1118:
with the pipe inside it, with the solder applied at the gap between the tube and the fitting. When all the parts are heated through, the solder will melt and flow into the joint by capillary action. The torch may need to be moved around the joint to ensure all areas are wetted out. However, the installer must take care to not overheat the areas being soldered. If the tube begins to discolor it means that the tube has been over-heated and is beginning to oxidize, stopping the flow of the solder and causing the soldered joint not to seal properly. Before oxidation the molten solder will follow the heat of the torch around the joint. When the joint is properly wetted out, the solder and then the heat are removed, and while the joint is still very hot, it is usually wiped with a dry rag. This removes excess solder as well as flux residue before it cools down and hardens. With a solder ring joint, the joint is heated until a ring of molten solder is visible around the edge of the fitting and allowed to cool.
513:, or a torch, or occasionally a hot-air pencil. Sheetmetal work was traditionally done with "soldering coppers" directly heated by a flame, with sufficient stored heat in the mass of the soldering copper to complete a joint; gas torches (e.g. butane or propane) or electrically heated soldering irons are more convenient. All soldered joints require the same elements of cleaning of the metal parts to be joined, fitting up the joint, heating the parts, applying flux, applying the filler, removing heat and holding the assembly still until the filler metal has completely solidified. Depending on the nature of flux material used and the application, cleaning of the joint may be required after it has cooled.
498:
load-bearing applications. It is also unsuitable for high-temperature applications as it loses strength, and eventually melts. Silver soldering, as used by jewelers, machinists and in some plumbing applications, requires the use of a torch or other high-temperature source, and is much stronger than soft soldering. Brazing provides the strongest of the non-welded joints but also requires the hottest temperatures to melt the filler metal, requiring a torch or other high temperature source and darkened goggles to protect the eyes from the bright light produced by the white-hot work. It is often used to repair cast-iron objects, wrought-iron furniture, etc.
921:
inhibited if the tip is not kept properly wetted during use. With resistance soldering an intense heat can be rapidly developed directly within the joint area and in a tightly controlled manner. This allows a faster ramp up to the required solder melt temperature and minimizes thermal travel away from the solder joint, which helps to minimize the potential for thermal damage to materials or components in the surrounding area. Heat is only produced while each joint is being made, making resistance soldering more energy efficient. Because of these advantages, resistance soldering is common in industries which solder in small spaces such as
427:
545:"Hard soldering" or "silver soldering" is used to join precious and semi-precious metals such as gold, silver, brass, and copper. The solder is usually described as easy, medium, or hard in reference to its melting temperature, not the strength of the joint. Extra-easy solder contains 56% silver and has a melting point of 618 °C (1,145 °F). Extra-hard solder has 80% silver and melts at 740 °C (1,370 °F). If multiple joints are needed, then the jeweler will start with hard or extra-hard solder and switch to lower-temperature solders for later joints.
418:) which are used for high-temperature operation or for first assembly of items which must not become unsoldered during subsequent operations. Alloying silver with other metals changes the melting point, adhesion and wetting characteristics, and tensile strength. Of all the brazing alloys, silver solders have the greatest strength and the broadest applications. Specialty alloys are available with properties such as higher strength, the ability to solder aluminum, better electrical conductivity, and higher corrosion resistance.
407:), lead-free solders are becoming more widely used. They are also suggested anywhere young children may come into contact with (since young children are likely to place things into their mouths), or for outdoor use where rain and other precipitation may wash the lead into the groundwater. Unfortunately, common lead-free solders are not eutectic formulations, melting at around 220 °C (428 °F), making it more difficult to create reliable joints with them.
1210:
1002:
977:– usually introduced as a wetting promoter. Mechanical activation, needed for active soldering, can be performed by brushing (for example with use of stainless wire brush or steel spatula) or ultrasonic vibration (20–60 kHz). Active soldering has been shown to effectively bond ceramics, aluminium, titanium, silicon, graphite and carbon nanotube based structures at temperatures lower than 450 °C or use of protective atmosphere.
1040:-fueled torch is used with atmospheric air as the oxidizer; MAPP/oxygen or acetylene/oxygen are rarely used because the flame temperature is much higher than the melting point of copper. Too much heat destroys the temper of hard-tempered copper tubing, and can burn the flux out of a joint before the solder is added, resulting in a faulty joint. For larger tubing sizes, a torch fitted with various sizes of interchangeable
1285:
1579:. Nevertheless, many new technical challenges have arisen with this endeavor. To reduce the melting point of tin-based solder alloys, various new alloys have had to be researched, with additives of copper, silver, bismuth as typical minor additives to reduce the melting point and control other properties. Additionally, tin is a more corrosive metal, and can eventually lead to the failure of solder baths.
1277:
1427:
188:
609:. The impurities can be removed by mechanical cleaning or by chemical means, but the elevated temperatures required to melt the filler metal (the solder) encourages the work piece (and the solder) to re-oxidize. This effect is accelerated as the soldering temperatures increase and can completely prevent the solder from joining to the workpiece. One of the earliest forms of flux was
892:). These copper coils can be shaped to fit the joint more precisely. A filler metal (solder) is placed between the facing surfaces, and this solder melts at a fairly low temperature. Fluxes are commonly used in induction soldering. This technique is particularly suited to continuously soldering, in which case these coils wrap around a cylinder or a pipe that needs to be soldered.
917:
heat produced in the entire circuit is concentrated in the portion with the reduced cross-sectional area. The current doing the heating is applied by electrodes or tips energized from a low (open-circuit) voltage source, typically 2-7 volts. They can be tweezer-like for general connections or specially-shaped to make contact with parts located closely together.
758:
oxy-fuel torches suitable for much larger work such as copper piping. Common multipurpose propane torches, the same kind used for heat-stripping paint and thawing pipes, can be used for soldering pipes and other fairly large objects either with or without a soldering tip attachment; pipes are generally soldered with a torch by directly applying the open flame.
986:
41:
660:
residue. No-clean flux residue is acceptable on all 3 classes of PCBs as defined by IPC-610 provided it does not inhibit visual inspection, access to test points, or have a wet, tacky or excessive residue that may spread onto other areas. Connector mating surfaces must also be free of flux residue. Fingerprints in no-clean residue are a class 3 defect
735:(PCBs) and similar fine work. A 25-watt iron will not provide enough heat for large electrical connectors, joining copper roof flashing, or large stained-glass lead came. On the other hand, a 100-watt iron may provide too much heat for PCBs. Temperature-controlled irons have a reserve of power and can maintain temperature over a wide range of work.
994:
1168:
then solder will quickly fill the opening of the fitting, trapping some flux inside the joint. This bubble of trapped flux is the void; an area inside a soldered joint where solder is unable to completely fill the fittings' cup, because flux has become sealed inside the joint, preventing solder from occupying that space.
1491:(a mixture of prealloyed solder powder and a flux-vehicle that has a peanut butter-like consistency) is used to stick the components to their attachment pads, after which the assembly is heated by an infrared lamp, a hot air pencil, or, more commonly, by passing it through a carefully controlled oven.
