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not certain that all names in fact had a specific meaning). Giving "numeral names" was another unique Manchu habit. These were names that actually referred to numbers. Sometimes they were given using Manchu numbers—for example, Nadanju (seventy) or Susai (fifty). Other times number names used the Manchu transcriptions of
Chinese numbers, as in the name Loišici (= Liushi qi, "sixty-seven"), Bašinu (= bashi wu, "eight-five").45 Such names, unheard of among the Han, were quite common among the Manchus, an appeared from time to time among Chinese bannermen. Popular curiosity about this odd custom in Qing was partly satisfied by the nineteenth-century bannerman-writer Fu-ge, who explained in his book of "jottings" that naming children for their grandparents' ages was a way of wishing longevity to the newly born.46
4710:
the TSPM, which included a seminar on the so-called "sinicization" of
Christianity. Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, was quoted as saying that "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs." Gao Feng, chairman of the CCC, stated that the TSPM would "take on a new mission in this age, adhere to the path of sinicization, and deepen and advance the process of sinicizing Christianity." Wang Zuo'an, director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), also reinforced the need for the sinicization of Christianity.
3186:
Chinese accustomed to names composed of a familiar surname and one or two elegang characters drawn from a poem or a passage from the classics, Manchu names looked not just different, but absurd. What was oneo to make of a name like E-bi-long, written in
Chinese characters meaning "repress-must flourish," or Duo-er-gun, meaning "numerous-thou-roll"? S.... To them they looked like nonsense.... But they are not nonsense in Manchu: "E-bi-long" is the transcription of ebilun, meaning "a delicate or sickly child," and "Duo-er-gun" is the Chinese transcription of dorgon, the Manchu word for badger.
4381:.... The government initiated educational reform in the 1950s to achieve a number of high-priority goals. First, it was done to help root out fifty years of Japanese colonial influence on the island's populace--"resinicizing" them, one might say- -and thereby guarantee their loyalty to the Chinese motherland. Second, the million mainlanders or so who had fled to Taiwan themselves had the age-old tendency of being more loyal to city, county, or province than to China as a nation. They identified themselves as Hunanese, Cantonese, or Sichuanese first, and as Chinese second.
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meaningful and that conformed to the generational principle. Thus, in the seventh generation of the Gūwalgiya lineage were sons with two names, one Manchu and one
Chinese, such as Duolunbu/Shiman, Delinbu/Shizhu, and Tehengbu/Shizhen. Within the family and the banner, these boys used their Manchu name, but outside they used their Han-style name. Then, from the eighth or ninth generation one, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Gūwalgiya at Xiuyan stopped giving polysyllabic Manchu names to their sons, who thereafter used Chinese names exclusively.
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the
Director of Political Affairs of the Regional Secretariat of Yunnan ... According to Chinese records, he introduced new agricultural technologies, constructed irrigation systems, and tried to raise living standards. Though a Muslims, he built or rebuilt Confucian temples and created a Confucian education system. His contemporary, He Hongzuo, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, wrote that through his efforts 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps' ...
2419:
al-Ajall Shams al-Din Umar al-Bukhari (Ch. Sai-tien-ch'ih shan-ssu-ting). a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of
Szechwan ... And Yunnan in c. 1252, and who became Yuan Governor of the latter province in 1274–79. Shams al-Din—who is widely believed by the Muslims of Yunnan to have introduced Islam to the region—is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building Confucian temples, as well as mosques and schools
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affiliation rather than by their lineage. Even if they had customarily used both surname and given name, this would not have eliminated the difference with Han names, since Manchu names of any kind were very often longer than two characters—that is, two syllables— in length. Where a Han name (to pick at random two names from the eighteenth century) might read Zhang Tingyu or Dai Zhen, the full name of, say, Ebilun (a
1589:), and teaching students to revere traditional ethics, develop pan-Chinese nationalism, and view Taiwan from the perspective of China. Other reasons for the policy were to combat the Japanese influences on the culture that had occurred in the previous 50 years, and to help unite the recent immigrants from mainland China that had come to Taiwan with the KMT and among whom there was a tendency to be more loyal to
1918:
4303:
with the traditional
Confucian virtues. The avenue passing in front of the foreign ministry en route to the presidential palace was named chieh-shou (long life), in Chiang's honor. Students were required to learn Mandarin and speak it exclusively; those who disobeyed and spoke Taiwanese Min, Hakka, or aboriginal tongues could be fined, slapped, or subjected to other disciplinary actions.
2901:
succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The
Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.
2091:
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The restrictions they now face can be traced to 2015, when Mr. Xi first raised the issue of what he called the "Sinicization of Islam," saying all faiths should be subordinate to
Chinese culture and the Communist Party. Last year, Mr. Xi's government issued a confidential directive that ordered local
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when Maroco Polo visited Yunnan in the early Yuan period he noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population while the
Persian historian Rashid al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that 'the great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims. Rashid al-Din may
4709:
The National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of Protestant Churches in China marked its 60th anniversary in 2014. Subsequently, China's government-sponsored China Christian Council (CCC) and the TSPM orchestrated a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6 to commemorate the anniversary of
3445:
Manchu men had abandoned their original polysyllabic personal names infavor of Han-style disyllabic names; they had adopted the Han practice of choosing characters with auspicious meanings for the names; and they had assigned names on a generational basis.... Except among some Hanjun such as the two
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famous Manchu figure of the early Qing who belonged to the Niohuru clan) would have been the unwieldy "Niu-gu-lu E-bi-long" in Chinese. Moreover, the characters used in names were typically chosen to represent the sounds of Manchu, and not to carry any particular meaning in Chinese. For educated Han
778:
In recent times, sinicization has been used in reference to China's policy toward minorities, particularly toward religious minorities within China. Policies include the destruction of religious architecture and costumes, the attempt to blend religious traditions with traditions perceived as Chinese
4352:
The new KMT concluded that it must "Sinicize" Taiwan if it were ever to unify mainland China. Textbooks were designed to teach young people the dialect of North China as a national language. Pupils also were taught to revere Confucian ethics, to develop Han Chinese nationalism, and to accept Taiwan
3266:
While Chinese names, too, sometimes ended in characters with the sounds "zhu," "bao," and "tai," more often than not, such names in the Qing belonged to Manchus and other bannermen (Chinese bannermen and Mongols sometimes took Manchu-sounding names), even if the attached meaning is not clear (it is
3224:
an animal's anklebone).44 Names such as Jalfungga (long-lived), Fulingga (lucky one), Fulungga (majestic), and Hūturingga (fortunate), were not unknown, either, particularly after the seventeenth century. Although mightily foreign when written as Zha-la-feng-a, Fu-ling-a, Fu-long-a, or Hu-tu-ling-ga
3223:
Thus we find names like Nikan (Chinese), Ajige (little), Asiha (young), Haha (nale), Mampi (knot—a reference to the hair?), Kara (black), Fulata (red-eyed), Necin (peaceful), Kirsa (steppe fox), Unahan (colt), Jumara (squirrel), Nimašan (sea eagle), Nomin (lapis lazuli), and Gacuha (toy made out of
1834:
In 2018, over one million Chinese government workers began forcibly living in the homes of Uyghur Muslim families to monitor and assess resistance to assimilation, and to watch for frowned-upon religious or cultural practices. These government workers were trained to call themselves "relatives" and
1796:
newspaper, claimed that sinicization was a form of 'inculturation', which is a Catholic missionary term that refers to adopting local culture to proclaim the gospel. He cited Matteo Ricci as an example and pointed out that the Chinese leadership had promised not to undermine the doctrine and nature
1711:
arranged a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6, 2014, commemorating the anniversary of the TSPM. This conference included a seminar on the sinicizaton of Christianity, with Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, saying "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure
1021:
of southwest China. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Chinese and were sinicized to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been heavily drafted into the military then
3359:
At Xiuyan, in eastern Fengtian, the Manchus in the seventh or eighth generation continued as before to give their sons polysyllabic Manchu personal names that were meaningless when transliterated into Chinese, but at the same time they began to also give them Chinese names that were disyllabic and
2900:
Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propagation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi: he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was
2857:
claimed descent from the emir of Bokhara ... and was appointed as the top administrator in Yunnan in the 1270s. Today the Muslims of Yunnan regard him as the founder of their community, a wise and benevolent ruler who 'pacified and comforted' the peoples of Yunnan. Sayyid Ajall was officially
2418:
certain that Muslims of Central Asian originally played a major role in the Yuan (Mongol) conquest and subsequent rule of south-west China, as a result of which a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century AD. Foremost among these soldier-administrators was Sayyid
1664:
have stated that in present-day Tibet, traditional Tibetan festivals have "been turned into a platform for propaganda and political theater" where "government workers and retirees are barred from engaging in religious activities, and government workers and students in Tibetan schools are forbidden
1258:
Historian Jacqueline Armijo-Hussein has written on Sayyid Ajall's confucianization and sinicization policies in various papers, including in her dissertation "Sayyid 'Ajall Shams al-Din: A Muslim from Central Asia, serving the Mongols in China, and bringing 'civilization' to Yunnan" (1997); and in
1033:
initiated the policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern Shanxi province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture. The migration of northern Chinese people to the
