745:
54:
1044:. In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is underweight, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal diseases and who have recently had surgery. According to data in the UK using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), which incorporates unintentional weight loss, more than 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10–60%) of hospital patients are also at risk, along with a similar proportion in care homes.
1122:(COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including diminished muscle mass. Around 25% experience moderate to severe weight loss, and most others have some weight loss. Greater weight loss is associated with poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include appetite loss related to reduced activity, additional energy required for breathing, and the difficulty of eating with
1433:
Trisolini, MG; Wnek, J; Anderson, JL; Halperin, JL; Albert, NM; Bozkurt, B; Brindis, RG; Curtis, LH; DeMets, D; Hochman, JS; Kovacs, RJ; Ohman, EM; Pressler, SJ; Sellke, FW; Shen, WK; Smith SC, Jr; Tomaselli, GF; American
College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice, Guidelines.; Obesity, Society. (24 June 2014).
1246:
to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects nutritional status indirectly, particularly during the recovery period, as it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system.
1301:, to name a few. Reduction of obesity lowers those risks. A 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) loss of body weight has been associated with an approximate 1 millimetre of mercury (0.13 kPa) drop in blood pressure. Intentional weight loss is associated with cognitive performance improvements in overweight and obese individuals.
1250:(tube feeding) is often needed. However a policy of 'nil by mouth' for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit, with some weak evidence suggesting it might hinder recovery. Early post-operative nutrition is a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. These protocols also include
780:. Self-monitoring of diet, exercise, and weight are beneficial strategies for weight loss, particularly early in weight loss programs. Research indicates that those who log their foods about three times per day and about 20 times per month are more likely to achieve clinically significant weight loss.
1377:
Arnett, Donna K.; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Albert, Michelle A.; Buroker, Andrew B.; Goldberger, Zachary D.; Hahn, Ellen J.; Himmelfarb, Cheryl D.; Khera, Amit; Lloyd-Jones, Donald; McEvoy, J. William; Michos, Erin D.; Miedema, Michael D.; Muñoz, Daniel; Smith, Sidney C.; Virani, Salim S.; Williams, Kim
2053:
Katzmarzyk, Peter T.; Martin, Corby K.; Newton, Robert L.; Apolzan, John W.; Arnold, Connie L.; Davis, Terry C.; Price-Haywood, Eboni G.; Denstel, Kara D.; Mire, Emily F.; Thethi, Tina K.; Brantley, Phillip J.; Johnson, William D.; Fonseca, Vivian; Gugel, Jonathan; Kennedy, Kathleen B. (3 September
1282:
being the "key to weight" is "part truth and part myth" as while metabolism does affect weight loss, external forces such as diet and exercise have an equal effect. They also commented that the idea of changing one's rate of metabolism is under debate. Diet plans in fitness magazines are also often
1245:
Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing treatment effectiveness and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle. Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after surgery. Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy
1079:
Inability to eat can result from: diminished consciousness or confusion, or physical problems affecting the arm or hands, swallowing or chewing. Eating restrictions may also be imposed as part of treatment or investigations. Lack of food can result from: poverty, difficulty in shopping or cooking,
988:
can change so that they lose weight even when they are getting what is normally regarded as adequate nutrition and the body cannot compensate. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss
1262:
Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people. Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems. Ill-fitting dentures and other
916:
organizations varies widely, being previously non-evidence-based, so there is only limited evidence supporting their use, because of high attrition rates. Commercial diets result in modest weight loss in the long term, with similar results regardless of the brand, and similarly to non-commercial
901:
In 2008, between US$ 33 billion and $ 55 billion was spent annually in the US on weight-loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight-loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. Over $ 1.6 billion per year was spent on
1432:
Jensen, MD; Ryan, DH; Apovian, CM; Ard, JD; Comuzzie, AG; Donato, KA; Hu, FB; Hubbard, VS; Jakicic, JM; Kushner, RF; Loria, CM; Millen, BE; Nonas, CA; Pi-Sunyer, FX; Stevens, J; Stevens, VJ; Wadden, TA; Wolfe, BM; Yanovski, SZ; Jordan, HS; Kendall, KA; Lux, LJ; Mentor-Marcel, R; Morgan, LC;
705:
may contribute to unwanted weight gain or loss depending on the individual, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters. Though hypothesized that
1039:
Malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, such as pressure sores. Unintentional weight loss can be the characteristic leading to diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and
634:), or lean mass (namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue). Weight loss can either occur unintentionally because of malnourishment or an underlying disease, or from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived
4378:
4363:
944:, or a combination of these. It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used for assessing weight that is too low is the
1283:
believed to be effective but may actually be harmful by limiting the daily intake of important calories and nutrients which can be detrimental depending on the person and are even capable of driving individuals away from weight loss.
835:, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume. Obesity has been resistant to drug-based therapies, with a 2021 review stating that existing medications are "often delivering insufficient efficacy and dubious safety".
1435:"2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society"
917:
diets and standard care. Comprehensive diet programs, providing counseling and targets for calorie intake, are more efficient than dieting without guidance ("self-help"), although the evidence is very limited. The
813:. Persons dieting for weight loss have demonstrated the weight-reducing effects of increased water consumption. Among adults in the U.S. there is a significant association between inadequate hydration and obesity.
714:
and the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, those who achieve and manage a healthy weight do so most successfully by being careful to consume just enough calories to meet their needs, and being physically active.
4091:
Sowerbutts, Anne Marie; Burden, Sorrel; Sremanakova, Jana; French, Chloe; Knight, Stephen R.; Harrison, Ewen M. (8 April 2024). "Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery".
1154:
are another common cause of unexplained weight loss – in fact they are the most common non-cancerous cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include:
1133:) weight loss. About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobiliary (
1770:
Pathak, K.; Soares, M. J.; Calton, E. K.; Zhao, Y.; Hallett, J. (1 June 2014). "Vitamin D supplementation and body weight status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
874:
to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials,
1278:
Some popular beliefs attached to weight loss have been shown to either have less effect on weight loss than commonly believed or are actively unhealthy. According to
Harvard Health, the idea of
1486:; Lau, Ka Hei Karen; MacLeod, Janice; Mitri, Joanna; Pereira, Raquel F.; Rawlings, Kelly; Robinson, Shamera; Saslow, Laura; Uelmen, Sacha; Urbanski, Patricia B.; Yancy, William S. (May 2019).
1105:
Losses from the gastrointestinal can occur because of symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, as well as fistulae and stomas. There can also be losses from drains, including nasogastric tubes.
764:
The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The
718:
For weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. There is evidence that counseling or exercise alone do not result in weight loss, whereas
918:
3827:
4485:
862:
by reducing the size of the stomach, but as with any surgical procedure both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with a physician.
4033:"Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of hospital stay and postoperative complications"
4031:
Herbert, Georgia; Perry, Rachel; Andersen, Henning Keinke; Atkinson, Charlotte; Penfold, Christopher; Lewis, Stephen J.; Ness, Andrew R.; Thomas, Steven (2018).
3941:"Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort"
3788:"Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort"
3498:
Payne, C; Wiffen, PJ; Martin, S (18 January 2012). Payne, Cathy (ed.). "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness".
2947:
2219:"Effect of Exercise and Pharmacological Interventions on Visceral Adiposity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Long-term Randomized Controlled Trials"
606:
955:). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced
2611:
959:
associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss. Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by
693:(high blood pressure), however whether this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear. Weight loss is achieved by adopting a lifestyle in which fewer
4295:
1077:
Poor appetite can be a direct symptom of an illness, or an illness could make eating painful or induce nausea. Illness can also cause food aversion.
3107:
Atallah, R.; Filion, K. B.; Wakil, S. M.; Genest, J.; Joseph, L.; Poirier, P.; Rinfret, S.; Schiffrin, E. L.; Eisenberg, M. J. (11 November 2014).
1000:
Serious weight loss may reduce quality of life, impair treatment effectiveness or recovery, worsen disease processes and be a risk factor for high
909:
In
Western Europe, sales of weight-loss products, excluding prescription medications, topped €1,25 billion (£900 million/$ 1.4 billion) in 2009.
2191:
1648:"Depression-Related Increases and Decreases in Appetite: Dissociable Patterns of Aberrant Activity in Reward and Interoceptive Neurocircuitry"
3596:
1621:
1119:
4296:"Weight loss is associated with improvements in cognitive function among overweight and obese people: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2317:"The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and e-mail: Daily Self-Weighing Weight Loss Intervention"
722:
alone results in meaningful long-term weight loss, and a combination of dieting and exercise provides the best results. Meal replacements,
3583:
The role of nutrition in maintaining health in the nation's elderly: evaluating coverage of nutrition services for the
Medicare population
3109:"Long-Term Effects of 4 Popular Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"
685:
can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. It could reduce pain and increase movement in people with
3179:
Tsai, AG; Wadden, TA (4 January 2005). "Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States".
4478:
4442:
4225:
3893:
787:(such as carbohydrate) consumed. High protein diets have shown greater efficacy in the short term (under 12 months) for people eating
190:
1646:
Simmons, W. Kyle; Burrows, Kaiping; Avery, Jason A.; Kerr, Kara L.; Bodurka, Jerzy; Savage, Cary R.; Drevets, Wayne C. (April 2016).