1444:
Used solder contains some of the dissolved base metals and is unsuitable for reuse in making new joints. Once the solder's capacity for the base metal has been reached, it will no longer properly bond with the base metal, usually resulting in a brittle cold solder joint with a crystalline appearance.
1299:
The most common defect when hand-soldering results from the parts being joined not exceeding the solder's liquidus temperature, resulting in a "cold solder" joint. This is usually the result of the soldering iron being used to heat the solder directly, rather than the parts themselves. Properly done,
1158:
When soldering pipes closely connected to valves such as in refrigeration systems it may be necessary to protect the valve from heat that could damage rubber or plastic components within, in this case a wet cloth wrapped around the valve can often sink sufficient heat through the boiling of the water
920:
Resistance soldering is unlike using a conduction iron, where heat is produced within an element and then passed through a thermally conductive tip into the joint area. A cold soldering iron requires time to reach working temperature and must be kept hot between solder joints. Thermal transfer may be
789:
forces used small pyrotechnic self-soldering joints to make connections for the remote detonation of demolition and sabotage explosives. These consisted of a small copper tube partially filled with solder and a slow-burning pyrotechnic composition wrapped around the tube. The wires to be joined would
659:
No-clean fluxes – mild enough to not "require" removal due to their non-conductive and non-corrosive residues. These fluxes are called "no-clean" because the residue left after the solder operation is non-conductive and will not cause electrical shorts; nevertheless they leave a plainly visible white
569:
alloys, are used for soldering aluminium and alloys and to a lesser extent steel and zinc. This mechanical soldering is similar to a low temperature brazing operation, in that the mechanical characteristics of the joint are reasonably good and it can be used for structural repairs of those materials.
1479:
In wave soldering, components are prepped (trimmed or modified) and installed on the PCB. Sometimes, to prevent movement they are temporarily kept in place with small dabs of adhesive or secured with a fixture, then the assembly is passed over flowing solder in a bulk container. This solder flow is
1355:
The heat sink limits the temperature of the component body by absorbing and dissipating heat, by reducing the thermal resistance between the component and the air. Meanwhile, the thermal resistance of the leads maintains the temperature difference between the part of the leads being soldered and the
377:
temperatures are the same, so there is no plastic phase, and it has the lowest possible melting point. Having the lowest possible melting point minimizes heat stress on electronic components during soldering. And, having no plastic phase allows for quicker wetting as the solder heats up, and quicker
1383:
fillet is ideal. The boundary between the solder and the workpiece in a good joint will have a low angle. This indicates good wetting and minimal use of solder, and therefore minimal heating of heat sensitive components. A joint may be good, but if a large amount of unnecessary solder is used, then
1316:
solder alloys have a small plastic range, the joint must not be moved until the solder has cooled down through both the liquidus and solidus temperatures. Dry joints often occur because the joint moves when the soldering iron is removed from the joint. They are weak mechanically and poor conductors
1236:
To simplify soldering, beginners are usually advised to apply the soldering iron and the solder separately to the joint, rather than the solder being applied directly to the iron. When sufficient solder is applied, the solder wire is removed. When the surfaces are adequately heated, the solder will
1101:
Because of the size of the parts involved, and the high activity and contaminating tendency of the flame, plumbing fluxes are typically much more chemically active, and often more acidic, than electronic fluxes. Because plumbing joints may be done at any angle, even upside down, plumbing fluxes are
932:
Resistance soldering equipment, unlike conduction irons, can be used for difficult soldering and brazing applications where significantly higher temperatures may be required. This makes resistance comparable to flame soldering in some situations, but the resistance heat is more localized because of
742:
heats a small cross-section copper tip very quickly by conducting a large AC current through it using a large cross-section one-turn transformer; the copper tip then conducts the heat to the part like other soldering irons. A soldering gun will be larger and heavier than a heating-element soldering
1117:
Since copper pipe quickly conducts heat away from a joint, great care must be taken to ensure that the joint is properly heated through to obtain a good bond. After the joint is properly cleaned, fluxed and fitted, the torch flame is applied to the thickest part of the joint, typically the fitting
1086:
Solder fittings, also known as 'capillary fittings', are usually used for copper joints. These fittings are short sections of smooth pipe designed to slide over the outside of the mating tube. Commonly used fittings include for straight connectors, reducers, bends, and tees. There are two types of
725:
in contact with the "iron" (a larger mass of metal, usually copper) which is in contact with the working tip made of copper. Usually, soldering irons can be fitted with a variety of tips, ranging from blunt, to very fine, to chisel heads for hot-cutting plastics rather than soldering. Plain copper
667:
fluxes – available in non-activated (R), mildly activated (RMA) and activated (RA) formulations. RA and RMA fluxes contain rosin combined with an activating agent, typically an acid, which increases the wettability of metals to which it is applied by removing existing oxides. The residue resulting
469:
Soft soldering is characterized by having a melting point of the filler metal below approximately 400 °C (752 °F), whereas silver soldering and brazing use higher temperatures, typically requiring a flame or carbon arc torch to achieve the melting of the filler. Soft solder filler metals
465:
The alloy of the filler metal for each type of soldering can be adjusted to modify the melting temperature of the filler. Soldering differs from gluing significantly in that the filler metals directly bond with the surfaces of the workpieces at the junction to form a bond that is both electrically
160:
The solder used in the process can vary in composition, with different alloys used for different applications. Common solder alloys include tin-lead, tin-silver, and tin-copper, among others. Lead-free solder has also become more widely used in recent years due to health and environmental concerns
1167:
In the joining of copper tube, failure to properly heat and fill a joint may lead to a 'void' being formed. This is usually a result of improper placement of the flame. If the heat of the flame is not directed at the back of the fitting cup, and the solder wire applied degrees opposite the flame,
916:
Resistance soldering is soldering in which the heat required to melt the solder is created by passing an electric current through the parts to be soldered. When electric current is conducted through any metal, heat is generated; when that current is confined to a smaller cross-sectional area, the
524:
The distinction between soldering and brazing is based on the melting temperature of the filler alloy. A temperature of 450 °C is usually used as a practical demarcation between soldering and brazing. Soft soldering can be done with a heated iron whereas the other methods typically require a
497:
Each type of solder offers advantages and disadvantages. Soft solder is so called because of the soft lead that is its primary ingredient. Soft soldering uses the lowest temperatures (and so thermally stresses components the least) but does not make a strong joint and is unsuitable for mechanical
168:
In addition to the type of solder used, the temperature and method of heating also play a crucial role in the soldering process. Different types of solder require different temperatures to melt, and heating must be carefully controlled to avoid damaging the materials being joined or creating weak
1459:
The lower melting point of solder means it can be melted away from the base metal, leaving it mostly intact, though the outer layer will be "tinned" with solder. Flux will remain which can easily be removed by abrasive or chemical processes. This tinned layer will allow solder to flow onto a new
1232:
Electronic joints are usually made between surfaces that have been tinned and rarely require mechanical cleaning, though tarnished component leads and copper traces with a dark layer of oxide passivation (due to aging), as on a new prototyping board that has been on the shelf for about a year or
552:
Another difference between brazing and soldering is how the solder is applied. In brazing, one generally uses rods that are touched to the joint while being heated. With silver soldering, small pieces of solder wire are placed onto the metal prior to heating. A flux, often made of boric acid and
532:
cannot achieve high enough temperatures for hard soldering or brazing. Brazing filler metal is stronger than silver solder, which is stronger than lead-based soft solder. Brazing solders are formulated primarily for strength, silver solder is used by jewelers to protect the precious metal and by
1406:
Some fluxes are designed to be stable and inactive when cool and do not need to be cleaned off, though they can if desired. If such fluxes are used, cleaning may merely be a matter of aesthetics or to make visual inspection of joints easier in specialised 'mission critical' applications such as
1336:
Using a tool with too high a temperature can damage sensitive components, but protracted heating by a tool that is too cool or under powered can also cause heat damage. Excessive heating of a PCB may result in delamination — the copper traces may actually lift off the substrate, particularly on
1371:
A matte gray surface is a good indicator of a joint that was moved during soldering. A dry joint has a characteristically dull or grainy appearance immediately after the joint is made. This appearance is caused by crystallization of the liquid solder. Too little solder will result in a dry and
773:
to store enough heat for soldering large areas before needing re-heating in the fire; the larger the head, the longer the working time. The copper surface of the tool must be constantly cleaned and re-tinned during use. Historically, soldering coppers were standard tools used in auto bodywork,
757:
For non-electronic applications, soldering torches use a flame rather than a soldering tip to heat solder. Soldering torches are often powered by butane and are available in sizes ranging from very small butane/oxygen units suitable for very fine but high-temperature jewelry work, to full-size
577:
defines brazing as using filler metals with melting points over 450 °C (842 °F) — or, by the traditional definition in the United States, above 800 °F (427 °C). Aluminium soldering alloys generally have melting temperatures around 730 °F (388 °C). This soldering /
1300:
the iron heats the parts to be connected, which in turn melt the solder, guaranteeing adequate heat in the joined parts for thorough wetting. If using solder wire with an embedded flux core, heating the solder first may cause the flux to evaporate before it cleans the surfaces being soldered.
493:
is dependent on the filler metal used; in electrical soldering little tensile strength comes from the added solder which is why it is advised that wires be twisted or folded together before soldering to provide some mechanical strength for a joint. A good solder joint produces an electrically
1244:
Excess solder, unconsumed flux and residue is sometimes wiped from the soldering iron tip between joints. The tip of the bit (commonly iron plated to reduce erosion) is kept wetted with solder ("tinned") when hot to assist soldering, and to minimize oxidation and corrosion of the tip itself.
685:
Different types of soldering tools are made for specific applications. The required heat can be generated from burning fuel or from an electrically operated heating element or by passing an electric current through the item to be soldered. Another method for soldering is to place solder and
1410:
Some fluxes are corrosive and flux residue must be removed after soldering. If not properly cleaned, the flux may corrode the joint or the PCB. Water, alcohol, acetone, or other solvents compatible with the flux and the parts involved are commonly used with cotton swabs or bristle brushes.
1191:
More recently, electrically heated soldering irons are used. These are heated by a coil or ceramic heating element inside the tip of the iron. Different power ratings are available, and temperature can be controlled electronically. These characteristics allow longer beads to be run without
1192:
interrupting the work to change tips. Soldering irons designed for electronic use are often effective though they are sometimes underpowered for the heavy copper and lead came used in stained glass work. Oleic acid is the classic flux material that has been used to improve solderability.
536:
Since the joint is produced using a metal with a lower melting temperature than the workpiece, the joint will weaken as the ambient temperature approaches the melting point of the filler metal. For that reason, the higher temperature processes produce joints which are effective at higher
361:
alloy with 63% tin and 37% lead (or 60/40, which is almost identical in melting point) has been the alloy of choice. Other alloys are used for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other applications. Some examples of soft-solder are tin-lead for general purposes, tin-zinc for joining
1539:
required many new electronic circuit boards to be lead-free by 1 July 2006, mostly in the consumer goods industry, but in some others as well. In Japan, lead was phased out prior to legislation by manufacturers, due to the additional expense in recycling products containing lead.
1020:
Outside the United States, "sweating" refers to the joining of flat metallic surfaces by a two step process by which solder is first applied to one surface, then this first piece is placed in position against the second surface and both are re-heated to achieve the desired joint.
834:
composition. For soldering 44-pin chip carriers to a board using soldering preforms, power levels were on the order of 10 watts and solder times approximately 1 second. Low power levels can lead to incomplete wetting and the formation of voids, both of which can weaken the joint.
1582:
Lead-free construction has also extended to components, pins, and connectors. Most of these pins used copper frames, and either lead, tin, gold or other finishes. Tin finishes are the most popular of lead-free finishes. Nevertheless, this brings up the issue of how to deal with
1375:
Cold solder joints are dull and sometimes cracked or pock-marked. If the joint has lumps or balls of otherwise shiny solder, the metal has not wetted properly. Too much solder (the familiar 'solder blob' to beginners) is not necessarily unsound, but tends to mean poor wetting.
1154:
and emery cloth are commonly used to prepare plumbing joints for connection. Bristle brushes are usually used to apply plumbing paste flux. A heavy rag is usually used to remove flux from a plumbing joint before it cools and hardens. A fiberglass brush can also be used.
961:. The active elements, owing to mechanical activation, react with the surface of the materials generally considered difficult to solder without premetallization. The active solders can be protected against excessive oxidation of their active element by addition of
548:
Silver solder is somewhat absorbed by the surrounding metal, resulting in a joint that is actually stronger than the metal being joined. The metal being joined must be perfectly flush, as silver solder cannot normally be used as a filler and will not fill gaps.
872:, even on thermally fragile substrates such as PET, cellulose, and fabrics. An entire circuit board can be processed in a few seconds. In some cases, masks are used, but it can also be performed without registration, enabling very high processing rates.
250:
components, machine tools and some refrigeration and plumbing components are often assembled and repaired by the higher temperature silver soldering process. Small mechanical parts are often soldered or brazed as well. Soldering is also used to join lead
1359:
Components which dissipate large amounts of heat during operation are sometimes elevated above the PCB to avoid PCB overheating. Plastic or metal mounting clips or holders may be used with large devices to aid heat dissipation and reduce joint stresses.
641:) flux which provides rather aggressive cleaning of the joint. These fluxes cannot be used in electronics because their residues are conductive leading to unintended electrical connections, and because they will eventually dissolve small diameter wires.
1543:
Water-soluble non-rosin-based fluxes have been increasingly used since the 1980s so that soldered boards can be cleaned with water or water-based cleaners. This eliminates hazardous solvents from the production environment, and from factory effluents.