4302:
In order to shore up his government's legitimacy, Chiang set about turning Taiwan's inhabitants into Chinese. To use Renan's terminology, Chiang chose to re-define the concept of shared destiny to include the mainland. Streets were re-named; major thoroughfares in Taipei received names associated
3402:
and when the ancient and politically prominent Manchu lineage of Niohuru adopted the Han-style surname Lang, he ridiculed them for having "forgotten their roots." (The Niohuru, whose name was derived from niohe, Manchu for wolf," had chosen Lang as their surname because it was a homophone for the
2934:
from the Yuan Dynasty, and indicated further Muslim settlement in northeastern and especially southwestern Yunnan. Marco Polo, who travelled through Yunnan "Carajan" at the beginning of the Yuan period, noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population. Similarly, the Persian historian Rashid
1715:
In 2019, TSPM chairman Xu Xiaohong made a pledge to eliminate any Western "imprint" from Chinese faith saying " must recognise that Chinese churches are surnamed 'China', not 'the West'" and "No matter how much effort or time it takes, our resolution in upholding the Sinicisation of Protestantism
1224:
scholars. The natives of Yunnan were instructed by Sayyid Ajall in such Confucian ceremonies as weddings, matchmaking, funerals, ancestor worship, and kowtow. The native leaders had their "barbarian" clothing replaced by clothing given to them by Sayyid Ajall as well. The governor was praised and
1771:
In June 2018, the Bishops' Conference of the Catholic Church in China and the Catholic Patriotic Association issued a "Five-Year Plan on Carrying Forward the Catholic Church's Adherence to the Direction of Sinicization in Our Country". This document calls for Catholics to accept Communist party
1200:
be built in the city. The latter temple, built in 1274 and doubled as a school, was the first Confucian temple ever to be built in Yunnan. By incorporating Chinese and consequently Confucian thought in the dynasty, scholars now deem Kublai Khan as an adopted Chinese citizen of Mongol ethnicity,
3530:
Chinese names consist typically of a single-character surname and a given name of one or two characters, the latter usually chosen for their auspicious meaning. Manchu names were different. For one thing, Manchus did not commonly employ surnames, identifying themselves usually by their banner
3012:
In this way, Yunnan became known to the Islamic world. When Sayyid Ajall died in 1279 he was succeeded by his son Nasir al-Din who governed for give years and led the invasion of Burma. His younger brother became the Transport Commissioner and the entire family entrenched their
3046:
On his death he was succeeded by his eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ting, the "Nescradin" of Marco Polo), who governed Yunnan between 1279 and I284. While Arab and South Asian Muslims, pioneers of the maritime expansion of Islam in the Bay of Bengal, must have visited
1797:
of each religion. He stated in the interview: "These two terms, "inculturation" and "sinicization," refer to each other without confusion and without opposition: in some ways, they can be complementary and can open avenues for dialogue on the religious and cultural level."
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1679:
In April 2016, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping declared that to "actively guide the adaptation of religions to socialist society, an important task is supporting China's religions' persistence in the direction of sinicization." He later reiterated this plan to the
1831:, said in a 2018 speech that "We must allow traditional Chinese culture to permeate Islam and jointly guard the spiritual homeland of the Chinese people." He encouraged Chinese characteristics to be present in religious ceremony, culture, and architecture.
1259:"The Origins of Confucian and Islamic Education in Southwest China: Yunnan in the Yuan Period" (n.d.) and "The Sinicization and Confucianization in Chinese and Western Historiography of a Muslim from Bukhara Serving Under the Mongols in China" (1989).
1120:(original Chinese), in contrast to new Chinese people who colonized Guizhou at later times. They still spoke an archaic dialect as of 1929. Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married non-Chinese women.
799:) among the population. Proponents believe it will help to develop shared values, pride in being the country's citizen, respect and acceptance towards cultural differences among citizens of China. Critics argue that assimilation destroys
1869:
reported that Chinese authorities had forcibly rebuilt a number of mosques to eliminate traditional Islamic architecture (e.g. minarets, domes) and replace them with Chinese architecture. In July 2023, the United Front Work Department's
1309:
models of rule as much as Confucian ones. There is also evidence of sinicization, however. For example, Manchus originally had their own separate style of naming from the Han Chinese, but eventually adopted Han Chinese naming practices.
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with the main goal of ensuring adherence to national ideology. Critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs have accused the Chinese government of propagating a policy of sinicization in Xinjiang in the 21st century, calling this policy a
1712:
Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs."
1088:. During this period, the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Han arrivals in the north and among the indigenous people in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism (
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followed their traditional practice in typically used their first/personal name to address themselves and not their last name, while Han Chinese bannermen used their last name and first in normal Chinese style.
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family name but called themselves only by their personal name—for example, Yikuang, Ronglu, Gangyi, Duanfang, Xiliang, and Tieliang. In this respect, most Manchus remained conspicuously different from Han.
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As of 2019, it was estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained one and a half million people in secretive re-education camps. The vast majority of those forcibly interned are Muslim Uyghurs but
1320:, and when phonetically transcribed into Chinese, they made no sense at all. The meaning of the names that Manchus used were also very different from the meanings of Chinese names. The Manchus also gave
4162:
2282:
1823:
first raised the issue of "sinicization of Islam". In 2018, a confidential directive was issued ordering local officials to "prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions".
1240:
recorded that Yunnan was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the "great city of Yachi." It has been suggested that Yachi was
3822:
1414:, Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs." Moreover, he would use the term
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4670:
1768:." I am convinced that an important intellectual and pastoral challenge arises in an almost natural way from the bringing together of these two terms, which indicate two real visions of the world."
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saying "We will fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, insist on the sinicization of Chinese religions, and provide active guidance for religion and socialism to coexist."
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school revealed Manchu rulers were savvy in their manipulation of their subjects and from the 1630s through at least the 18th century, the emperors developed a sense of Manchu identity and used
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province. Restrictions included limiting the size of mosques, requiring a Communist Party member on mosque management committees, forbidding the use of Arabic words on food stalls (such as "
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created an assimilationist group and encouraged the integration of Muslims into Chinese society. Ma Fuxiang was a hardcore assimilationist and said that Hui should assimilate into Han.
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4815:"Intervention of the Secretary for Relations with States at the International Conference on "Christianity in the Chinese Society: Impact, Interaction and Inculturation""
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or in coastal areas from the mouth of the Yangtze to the Gulf of Tonkin. The remnants of these peoples who were not fully sinicized are now recognized officially as the
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to justify their rule. The "orthodox" historical view emphasized the power of Han Chinese to "sinicize" their conquerors, although more recent research such as the
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and retake control of it. Chiang believed that to retake mainland China, it would be necessary to re-Sinicize Taiwan's inhabitants who had undergone assimilation
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leadership, love the motherland and obey the state, as well as to embrace the state's directive to implement Chinese cultural integration within Catholicism.
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Sinicization: at the crossing of three China regions, an ethnic minority becoming increasingly more Chinese: the Kam People, officially called Dong People
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1354:, although its usage was inconsistent and error-ridden. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Manchu royal family stopped using Manchu names.
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have been referring to the region around Ta-li in western Yunnan, which was to emerge as the earliest centre of Hui Muslim settlement in the province.
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Sayyid Ajall would also be the first to bring Islam to the area, and thus the widespread presence of Islam in Yunnan is credited to his work. Both
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described as making "the orangutans and butcherbirds become unicorns and phoenixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps" by
1201:
rather than simply being mutually excluded from the definition of fellow Chinese he governed. As such, Sayyid Ajall would be the one to introduce
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1764:, said that "two expressions or, more precisely, two principles stand out, which should interact with each other, namely "sinicization" and "
1001:, large numbers of non-Chinese peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the
760:
31:
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5349:
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Sinisation: à la limite de trois provinces de Chine, une minorité de plus en plus chinoise: les locuteurs kam, officiellement appelés Dong
4153:""'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'" – The Independent, 5 July 2019"
1513:
Strict surveillance and mass detentions of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang re-education camps is a part of the ongoing sinicization policy by the
3784:
2522:
1517:(CCP). Since 2015, it has been estimated that over a million Uyghurs have been detained in these camps. The camps were established under
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al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that the 'great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims.