951:
Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called
839:
has also become popular recently as an aid in weight loss. It is particularly beneficial for those with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
3234:
3160:
1918:
1891:
1822:
Sumithran, Priya; Proietto, Joseph (2013). "The defence of body weight: A physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss".
1315:
989:
from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts,
147:
4560:
4502:
4294:
Veronese, N; Facchini, S; Stubbs, B; Luchini, C; Solmi, M; Manzato, E; Sergi, G; Maggi, S; Cosco, T; Fontana, L (January 2017).
3151:
Avery, Amanda (2018). "4.7 Commercial weight management organisations for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).
53:
4788:
4756:
3252:"Direct comparisons of commercial weight-loss programs on weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure: a systematic review"
2831:
980:
in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. It is associated with poorer outcomes. In the advanced stages of
599:
375:
4471:
4435:
1964:"Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: The look AHEAD study: 8-Year Weight Losses in Look AHEAD"
563:
4191:
1745:
1297:
Obesity increases health risks, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and non-alcoholic
2900:"Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1004:. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cells to the most complex body functions, including:
196:
772:, sugar and salt, and reduced caloric intake with an increase in physical activity. Both long-term exercise programs and
4565:
2823:
1254:
in the 24 hours before surgery, but earlier nutritional interventions have not been shown to have a significant impact.
1148:
often experience weight loss, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.
642:
state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or increase in exercise is called
353:
31:
3304:
Gudzune, KA; Doshi, RS; Mehta, AK; Chaudhry, ZW; Jacobs, DK; Vakil, RM; Lee, CJ; Bleich, SN; Clark, JM (7 April 2015).
4927:
4835:
3310:
3250:
Vakil, RM; Doshi, RS; Mehta, AK; Chaudhry, ZW; Jacobs, DK; Lee, CJ; Bleich, SN; Clark, JM; Gudzune, KA (1 June 2016).
548:
2898:
Maunder, Alison; Bessell, Erica; Lauche, Romy; Adams, Jon; Sainsbury, Amanda; Fuller, Nicholas R. (27 January 2020).
2315:
Steinberg, Dori M.; Tate, Deborah F.; Bennett, Gary G.; Ennett, Susan; Samuel-Hodge, Carmen; Ward, Dianne S. (2013).
710:
may help, studies do not support this. The majority of dieters regain weight over the long term. According to the UK
2757:
1164:
1151:
592:
66:
2961:
3885:
Type 1 diabetes in adults: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care
2654:
2470:
Bayer, Sandra; Holzapfel, Christina (July 2022). "Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management".
948:(BMI). However, even lesser amounts of weight loss can be a cause for serious concern in a frail elderly person.
765:
663:
171:
4858:
4393:
1134:
568:
3225:
Allan, Karen (2018). "4.4 Group-based interventions for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).
2116:
Varkevisser, R. D. M.; van
Stralen, M. M.; Kroeze, W.; Ket, J. C. F.; Steenhuis, I. H. M. (16 October 2018).
1882:
Hart, Katherine (2018). "4.6 Fad diets and fasting for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).
4570:
921:
devised a set of essential criteria to be met by commercial weight management organizations to be approved.
895:
828:
822:
773:
711:
528:
435:
123:
92:
2570:
Dazıroğlu ME, Tek NA (2023). "Water
Consumption: Effect on Energy Expenditure and Body Weight Management".
4648:
4250:
1857:
522:
3355:
Kernan, Walter N.; Inzucchi, Silvio E.; Sawan, Carla; Macko, Richard F.; Furie, Karen L. (January 2013).
2809:
674:
with a 7–10% weight loss and manage cardiometabolic health for diabetic people with a 5–15% weight loss.
4808:
4741:
4609:
3821:
3579:
Institute of
Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Nutrition Services for Medicare Beneficiaries (9 June 2000).
1236:
Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.
739:
727:
667:
553:
428:
304:
264:
1607:
4912:
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Krukowski, Rebecca A.; Harvey-Berino, Jean; Bursac, Zoran; Ashikaga, Taka; West, Delia Smith (2013).
1251:
1207:
1160:
538:
490:
224:
4255:
3456:
Huffman, GB (15 February 2002). "Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly".
259:
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4813:
4803:
4382:
3633:
Nutrition
Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral Tube Feeding and Parenteral Nutrition
1298:
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981:
891:
558:
469:
370:
334:
234:
181:
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Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Sherwood, Nancy E.; French, Simone A.; Jeffery, Robert W. (March 1999).
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3910:
3706:
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3523:
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1230:. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss.