844:
637:. It was nearly ideal in that it was non-corrosive and non-conductive at normal temperatures but became mildly reactive (corrosive) at elevated soldering temperatures. Plumbing and automotive applications, among others, typically use an acid-based (
1356:
component body. Thus, the leads become hot enough to melt the solder while the component body remains cooler. The heat sink will mean the use of more heat to complete the joint, since heat taken up by the heat sink will not heat the work pieces.
1303:
A cold-soldered joint may not conduct at all, or may conduct only intermittently. Cold-soldered joints also happen in mass production, and are a common cause of equipment which passes testing, but malfunctions after sometimes years of operation.
1407:
medical devices, military and aerospace. For satellites, this will also reduce weight, slightly but usefully. In high humidity, since even non-corrosive flux might remain slightly active, the flux may be removed to reduce corrosion over time.
533:
machinists and refrigeration technicians for its tensile strength but lower melting temperature than brazing, and the primary benefit of soft solder is the low temperature used (to prevent heat damage to electronic components and insulation).
1547:
Even without the presence of lead, soldering can release fumes that are harmful and/or toxic to humans. It is highly recommended to use a device that can remove the fumes from the work area either by ventilating outside or filtering the air.
1240:
If all metal surfaces have not been properly cleaned ("fluxed") or brought entirely above the melting temperature of the solder used, the result will be an unreliable ("cold solder") joint, even though its appearance may suggest otherwise.
1113:
piping (and also flux must be approved for drinking water applications), though traditional tin-lead solder is still available. Studies have shown that lead-soldered plumbing pipes can result in elevated levels of lead in drinking water.
378:
setup as the solder cools. A non-eutectic formulation must remain still as the temperature drops through the liquidus and solidus temperatures. Any movement during the plastic phase may result in cracks, resulting in an unreliable joint.
520:
denotes the type of solder that is used. Some soft solders are "silver-bearing" alloys used to solder silver-plated items. Lead-based solders should not be used on precious metals because the lead dissolves the metal and disfigures it.
1102:
generally formulated as pastes which stay in place better than liquids. Flux is applied to all surfaces of the joint, inside and out. Flux residues are removed after the joint is complete to prevent erosion and failure of the joint.
676:
Flux performance must be carefully evaluated for best results; a very mild 'no-clean' flux might be perfectly acceptable for production equipment, but not give adequate performance for more variable hand-soldering operations.
556:
When silver solder melts, it tends to flow towards the area of greatest heat. Jewelers can somewhat control the direction the solder moves by leading it with a torch; it will even sometimes run straight up along a seam.
1135:
Copper is only one material that is joined in this manner. Brass fittings are often used for valves or as a connection fitting between copper and other metals. Brass piping is soldered in this manner in the making of
1387:
Lead-free solder formulations may cool to a dull surface even if the joint is good. The solder looks shiny while molten, and suddenly hazes over as it solidifies even though it has not been disturbed during cooling.
730:
with pure iron to prevent that. The simplest irons do not have temperature regulation. Small irons rapidly cool when used to solder to, say, a metal chassis, while large irons have tips too cumbersome for working on
285:
Musical instruments, especially brass and woodwind instruments, use a combination of soldering and brazing in their assembly. Brass bodies are often soldered together, while keywork and braces are most often brazed.
1456:) can be used. Desoldering wicks contain plenty of flux which will remove the oxidation from the copper trace and any device leads that are present. This will leave a bright, shiny, clean junction to be resoldered.
822:
are typically 808 nm through 980 nm. The beam is delivered via an optical fiber to the workpiece, with fiber diameters 800 μm and smaller. Since the beam out of the end of the fiber diverges rapidly,
366:, lead-silver for strength at higher than room temperature, cadmium-silver for strength at high temperatures, zinc-aluminium for aluminium and corrosion resistance, and tin-silver and tin-bismuth for electronics.
1195:
Tiffany-type stained glass is made by gluing copper foil around the edges of the pieces of glass and then soldering them together. This method makes it possible to create three-dimensional stained glass pieces.
790:
be inserted into the tube and a small blob of ignition compound allowed the device to be struck like a match to ignite the pyrotechnic and heat the tube for long enough to melt the solder and make the joint.
672:
and must be cleaned. RMA flux is formulated to result in a residue which is less corrosive, so that cleaning becomes optional, though usually preferred. R flux is still less active and even less corrosive.
617:
and helps prevent oxidation during the soldering process. Some fluxes go beyond the simple prevention of oxidation and also provide some form of chemical cleaning (corrosion). Many fluxes also act as a
698:
where the part (with flux) is dipped in a small heated iron cup of liquid solder, or a pump in a bath of liquid solder produces an elevated "wave" of solder which the part is quickly passed through.
1516:
Pressure is applied through the entire process (usually 15 seconds) to ensure that components stay in place during cooling. The heating element is heated and cooled for each connection. Up to 4000
1368:
When visually inspected, a good solder joint will appear smooth, bright and shiny, with the outline of the soldered wire clearly visible. In general a good-looking soldered joint is a good joint.
864:
to solder components to a circuit board. Energy consumption is approximately 85% less than that of a reflow oven, while the throughput is higher, and the footprint is smaller. It is similar to
516:
Each solder alloy has characteristics that work best for certain applications, notably strength and conductivity, and each type of solder and alloy has different melting temperatures. The term
1778:
AWS A3.0:2001, Standard
Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, American Welding Society (2001), p. 118.
847:
851:
850:
846:
845:
587:
or MIL-SPEC specification MIL-R-4208 defines one standard for these zinc-based brazing/soldering alloys. A number of products meet this specification. or very similar performance standards.
852:
1348:, such as a crocodile clip, may be used on the leads of heat-sensitive components to reduce heat transfer to the components and avoid damaging them. This is especially applicable to
1121:
Of the three methods of connecting copper tubing, solder connections require the most skill, but soldering copper is a very reliable process, provided some basic conditions are met:
1513:
is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with a heating element (called a thermode) to a temperature sufficient to melt the solder.
1105:
Many plumbing solder formulations are available, with different characteristics, such as higher or lower melting temperature, depending on the specific requirements of the job.
888:
in a surrounding copper coil. This induces currents in the part being soldered, which generates heat because of the higher resistance of a joint versus its surrounding metal (
2309:
138:. The soldering process involves heating the surfaces to be joined and melting the solder, which is then allowed to cool and solidify, creating a strong and durable joint.
2699:
2118:
849:
179:
Soldering is an important skill for many industries and hobbies, and it requires a combination of technical knowledge and practical experience to achieve good results.
1094:
As with all solder joints, all parts to be joined must be clean and oxide free. Internal and external wire brushes are available for the common pipe and fitting sizes;
694:
and hand-held infrared lights have been used by hobbyists to replicate production soldering processes on a much smaller scale. A third method of soldering is to use a
2328:
481:
In this soldering process, heat is applied to the parts to be joined, causing the solder to melt and to bond to the workpieces in a surface alloying process called
1591:
has created a classification system to help lead-free electronic manufacturers decide what provisions to take against whiskers, depending upon their application.