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1962:
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peoples. Over time, the mutual contact between Baiyue peoples and Han Chinese, as well as southward spread of Han Chinese, mostly as
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5025:, 'No opposition between sinicization and inculturation' Parolin tells China media, Catholic World Report, retrieved June 2nd 2023
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1510:-only street names and signs to Chinese, as well as switching carpet patterns in state-owned carpet factories from Uyghur to Han.
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1947:
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https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/05/13/no-opposition-between-sinicization-and-inculturation-parolin-tells-china-media/
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673:, 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies or groups are acculturated or assimilated into
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1350:) gave their children Chinese names, which were separate from the Manchu names, and even adopted the Chinese practice of
1335:, not understand what the emperor was telling him in Manchu, despite coming from the Manchu stronghold of Shengjing (now
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https://www.vaticannews.va/zh/vatican-city/news/2019-05/cardinal-parolin-interview-chinese-newspaper-china-holy-see.html
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1573:. Examples of this policy included the renaming of Japanese-named streets with mainland geographical names, the use of
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and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of
3026:
Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).
2948:
Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).
2914:
Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).
2398:
Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).
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in 1934–1937. The administration that was set up was colonial in nature, importing Han cooks and baths, changing the
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In December 2016, the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Catholic Representatives reaffirmed their plan for the
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The process of re-asserting non-Chinese identity, as in the case of ethnic groups in Taiwan, is sometimes known as
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5044:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Herald Malaysia Online, retrieved June 3rd 2023
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will never change, and our determination to walk a path that is adapted to a socialist society will never waver."
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1932:
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5006:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Catholic News Agency, retrieved June 2nd 2023
2014:
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4309:
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Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".
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has claimed that the People's Republic of China has used the concept of sinicization as a means to obscure Han
629:
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https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41269/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media
1952:
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915:, led to the sinicization of most of the Baiyue populations that remained in southern China, be they in the
764:
5074:
3299:
Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928.
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Chinese clothing was also adopted by the Vietnamese people. Variations of them are still being used today.
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https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media/47797/1
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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928
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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928
3375:
Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928
3332:
Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928
1362:
1343:(reigned 1796–1820) complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing Manchu.
964:
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5871:
5483:
5368:
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1967:
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968:
744:
729:
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1745:
to uphold the principle of independence and self-governance, along with the promotion of sinicization.
4532:
1365:, which sounded like "wolf" in Chinese, since wolf in Manchu was Niohuru; thus forming a translation.
1165:. Sayyid Ajall is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize the Yunnan province; the promotion of
6187:
6155:
3755:
1403:
1252:
1237:
1010:
976:
916:
827:
709:
5627:
4692:
1811:
6192:
6165:
5763:
5575:
5568:
4470:""They Say We Should Be Grateful" Mass Rehousing and Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China"
1649:
1546:
1332:
1202:
896:
835:
816:
788:
525:
4722:
4250:
3927:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
3889:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
488:
443:
256:
211:
5848:
5536:
4474:
4369:
4118:
3868:
3860:
3587:
Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA
3027:
2644:
2538:
1723:
stated that Christian groups must "adhere to the direction of the sinicisation of Christianity."
1431:
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1081:
823:
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717:
697:
38:
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3553:
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3422:
3379:
3336:
3302:
3243:
3237:
3205:
3199:
3167:
3161:
3130:
3120:
3089:"Session 8: Individual Papers: New Work on Confucianism, Buddhism, and Islam from Han to Yuan"
2989:
2877:
2834:
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2753:
2706:
2620:
2610:
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2514:
2504:
2498:
2438:
2365:
2272:
2183:
2179:
2150:
2125:
2121:
2081:
2010:
1660:, it has been underway since the Chinese regained control of Tibet in 1951. Sources quoted by
1530:
1482:
1298:
1221:
812:
721:
402:
394:
170:
162:
3705:
3459:
3416:
3373:
3330:
2606:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)
2500:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)
2432:
6160:
6093:
6025:
5821:
3852:
3092:
1957:
1937:
1840:
1835:
have been described in Chinese state media as being a key part of enhancing "ethnic unity".
1653:
1574:
1328:
1302:
1197:
1089:
1053:
1049:
988:
960:
952:
867:
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792:
713:
701:
693:
411:
359:
179:
127:
4114:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims"
2791:
Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)
2750:
Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)
2702:
Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)
6207:
6127:
6105:
6088:
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5860:
5701:
5691:
5647:
5642:
5541:
5504:
5320:
5289:
5060:
5041:
5022:
5003:
4907:"Ahead of China-Vatican dialogue, a five-year plan to Sinicize the Church under the Party"
4536:
4442:
4425:
4340:
4322:
4255:
3996:
3688:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries"
3317:
3286:
2670:
2656:
2550:
1942:
1701:
1661:
1562:
1550:
1507:
1351:
1340:
1189:
689:
685:
674:
4782:"The Ninth Assembly of Chinese Catholic Representatives: More smog and pollution in 2017"
3626:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
1181:' upon the non-Han Chinese peoples in Yunnan, who he viewed as "backward and barbarian."
5096:
officials to prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions.
3992:"Expert Says 1.8 Million Uyghurs, Muslim Minorities Held in Xinjiang's Internment Camps"
3279:
2742:
1704:
and the anti-Christian movement of 1922–1927 as early efforts to sinicize Christianity.
1425:
541:
6197:
6100:
6083:
5999:
5979:
5947:
5900:
5890:
5843:
5831:
5790:
5785:
5751:
5741:
5719:
5681:
5652:
5637:
5587:
5563:
5494:
5116:
1988:
1982:
1923:
1787:
1597:
1566:
1166:
1026:
936:
889:
831:
565:
418:
186:
1391:
6222:
6177:
6110:
6051:
5984:
5967:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5905:
5878:
5811:
5795:
5780:
5775:
5729:
5707:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5659:
5602:
5592:
5526:
4083:"Former inmates of China's Muslim 're-education' camps tell of brainwashing, torture"
4053:
3872:
2307:
2172:
2114:
1909:
1765:
1697:
1605:
1582:
1376:
Usage of surnames was not traditional to the Manchu while it was to the Han Chinese.
1369:
1339:). By the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. The
1294:
1281:
Chinese military soldiers were settled in Yunnan, and many married the native women.
740:
436:
204:
5285:"Thousands of ethnic minority Muslims defy Chinese authorities in defense of mosque"
3059:
1578:
6056:
6035:
6004:
5989:
5962:
5957:
5855:
5806:
5758:
5746:
5664:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5499:
5363:
4501:
2437:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 92.
1972:
1895:
1792:
1577:
in schools and punishments for using other regional Chinese languages (such as the
1395:
1317:
1306:
1290:
1170:
1162:
1133:
1105:
1077:
941:
912:
478:
366:
325:
246:
134:
93:
3119:. Harvard East Asian Monographs 149. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 424.
2609:. Vol. 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 476.
2503:. Vol. 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 477.
1368:
Although the Manchus replaced their Manchu names with Chinese personal names, the
5400:
4414:
3310:
2238:
2207:
1116:
Kweichow) and married native non-Chinese women, their descendants being known as
677:, particularly the language, societal norms, culture, and ethnic identity of the
6202:
6030:
5826:
5531:
5430:
5410:
5394:
4786:
4222:
1720:
1645:
1419:
1411:
1347:
1313:
1085:
1069:
994:
904:
857:
705:
678:
592:
560:
110:
5253:"Beijing's crackdown on religious minorities takes aim at 10,000 Muslim Utsuls"
4024:"U.N. says it has credible reports China holds million Uighurs in secret camps"
3856:
2178:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
1217:. He would go on to construct numerous Confucian temples throughout his reign.
5422:
3584:
Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006).
2120:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
2048:
1977:
1885:
1820:
1633:
1521:
1496:
1459:
1410:
and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam. Directing his policies at the Khmers and
1233:
1158:
972:
903:. These Yue peoples, together with their southerner neighbours who formed the
900:
772:
669:
5416:
5222:"Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown"
4127:
3464:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 57.