1199:
1172:
395:
186:
2423:"Log Often, Lose More: Electronic Dietary Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss: Log Often, Lose More"
1168:
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4848:
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2403:
2385:
2366:"Patterns of success: Online self-monitoring in a web-based behavioral weight control program"
2346:
2297:
2248:
2155:
2137:
2093:
2075:
2035:
1993:
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1839:
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1726:
1677:
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994:
913:
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143:
133:
74:
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4003:
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3952:
3854:
3799:
3758:
3748:
3688:
3677:"Pharmacological interventions for geriatric cachexia: a narrative review of the literature"
3534:
3507:
3368:
3327:
3319:
3273:
3263:
3192:
3188:
3120:
3076:
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3055:
Wadden, Thomas A.; Webb, Victoria L.; Moran, Caroline H.; Bailer, Brooke A. (6 March 2012).
3029:
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2728:
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1983:
1975:
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1507:
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1401:
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1310:
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1107:
Other losses: Conditions such as burns can be associated with losses such as skin exudates.
1026:
887:
730:, and primary care intensive medical interventions can also support meaningful weight loss.
698:
659:
623:
485:
480:
360:
244:
239:
206:
176:
128:
2783:
850:
may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are
783:
Permanent weight loss depends on maintaining a negative energy balance and not the type of
4783:
4778:
4439:
3922:
3652:
2987:"No evidence that popular slimming supplements facilitate weight loss, new research finds"
1227:
1041:
1008:
945:
930:
883:
855:
460:
415:
365:
315:
292:
286:
229:
201:
658:
Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve
4447:
3883:
3676:
3628:
3420:
1578:
1541:
970:
Continuing weight loss may deteriorate into wasting, a vaguely defined condition called
4818:
4387:
4264:
4065:
4032:
4008:
3981:
3859:
3842:
3763:
3736:
3581:
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3081:
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2733:
2700:
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2447:
2422:
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2150:
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1988:
1963:
1721:
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1512:
1487:
1459:
1450:
1434:
1406:
1379:
1279:
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1001:
941:
894:, though widely used, are not considered a healthy option for weight loss, and have no
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851:
810:
784:
686:
631:
573:
400:
310:
249:
166:
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can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.
1097:
Changes to metabolic demands can be caused by illness, surgery and organ dysfunction.
4906:
4853:
4751:
4330:
3527:
2699:
Müller, Timo D.; Blüher, Matthias; Tschöp, Matthias H.; DiMarchi, Richard D. (2022).
2607:"Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes: a systematic review"
2556:
2507:
1213:
1014:
806:
794:
769:
670:, and there is substantial evidence this can prevent progression from prediabetes to
533:
454:
385:
138:
4314:
3710:
3125:
3108:
4771:
4746:
4700:
4494:
4423:
4241:
Harsha, D. W.; Bray, G. A. (2008). "Weight Loss and Blood
Pressure Control (Pro)".
4105:
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578:
513:
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390:
380:
320:
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Unintentional weight loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids,
902:
weight-loss supplements. About 70 percent of Americans' dieting attempts are of a
4398:
3373:
3356:
3033:
2483:
2234:
2031:
1908:
1396:
4891:
4766:
4522:
4512:
4453:
3982:"Weight Loss: A Significant Cue To The Diagnosis of Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia"
2957:
2173:
1934:
1330:
859:
836:
752:
475:
410:
405:
113:
103:
4409:
3014:
2716:
2583:
2539:
2522:
2283:
2012:
1488:"Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report"
4583:
4541:
4372:
4141:"An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people"
3693:
3268:
1130:
985:
977:
789:
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678:
635:
440:
330:
108:
98:
4272:
4113:
4056:
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2491:
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2198:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. July 2017
2141:
2079:
1792:
1351:
2625:
2606:
1380:"2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease"
1180:
903:
707:
627:
518:
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4174:
4125:
4074:
4017:
3966:
3868:
3813:
3786:
Mangili A, Murman DH, Zampini AM, Wanke CA; Murman; Zampini; Wanke (2006).
3772:
3702:
3546:
3519:
3469:
3432:
3382:
3341:
3306:"Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review"
3287:
3200:
3134:
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3041:
2933:
2884:
2742:
2685:
2634:
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2499:
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2407:
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2301:
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2097:
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1997:
1950:
Fad-diets can be tempting as they offer a quick-fix to a long-term problem.
1843:
1800:
1730:
1695:
Nedeltcheva, AV; Kilkus, JM; Imperial, J; Schoeller, DA; Penev, PD (2010).
1681:
1553:
1521:
1468:
1415:
1023:
renal capacity and depletion leading to water and electrolyte disturbances;
3550:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
2650:"Inadequate Hydration, BMI, and Obesity Among US Adults: NHANES 2009–2012"
2071:
4886:
4596:
4555:
4517:
4156:
972:
964:
960:
956:
832:
748:
723:
643:
465:
296:
282:
3998:
2859:"Weight control behaviors among adult men and women: Cause for concern?"
