoothly up the face in a curve. They are also sometimes called "homogeneous"
299: and referred to the royal fortress palaces of similar forms depicted in the stele of Naram-Sin. A plaque from
281:, in the 5th–6th century CE. When the temple acquired its shikhara tower, today considered more characteristic of
596:
497:), with a profile that is normally straight than curved. The Dravidian superstructure is generally highly ornate.
493:
405:
85:
376:. The bhumija spire probably first appears around 1000-1025, with other temples begun in the 1050s, such as the
953:
Indian Temple
Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries
373:
42:
35:
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The forms with smaller subsidiary spires begin in the 10th century, and from then on tend to predominate. The
834:
236:
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417:
377:
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187:
178:, as opposed to the next two types, which may be called "heterogeneous". It is the most common form of a
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55:
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coins, already shows the
Mahabodhi Temple in its current shape with a stepped truncated pyramid and a
611:
465:
393:
170:
409:
816:
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30:
This article is about the type of architecture. For the wooden boats of Jammu and
Kashmir, see
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726:(Architecture universelle ed.). Fribourg (Suisse): Office du Livre. pp. 143–147.
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135:
is not to be confused with the elaborate gateway-towers of south Indian temples, called
1012:
388:
350:
212:
238:
127:
is a term for the top stage of the vimana only, which is usually a dome capped with a
1001:
483:
style is prevalent in southern India, in which the equivalent of the shikhara is the
758:
553:
282:
278:
123:, this refers to the whole building, including the sanctum beneath. In the south,
476:
style, the tower moves towards a lower conical shape, with highly ornate carving.
84:
word translating literally to "mountain peak", refers to the rising tower in the
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and West India, the Latina form of the shikhara is well-established, with an
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in overall shape, consisting of progressively smaller storeys of pavilions (
461:
273:
has a straight-sided shikhara tower over 55 metres (180 feet) high, with an
270:
487:. The superstructure above the sanctum is typically more like a four-sided
245:
74:
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362:
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846:
Ching, Francis D. K.; Jarzombek, Mark M.; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2010).
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141:, which are often taller and more prominent features in large temples.
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17:
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In every style of shikhara/vimana, the structure culminates with a
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is more often used, both for towers and often the whole temple. In
606:
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shape has added engaged (attached) sub-spires or spirelets called
49:
131:; this article is concerned with the northern form. The southern
425:
235:
The
Mahabodhi Temple in 150–200 CE. Recent images of the plaque
69:
973:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
262:
The early history of the Hindu shikhara is unclear, but the
815:
Sarkar, Gurudas; Shepherd, Charles; Bourne, Samuel (1922).
985:
821:
Rupam - an
Illustrated Quarterly Journal of Oriental Art
460:
style, a synthesis of Nagara and
Dravidian, is seen in
833:
277:
near the top. The current structure dates from the
971:
509:or urn for offerings, or water-pot, at its peak.
168:has four faces, which may include projections or
744:
742:
404:Shikharas form an element in the many styles of
787:Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, pp.238-248
318:on top, together with devotional images of the
255:: a stepped pyramid with stupa finial on top.
8:
27:Tower or spire in Indian temple architecture
817:"Notes on the History of Shikhara Temples"
629:
627:
152:can be classified into three main forms:
783:
781:
779:
623:
519:
852:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 231.
664:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
657:
440:is the sanctum and the tower over it;
765:from the original on 11 November 2007
572:. Towers are in 16 pointed star plan.
408:, of which the three most common are
303:dated 150-200 CE, based on its dated
7:
349:, and perhaps somewhat later in the
307:inscriptions and combined finds of
570:Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura
357:disk-stone at the top, and then a
25:
849:A Global History of Architecture
561:
541:
522:
365:feature over the entrance door.
342:pillars, and topped by a stupa.