3421:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56.
3378:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56.
3335:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56.
3134:
2624:
2518:
2361:
Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformation on the Chinese Frontiers
30:
This article is about cultural assimilation. For the linguistic meaning, see
5551:
5546:
5257:
4189:
3503:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
3239:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
3201:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
3163:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
1875:
1632:
is the change of Tibetan society to Han Chinese standards by means of state
1534:
1241:
1057:
606:
457:
225:
4846:"Gallagher: we are not afraid of China's new global leadership – La Stampa"
4754:"Christmas in China brings glittering decor and foreign influence concerns"
3663:"H-Net Discussion Networks – FW: H-ASIA: Vietnam as "Zhongguo" (2 REPLIES)"
2743:"Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese"
1009:
had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as the
975:
population and adopted Chinese culture practice Chinese customs, speaking
951:
Turks founded three sinicized dynasties in northern China. Descendants of
5143:"Why Chinese civil servants are happy to occupy Uyghur homes in Xinjiang"
4218:"China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide'"
3963:"Chinese official says 'sinicization' of religion in Xinjiang must go on"
3506:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 241.
3242:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 243.
3204:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242.
3166:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242.
1790:, the Vatican secretary of state, in a 2019 interview with the CCP-owned
1757:
1503:
1336:
1174:
1061:
578:
464:
380:
232:
148:
37:"Hanhua" redirects here. For the subdistrict in Xinye County, Henan, see
17:
5452:
5166:"Xinjiang's Uyghurs didn't choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report says"
4533:"Tibetan Religious Festival Marred by Police Presence, State Propaganda"
2043:
755:
within China. Evidence of this process is reflected in the histories of
5426:
5418:
Islam in China, Hui and Uyghurs: between modernization and sinicization
4758:
3971:
3781:"The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk"
1586:
1358:
1185:
1184:
He founded a "Chinese style" city called Zhongjing Cheng, where modern
1141:
1137:
1129:
1109:
1073:
1030:
1018:
1006:
1002:
885:
775:
as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to other Asian countries.
485:
253:
3864:
1220:
Confucian rituals were taught to students in newly founded schools by
944:
of northern China was a sinicized empire of Mongolic-Xianbei origin.
5191:"1.5 million Muslims could be detained in China's Xinjiang: academic"
4693:"2014 Annual Report: Religious and Human Rights Persecution in China"
1851:
1558:
1321:
1193:
1154:
1146:
1065:
956:
948:
862:
4968:"China's Catholics told to create five-year plan to Sinicise Church"
1209:, and traditions into Yunnan, including Chinese social structures,
895:
As early as the 11th century BC, some of the Baiyue peoples in the
826:
spoken by native peoples of the region. There are also a number of
5433:, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2004.
4938:"In China, government-aligned bishops release 'Sinicization' plan"
4663:"Chinese Protestant church head wants purge of Western influences"
4531:
Lodoe, Kalden; Demo, Yangdon; Gelek, Lobsang (September 6, 2019).
4288:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from
1859:
1855:
1847:
1810:
1629:
1442:
people in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams.
1399:
908:
342:
1052:
that lasted from 386 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the
4251:"Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture"
3808:
The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture
5456:
3446:
Zhao brothers, bannermen still did not, by and large, use their
3280:
Manchu Rule over China and the Attrition of the Manchu Language
3060:""CESWW" – Dissertations in Central Eurasian Studies – History"
2364:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 78.
1866:
1022:
exploited the chaos to seize power by local Chinese warlords.
5316:"Among Uyghurs, China aims to 'meld Islam with Confucianism'"
4439:"On Tibet, Senator's Daughter Shows More Spine Than the U.S."
4290:
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars the original
2985:
Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia
2830:
Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia
2268:
China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects
1874:
developed a plan to "meld Islam with Confucianism" using the
507:
493:
275:
261:
4629:"习近平:决胜全面建成小康社会 夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告-新华网"
4876:"Sinicization of China Church: the plan in full – UCA News"
3116:
Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic
1076:. The period came to an end with the unification of all of
2472:"How Kublai Khan's Yuan complicates the notion of 'China'"
899:
started to sinicize, marked by their establishment of the
884:
inhabited the coastline of China from as far north as the
5397:, Guy Trédaniel editor, Paris, France, published in 1998.
3029:
Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8
2951:
Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8
2917:
Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8
2401:
Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8
1846:
In September 2020, sinicization policies targeted Muslim
469:
237:
4502:"Invasion & After: Tibet Since the Chinese Invasion"
2077:
Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5
1434:
as for 'China') to refer to Vietnam. Likewise, the lord
1048:
The Northern and Southern dynasties was a period in the
739:
is also often used to refer to processes or policies of
5402:
Sinicization of the Kam (Dong People), a China minority
4185:"'Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs"
1017:
were farmers and herders from the mountains of western
856:
Before sinicization, non-Chinese indigenous peoples of
3731:"#18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai"
1675:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1624:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1034:
south further settled China as a multi-ethnic empire.
634:
3549:
The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History
2240:
The Cowrie Shell Miao of Kweichow, Volume 32, Issue 1
1327:
Historical records report that as early as 1776, the
423:
399:
385:
371:
191:
167:
153:
139:
1229:, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies.
6143:
6076:
6044:
6018:
4813:H.E. Msgr. Paul Richard Gallagher (26 March 2018).
3301:University of Washington Press, 2000. Pages 52–54.
2212:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. p. 70.
1843:and other minority groups have also been included.
1815:
Mosque with dome removed due to sinicization policy
1255:became Governor of Yunnan in 1279 after his death.
628:
623:
605:
591:
577:
572:
556:
540:
524:
519:
501:
484:
477:
463:
456:
448:
442:
435:
417:
410:
393:
379:
365:
358:
353:
338:
324:
306:
292:
287:
269:
252:
245:
231:
224:
216:
210:
203:
185:
178:
161:
147:
133:
126:
121:
106:
92:
74:
60:
55:
46:
5406:Sinisation d'une minorité de Chine, les Kam (Dong)
2171:
2113:
1422:) to refer to the Vietnamese people, and the name
1361:family of the Manchu changed their family name to
4054:"Data leak details China's 'brainwashing system'"
5075:"A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China"
4656:
4654:
4562:
4560:
4558:
3930:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 131.
3892:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 130.
2015:"Sinicisation, the Tribute System and Dynasties"
1423:
771:, which has long been a unifying feature in the
546:
530:
2301:
2299:
1316:consisted of more than the two or one syllable
2344:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. Archived from
2342:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
611:
597:
583:
5468:
4415:Chinese population—Threat to Tibetan identity
3552:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–.
2209:Scottish geographical magazine, Volumes 45–46
1784:began holding training seminars immediately.
1104:During the eighth and ninth centuries in the
425:
312:
298:
193:
80:
66:
8:
4723:"'Sinicization' of Christianity China's aim"
4567:Bowie, Julia; Gitter, David (14 June 2018).
4112:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16).
2736:
2734:
1545:After the Republic of China took control of
907:centuries later, are collectively termed as
779:as well as the promotion of "ethnic unity".
5164:Westcott, Ben; Xiong, Yong (22 July 2019).
5115:(in Chinese). 10 March 2018. Archived from
3541:
3539:
3024:(Original from the University of Virginia)
2946:(Original from the University of Virginia)
2912:(Original from the University of Virginia)
2396:(Original from the University of Virginia)
1500:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
1331:was shocked to see a high Manchu official,
875:
6015:
5475:
5461:
5453:
4339:. Hoover Institution. 2008. Archived from
2794:. Columbia University Press. p. 157.
2705:. Columbia University Press. p. 154.
1090:introduced into China in the first century
1068:. The period saw large-scale migration of
620:
350:
118:
4249:Shepherd, Christian (12 September 2019).
5063:, 帕罗林枢机:"我们与中国正在开创一种积极的方法", Vatican News
4569:"The CCP's Plan to 'Sinicize' Religions"
2570:. Oxford University Press. p. 116.
1600:. This is an issue in, for example, the
860:, collectively termed by the Chinese as
426:
194:
5220:Baptista, Eduardo (28 September 2020).
5073:Myers, Steven Lee (21 September 2019).
3036:from the original on September 27, 2023
3002:from the original on September 27, 2023
2958:from the original on September 27, 2023
2924:from the original on September 27, 2023
2890:from the original on September 27, 2023
2873:First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936
2847:from the original on September 27, 2023
2408:from the original on September 27, 2023
2002:
1652:, land development, land transfer, and
1346:Eventually, the Qing royal family (the
5251:Seibt, Sébastian (30 September 2020).
