130:(FPHLCC), of a total population of 1560 (with 550 on reserve and 1010 off-reserve), there were 25 people who spoke and understood the language fluently. Eleven of these persons were between the ages of 65–74, 13 were between the ages of 75–84, and one was 85 and over. There were 35 who understood and/or spoke the language somewhat. Four were between the ages of 25–44, 23 were between the ages of 45–54, and 8 were between the ages of 55–64. Some 25 people were learning the language. Of that group, 15 were between the ages of 15–19, 2 were between the ages of 25–44, 4 were between the ages of 45–54, and 4 were between the ages of 55–64.
383:
difficulty acquiring Crown land needed for the project. John Ruttan, Nanaimo Mayor acknowledged that without the assistance of
Snuneymuxw First Nation Chief Doug White III in acquiring some Crown land, "it’s questionable whether we would have been able to achieve what we’ve done." The City of Nanaimo agreed to provide the water to Reserve 2 as part of "the overall agreement." The Snuneymuxw First Nation are paying $ 500,000 cost of the project. The new water infrastructure project will connect Reserve No. 2 to Nanaimo's water supply lines at 1125 Cedar Road to provide potable water.
234:
369:, saying that it was illegally taken by the crown in the 1880s. The claim was accepted by the Crown as valid in 2003. After negotiations, the two sides agreed to a settlement offer worth $ 49,148,121. In November 2016, the First Nation ratified a settlement agreement for the land. The nearly $ 50 million payment is the largest specific claim negotiated by a British Columbia first nation by a factor of 5. As part of the agreement, the nation can negotiate for an additional 32-hectare of land to be added to their reserve.
437:
our justice. The whole community’s got to work together before it’ll ever work... The
Hereditary Chief was the leader and they had their own laws and justice. And when the white man came here they took them laws out. When you see people go wrong, our people had Elders that would heal that person and the white man way is punishing. They put him in jail. How did they come out? They come out a better criminal when they do come out of jail. And our way’s different, we heal people that go wrong.
358:. Chief White argued that the Canadian federal government "has consistently failed to honour the Treaty of 1854" and has repeatedly broken the Treaty of 1854 during land negotiations. Anaya observed that "based on his preliminary findings", treaty and aboriginal claims remain "persistently unresolved" throughout Canada". He noted that there is a heightened level of mistrust distrust "among aboriginal peoples toward government at both the federal and provincial levels."
272:
reserves on the shores of
Nanaimo Harbour and Nanaimo River, and two tiny reserves at Gabriola Island. On a per capita basis, the Snuneymuxw land base was the smallest reserve land base in British Columbia. In January 2013, two reserves at Nanaimo River were amalgamated into the third, and are now part of what is called the Nanaimo River Reserve. (See further information below.)
33:
1268:
436:
I’d like to see our system come back. For the sake of our children, that has to come back. And we’ll be proud again like our ancestors, we helped one another, they respected one another. Our culture, our laws were still here when I was a kid and we were happy people. We have to work together. Same as
173:
Former
Snuneymuxw Chief White had plans to construct modest facilities on Newcastle Island to deliver new kinds of programming on Coast Salish culture, Newcastle Island's coal mining history, the CPR history, and the canneries history as part of a heritage tourist destination. Snuneymuxw First Nation
158:
Snuneymuxw spokeswoman
Geraldine Manson said it is rare to find an undisturbed Snuneymuxw burial site in the Nanaimo area. She said while Snuneymuxw remains have been uncovered at other sites, including the Foundry site downtown , they have mostly been disturbed by development activities in the past.