2661:
1532:
404:
339:
can be soldered but it involves a process similar to joining carbides: they are first plated with a suitable metallic element that induces interfacial bonding.
414:), which are often used to join previously soldered assemblies without unsoldering earlier connections, and high-temperature formulations (usually containing
605:
is to facilitate the soldering process. One of the obstacles to a successful solder joint is an impurity at the site of the joint; for example, dirt, oil or
1396:
An improperly selected or applied flux can cause joint failure. Without flux the joint may not be clean, or may be oxidized, resulting in an unsound joint.
581:
These materials are often advertised as "aluminium welding", but the process does not involve melting the base metal, and therefore is not properly a weld.
1009:
Copper pipe, or 'tube', is commonly joined by soldering. When applied in a plumbing trade context in the United States, soldering is often referred to as
868:, in that the components to be soldered are heated while the substrate remains relatively cool. This enables the use of high-temperature solders, such as
2161:"Large area photonic flash soldering of thin chips on flex foils for flexible electronic systems: In situ temperature measurements and thermal modelling"
1098:
and wire-wool are frequently used as well, although metal wool products are discouraged, as they can contain oil, which would contaminate the joint.
1667:
1484:
so the whole PCB is not submerged in solder, but rather just touched. The result is that solder stays on pins and pads, but not on the PCB itself.
2067:
1494:
Since different components can be best assembled by different techniques, it is common to use two or more processes for a given PCB. For example,
2478:
2692:
2369:
1296:
Various problems may arise in the soldering process which lead to joints which are nonfunctional either immediately or after a period of use.
2403:
1839:
1730:
1651:
2096:
761:
A soldering copper is a tool with a large copper head and a long handle which is heated with a small direct flame and used to apply heat to
437:
There are three forms of soldering, each requiring progressively higher temperatures and producing an increasingly stronger joint strength:
176:. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on the application and the materials being joined.
2503:
2004:
848:
746:
Gas-powered irons using a catalytic tip to heat a bit, without flame, are used for portable applications. Hot-air guns and pencils allow
282:
or use of ovens can make many joints on a complex circuit board in one operation, vastly reducing production cost of electronic devices.
1188:. Multiple tips were used; when one tip cooled down from use, it was placed back in the brazier of charcoal and the next tip was used.
3012:
2577:
1941:
489:
in a process called 'wicking'. Capillary action also takes place when the workpieces are very close together or touching. The joint's
2685:
2654:
1783:
1048:, the hotter flame of acetylene, MAPP, or propylene allows more joints to be completed per hour without damage to copper tempering.
2033:
2302:
1808:
827:
are used to create a suitable spot size on the workpiece at a suitable working distance. A wire feeder is used to supply solder.
2114:
1325:
For hand soldering, the heat source tool is selected to provide adequate heat for the size of joint to be completed. A 100-watt
1083:-like tool uses heated fitted jaws that completely encircle the pipe, allowing a joint to be melted in as little as 10 seconds.
537:
temperatures. Brazed connections can be as strong or nearly as strong as the parts they connect, even at elevated temperatures.
584:
1855:
2144:
2255:"40.1: Invited Paper: Use of flash lamps to achieve non‐equilibrium soldering and assembly using conventional solder alloys"
2532:
769:
steel for soldering. Typical soldering coppers have heads weighing between one and four pounds. The head provides a large
199:
are thought to have originated very early in the history of metal-working, probably before 4000 BC. Sumerian swords from
2713:
2647:
2554:
1091:' (also known as Yorkshire fittings), in which there is a ring of solder in a small circular recess inside the fitting.
786:
426:
34:
2605:
3017:
1757:
1979:
553:
denatured alcohol, is used to keep the metal and solder clean and to prevent the solder from moving before it melts.
1960:
690:
at the locations of joints in the object to be soldered, then heat the entire object in an oven to melt the solder;
300:
The solderability of a substrate is a measure of the ease with which a soldered joint can be made to that material.
1900:
1024:
Copper tubing conducts heat away much faster than a conventional hand-held soldering iron or gun can provide, so a
233:
222:
1520:
can be used in the heating element, allowing fast soldering, good results with connections requiring high energy.
385:
based on tin and lead are listed below. The fraction represent percentage of tin first, then lead, totaling 100%:
653:
1587:. The current movement brings the electronics industry back to the problems solved in the 1960s by adding lead.
2929:
2770:
1922:
1495:
1256:
574:
1051:
However, it is possible to use an electrical tool to solder joints in copper pipe sized from 8 to 22 mm (
2208:"10‐2: Study of an Ultra‐fast Photonic Soldering Technology without Thermal Damage in Display Module Package"
2981:
2800:
2775:
2765:
1499:
1338:
1249:
645:
is an excellent water-soluble acid-type flux for copper and electronics but must be washed off afterwards.
2634:
1528:
Environmental legislation in many countries has led to a change in formulation of both solders and fluxes.
2825:
2820:
2760:
2755:
2709:
1605:
926:
711:
3022:
1330:
1218:
732:
707:
275:
195:
There is evidence that soldering was employed as early as 5,000 years ago in
Mesopotamia. Soldering and
146:
2059:
2435:
M. Burda; et al. (Aug 2015). "Soldering of carbon materials using transition metal rich alloys".
2810:
2470:
1584:
1439:
1399:
For electronic work, flux-core solder wire is generally used, but additional flux may be used from a
946:
922:
747:
431:
271:
142:
830:
Both lead-tin and silver-tin material can be soldered. Process recipes will differ depending on the
2499:
2346:
1088:
962:
885:
856:
Photonic soldering of multiple chips on a PET substrate using SAC305 solder. Total time = 1.68 sec.
374:
303:
Some metals are easier to solder than others. Copper, zinc, brass, silver and gold are easy. Iron,
2388:
2010 11th
International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging
1722:
652:
Water-soluble fluxes – higher activity fluxes which can be removed with water after soldering (no
3007:
2417:
2284:
2235:
2188:
2089:
1938:
1536:
1414:
In some applications, the PCB might also be coated in some form of protective material such as a
1460:
joint, resulting in a new joint, as well as making the new solder flow very quickly and easily.
1252:
mounted component, the excess lead is cut off, leaving a length of about the radius of the pad.
278:. Electronic connections may be hand-soldered with a soldering iron. Automated methods such as
172:
There are several methods of heating used in soldering, including soldering irons, torches, and
1996:
2956:
2951:
2886:
2780:
2729:
2452:
2409:
2399:
2361:
2276:
2227:
2180:
1835:
1779:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1572:
1449:
1400:
1209:
1137:
1001:
889:
881:
869:
860:
Photonic soldering is a relatively new process that uses broadband light from rapidly pulsing
813:
638:
602:
596:
363:
267:
2253:
Ghosh, Rudy; Akhavan, Vahid; Chou, Harry; Turkani, Vikram; Farnsworth, Stan (February 2021).