244:
228:
987:, University of Chicago Press,
759:"bhumija (Indian architecture)"
392:Homogeneous Shikhara (but with
955:, 1995, Abhinav Publications,
724:Inde bouddhique, hindoue, jaïn
592:Vimana (architectural feature)
1:
805:Harle, 201; Michell, 228-229
370:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
761:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
722:Volwahsen, Andreas (1968).
334:, as seen in the stupas of
75:
1029:
453:has significant spirelets.
40:
29:
1008:Hindu temple architecture
597:Hindu temple architecture
406:Hindu temple architecture
322:and the elephant-crowned
113:, the equivalent term is
92:, and also often used in
86:Hindu temple architecture
983:Michell, George (1988),
43:Chikara (disambiguation)
41:Not to be confused with
36:Shikara (disambiguation)
881:Harle, 136-139, 166-171
684:Encyclopædia Britannica
361:urn. There is often a
330:which had developed in
401:
378:Shiv Mandir, Ambarnath
345:By at least 600 CE in
60:
34:. For other uses, see
514:The three main styles
464:and most commonly in
391:
291:traced the origin of
53:
796:Harle, 111, 136-139
529:Nagara shikhara of
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16:(Redirected from
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612:Kadamba Shikhara
568:Vesara style of
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531:Rameshwar Temple
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472:temples. In the
398:Lingaraja Temple
324:Pillar of Ashoka
267:Mahabodhi Temple
253:Mahabodhi Temple
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767:. Retrieved
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687:. Retrieved
683:
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649:. Retrieved
642:the original
554:Murudeshwara
502:
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384:Major styles
367:
344:
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279:Gupta Empire
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94:Jain temples
73:
64:
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62:
59:in Khajuraho
54:
47:
949:Hardy, Adam
535:Bhubaneswar
449:, only the
447:Bhubaneswar
438:Rekha Deula
340:Greco-Roman
297:Mesopotamia
295:to Ancient
111:South India
103:garbhagriha
90:North India
1002:Categories
979:0300062176
961:8170173124
943:References
926:Harle, 246
899:Harle, 219
890:Harle, 140
769:2007-12-30
712:Hardy, 270
703:Harle, 167
680:"Shikhara"
651:2012-11-03
587:Meru tower
548:Dravidian
468:and later
305:Kharoshthi
198:urushringa
481:Dravidian
462:Karnataka
418:Dravidian
396:) of the
271:Bodh Gaya
100:over the
763:Archived
689:4 August
660:cite web
581:See also
470:Chalukya
363:sukanasa
332:Gandhara
309:Huvishka
301:Kumrahar
293:shikhara
264:Buddhist
203:corners.
180:shikara.
176:shikhara
166:shikhara
150:Shikhara
125:shikhara
121:shikhara
98:shikhara
82:Sanskrit
65:Shikhara
505:kalasha
489:pyramid
466:Hoysala
359:kalasha
355:amalaka
336:Jaulian
275:amalaka
220:History
208:Bhumija
193:sekhari
188:Sekhari
138:gopuram
76:Śikhara
32:Shikara
18:Sikhara
991:
977:
959:
856:
556:Temple
550:vimana
485:vimana
474:vesara
458:Vesara
434:Odisha
416:, and
414:Vesara
410:Nagara
394:rathas
347:Odisha
328:stupas
320:Buddha
316:finial
213:Deccan
191:. The
163:latina
161:. The
158:Latina
133:vimana
129:finial
116:vimana
56:Latina
1013:Roofs
835:p.242
823:(10).
645:(PDF)
638:(PDF)
618:Notes
607:Stupa
494:talas
442:gandi
430:deula
313:stupa
171:ratha
145:Forms
80:), a
989:ISBN
975:ISBN
957:ISBN
854:ISBN
691:2015
666:link
479:The
456:The
436:, a
426:deul
251:The
96:. A
70:IAST
552:of
533:in
428:or
269:at
109:In
88:of
1004::
951:,
819:.
778:^
741:^
682:.
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658:{{
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420::
412:,
380:.
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862:.
772:.
693:.
668:)
654:.
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68:(
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