282:
Three reserves were along the
Nanaimo River: Reserve 2 on the east bank, and Reserves 3 and 4 on the west bank. The river and river banks are not reserve land. All three of these parcels are on the estuary and appear to be in a flood zone. These small reserves are bounded by the main Island Highway,
271:
According to the AANRC Profiles, the
Snuneymuxw First Nation, band number 648 had six very small reserves as of 2012. Before the March 2013 reconciliation addition, the Snuneymuxw total reserve land base had consisted of 266 hectares, with the community historically divided into four small, numbered
267:
In March 2013 the
Snuneymuxw First Nation received an additional 877 hectares of land, consisting of three parcels in the Mount Benson area, as part of a reconciliation agreement with the government. Ida Chong, B.C. aboriginal relations and reconciliation minister, announced at the Vancouver Island
410:
become familiar with the hands on day-to-day work involved in a municipality's regular water distribution maintenance programs including emergency repairs and the installation various components... With this model, First
Nations communities can supply safe clean water in areas where they have been
405:
Local 401 water crews members to learn foundational skills in maintaining quality water systems. CUPE's long-term goal is to expand this pilot project to First
Nations communities across Vancouver Island. According to Blaine Gurrie, CUPE Local 401 President and member of the Vancouver Island Water
387:
I want everyone to know what this means to our people, what it means to me as the chief of the Snuneymuxw First Nation, the work of my council over so many years, to address what is a really critical need for our people for safe drinking water – for an effective, efficient supply of water... White
295:
Nanaimo River 3, also known as Reserve No. 3 (AANRC number 06817), is located in the Cranberry District, point of Section 21, Range 1, and Sections 19 and 21 Range 7, near the mouth of the Nanaimo River, and consists of 108.30 hectares (267.6 acres). Statistics Canada provides a precise map. There
133:
The language assessment noted that the First Nation had four small reserves at the time. City water had been suspended in 1992 at one reserve because of contamination, and new infrastructure was not built for 20 years. This prevented development of the reserves for such needs as housing, and many
142:
Archeological excavations have revealed that the Snuneymuxw had a winter village and burial site in present-day Departure Bay dating to about 3,500 year BP. In 2007 the remains of about 15 individuals were uncovered at the construction site of a future condo development owned by developer Bruce
320:
Snuneymuxw First Nation is governed by an elected Chief and Council. On 7 December 2013 Chief John Gordon (Gord) Wesley was elected with 253 votes out of 499. Five Councillors were also elected for up to a four-year term. Elections are carried out in accordance with the Snuneymuxw First Nation
291:
Nanaimo River 2, also known as Reserve No. 2 (AANRC number 06816), is located in the Cranberry District on the left bank of the Nanaimo River near its mouth and consists of 53.80 hectares (132.9 acres). There were 26 residents in 2011. It has been dissolved and amalgamated with Nanaimo River
382:
In 1992 groundwater contamination was found and the wells were closed on the Snuneymuxw First Nation Indian Reserve No. 2. For twenty years the community used water trucks to bring water to the community. In 2010 the city of Nanaimo announced plans for a new water treatment facility but had
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220:
campaign to help First Nations on Vancouver Island conduct their own research around sites of former residential school and the Indian hospital. They will use current technology that does not disturb the ground. On 15 September 2021, the group gave Snuneymuxw First Nation
447:
In 2006 226 First Nations members were imprisoned in the Nanaimo Correctional Centre (NCC), a provincial prison on SFN traditional territory. That represented 21.2% of the prison population. In British Columbia the percentage of indigenous prisoners was 20% in 2004–5.
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and Bill S-8 combined could prevent First Nations from building, owning and operating their own water and wastewater plants.... By not delivering the education to make their legislation work, the Federal government is opening the door wider to further water
169:
The site of the former Moby Dick Hotel, 1000 Stewart Ave, Nanaimo, was the location of a Snuneymuxw village of historical importance to the First Nation. It is situated at the narrowest point of Newcastle Channel, separating Newcastle Island from Nanaimo.
299:
Nanaimo River 4, also known as Reserve No. 4 (AANRC number 06818), is located in the Cranberry District, Sections 18 and 19, Range 8, 4 miles southwest of Nanaimo, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, and consists of 80.10 hectares (197.9
150:
requested that B.C. Premier Gordon Campbell protect the site, the province purchased it. For a time the site remained "sad, forlorn and neglected", surrounded by a bent chain-link fence and covered in straggled patches of weeds.