5136:
5134:
5085:from the original on 24 September 2019
4482:from the original on 10 September 2019
4318:
4307:
4004:from the original on November 28, 2019
3643:from the original on 27 September 2023
3604:from the original on 27 September 2023
3520:from the original on December 31, 2013
3141:from the original on 27 September 2023
2808:from the original on 27 September 2023
2719:from the original on 27 September 2023
2652:
2642:
2631:from the original on 27 September 2023
2584:from the original on 27 September 2023
2546:
2536:
2378:from the original on 27 September 2023
2271:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 23.
2206:Scottish Geographical Society (1929).
1656:. According to the U.S. branch of the
769:adoption of the Chinese writing system
401:
169:
43:
5153:from the original on 19 October 2021.
4917:from the original on 25 February 2020
4886:from the original on 16 December 2018
4733:from the original on 27 November 2018
4673:from the original on 19 February 2020
4543:from the original on 9 September 2019
4282:Dreyer, June Teufel (July 17, 2003).
2318:from the original on 17 November 2012
983:Han, Jin, and Sixteen Kingdoms period
787:The assimilation policy is a type of
32:Transcription into Chinese characters
27:Assimilation into Han Chinese culture
7:
5232:from the original on 16 October 2020
4880:Union of Catholic Asian News Limited
4856:from the original on 27 January 2021
4825:from the original on 3 December 2019
4695:. Texas, USA: ChinaAid. April 2015.
4609:from the original on 29 January 2020
4508:. Office of Tibet, Washington, D.C.
4230:from the original on 21 January 2020
4034:from the original on 12 January 2020
3478:from the original on January 5, 2014
3435:from the original on January 5, 2014
3392:from the original on January 5, 2014
3349:from the original on January 5, 2014
3256:from the original on January 5, 2014
2434:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
1700:churches in China has described the
1394:sinicized ethnic minorities such as
822:In China there are 292 non-Mandarin
681:—the largest ethnic group of China.
5201:from the original on 9 January 2021
4216:Zand, Bernhard (28 November 2019).
3990:Lipes, Joshua (November 24, 2019).
3851:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 296.
1862:in schools and government offices.
1754:Secretary for Relations with States
1273:Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty
1108:, Chinese male soldiers moved into
747:of norms from China on neighboring
5265:from the original on 31 March 2021
4882:. Hong Kong, China. 31 July 2018.
4699:from the original on 14 April 2020
4639:from the original on 20 April 2018
4579:from the original on 18 April 2020
4263:from the original on 14 April 2020
4197:from the original on 25 April 2020
4165:from the original on 22 April 2020
2769:from the original on 23 March 2014
2470:Carter, James (16 December 2020).
2080:. American Philosophical Society.
2019:IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali
1963:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1665:from visiting local monasteries."
25:
5413:, s.n. editor, published in 1994.
5141:Byler, Darren (9 November 2018).
4978:from the original on 16 June 2019
4844:Valente, Gianni (22 March 2018).
3629:. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–.
2603:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993).
2497:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993).
2174:A History of Chinese Civilization
2116:A History of Chinese Civilization
1472:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict
880:'Hundreds of Yue Peoples'
4948:from the original on 17 May 2020
4794:from the original on 2 June 2017
4093:from the original on 16 May 2018
3979:from the original on 2020-01-10.
3623:A. Dirk Moses (1 January 2008).
2525:from the original on 14 May 2016
2478:from the original on 2 June 2021
2451:from the original on 13 May 2016
2147:Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900
1948:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
1916:
1902:
1888:
1502:governed the southern region of
5328:from the original on 2023-09-15
5172:from the original on 2019-12-19
4752:Woo, Ryan (December 25, 2023).
4635:(in Chinese). 27 October 2017.
4512:from the original on 2 May 2014
4134:from the original on 2020-01-08
4064:from the original on 2019-11-26
3944:from the original on 2023-09-27
3906:from the original on 2023-09-27
3825:from the original on 2023-09-27
3805:Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa (2002).
3787:from the original on 2016-03-07
3762:from the original on 2016-02-04
3737:from the original on 2010-03-23
3712:from the original on 2016-01-21
3566:from the original on 2023-09-27
3070:from the original on 2014-08-25
2681:from the original on 2014-12-02
2338:Sayyid Ajall 'Umar Shams-ud-Din
2285:from the original on 2023-09-27
2247:from the original on 2023-09-27
2237:Margaret Portia Mickey (1947).
2216:from the original on 2018-05-17
2094:from the original on 2023-09-27
2056:from the original on 2018-11-19
2025:from the original on 2023-07-25
1819:In 2015, CCP general secretary
1491:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1044:Northern and Southern dynasties
1038:Northern and Southern dynasties
508:
494:
470:
449:
276:
262:
238:
217:
4905:Zhicheng, Wang (31 May 2018).
4437:Warren, James (May 18, 1997).
3032:. The Institute. p. 385.
2954:. The Institute. p. 387.
2920:. The Institute. p. 174.
2671:"Ethnic Groups – china.org.cn"
2567:The Silk Road in World History
2404:. The Institute. p. 385.
2336:Atwood, Christopher P. 2004. "
2306:Lane, George (June 29, 2011).
2074:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996).
1872:Central Institute of Socialism
1743:Catholic Patriotic Association
1591:one's city, county or province
1438:had referred to Vietnamese as
1390:The Vietnamese Nguyễn emperor
1248:), which had many Hui people.
635:
547:
424:
400:
386:
372:
313:
299:
192:
168:
154:
140:
81:
67:
1:
4936:Jones, Kevin (25 July 2018).
4661:Gan, Nectar (12 March 2019).
4605:(in Chinese). 23 April 2016.
2752:. Columbia University Press.
1694:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
1682:19th Communist Party Congress
1606:Taiwan localization movements
1565:was to eventually go back to
1297:who adopted the norms of the
1188:is today, and ordered that a
6057:Romanization of the writings
5369:Resources in other libraries
4418:Government of Tibet in exile
3924:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
3886:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
3590:. Routledge. pp. 474–.
3458:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001).
3415:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001).
3372:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001).
3329:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001).
1829:Islamic Association of China
1739:United Front Work Department
1602:Taiwan independence movement
971:, have assimilated into the
6171:Forced religious conversion
5379:Sinicization vs. Manchuness
2358:Gaubatz, Piper Rae (1996).
1827:Yang Faming, leader of the
1593:than to China as a nation.
1094:northern and southern China
931:Mongolic and Turkic peoples
791:aimed at strengthening the
684:Areas of influence include
6275:
4285:Taiwan's Evolving Identity
3857:10.1177/009770048401000302
3811:. Routledge. p. 368.
1804:
1774:Churches in Hebei province
1748:In March 2018, Archbishop
1730:
1672:
1621:
1615:
1561:in 1949, the intention of
1480:
1469:
1383:
1266:
1072:to the lands south of the
1041:
986:
934:
925:People's Republic of China
36:
29:
6134:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
6019:Assimilation by religions
5490:
5364:Resources in your library
5109:"杨发明委员:坚持我国伊斯兰教中国化方向-新华网"
4821:. Holy See Press Office.
4337:"Starting Anew on Taiwan"
3403:Chinese word for "wolf.")
3113:Gladney, Dru C. (1996) .
2243:. The Museum. p. 6.
2149:. Routledge. p. 48.
1933:Chinese Rites controversy
1807:Xinjiang internment camps
1487:Xinjiang internment camps
1056:period. Though an age of
871:
793:Chinese national identity
646:
619:
612:
598:
584:
349:
334:
320:
117:
102:
88:
51:
6045:Assimilation by writings
5226:South China Morning Post
4667:South China Morning Post
4599:"习近平:全面提高新形势下宗教工作水平-新华网"
3968:South China Morning Post
3500:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
3236:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
3198:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
3160:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
1733:Catholic Church in China
1406:, claimed the legacy of
1380:Nguyễn dynasty (Vietnam)
294:Traditional Chinese
288:Alternative Chinese name
62:Traditional Chinese
3546:Norman G. Owen (2005).
2265:Michael Dillon (1999).
2170:Jacques Gernet (1996).
2112:Jacques Gernet (1996).
1953:Little China (ideology)
1709:China Christian Council
1515:Chinese Communist Party
1386:Sinicization of Vietnam
1279:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1269:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1151:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar
888:to as far south as the
308:Simplified Chinese
76:Simplified Chinese
6151:Cultural globalization
5324:. September 14, 2023.