1882:, June 1974, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp 42–49; by Jakob Colbus and Karl Friedrich Zimmermann;
949:
iron or specialized solder pot and active solder that contains an active element, most often
2444:
2391:
2266:
2219:
2172:
1675:
1473:
1028:
is most commonly used to deliver the necessary power; for large tubing sizes and fittings a
490:
486:
98:
60:
54:
2574:
1333:(PCBs), while a 25-watt iron will not provide enough heat for large electrical connectors.
1071: in). For example, the Antex Pipemaster is recommended for use in tight spaces, when
228:
Soldering provides reasonably permanent but reversible connections between copper pipes in
2861:
2805:
2581:
1983:
1964:
1926:
1904:
1260:
865:
722:
703:
623:
312:
92:
2207:
706:
to keep solder from bridging the insulating gaps between the copper lines of flux-coated
403:
For environmental reasons and the introduction of regulations such as the
European RoHS (
2026:
1255:
Hand-soldering techniques require a great deal of skill for the fine-pitch soldering of
209:
Soldering was historically used to make jewelry, cookware and cooking tools, assembling
2909:
2830:
1875:
1610:
1469:
1326:
1284:
1226:
1110:
1076:
942:
727:
718:
699:
614:
529:
506:
279:
260:
256:
1800:
629:
For many years, the most common type of flux used in electronics (soft soldering) was
389:
63/37: melts at 183 °C (361 °F) (eutectic: the only mixture that melts at a
3001:
2904:
2899:
2386:
C. Peng (Sep 2010). "Die bonding of silicon and other materials with active solder".
2288:
2239:
2192:
2027:"An Investigation of the Chemistry of Citric Acid in Military Soldering Applications"
1945:
1600:
1556:
Lead free soldering requires higher soldering temperatures than lead/tin soldering.
1481:
1453:
1289:
1177:
1106:
1025:
905:
824:
751:
739:
695:
619:
510:
295:
210:
2421:
2840:
2795:
2670:
1488:
779:
770:
691:
154:
131:
2140:
1276:
2739:
2524:
1615:
1435:
1095:
775:
762:
642:
626:
of the molten solder and causing it to flow and wet the workpieces more easily.
485:. In stranded wire, the solder is drawn up into the wire between the strands by
237:
27:
2395:
2160:
2159:
van den Ende, D. A.; Hendriks, R.; Cauchois, R.; Groen, W. A. (November 2014).
1753:
1426:
1280:
An improperly soldered 'cold' joint, where the wire was not sufficiently heated
1263:(BGA) devices are notoriously difficult, if not impossible, to rework by hand.
501:
Soldering operations can be performed with hand tools, one joint at a time, or
187:
2976:
2971:
2734:
2176:
1976:
1147:
1072:
819:
304:
2558:
2413:
2365:
2280:
2231:
2184:
1476:, though hand soldering of production electronics is also still widely used.
2966:
2961:
2894:
2785:
2597:
2448:
2347:"Study of Active Soldering of Al2O3 Sputtering Targets on Copper Substrates"
1349:
1345:
1229:
tip must be clean and pre-tinned with solder to ensure rapid heat transfer.
1222:
1151:
1045:
1037:
1033:
970:
954:
861:
766:
669:
648:
Fluxes for soft solder are currently available in three basic formulations:
634:
606:
410:
Other common solders include low-temperature formulations (often containing
324:
320:
2456:
1876:
Properties of gold-nickel alloy brazed joints in high temperature materials
1225:
during soldering; it is essential for good wetting and heat transfer. The
1131:
The joint must be dry (which can be challenging when repairing water pipes)
1044:
is employed to deliver the needed heating power. In the hands of a skilled
812:
laser systems based on semiconductor junctions are used for this purpose.
1801:"Indium Corporation Global Solder Supplier Electronics Assembly Materials"
1498:
parts may be reflow soldered first, with a wave soldering process for the
1380:
1292:. The joint on the right, although unbroken, has separated from the board.
929:, and where high power is required, such as desoldering automotive parts.
2815:
2629:
2206:
Ho, Ming-jaan; Li, Yanlu; Liu, Likun; Li, Yang; Gao, Chunlan (May 2021).
1957:
1564:
1448:
It is good practice to remove solder from a joint prior to resoldering —
1313:
1181:
1141:
1128:
Any pressure which is formed by heating of the tubing must have an outlet
1029:
958:
950:
901:
610:
475:
370:
358:
336:
316:
241:
229:
173:
150:
1897:
1697:
985:
754:
devices) which cannot easily be performed with electric irons and guns.
40:
2986:
2946:
2924:
2919:
2876:
2856:
2835:
2790:
2271:
2254:
2223:
1415:
1185:
974:
908:, then focused onto a single spot at which the connection is soldered.
482:
454:
411:
332:
247:
196:
157:, as well as in the manufacture of jewelry and other decorative items.
26:"Dry joint" redirects here. For types of switch or relay contacts, see
1502:
mounted components coming next, and bulkier parts hand-soldered last.
2914:
1883:
1237:
flow around the workpieces. The iron is then removed from the joint.
1125:
The tubing and fittings must be cleaned to bare metal with no tarnish
1109:
currently almost universally require the use of lead-free solder for
1080:
966:
743:
iron of the same power rating because of the built-in transformer.
449:
415:
382:
369:
A eutectic formulation has advantages when applied to soldering: the
348:
308:
135:
20:
1919:
1468:
Currently, mass-production printed circuit boards (PCBs) are mostly
993:
782:
for mechanical connection, and non-metallic fillers for contouring.
232:
systems as well as joints in sheet metal objects such as food cans,
1087:
solder fittings: 'end feed fittings' which contain no solder, and '
726:
tips are subject to errosion/dissolution in hot solder, and may be
505:
on a production line. Hand soldering is typically performed with a
311:
are next in difficulty. Because of their thin, strong oxide films,
2866:
1588:
1425:
1283:
1275:
1208:
842:
831:
809:
805:
664:
630:
458:
442:
425:
354:
328:
186:
39:
1560:
1517:
1213:
A tube of multicore electronics solder used for manual soldering
802:
687:
566:
525:
higher temperature torch or a furnace to melt the filler metal.
471:
252:
162:
2681:
2643:
2639:
221:
Soldering is used in plumbing, electronics, and metalwork from
1557:
1418:
to protect it and exposed solder joints from the environment.
130:) is a process of joining two metal surfaces together using a
116:
75:
1403:
or dispensed from a small bottle with a syringe-like needle.
1312:
A "dry joint" occurs when the cooling solder is moved. Since
315:
and some aluminium alloys are even more difficult to solder.
1727:
933:
direct contact, whereas the flame might heat a larger area.
33:"Cold joint" redirects here. For thermocouple contacts, see
2329:"Why Resistance Soldering Instead of Conductive Soldering?"
808:
is used to melt and solder an electrical connection joint.
353:
Soldering filler materials are available in many different
149:(PCBs) and other electronic components. It is also used in
122:
107:
81:
2303:"NovaBrite RGB Full Color High Power LED Application Note"
69:
357:
for differing applications. In electronics assembly, the
119:
78:
19:
This article is about the process. For the material, see
1180:
soldering tips were copper, heated by being placed in a
16:
Process of joining metal pieces with heated filler metal
900:
Fiber focus infrared soldering is technique where many
578:
brazing operation can use a propane torch heat source.