287:
Nanaimo town 1, also known as Reserve No. 1, (AANRC number 06815) is located in the Nanaimo District on Nanaimo Harbour adjacent to the city of Nanaimo and consists of 22.40 hectares (55.4 acres). There were 337 residents in
411:
given the responsibility, but no other assistance from government other than funding.... We have proven by example this expertise can be imparted to manage public water systems, without the need for a private partner...
337:
According to their official website, the SFN "are one of the few First Nations in BC that has a pre-confederation treaty with the Crown." The Snuneymuxw have treaty rights pursuant to the Treaty of 1854, one of the
431:
Like other First Nations, the Snuneymuxw had a community system to regulate behavior based on restorative justice. They think it has elements that should be revived, for the sake of their people and culture.
304:
As of January 2013, Nanaimo River Reserve, with 287 residents, was listed as having undergone an amalgamation, absorbing Nanaimo River 2 and Nanaimo River 3, which were dissolved as separate reserves.
1326:"More human remains found near Nanaimo: More human remains have been uncovered during excavations of an ancient Snuneymuxw First Nation burial ground at a construction site near Departure Bay beach"
264:
The band's traditional territory covers 980 km (380 sq mi). They share 1,040 km (400 sq mi) of non-exclusive traditional territory with other First Nations of Canada.
308:
Gabriola Island 5 reserve (AANRC number 06819) is located in Nanaimo District, Section 1, on the west point at mouth of Degnen Bay, south of Gabriola Island and consists of 1 hectare (2.5 acres).
283:
Duke Point Highway and Cedar Road. Although surrounded by the city of Nanaimo, they were not fully provided with water and sewage infrastructure, which resulted in underdevelopment of this area.
966:
945:
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1288:"Nanaimo River 3, British Columbia (Code 590303) and British Columbia (Code 59) (table). Census Profile. 2011 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE. Released October 24, 2012."
1397:
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in the nineteenth century, this people occupied a wide region of south-central Vancouver Island, where they had lived for more than 5,000 years. Snuneymuxw Territory extended to the
311:
Ma-guala 6 (AANRC number 06820) is located in Nanaimo District. It is a small island in Degnen Bay on the south shore of Gabriola island and consists of 0.40 hectares (0.99 acres).
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The city and First Nation established an innovative mentoring program to expand the benefits of the new water system. In November 2012 SFN workers began job shadowing City of
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In March 2013, as part of the provincial reconciliation agreement with First Nations, this site was transferred to the Snuneymuxw. Referring to this discovery,
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Conference Centre that the land was "intended to provide forestry-related economic opportunities to generate revenue and employment" for the SFN.
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will be collaborating with Waterfront Holdings Ltd. on current and future waterfront development on Stewart Avenue. The First Nation operates
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69:
848:
225:, to help the First Nation conduct a search and to identify possible unmarked graves in and around the former grounds of the hospital.
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198:. Like the schools, the hospital system has been documented for having a history of physical and sexual abuse of Indigenous people.
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The Snuneymuxw First Nation number is 648. The band's population is 1,973, and 70 percent of Snuneymuxw people live off-reserve.
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279:. Reserve 1, consisting of several city blocks, is between a railroad track and the main highway that goes through Nanaimo.
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litigation of the early to mid-1960s, wherein the treaty was confirmed and enforced. Provincial jurisdiction was ousted.
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2009:
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2014:
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970:, Gatineau, Quebec: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Government of Canada, 12 November 2013c
949:, Gatineau, Quebec: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Government of Canada, 12 November 2013b
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said one reason so much of the reserve remains undeveloped is due to a lack of water and sewage infrastructure.
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The small size and odd shapes and locations of these reserves are visible on the interactive map provided by
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2159:
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1964:
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126:
According to the Snuneymuxw First Nation Language Needs Assessment report of January 2009, published by the
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1969:
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McLay. Madrone Environmental Services from Duncan, BC conducted an archaeological excavation of the site.