4413:Samdup, Tseten (1993)
4087:www.washingtonpost.com
3706:"Angelasancartier.net"
3309:. Partially available
2982:Thant Myint-U (2011).
2876:. BRILL. p. 847.
2870:M. Th Houtsma (1993).
2827:Thant Myint-U (2011).
1816:
1424:
1177:would be part of his '
965:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
753:minority ethnic groups
726:science and technology
668:
531:
6239:Cultural assimilation
5484:Cultural assimilation
3297:Edward J. M. Rhoads,
3064:cesww.fas.harvard.edu
1968:Sinicization of Tibet
1814:
1731:Further information:
1642:religious persecution
1638:cultural assimilation
1618:Sinicization of Tibet
1555:relocated its capital
1519:CCP General Secretary
1157:after conquering the
1114:formerly romanized as
1092:) and Daoism in both
999:Jin dynasty (266–420)
969:Taoyuan County, Hunan
728:, value systems, and
6244:Culture of East Asia
6188:Internal colonialism
6156:Cultural imperialism
5837:Northern Afghanistan
4942:Catholic News Agency
4394:China's Tibet Policy
4193:. 17 December 2019.
3285:19 June 2013 at the
2312:Encyclopædia Iranica
2145:David Graff (2003).
1858:"), and banning the
1762:Secretariat of State
1628:The sinicization of
1238:Rashid al-Din Vatvat
977:varieties of Chinese
749:East Asian societies
6234:Chinese nationalism
6193:Jewish assimilation
6166:Forced assimilation
5704:or Castilianization
5421:, the study of the
5381:(by Xiaowei Zheng).
4972:World Watch Monitor
4819:Summary of Bulletin
4392:Burbu, Dawa (2001)
4366:"Third-Wave Reform"
4353:as a part of China.
2564:Liu, Xinru (2001).
2431:Tan Ta Sen (2009).
1650:population transfer
1636:, police presence,
1571:under Japanese rule
1466:Hong Kong and Macau
1458:Hui Muslim General
1324:as personal names.
1251:Sayyid Ajall's son
1203:Confucian education
979:as their language.
897:Yangtze River Delta
830:languages, such as
817:settler colonialism
789:Chinese nationalism
710:architectural style
526:Vietnamese alphabet
6259:Politics of Taiwan
5817:Montenegrinization
5079:The New York Times
5059:2023-06-03 at the
5040:2023-06-03 at the
5021:2023-06-02 at the
5002:2023-06-02 at the
4780:Shan Ren Shen Fu.
4475:Human Rights Watch
4450:on 22 October 2018
4424:2009-02-05 at the
4119:The New York Times
4030:. 10 August 2018.
3316:2023-09-27 at the
2788:Yang, Bin (2009).
2741:Yang, Bin (2008).
2699:Yang, Bin (2009).
2011:Millward, James A.
1878:texts as a guide.
1817:
1719:In December 2023,
1432:Chinese characters
1289:The rulers of the
1179:civilizing mission
967:) who migrated to
809:cultural diversity
805:language diversity
39:Hanhua Subdistrict
6249:Japanese language
6216:
6215:
6183:Identity politics
6072:
6071:
5802:Macedonianization
5447:978-974-480-062-6
5350:Library resources
5197:. 14 March 2019.
5113:www.xinhuanet.com
4633:www.xinhuanet.com
4603:www.xinhuanet.com
4402:978-0-7007-0474-3
4158:Independent.co.uk
3636:978-1-84545-452-4
3597:978-1-134-23881-1
3559:978-0-8248-2890-5
2995:978-1-4668-0127-1
2840:978-1-4668-0127-1
1531:cultural genocide
1483:Xinjiang conflict
1299:Mandate of Heaven
1153:, as governor of
1062:Mahayana Buddhism
921:ethnic minorities
878:
813:James A. Millward
667:(from the prefix
650:
649:
642:
641:
515:
514:
360:Standard Mandarin
283:
282:
128:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
6266:
6161:Dominant culture
6144:Related concepts
6106:De-russification
6094:De-stalinization
6089:De-communization
6026:Christianization
6016:
5868:or Latinization
5822:Norwegianization
5798:or Hungarization
5772:
5613:Colombianization
5515:Native Americans
5477:
5470:
5463:
5454:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5293:. Archived from
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5119:on 24 April 2020
5105:
5099:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5070:
5064:
5051:
5045:
5032:
5026:
5013:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4974:. 26 July 2018.
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4564:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4446:. Archived from
4434:
4428:
4411:
4405:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4368:. Archived from
4362:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3690:. Archived from
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3665:. Archived from
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3326:
3320:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3091:. Archived from
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2675:www.china.org.cn
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2355:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2007:
1958:New Qing History
1938:Conquest dynasty
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1788:Cardinal Parolin
1782:Sichuan province
1658:Offices of Tibet
1654:political reform
1575:Mandarin Chinese
1429:
1370:Manchu bannermen
1352:generation names
1329:Qianlong Emperor
1303:New Qing History
1215:marriage customs
1198:Confucian temple
1054:Sixteen Kingdoms
1050:history of China
989:Sixteen Kingdoms
961:Kingdom of Qocho
953:Buddhist Uyghurs
879:
876:
873:
811:. The historian
801:ethnic diversity
702:language/lexicon
638:
637:
621:
615:
614:
601:
600:
587:
586:
552:
551:
536:
511:
510:
497:
496:
473:
472:
471:Zung1 Gwok3 Faa3
452:
451:
431:
430:
429:
428:
406:
405:
404:
389:
388:
375:
374:
351:
316:
315:
302:
301:
279:
278:
265:
264:
241:
240:
220:
219:
199:
198:
197:
196:
174:
173:
172:
157:
156:
143:
142:
119:
84:
83:
70:
69:
44:
21:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6254:Korean language
6229:Chinese culture
6219:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6208:Monoculturalism
6139:
6128:De-sinicization
6101:De-nazification
6077:Opposite trends
6068:
6040:
6014:
5896:Sanskritization
5861:Romanianization
5827:Pakistanization
5766:
5702:Hispanicization
5692:Hawaiianization
5648:Europeanization
5643:Estonianization
5598:Canadianization
5505:Americanization
5486:
5481:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5331:
5329:
5321:Radio Free Asia
5314:
5313:
5309:
5300:
5298:
5290:CNN Philippines
5283:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5175:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5088:
5086:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5061:Wayback Machine
5052:
5048:
5042:Wayback Machine
5033:
5029:
5023:Wayback Machine
5014:
5010:
5004:Wayback Machine
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4850:Vatican Insider
4843:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4537:Radio Free Asia
4530:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4506:tibetoffice.org
4500:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4443:Chicago Tribune
4436:
4435:
4431:
4426:Wayback Machine
4412:
4408:
4391:
4387:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4346:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4316:
4310:cite conference
4306:
4295:
4293:
4292:on June 5, 2011
4281:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4256:Financial Times
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4161:. 5 July 2019.
4151:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4135:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4005:
3997:Radio Free Asia
3989:
3988:
3984:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3819:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3438:
3436:
3429:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3352:
3350:
3343:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3318:Wayback Machine
3311:on Google Books
3296:
3292:
3287:Wayback Machine
3278:Yu Hsiao-jung,
3277:
3273:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3039:
3037:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2961:
2959:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2925:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2651:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2578:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2411:
2409:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1943:De-Sinicization
1922:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1809:
1803:
1735:
1729:
1702:Boxer Rebellion
1690:
1677:
1671:
1662:Radio Free Asia
1626:
1620:
1614:
1563:Chiang Kai-shek
1551:Empire of Japan
1543:
1508:Uyghur-language
1493:
1481:Main articles:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1456:
1451:
1436:Nguyễn Phúc Chu
1388:
1382:
1341:Jiaqing Emperor
1287:
1275:
1267:Main articles:
1265:
1211:funeral rituals
1190:Buddhist temple
1126:
1102:
1046:
1040:
991:
985:
939:
933:
854:
849:
844:
838:, and English.