17:
4695:
3980:
Bakhtiar, A; Yousphi, AS; Ghani, AR; Ali, Z; Ullah, W (7 August 2019).
3735:
Itoh, M; Tsuji, T; Nemoto, K; Nakamura, H; Aoshiba, K (18 April 2013).
2952:
2268:"Self-Monitoring in Weight Loss: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
1835:
1503:
1320:
1292:
1123:
719:
702:
694:
450:
300:
88:
4355:
3753:
3015:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?"
2916:
2899:
2438:
2332:
2133:
2013:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?"
1979:
1784:
1263:
dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.
768:
recommends that people combine a reduction of processed foods high in
4684:
4427:
4367:
3323:
2667:
2381:
1221:
1217:
990:
543:
2421:
Harvey, Jean; Krukowski, Rebecca; Priest, Jeff; West, Delia (2019).
755:(Meridia), a withdrawn medication due to cardiovascular side effects
3957:
3940:
3804:
3787:
3627:
National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK) (February 2006).
1697:"Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity"
1210:
and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss.
1057:
Disease-related malnutrition can be considered in four categories:
3882:
National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK) (2004).
2056:"Weight Loss in Underserved Patients — A Cluster-Randomized Trial"
1542:"Screening for and management of obesity and overweight in adults"
1089:
This can result from conditions that affect the digestive system.
967:, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.
898:
of efficacy. Herbal products have not been shown to be effective.
743:
682:
639:
325:
2174:"World Health Organization recommends eating less processed food"
3939:
Mangili, A; Murman, DH; Zampini, AM; Wanke, CA (15 March 2006).
2605:
Muckelbauer R, Sarganas G, Grüneis A, Müller-Nordhorn J (2013).
1203:
1129:
Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained (
340:
4467:
4463:
1482:
Evert, Alison B.; Dennison, Michelle; Gardner, Christopher D.;
797:
and satiety, however this effect tends to dissipate over time.
3675:
Yaxley, A; Miller, MD; Fraser, RJ; Cobiac, L (February 2012).
2118:"Determinants of weight loss maintenance: a systematic review"
1145:
3357:"Obesity – A Stubbornly Obvious Target for Stroke Prevention"
1190:
Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss.
912:
The scientific soundness of commercial diets by commercial
2758:"How to Stop Rebound Weight Gain After Taking Semaglutide"
2472:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
1548:. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
4448:
Nutrition in cancer care, US National Library of Medicine
1352:"2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - health.gov"
1114:
Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include:
3737:"Undernutrition in patients with COPD and its treatment"
805:
Increasing water intake can reduce weight by increasing
751:(Xenical), a commonly used anti-obesity medication, and
4139:
Alibhai, SM; Greenwood, C; Payette, H (15 March 2005).
1572:
1570:
3629:"Malnutrition and the principles of nutrition support"
2701:"Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges"
1540:
LeBlanc, E; O'Connor, E; Whitlock, EP (October 2011).
2266:
Burke, Lora E.; Wang, Jing; Sevick, Mary Ann (2011).
1585:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care
1577:
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.
1378:
A.; Yeboah, Joseph; Ziaeian, Boback (17 March 2019).
4345:
3635:. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK).
2192:"Choosing a safe and successful weight loss program"
1350:
US Department of Health and Human Services. (2017).
689:
of the knee. Weight loss can lead to a reduction in
4869:
4834:
4732:
4663:
4540:
4531:
4501:
4349:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
2824:"The facts about weight loss products and programs"
1061:Overview of disease-related causes for weight loss
46:
3580:
1427:
1425:
858:. Both can be effective at limiting the intake of
919:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
870:There is a substantial market for products which
3113:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
2523:"Protein-Rich Diets for Weight Loss Maintenance"
2217:Rao, S; Pandey, A; Garg, S; et al. (2019).
1020:muscle strength (including respiratory muscles);
3934:
3932:
3451:
3449:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3102:
3100:
1535:
1533:
1531:
4479:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
1141:), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies.
809:, by reducing food intake, and by increasing
600:
8:
3826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3681:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
3220:
3218:
3146:
3144:
2948:"Profiting From America's Portly Population"
2756:Mazaheri, Dr. Mehdi K. (19 September 2023).
2272:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
1622:"Moods for Overeating: Good, Bad, and Bored"
827:Other methods of weight loss include use of
697:are consumed than are expended. Depression,
4094:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4037:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3500:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3419:National Cancer Institute (November 2011).
3414:
3412:
3227:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity
3174:
3172:
3153:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity
3008:
3006:
3004:
1913:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 179–181.
1910:Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity
1884:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity
1266:Loss of hope, status or social contact and
4537:
4486:
4472:
4464:
4346:
3564:|...|intentional=yes}}
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3299:
3297:
2612:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1610:. National Health Service. 19 August 2016.