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2139:
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2004:
1984:
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258:
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2019:
1974:
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120:
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1607:
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902:
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1872:
1051:, Department of Human and Social Development (MA Thesis), Victoria, BC: University of Victoria
1772:
1652:
1557:
209:. Other First Nations began to undertake their own surveys of sites of local Indian schools.
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1932:
1882:
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were 81 residents in 2011. It has been dissolved and amalgamated with Nanaimo River Reserve.
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85:
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54:
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928:, Gatineau, Quebec: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 16 January 2013a
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1817:
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1269:"Census Profile - Map : Nanaimo River 3, IRI (Designated Place), British Columbia"
362:
73:
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2442:
2194:
1857:
1782:
1657:
1199:
1023:
1003:
983:
829:
620:"Organizers raise $ 77,000 to help Snuneymuxw First Nation identify unmarked graves"
2264:
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1832:
1822:
1512:
909:, Gatineau, Quebec: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 6 June 2013
250:
246:
89:
81:
77:
62:
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1847:
406:
Watch Coalition, CUPE is working to assist SFN employees in the following ways:
355:
2417:
1917:
1637:
147:
146:
Eventually remains of more than 80 people were uncovered. When the late Chief
112:
1943:
1902:
1897:
1807:
1802:
1180:
845:"First Nation on Vancouver Island ratifies Multi-Million dollar settlement"
186:
The Nanaimo Indian Hospital served Indian patients and was operated by the
1812:
1612:
1430:
217:
45:
17:
1907:
1767:
1617:
1346:"Departure Bay: Ancient burial site remains a neglected waterfront lot"
666:
664:
399:
366:
50:
32:
479:
477:
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Remains are known to have been scattered over large areas as a result.
61:, Canada. The nation previously had also occupied territory along the
1948:
1938:
1797:
1597:
1064:"CUPE 401 works with Snuneymuxw to supply safe public drinking water"
822:"Settlement over reserve land loss goes to vote by Snuneymuxw people"
1082:
1045:
Snuneymuxw Justice as an Alternative to the Canadian Justice System
190:
on Snuneymuxw territory from 1946 to 1967. The system of state-run
1101:
232:
1024:"Snuneymuxw, hotelier announce waterfront consultation agreement"
729:
727:
714:
712:
710:
708:
1485:
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1108:, First Peoples' Heritage Language & Culture Council, 2013a
1250:"UN official to review SFN's fight for treaty acknowledgement"
1089:, First Peoples' Heritage Language & Culture Council, 2013
783:"Registered Population Official Name Snuneymuxw First Nation"
216:, carver Tom LaFortune, and educator Michele Mundy started a
1370:
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related to the loss of their 32-hectare reserve in downtown
1161:
2220:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
1218:
494:
492:
393:
Doug White III, Snuneymuxw First Nation Chief in Bush 2012
361:
In 1992, the Snuneymuxw First Nation filed the Thlap’qwum
962:"Reserves/Settlements/Villages: Snuneymuxw First Nation"
745:
670:
483:
795:
967:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
946:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
128:
First Peoples' Heritage Language & Culture Council
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
525:
523:
521:
519:
1102:"Language Needs Assessment: Snuneymuxw First Nation"
602:
600:
2390:
2364:
2333:
1957:
1519:
1413:
695:
693:
691:
587:
585:
583:
277:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
733:
718:
434:
408:
385:
321:Election Code (2007) & Regulations (2011).