785:
675:Chinese culture
564:
557:Literal meaning
549:
533:
520:Vietnamese name
339:Literal meaning
107:Literal meaning
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6272:
6270:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6198:Language shift
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6084:De-arabization
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6013:
6012:
6010:Zairianization
6007:
6002:
6000:Westernization
5997:
5995:Vietnamization
5992:
5987:
5982:
5980:Turkmenization
5977:
5976:
5975:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5948:Talibanization
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5903:
5901:Serbianization
5898:
5893:
5891:Saffronization
5888:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5844:Persianization
5841:
5840:
5839:
5832:Pashtunization
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:Lithuanization
5788:
5786:Latvianization
5783:
5778:
5773:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5752:Japanification
5744:
5742:Italianization
5739:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5722:
5720:Indigenization
5717:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5682:Georgification
5679:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5653:Westernization
5645:
5640:
5638:Dutchification
5635:
5630:
5628:Cypriotization
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Bosniakization
5585:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5564:Belarusization
5561:
5559:Araucanization
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5502:
5497:
5495:Africanization
5491:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5431:Jean A. Berlie
5414:
5398:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:External links
5342:
5339:
5338:
5307:
5276:
5243:
5212:
5182:
5156:
5130:
5100:
5065:
5046:
5027:
5008:
4989:
4959:
4928:
4897:
4867:
4852:(in Italian).
4836:
4805:
4772:
4744:
4729:. 6 May 2015.
4714:
4684:
4650:
4620:
4590:
4554:
4523:
4493:
4478:. 2013-06-27.
4461:
4429:
4406:
4385:
4357:
4328:
4274:
4241:
4208:
4176:
4144:
4104:
4074:
4060:. 2019-11-24.
4045:
4015:
3982:
3954:
3936:
3916:
3898:
3878:
3835:
3817:
3797:
3783:. 2010-10-20.
3772:
3747:
3733:. 2010-03-14.
3722:
3697:
3694:on 2004-06-17.
3679:
3654:
3635:
3615:
3596:
3576:
3558:
3535:
3512:
3492:
3470:
3450:
3427:
3407:
3384:
3364:
3341:
3321:
3290:
3271:
3248:
3228:
3210:
3190:
3172:
3152:
3125:
3105:
3080:
3051:
3017:
2994:
2973:
2939:
2905:
2882:
2862:
2839:
2819:
2801:978-0231142540
2800:
2780:
2759:978-0231142540
2758:
2730:
2712:978-0231142540
2711:
2691:
2662:
2653:|journal=
2615:
2595:
2576:
2556:
2547:|journal=
2509:
2489:
2462:
2444:978-9812308375
2443:
2423:
2389:
2370:
2350:
2348:on 2014-08-13.
2329:
2308:"Sayyed ajall"
2295:
2277:
2257:
2226:
2195:
2188:
2162:
2155:
2137:
2130:
2104:
2086:
2066:
2035:
2013:(2023-07-25).
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1989:Zhonghua minzu
1985:
1983:Taiwanese wave
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:Vietnam portal
1913:
1899:
1883:
1880:
1865:In June 2023,
1802:
1799:
1750:Paul Gallagher
1728:
1725:
1689:
1686:
1670:
1667:
1616:Main article:
1613:
1610:
1598:desinicization
1567:mainland China
1542:
1539:
1537:, of Uyghurs.
1526:administration
1478:
1475:
1470:Main article:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1430:(中國, the same
1384:Main article:
1381:
1378:
1295:ethnic Manchus
1286:
1283:
1264:
1261:
1125:
1122:
1101:
1098:
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
1027:Three Kingdoms
993:From the late
987:Main article:
984:
981:
937:Taoyuan County
935:Main article:
932:
929:
917:Yangtze Valley
890:Gulf of Tonkin
858:southern China
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
797:Zhonghua minzu
784:
781:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
632:
626:
625:
624:Transcriptions
617:
616:
609:
603:
602:
595:
589:
588:
581:
575:
574:
570:
569:
558:
554:
553:
544:
538:
537:
534:Trung Quốc hóa
528:
522:
521:
517:
516:
513:
512:
505:
499:
498:
491:
482:
481:
475:
474:
467:
461:
460:
458:Yue: Cantonese
454:
453:
446:
440:
439:
433:
432:
427:جوْ قُوَع خُوَ
421:
415:
414:
412:other Mandarin
408:
407:
397:
391:
390:
383:
377:
376:
369:
363:
362:
356:
355:
354:Transcriptions
347:
346:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
318:
317:
310:
304:
303:
296:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:
273:
267:
266:
259:
250:
249:
243:
242:
235:
229:
228:
226:Yue: Cantonese
222:
221:
214:
208:
207:
201:
200:
189:
183:
182:
180:other Mandarin
176:
175:
165:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
124:
123:
122:Transcriptions
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
85:
78:
72:
71:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6271:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6178:Globalization
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6111:Korenizatsiia
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6052:Cyrillization
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:Ukrainization
5983:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5968:Turkification
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5953:Taiwanization
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5943:Swedification
5941:
5939:
5938:Swahilization
5936:
5934:
5933:Sovietization
5931:
5929:
5928:Slovakization
5926:
5924:
5923:Slavicization
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:Sinhalization
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5879:Russification
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:Mongolization
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5796:Magyarization
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:Kurdification
5779:
5777:
5776:Koreanization
5774:
5770:
5765:
5764:Kazakhization
5762:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5730:Israelization
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5708:Indianization
5706:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Hellenization
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:Germanization
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:Gaelicization
5675:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Finnicization
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Chilenization
5606:
5604:
5603:Celticization
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:Bulgarization
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5576:Bengalization
5574:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5527:Anglicization
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5471:
5466:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5439:974-480-062-3
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5404:(in French)/
5403:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5388:(in French)/
5387:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5343:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5297:on 2023-06-03
5296:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5264:
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5259:
5254:
5247:
5244:
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5213:
5200:
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5183:
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5167:
5160:
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5118:
5114:
5110:
5104:
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5097:
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5080:
5076:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5050:
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5043:
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5036:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4929:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4898:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4837:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4806:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4745:
4732:
4728:
4727:Baptist Press
4724:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4524:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4404:, pp. 100–124
4403:
4399:
4396:, Routledge,
4395:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4372:on 2011-07-16
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4343:on 2009-04-08
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4311:
4304:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4278:
4275:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3943:
3939:
3937:0-521-25514-7
3933:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3905:
3901:
3899:0-521-25514-7
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3824:
3820:
3818:0-7007-1762-5
3814:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3798:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3669:on 2018-10-31
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3616:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3577:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3519:
3515:
3513:0-8047-4684-2
3509:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3477:
3473:
3471:9780295804125
3467:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3434:
3430:
3428:9780295804125
3424:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3385:9780295804125
3381:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3342:9780295804125
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3307:0-295-98040-0
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3249:0-8047-4684-2
3245:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3213:
3211:0-8047-4684-2
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3175:
3173:0-8047-4684-2
3169:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3106:
3095:on 2015-07-15
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:. Macmillan.
2987:
2986:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2889:
2885:
2883:90-04-09796-1
2879:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:. Macmillan.