1059:
666:through slimming. Weight loss is the main
607:
593:
61:
52:
43:
4254:
4164:
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4007:
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2087:
1987:
1720:
1671:
1511:
1458:
1405:
1395:
622:, in the context of medicine, health, or
4303:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
4192:"Does Metabolism Matter in Weight Loss?"
2784:"Bariatric Surgery Highlights and Facts"
1746:"Sleep might help dieters shed more fat"
1608:"Health Weight – Understanding Calories"
3193:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00012
2111:
2109:
2107:
1713:10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006
1342:
1224:and nausea. This can cause weight loss.
1086:Impaired digestion &/or absorption
73:
4218:The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior Health
3918:
3908:
3819:
3648:
3638:
1962:The Look AHEAD Research Group (2014).
1907:Hankey, Catherine (23 November 2017).
4186:
4184:
4086:
4084:
1602:
1600:
1120:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
630:, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat (
626:, refers to a reduction of the total
7:
4145:Canadian Medical Association Journal
3587:. National Academies Press. p.
3057:"Lifestyle Modification for Obesity"
2981:
2979:
1940:. British Dietetic Association. 2014
1744:Harmon, Katherine (4 October 2010).
1220:often have poor or absent appetite,
2788:Bariatric Surgery Information Guide
1494:(Professional society guidelines).
677:Weight loss in individuals who are
4443:U.S. National Institutes of Health
4433:Weight-control Information Network
4265:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.094011
3888:. Royal College of Physicians UK.
2904:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
2876:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00700.x
2648:Chang T, Ravi N, Davis MM (2016).
2196:Weight-control Information Network
1583:Fact sheet, Informed Health Online
1579:"Health benefits of losing weight"
1451:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee
1441:(Professional society guideline).
646:and may be a symptom of a serious
191:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
25:
3073:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453
2828:DHHS Publication No (FDA) 92-1189
1316:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
3421:"Nutrition in cancer care (PDQ)"
1293:Obesity § Effects on health
27:Reduction of the total body mass
4315:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.017
3126:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723
2960:. 21 April 2008. Archived from
2832:US Food and Drug Administration
2812:. Mayo Clinic. 9 February 2009.
2060:New England Journal of Medicine
963:in the gastrointestinal tract,
4106:10.1002/14651858.CD008879.pub3
4049:10.1002/14651858.CD004080.pub3
3539:10.1002/14651858.CD008427.pub3
3512:10.1002/14651858.CD008427.pub2
1664:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020162
1652:American Journal of Psychiatry
564:Social determinants of obesity
1:
3427:. National Cancer Institute.
3115:(Systematic review of RCTs).
3013:Thom, G; Lean, M (May 2017).
2705:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
2011:Thom, G; Lean, M (May 2017).
1187:and many other GI conditions.
197:Metabolically healthy obesity
3945:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3374:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639922
3034:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056
2484:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000840
2235:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.019
2032:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056
1862:Dietary Guidelines 2015–2020
1397:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678
354:Obesity-associated morbidity
32:Weight loss (disambiguation)
4561:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
4459:Weight loss - unintentional
3843:"Hyperthyroidism (primary)"
3841:Nygaard, B (19 July 2010).
3311:Annals of Internal Medicine
3229:. Wiley. pp. 164–168.
3181:Annals of Internal Medicine
3155:. Wiley. pp. 177–182.
1886:. Wiley. pp. 177–182.
1701:Annals of Internal Medicine
549:Obesity and the environment
4944:
2717:10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8
2584:10.1007/s13679-023-00501-8
2540:10.1007/s13679-020-00391-0
2284:10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008
1546:Evidence Syntheses, No. 89
1290:
1165:inflammatory bowel disease
1152:Gastrointestinal disorders
928:
882:, weight loss groups, and
820:
737:
29:
4566:Wernicke's encephalopathy
4216:Long, Jacqueline (2015).
3694:10.1007/s12603-011-0083-8
3458:American Family Physician
3269:10.1186/s12889-016-3112-z
2655:Annals of Family Medicine
1358:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc
1233:Connective tissue disease
1101:
1093:
1085:
1073:
1068:
1065:
766:World Health Organization
662:and health, or to change
172:Classification of obesity
51:
4454:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
4438:12 February 2015 at the
1135:hepatocellular carcinoma
1080:and poor quality meals.
976:. Cachexia differs from
774:anti-obesity medications
569:Social stigma of obesity
2626:10.3945/ajcn.112.055061
2572:Current Obesity Reports
2527:Current Obesity Reports
2521:Magkos, Faidon (2020).
2223:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1445:(25 Suppl 2): S102-38.