1013:, and a tubing connection so made is referred to as a
399:
50/50: melts between 183–215 °C (361–419 °F)
396:
60/40: melts between 183–190 °C (361–374 °F)
104:
66:
1997:"Flux and epoxy products made by Indium Corporation"
113:
110:
72:
2885:
2849:
2748:
2722:
1795:
1793:
1791:
721:is widely used for hand-soldering, consisting of a
101:
63:
2598:"The Hazards of Solder Fumes - Sentry Air Systems"
1635:
1221:, proper selection and use of flux helps prevent
448:silver soldering, which uses an alloy containing
441:soft soldering, which originally used a tin-lead
2317:070927 vincenc.com.tw (mentioned as a technique)
528:Different equipment is usually required since a
2060:"Soldering Training Equipment - Tooling U-SME"
478:temperatures below 350 °C (662 °F).
2693:
2655:
2630:A short video explanation of how solder works
1217:For attachment of electronic components to a
941:Flux-less soldering with aid of conventional
405:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
8:
2555:"Unitek Eapro: Electronic Assembly Products"
1915:
1913:
1452:(or wicks) or vacuum desoldering equipment (
1893:
1891:
1233:more, may need to be mechanically cleaned.
2700:
2686:
2678:
2662:
2648:
2640:
1144:(saxophone and flute) musical instruments
965:with higher affinity to oxygen (typically
2270:
1487:Reflow soldering is a process in which a
191:Small figurine being created by soldering
2259:SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
2212:SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
1830:Rahn, Armin (1993). "1.1 Introduction".
1000:
992:
984:
785:During WW2 and for some time afterwards
565:A number of solder materials, primarily
2575:FACT AND FICTION IN LEAD FREE SOLDERING
2570:
2568:
2340:
2338:
1626:
1384:excess heating was obviously required.
622:in the soldering process, reducing the
494:conductive, water- and gas-tight join.
470:are typically alloys (often containing
633:-based, using the rosin from selected
466:conductive and gas- and liquid-tight.
2535:from the original on 10 November 2009
206:were assembled using hard soldering.
7:
2608:from the original on 25 October 2016
2390:. Vol. 61. pp. 1736–1739.
2070:from the original on 3 December 2015
2039:from the original on March 15, 2020.
225:to jewelry and musical instruments.
2049:IPC-A-610 revision E section 10.6.4
2007:from the original on 20 August 2012
1634:Brady, George; et al. (1996).
1464:Wave soldering and reflow soldering
1884:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03215037
1321:Avoiding overheating of components
816:patented laser soldering in 1980.
801:is a technique where a 30–50
561:Mechanical and aluminium soldering
145:for the manufacture and repair of
141:Soldering is commonly used in the
14:
1811:from the original on 25 June 2012
1760:from the original on 16 July 2013
1733:from the original on 23 June 2017
1524:Environmental regulation and RoHS
44:Desoldering a contact from a wire
2375:from the original on 2016-07-01.
2315:from the original on 2012-03-24.
2147:from the original on 2010-11-25.
2121:from the original on 20 May 2014
2102:from the original on 2011-07-08.
750:of component packages (such as
430:Brazing and soldering processes
97:
59:
2525:"Lead Poisoning - Ask Dr Sears"
2506:from the original on 2009-02-18
2481:from the original on 2014-05-21
2090:"Laser Solutions for Soldering"
1430:Desoldering of an SMD capacitor
585:United States Military Standard
2117:. Society of Women Engineers.
1756:. Kapp Alloy & Wire, Inc.
1329:may provide too much heat for
973:). Another common additive is
896:Fiber focus infrared soldering
778:has been mostly superseded by
266:Electronic soldering connects
1:
2477:. Smart Contractor Products.
2354:World Congress on Engineering
2331:. Stellar Technical Products.
1163:Copper tube soldering defects
200:
2165:Electronic Materials Letters
1856:"When Brazing Beats Welding"
1752:Kapp Alloy & Wire, Inc.
35:Cold junction (thermocouple)
2471:"Pipemaster Soldering Tool"
1422:Desoldering and resoldering
1364:Visual inspection of joints
668:from the use of RA flux is
161:associated with the use of
3039:
2396:10.1109/ICEPT.2010.5582418
2327:Alan Sherry (2 May 2022).
1723:"Brazing versus Soldering"
1575:lead-free solder melts at
1433:
1337:single sided PCBs without
1288:Broken solder joints on a
594:
393:, instead of over a range)
346:
293:
32:
25:
18:
3013:Electronics manufacturing
2942:
2677:
2345:M. Provazník (Jul 2012).
2177:10.1007/s13391-014-4222-3
1834:. John Wiley & Sons.
880:Induction soldering uses
213:, as well as other uses.
2771:Electrohydraulic forming
2635:Soldering 101 (Archived)
1642:. McGraw Hill. pp.
1344:While hand-soldering, a
1259:packages. In particular
904:sources are led through
575:American Welding Society
2776:Electromagnetic forming
2475:Smart Plumbing Products
2449:10.1021/acsnano.5b02176
2115:"SWE Women - Jenniches"
1832:The Basics of Soldering
1172:Stained glass soldering
2761:Casting (metalworking)
1668:"A History of Welding"
1606:Electronics technician
1431:
1331:printed circuit boards
1293:
1281:
1214:
1159:to protect the valve.
1006:
998:
990:
857:
733:printed circuit boards
712:printed circuit boards
656:required for removal).
434:
276:printed circuit boards
192:
147:printed circuit boards
45:
2982:Tools and terminology
2104:0204 www.coherent.com
1986:, accessed 2009-03-09
1967:, accessed 2009-04-03
1948:, accessed 2009-04-03
1929:, accessed 2009-04-03
1907:, accessed 2009-04-03
1429:
1287:
1279:
1212:
1200:Electronics soldering
1075:are hazardous, or by
1004:
996:
989:Soldered copper pipes
988:
855:
708:printed wiring boards
429:
422:Soldering vs. brazing
272:electronic components
190:
43:
2811:Progressive stamping
2500:"Fluxes and solders"
1480:forced to produce a
1440:Rework (electronics)
1392:Flux use and residue
1339:through hole plating
1089:solder ring fittings
947:ultrasonic soldering
912:Resistance soldering
461:alloy for the filler
432:classification chart
143:electronics industry
2887:Finishing processes
1698:"Lead Free Solders"
963:rare-earth elements
886:alternating current
876:Induction soldering
445:as the filler metal
383:solder formulations
327:, some high-carbon
3018:Laser applications
2586:www.dkmetals.co.uk
2580:2011-03-11 at the
2272:10.1002/sdtp.14457
2224:10.1002/sdtp.14624
2001:Indium Corporation
1982:2009-02-13 at the
1963:2009-02-07 at the
1925:2009-05-01 at the
1903:2009-03-05 at the
1805:Indium Corporation
1672:weldinghistory.org
1638:Materials Handbook
1537:European Community
1535:directives in the
1450:desoldering braids
1432:
1372:unreliable joint.