2832:
2831:
2823:
2820:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2680:
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2672:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2278:0-7007-1026-4
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2087:9780871698650
2083:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1910:Taiwan portal
1900:
1897:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:Yibin Diocese
1775:
1769:
1767:
1766:inculturation
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:The TSPM and
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:Protestantism
1687:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
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1611:
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1603:
1599:
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1523:
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1501:
1498:
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1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:Chinese names
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:Central Asian
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:to the early
996:
990:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
938:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
886:Yangtze River
883:
869:
866:
864:
859:
851:
846:
842:Sinicizations
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:acculturation
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
633:
631:
627:
622:
618:
610:
608:
604:
596:
594:
590:
582:
580:
576:
573:Japanese name
571:
567:
562:
559:
555:
545:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
518:
509:Tiong-kok-hua
506:
504:
500:
495:Tiong-kok-hoa
492:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
468:
466:
462:
459:
455:
447:
445:
441:
438:
434:
422:
420:
416:
413:
409:
403:
398:
396:
392:
384:
382:
378:
370:
368:
364:
361:
357:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
305:
297:
295:
291:
286:
274:
272:
268:
260:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
236:
234:
230:
227:
223:
215:
213:
209:
206:
202:
190:
188:
184:
181:
177:
171:
166:
164:
160:
152:
150:
146:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
79:
77:
73:
65:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6132:
6116:Latinization
6062:Soviet Union
6036:Islamization
6005:Wolofization
5990:Uzbekization
5963:Thaification
5958:Tamilization
5911:Sinicization
5910:
5866:Romanization
5856:Polonization
5807:Malayization
5759:Javanization
5747:Japanization
5725:Indonezation
5665:Francization
5633:Czechization
5623:Croatization
5618:Creolization
5500:Albanization
5417:
5405:
5401:
5389:
5385:
5355:Sinicization
5354:
5330:. Retrieved
5319:
5310:
5299:. Retrieved
5295:the original
5288:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5256:
5246:
5234:. Retrieved
5225:
5215:
5203:. Retrieved
5194:
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5159:
5146:
5121:. Retrieved
5117:the original
5112:
5103:
5094:
5087:. Retrieved
5078:
5068:
5049:
5030:
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4992:
4980:. Retrieved
4971:
4962:
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4941:
4931:
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4879:
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4849:
4839:
4827:. Retrieved
4818:
4808:
4796:. Retrieved
4785:
4775:
4765:December 25,
4763:. Retrieved
4757:
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4726:
4717:
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4701:. Retrieved
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4666:
4641:. Retrieved
4632:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4602:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4573:The Diplomat
4572:
4547:10 September
4545:. Retrieved
4526:
4516:10 September
4514:. Retrieved
4505:
4496:
4486:10 September
4484:. Retrieved
4473:
4464:
4454:10 September
4452:. Retrieved
4448:the original
4441:
4432:
4409:
4393:
4388:
4380:
4374:. Retrieved
4370:the original
4360:
4351:
4345:. Retrieved
4341:the original
4331:
4301:
4294:. Retrieved
4284:
4277:
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4254:
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4221:
4211:
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4188:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4156:
4147:
4136:. Retrieved
4117:
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4086:
4077:
4066:. Retrieved
4057:
4048:
4036:. Retrieved
4027:
4018:
4008:November 28,
4006:. Retrieved
3995:
3985:
3966:
3957:
3946:. Retrieved
3926:
3919:
3908:. Retrieved
3888:
3881:
3848:
3845:Modern China
3844:
3838:
3827:. Retrieved
3807:
3800:
3789:. Retrieved
3775:
3764:. Retrieved
3750:
3739:. Retrieved
3725:
3714:. Retrieved
3700:
3692:the original
3682:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:the original
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3625:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3586:
3579:
3568:. Retrieved
3548:
3529:
3522:. Retrieved
3502:
3495:
3487:
3480:. Retrieved
3460:
3453:
3444:
3437:. Retrieved
3417:
3410:
3401:
3394:. Retrieved
3374:
3367:
3358:
3351:. Retrieved
3331:
3324:
3298:
3293:
3274:
3265:
3258:. Retrieved
3238:
3231:
3222:
3215:. Retrieved
3200:
3193:
3184:
3177:. Retrieved
3162:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3115:
3108:
3097:. Retrieved
3093:the original
3083:
3072:. Retrieved
3063:
3054:
3045:
3040:December 20,
3038:. Retrieved
3028:
3020:
3011:
3006:December 20,
3004:. Retrieved
2984:
2976:
2967:
2962:December 20,
2960:. Retrieved
2950:
2942:
2933:
2928:December 20,
2926:. Retrieved
2916:
2908:
2899:
2894:December 20,
2892:. Retrieved
2872:
2865:
2856:
2851:December 20,
2849:. Retrieved
2829:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2790:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2749:
2721:. Retrieved
2701:
2694:
2683:. Retrieved
2674:
2665:
2633:. Retrieved
2605:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2566:
2559:
2527:. Retrieved
2499:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2433:
2426:
2417:
2412:December 20,
2410:. Retrieved
2400:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2360:
2353:
2346:the original
2341:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2311:
2287:. Retrieved
2267:
2260:
2249:. Retrieved
2239:
2234:(in English)
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2208:
2203:(in English)
2198:
2173:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2115:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2076:
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2018:
2005:
1987:
1973:Sinocentrism
1896:China portal
1864:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1793:Global Times
1791:
1786:
1770:
1747:
1736:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1691:
1678:
1627:
1595:
1553:in 1945 and
1544:
1512:
1494:
1457:
1449:Contemporary
1444:
1439:
1415:
1408:Confucianism
1389:
1375:
1367:
1356:
1345:
1326:
1314:Manchu names
1312:
1291:Qing dynasty
1288:
1285:Qing dynasty
1276:
1263:Ming dynasty
1257:
1253:Nasir al-Din
1250:
1245:
1231:
1219:
1183:
1171:Confucianism
1163:Dali Kingdom
1145:
1136:appointed a
1134:Yuan dynasty
1127:
1124:Yuan dynasty
1117:
1106:Tang dynasty
1103:
1100:Tang dynasty
1078:China proper
1047:
1024:
992:
946:
940:
913:war refugees
894:
881:
861:
855:
821:
796:
786:
783:Assimilation
777:
745:assimilation
737:sinicization
736:
734:
683:
665:sinonization
664:
661:sinification
660:
657:sinofication
656:
653:Sinicization
652:
651:
630:Romanization
479:Southern Min
450:Chûng-ket-fa
387:ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊㄏㄨㄚˋ
367:Hanyu Pinyin
326:Hanyu Pinyin
247:Southern Min
135:Hanyu Pinyin
94:Hanyu Pinyin
56:Chinese name
47:Sinicization
6203:Melting pot
6031:Judaization
5767: [
5532:Arabization
5411:Jean Berlie
5395:Jean Berlie
4787:Asianews.it
4223:Der Spiegel
2322:17 November
1756:within the
1727:Catholicism
1721:Wang Huning
1646:immigration
1412:hill tribes
1404:Montagnards
1348:Aisin Gioro
1277:During the
1118:Lao-han-jen
1086:Sui dynasty
1082:Emperor Wen
1070:Han Chinese
1025:During the
995:Han dynasty
947:Historical
679:Han Chinese
444:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
419:Xiao'erjing
373:zhōngguóhuà
330:zhōngguóhuà
212:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
187:Xiao'erjing
6223:Categories
5973:placenames
5713:placenames
5581:placenames
5510:immigrants
5429:of China,
5332:2023-09-16
5301:2023-06-03
5205:11 January
5176:2019-12-02
5123:9 February
5089:9 February
4982:9 February
4952:9 February
4921:9 February
4890:9 February
4860:9 February
4829:9 February
4798:9 February
4737:9 February
4703:9 February
4677:9 February
4643:9 February
4613:9 February
4583:9 February
4376:2019-01-01
4347:2009-06-05
4319:|url=
4138:2019-11-16
4068:2020-07-21
3948:2010-06-28
3910:2010-06-28
3829:2010-06-28
3791:2016-02-22
3766:2016-02-22
3741:2016-02-22
3716:2016-02-22
3673:2020-05-25
3647:14 October
3608:14 October
3570:2020-10-14
3126:0674594975
3099:2014-08-16
3074:2014-08-16
3013:influence.
2685:2014-08-16
2616:3447033398
2577:019979880X
2510:3447033398
2371:0804723990
2289:2010-06-28
2251:2010-06-28
2220:2010-06-28
2189:0521497817
2156:1134553536
2131:0521497817
2098:2020-10-14
2060:2018-12-05
2049:Ethnologue
2029:2023-07-25
1997:References
1978:Sinosphere
1821:Xi Jinping
1805:See also:
1698:Protestant
1696:(TSPM) of
1673:See also:
1634:propaganda
1622:See also:
1522:Xi Jinping
1497:Hui Muslim
1460:Ma Fuxiang
1426:Trung Quốc
1234:Marco Polo
1227:He Hongzuo
1222:Sichuanese
955:(see also
847:Historical
836:Portuguese
773:Sinosphere
718:philosophy
5849:societies
5537:Armenians
5258:France 24
4190:The Times
4128:0362-4331
4038:10 August
3873:143843569
3135:0073-0483
2655:ignored (
2645:cite book
2625:0571-320X
2549:ignored (
2539:cite book
2519:0571-320X
1876:Han Kitab
1549:from the
1535:ethnocide
1454:Ma Clique
1392:Minh Mạng
1333:Guo'ermin
1242:Dali City
1058:civil war
942:Tuoba Wei
905:Yue State
828:immigrant
824:languages
735:The term
730:lifestyle
698:education
636:Chūgokuka
607:Shinjitai
239:Hon3 Faa3
18:Sinicized
5670:Brussels
5326:Archived
5263:Archived
5230:Archived
5199:Archived
5170:Archived
5151:Archived
5083:Archived
5057:Archived
5038:Archived
5019:Archived
5000:Archived
4976:Archived
4946:Archived
4915:Archived
4911:AsiaNews
4884:Archived
4854:Archived
4823:Archived
4792:Archived
4731:Archived
4697:Archived
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4267:27 April
4261:Archived
4234:27 April
4228:Archived
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