1102:Excess nutrient losses
993:, anemia, weakness and
823:Anti-obesity medication
712:National Health Service
529:Fat acceptance movement
436:Anti-obesity medication
124:Gestational weight gain
2834:. 1992. Archived from
2810:"Gastric bypass risks"
1935:"Fact Sheet—Fad diets"
756:
4742:Electrolyte imbalance
4610:Pyridoxine deficiency
4584:Riboflavin deficiency
4220:. Detroit, MI: Gale.
3556:|...}}
3533:(Retracted, see
3258:(Systematic review).
3183:(Systematic review).
2072:10.1056/NEJMoa2007448
1291:Further information:
1094:Altered requirements
747:
740:Management of obesity
728:very-low-calorie diet
668:treatment for obesity
554:Obesity and sexuality
429:Management of obesity
305:Binge eating disorder
265:Waist-to-height ratio
4720:Vitamin K deficiency
4714:Vitamin E deficiency
4691:Vitamin D deficiency
4672:Vitamin A deficiency
4571:Korsakoff's syndrome
4157:10.1503/cmaj.1031527
3425:Physician Data Query
3063:(Narrative review).
2838:on 26 September 2006
2790:. bariatricguide.org
1252:carbohydrate loading
1216:. Patients who have
1183:, diarrhea, chronic
1161:peptic ulcer disease
1126:(labored breathing).
866:Weight loss industry
778:abdominal fat volume
539:Health at Every Size
491:Weight loss coaching
225:Body adiposity index
30:For other uses, see
3999:10.7759/cureus.5335
1858:"Executive Summary"
1750:Scientific American
1299:fatty liver disease
1185:mesenteric ischemia
1062:
982:progressive disease
892:Dietary supplements
706:supplementation of
559:Sedentary lifestyle
371:Fatty liver disease
335:Starvation response
235:Body fat percentage
182:Genetics of obesity
4928:Symptoms and signs
4734:Mineral deficiency
4533:Vitamin deficiency
1836:10.1042/CS20120223
1504:10.2337/dci19-0014
1484:Garvey, W. Timothy
1268:spiritual distress
1200:parasitic diseases
1173:ulcerative colitis
1060:
829:anti-obesity drugs
757:
396:Obesity and cancer
277:Related conditions
187:Metabolic syndrome
4900:
4899:
4849:Failure to thrive
4844:Delayed milestone
4728:
4727:
4706:Harrison's groove
4636:Folate deficiency
4623:Biotin deficiency
4419:
4418:
3847:Clinical Evidence
3792:Clin. Infect. Dis
3754:10.3390/nu5041316
3598:978-0-309-06846-8
3256:BMC Public Health
2956:(Press release).
2917:10.1111/dom.13973
2439:10.1002/oby.22382
2370:Health Psychology
2333:10.1002/oby.20396
2134:10.1111/obr.12772
1980:10.1002/oby.20662
1785:10.1111/obr.12162
1390:(11): e596–e646.
1326:Physical exercise
1258:Social conditions
1248:Enteral nutrition
1208:Whipple's disease
1139:pancreatic cancer
1112:
1111:
914:weight management
896:clinical evidence
848:Bariatric surgery
843:Bariatric surgery
793:due to increased
760:Diet and exercise
648:medical condition
617:
616:
446:Bariatric surgery
255:Relative Fat Mass
144:Childhood obesity
134:Weight management
75:Human body weight
60:
59:
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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4120: 11001290.
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3067:(9): 1157–1170.
3052:
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3045:
3028:(7): 1739–1751.
3022:Gastroenterology
3019:
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2969:
2964:on 11 March 2009
2944:
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2863:Obesity Research
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2026:(7): 1739–1751.
2020:Gastroenterology
2017:
2008:
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1626:Psychology Today
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1192:Fungal illnesses
1074:Impaired intake
1063:
1027:thermoregulation
880:personal coaches
624:physical fitness
609:
602:
595:
486:Weight loss camp
481:Obesity medicine
361:Arteriosclerosis
245:Corpulence index
240:Body Shape Index
207:Set point theory
177:Exercise paradox
161:Medical concepts
129:Diet (nutrition)
83:General concepts
62:
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4440:Wayback Machine
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2419:
2415:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2180:. 3 March 2003.
2172:
2171:
2167:
2122:Obesity Reviews
2115:
2114:
2105:
2066:(10): 909–918.