194:was deeply intertwined with the institution of
156:
941:"First Nation Detail: Snuneymuxw First Nation"
562:
1497:
1391:
241:Snuneymuxw Territory on the eastern coast of
8:
498:
903:"Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act"
351:In October 2012, Chief Doug White met with
111:The SFN speak the Hul'q'umi'num dialect of
1504:
1490:
1482:
1398:
1384:
1376:
1238:"Snuneymuxw First Nation Election Notice"
115:, Halq'eméylem, hən̓q̓əmin̓əm. This is a
984:"Snuneymuxw drinking water in the works"
31:
2356:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
2346:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
1162:"Official Snuneymuxw First Nation site"
922:"First Nation Profiles Interactive Map"
541:
529:
457:
212:In response, Steve Sxwithul'txw of the
176:Newcastle Island Marine Provincial Park
101:Newcastle Island Marine Provincial Park
49:) is located in and around the city of
27:Aboriginal people from Vancouver Island
769:
682:
655:
574:
510:
44:
2341:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1371:Official Snuneymuxw First Nation site
885:
873:
606:
464:
342:. This was confirmed by the landmark
99:The Snuneymuxw First Nation operates
70:European colonization of the Americas
7:
2351:Washington Indian Gaming Association
1125:First Peoples' Language Heritage Map
861:
807:
699:
591:
2230:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
843:Kendall Hanson (13 November 2016).
757:
442:Snuneymuxw Elder Bill Seward, Carey
201:In the summer of 2021, hundreds of
1070:, Ottawa, Ontario, 24 January 2013
207:Kamloops Indian Residential School
25:
2320:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1004:"Land transferred to Snuneymuxw"
1344:Walker, Dustin (7 April 2011),
982:Bush, Chris (23 October 2012),
378:Water and Sewage Infrastructure
373:Social and economic development
229:Territory and current land base
2334:Organizations and institutions
2310:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1332:, Victoria, BC, 24 August 2007
1307:"Nanaimo Town 1. 2011 Census."
820:Chris Bush (11 October 2016).
1:
2225:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1002:Bush, Chris (28 March 2013),
746:Snuneymuxw First Nation 2013b
671:Snuneymuxw First Nation 2013d
484:Snuneymuxw First Nation 2013c
92:territory. Their language is
2055:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
1990:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1022:Bush, Chris (10 May 2013a),
796:Snuneymuxw First Nation 2013
188:federal government of Canada
2255:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
2180:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
2085:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
1407:Naut'sa mawt Tribal Council
2550:
2285:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
2170:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2075:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2030:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
134:people lived off-reserve.
88:; it was in the centre of
2250:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
2245:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1083:"Snuneymuxw First Nation"
2524:Coast Salish governments
2270:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1313:, Ottawa, Ontario, 2012b
121:Salishan language family
2534:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2407:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
2300:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
2160:Tsawwassen First Nation
2155:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2100:Kwikwetlem First Nation
2035:Skawahlook First Nation
1294:, Ottawa, Ontario, 2012
1223:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1204:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1185:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1166:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1042:Carey, Michael (2007),
205:were identified at the
182:Nanaimo Indian Hospital
65:, in British Columbia.
41:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2295:Skokomish Indian Tribe
2280:Quinault Indian Nation
2275:Nisqually Indian Tribe
2205:Esquimalt First Nation
2190:Union Bar First Nation
2110:Chemainus First Nation
2105:Semiahmoo First Nation
2070:Tzeachten First Nation
2045:Soowahlie First Nation
2010:Sq'éwlets First Nation
1995:Leq'á:mel First Nation
1970:Chawathil First Nation
1140:"Douglas Treaties Map"
847:. CHEK. Archived from
734:Statistics Canada 2013
719:Statistics Canada 2012
445:
424:
396:
238:
214:Penelakut First Nation
167:
36:
2125:Klahoose First Nation
2060:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
2040:Skowkale First Nation
1980:Kwantlen First Nation
1028:Nanaimo News Bulletin
1008:Nanaimo News Bulletin
988:Nanaimo News Bulletin
826:Nanaimo News Bulletin
353:UN Special Rapporteur
257:was in the centre of
236:
117:Coast Salish language
46:[snʊˈneɪməxʷ]
35:
2529:Mid Vancouver Island
2305:Squaxin Island Tribe
2290:Samish Indian Nation
2235:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
2210:Tsawout First Nation
2175:Tseycum First Nation
2135:Nanoose First Nation
2130:Malahat First Nation
2120:Homalco First Nation
2090:Musqueam Indian Band
2050:Squiala First Nation
2000:Matsqui First Nation
851:on 14 November 2016.
72:and the creation of
2365:Culture and society
2140:Peters First Nation
2115:Halalt First Nation
2095:Katzie First Nation
2015:Seabird Island Band
1985:Katzie First Nation
832:on 12 October 2016.
626:. 15 September 2021
563:Times Colonist 2007
345:R. v. White and Bob
196:residential schools
2065:Sumas First Nation
2025:Skway First Nation
2020:Skwah First Nation
1975:Cheam First Nation
1350:Nanaimo Daily News
1256:, 28 October 2013a
1244:, 30 November 2013
1219:"Election results"
553:based on INAC data
239:
37:
2511:
2510:
2165:Yale First Nation
1479:
1478:
1311:Statistics Canada
1292:Statistics Canada
1273:Statistics Canada
499:Hul’qumi’num 2004
16:(Redirected from
2541:
2080:Sts'ailes Nation
1506:
1499:
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1121:"Hul'q'umi'num'"
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916:
914:
889:
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859:
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828:. Archived from
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340:Douglas Treaties
255:British Columbia
243:Vancouver Island
224:
192:Indian hospitals
165:
86:British Columbia
59:British Columbia
55:Vancouver Island
53:on east-central
48:
21:
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2315:Suquamish Tribe
2240:Suquamish Tribe
2215:Cowichan Tribes
2200:T'Sou-ke Nation
2185:Squamish Nation
2150:shíshálh Nation
2145:Tla'amin Nation
1965:Aitchelitz Band
1953:
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203:unmarked graves
184:
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74:Indian reserves
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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2404:Island Comox †
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2325:Tulalip Tribes
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2037:
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2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
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1961:
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1728:Seabird Island
1725:
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1695:
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1683:Tsleil-Waututh
1680:
1675:
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1628:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
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1466:Tsleil-Waututh
1463:
1458:
1453:
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1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1414:Member nations
1411:
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1365:External links
1363:
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1330:Times Colonist
1322:
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427:Justice system
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416:privatization.
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363:Specific Claim
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237:Nanaimo town 1
230:
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183:
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139:
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119:, part of the
113:Hul’q’umi’num’
108:
105:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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2438:North Straits
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2195:Nuxalk Nation
2193:
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2016:
2013:
2011:
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1893:Stillaquamish
1891:
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1879:
1876:
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1863:Sauk-Suiattle
1861:
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1783:Yakweakwioose
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1748:Shxw'ow'hamel
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1548:Clemclemaluts
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1352:, Nanaimo, BC
1351:
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1103:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1030:, Nanaimo, BC
1029:
1025:
1020:
1010:, Nanaimo, BC
1009:
1005:
1000:
990:, Nanaimo, BC
989:
985:
980:
969:
968:
963:
959:
948:
947:
942:
938:
927:
923:
919:
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904:
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895:
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870:
867:
863:
858:
855:
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
809:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
784:
778:
775:
771:
766:
763:
759:
754:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
638:
625:
621:
615:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
559:
556:
550:
547:
543:
538:
535:
531:
526:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
458:
451:
449:
438:
433:
426:
417:
414:
407:
404:
401:
389:
384:
377:
372:
370:
368:
364:
359:
357:
354:
349:
347:
346:
341:
333:Treaty rights
332:
330:
324:
322:
315:
310:
307:
306:
305:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
284:
280:
278:
273:
269:
265:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
235:
228:
226:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
181:
179:
177:
171:
160:
155:
152:
149:
144:
137:
135:
131:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
106:
104:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2260:Lummi Nation
2154:
1838:Upper Skagit
1833:Lower Skagit
1672:
1513:Coast Salish
1445:
1354:, retrieved
1349:
1334:, retrieved
1329:
1315:, retrieved
1310:
1296:, retrieved
1291:
1277:, retrieved
1272:
1258:, retrieved
1253:
1241:
1227:, retrieved
1222:
1208:, retrieved
1203:
1189:, retrieved
1184:
1170:, retrieved
1165:
1151:, retrieved
1147:Hul’qumi’num
1146:
1129:, retrieved
1124:
1110:, retrieved
1105:
1091:, retrieved
1086:
1072:, retrieved
1067:
1053:, retrieved
1044:
1032:, retrieved
1027:
1012:, retrieved
1007:
992:, retrieved
987:
972:, retrieved
965:
951:, retrieved
944:
930:, retrieved
925:
911:, retrieved
906:
888:, p. 5.