2052:
2051:
2047:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1773:Obesity Reviews
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1276:
1260:
1243:
1241:Therapy-related
1228:Cardiac disease
1169:crohn's disease
1055:
1053:Disease-related
1050:
1042:type 1 diabetes
1009:immune response
1002:mortality rates
946:body mass index
938:
936:Characteristics
933:
931:Eating disorder
927:
876:fitness centers
868:
856:gastric banding
845:
825:
819:
803:
762:
742:
736:
672:type 2 diabetes
656:
613:
584:
583:
509:
501:
500:
461:Caloric deficit
431:
421:
420:
416:Type 2 diabetes
366:Atherosclerosis
356:
346:
345:
316:Hyperthyroidism
293:Eating disorder
278:
270:
269:
260:Waist–hip ratio
230:Body mass index
220:
212:
211:
202:Obesity paradox
162:
154:
153:
84:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:Keshan disease
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4503:Protein-energy
4499:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4450:
4445:
4430:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4390:
4375:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:Classification
4343:
4342:External links
4340:
4337:
4336:
4286:
4249:(6): 1420–25.
4233:
4227:978-1573027526
4226:
4208:
4196:Harvard Health
4180:
4131:
4080:
4023:
3972:
3958:10.1086/500398
3928:
3895:978-1860162282
3894:
3874:
3833:
3805:10.1086/500398
3778:
3747:(4): 1316–35.
3716:
3658:
3649:|journal=
3604:
3597:
3571:
3475:
3445:
3388:
3367:(1): 278–286.
3347:
3318:(7): 501–512.
3293:
3242:
3235:
3214:
3168:
3161:
3140:
3119:(6): 815–827.
3096:
3047:
3000:
2989:. 14 July 2010
2975:
2939:
2910:(6): 891–903.
2890:
2849:
2815:
2801:
2774:
2748:
2711:(3): 201–223.
2691:
2662:(4): 320–324.
2640:
2619:(2): 282–299.
2597:
2562:
2533:(3): 213–218.
2513:
2478:(4): 265–270.
2462:
2433:(3): 380–384.
2413:
2376:(2): 164–170.
2356:
2327:(9): 1789–97.
2307:
2258:
2229:(2): 211–224.
2209:
2183:
2165:
2128:(2): 171–211.
2103:
2045:
2003:
1954:
1926:
1919:
1899:
1892:
1874:
1849:
1814:
1762:
1736:
1687:
1658:(4): 418–428.
1638:
1613:
1596:
1566:
1527:
1498:(5): 731–754.
1474:
1421:
1369:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1288:
1287:Health effects
1285:
1280:metabolic rate
1275:
1272:
1259:
1256:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1211:
1188:
1157:celiac disease
1149:
1142:
1127:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1012:
942:muscle atrophy
937:
934:
926:
923:
867:
864:
852:gastric bypass
844:
841:
831:that decrease
821:Main article:
818:
815:
802:
799:
785:macronutrients
770:saturated fats
761:
758:
735:
732:
687:osteoarthritis
655:
652:
632:adipose tissue
615:
614:
612:
611:
604:
597:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
574:Weight cutting
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
516:
510:
508:Social aspects
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
463:
458:
448:
443:
438:
432:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
401:Osteoarthritis
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
357:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
328:
323:
318:
313:
311:Food addiction
308:
290:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:Lean body mass
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
184:
179:
174:
169:
167:Adipose tissue
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:
58:
57:
49:
48:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4940:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4854:Short stature
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4677:Bitot's spots
4675:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4151:(6): 773–80.
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3951:(6): 836–42.
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3912:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3798:(6): 836–42.
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3687:(2): 148–54.
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3464:(4): 640–50.
3463:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3236:9780470670767
3232:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3162:9780470670767
3158:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2869:(2): 179–88.
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:(2): 99–107.
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:(1): 92–102.
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1920:9781118857977
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1893:9780470670767
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(4): 231–41.
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:(6): 528–37.
1778:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:(7): 435–41.
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:Diabetes Care
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Renal disease
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1052:
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321:Malnutrition
219:Measurements
148:Epidemiology
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4882:Weight loss
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4513:Kwashiorkor
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2958:PR Newswire
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1944:12 December
1439:Circulation
1384:Circulation
1331:Weight gain
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860:food energy
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654:Intentional
620:Weight loss
476:Liposuction
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119:Weight loss
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104:Underweight
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4859:Idiopathic
4809:Molybdenum
4653:deficiency
4542:B vitamins
4405:DiseasesDB
3363:(Review).
3024:(Review).
2968:17 January
1755:20 October
1631:17 October
1356:health.gov
1337:References
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978:starvation
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790:ad libitum
738:See also:
734:Techniques
679:overweight
664:appearance
636:overweight
441:Bariatrics
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2142:1467-7881
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1793:1467-789X
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628:body mass
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519:Fast food
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4826:Fluorine
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4804:Chromium
4752:Chloride
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4436:Archived
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2178:BBC News
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1998:24307184
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1801:24528624
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833:appetite
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724:orlistat
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466:Exercise
297:Anorexia
283:Diabetes
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18:Slimming
4923:Obesity
4870:General
4747:Calcium
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470:outline
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301:Bulimia
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