881:
869:
857:
849:the original
838:
830:the original
825:
815:
803:
791:
777:
765:
753:
741:
678:
630:15 September
628:. Retrieved
623:
614:
570:
558:
549:
542:FPHLCC 2013b
537:
530:FPHLCC 2013a
506:
467:, p. 6.
460:
446:
435:
430:
409:
397:
386:
381:
360:
350:
343:
336:
328:
325:Demographics
319:
303:
281:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:Coast Salish
251:Fraser River
247:Gulf Islands
240:
211:
200:
185:
172:
168:
157:
153:
145:
141:
132:
125:
110:
98:
94:Hul’qumi’num
90:Coast Salish
82:Fraser River
78:Gulf Islands
67:
63:Fraser River
43:(pronounced
40:
38:
29:
2480:Lushootseed
2265:Makah Tribe
2005:Popkum Band
1958:Governments
1935:(Tillamook)
1848:Muckleshoot
1441:Snaw-naw-as
1356:11 December
1336:11 December
1317:11 December
1298:11 December
1279:11 December
1181:"Territory"
1153:11 December
1034:11 December
1014:11 December
994:11 December
974:11 December
953:11 December
932:11 December
770:AANDC 2013b
683:AANDC 2013a
656:AANDC 2013c
575:Walker 2011
511:FPHLCC 2013
356:James Anaya
261:territory.
2518:Categories
2418:Halkomelem
1918:Sahewamish
1873:Snoqualmie
1753:Skawahlook
1678:Tsawwassen
1673:Snuneymuxw
1593:Humptulips
1543:Stz'uminus
1461:Tsawwassen
1451:Stz'uminus
1446:Snuneymuxw
1260:9 December
1229:9 December
1210:8 December
1200:"Reserves"
1191:8 December
1172:8 December
1131:8 December
1112:8 December
1093:8 December
1074:9 December
1055:9 December
913:8 December
896:References
886:Carey 2007
874:AANDC 2013
607:Bush 2013a
465:Carey 2007
421:CUPE, 2013
316:Governance
249:, and the
223:CA$ 77,000
148:Viola Wyse
80:, and the
2458:Semiahmoo
2413:Pentlatch
2392:Languages
2377:Mythology
1944:Quamichan
1923:Wynoochee
1903:Swinomish
1898:Suquamish
1883:Nisqually
1878:Skykomish
1868:Snohomish
1853:Sammamish
1843:Skokomish
1808:Penelakut
1803:Quamichan
1778:Tzeachten
1763:Soowahlie
1743:Shilshole
1718:Leq'á:mel
1713:Sts'ailes
1708:Sq'éwlets
1698:Semiahmoo
1608:Kilpahlas
1603:Khenipsen
1573:Esquimalt
1537:Sts'ailes
1527:Chawathil
862:CUPE 2013
808:SFN 2013a
700:Bush 2012
592:Bush 2013
452:Citations
68:Prior to
18:Snuneymux
2503:Quinault
2486:Southern
2468:T'sou-ke
2463:Songhees
2433:Nooksack
2428:Squamish
2423:shíshálh
1913:Quinault
1888:Puyallup
1828:Nooksack
1813:Lamalcha
1793:Tsartlip
1788:T'souk-e
1758:Skowkale
1693:Squamish
1688:shíshálh
1668:Sliammon
1648:Musqueam
1633:Kwantlen
1623:Koksilah
1613:Klahoose
1568:Duwamish
1553:Comiaken
1471:T'Sou-ke
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