1294:
1282:
1257:surface-mount chip
1248:After inserting a
1215:
1007:
999:
991:
884:by high-frequency
858:
839:Photonic soldering
613:, which acts as a
435:
193:
46:
2995:
2994:
2938:
2937:
2850:Joining processes
2781:Explosive forming
2749:Forming processes
2602:www.sentryair.com
2405:978-1-4244-8140-8
2149:070927 ma-info.de
2141:"Laser Soldering"
1841:978-0-471-58471-1
1653:978-0-07-007084-4
1138:brass instruments
890:resistive heating
882:induction heating
853:
814:Suzanne Jenniches
639:hydrochloric acid
597:Flux (metallurgy)
268:electrical wiring
3030:
2717:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2679:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2594:
2588:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2557:. Archived from
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2274:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2171:(6): 1175–1183.
2156:
2150:
2148:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2064:www.toolingu.com
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1917:
1908:
1895:
1886:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:. Machine Design
1852:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1797:
1786:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1702:hybridmetals.com
1694:
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1683:
1678:on 25 April 2012
1674:. Archived from
1664:
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1570:
1567:solder melts at
1070:
1069:
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1005:Lead-free solder
937:Active soldering
854:
541:Silver soldering
491:tensile strength
487:capillary action
270:to devices, and
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2443:(8): 8099–107.
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1624:
1597:
1577:217–220 °C
1576:
1568:
1554:
1526:
1508:
1496:surface mounted
1474:reflow soldered
1466:
1442:
1434:Main articles:
1424:
1394:
1366:
1323:
1310:
1274:
1269:
1261:ball grid array
1207:
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1053:
1052:
983:
939:
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898:
878:
866:photonic curing
843:
841:
799:Laser soldering
796:
794:Laser soldering
723:heating element
704:surface tension
683:
681:Heating methods
624:surface tension
601:The purpose of
599:
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563:
543:
424:
351:
345:
313:stainless steel
298:
292:
240:and automobile
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2624:External links
2622:
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2589:
2564:
2561:on 2008-05-06.
2546:
2529:askdrsears.com
2516:
2491:
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2218:(1): 115–118.
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2032:. 1995-06-19.
2018:
1988:
1969:
1958:Aladdin 3-in-1
1950:
1944:2013-02-04 at
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1611:Solder fatigue
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1522:
1511:Hot-bar reflow
1507:
1506:Hot-bar reflow
1504:
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1462:
1454:solder suckers
1423:
1420:
1393:
1390:
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1327:soldering iron
1322:
1319:
1317:electrically.
1309:
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1273:
1270:
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1227:soldering iron
1206:
1205:Hand soldering
1203:
1201:
1198:
1176:Historically,
1173:
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1164:
1161:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1111:drinking water
1107:Building codes
1077:do-it-yourself
982:
981:Pipe soldering
979:
943:soldering iron
938:
935:
913:
910:
897:
894:
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840:
837:
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719:soldering iron
700:Wave soldering
682:
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673:
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615:reducing agent
595:Main article:
592:
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539:
530:soldering iron
507:soldering iron
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347:Main article:
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294:Main article:
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280:wave soldering
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204: 3000 BC
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768:
764:
759:
755:
753:
752:surface mount
749:
744:
741:
740:soldering gun
736:
734:
729:
724:
720:
717:The electric
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:toaster ovens
689:
680:
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671:
666:
662:
658:
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640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
620:wetting agent
616:
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604:
598:
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571:
568:
560:
558:
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550:
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531:
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519:
518:silver solder
514:
512:
511:soldering gun
508:
504:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
467:
460:
457:which uses a
456:
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428:
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306:
301:
297:
296:Solderability
290:Solderability
289:
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283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
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261:stained glass
258:
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127:
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86:
56:
50:
42:
36:
29:
22:
3023:Metalworking
2871:
2841:Tube bending
2796:Hydroforming
2671:Metalworking
2610:. Retrieved
2601:
2592:
2585:
2559:the original
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2508:. Retrieved
2494:
2483:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2387:
2381:
2357:
2353:
2322:
2297:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2109:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2045:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1972:
1953:
1934:
1879:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1850:
1831:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1671:
1662:
1637:
1629:
1585:tin whiskers
1581:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1527:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1500:through-hole
1493:
1489:solder paste
1486:
1478:
1467:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1335:
1324:
1314:non-eutectic
1311:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1254:
1250:through-hole
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1216:
1194:
1190:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1146:
1134:
1120:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1079:users. The
1050:
1041:
1036:-fueled, or
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1008:
940:
931:
919:
915:
899:
879:
859:
829:
818:
798:
797:
784:
780:spot welding
771:thermal mass
760:
756:
745:
737:
716:
684:
675:
663:Traditional
647:
628:
600:
583:
580:
572:
564:
555:
551:
547:
544:
535:
527:
523:
517:
515:
502:
500:
496:
480:
474:) that have
468:
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436:
409:
402:
390:
380:
368:
352:
302:
299:
284:
265:
246:
238:rain gutters
227:
220:
217:Applications
208:
194:
178:
174:hot air guns
171:
167:
159:
140:
132:filler metal
48:
47:
2952:Fabrication
2900:Galvanizing
2740:Sheet metal
2730:Fabrication
2714:fabrication
2265:(S1): 275.
1616:Solder mask
1569:183 °C
1436:Desoldering
1272:Cold joints
1096:emery cloth
1073:open flames
820:Wavelengths
776:body solder
763:sheet metal
643:Citric acid
257:copper foil
28:Dry contact
3002:Categories
2972:Metallurgy
2915:Patination
2735:Piece work
2510:2009-09-16
2485:2014-05-20
1939:MIL-R-4208
1862:2020-09-02
1754:"Products"
1707:2021-11-23
1622:References
1308:Dry joints
1148:Wire brush
1042:swirl tips
923:connectors
862:flashlamps
767:tin plated
696:solder pot
635:pine trees
325:cast irons
305:mild steel
3008:Soldering
2967:Machining
2962:Jewellery
2930:Polishing
2895:Anodizing
2872:Soldering
2786:Extrusion
2414:0569-5503
2366:2078-0966
2289:234069100
2281:0097-966X
2240:238032976
2232:0097-966X
2193:138511242
2185:1738-8090
1552:Lead-free
1350:germanium
1346:heat sink
1223:oxidation
1184:-burning
1152:wire wool
1140:and some
1046:tradesman
1038:propylene
1034:acetylene
1032:-fueled,
971:lanthanum
955:zirconium
927:terminals
925:and wire
774:although
670:corrosive
607:oxidation
364:aluminium
321:magnesium
242:radiators
155:metalwork
49:Soldering
2977:Smithing
2867:Riveting
2862:Crimping
2831:Spinning
2816:Punching
2801:Stamping
2606:Archived
2578:Archived
2533:Archived
2504:Archived
2479:Archived
2457:26256042
2437:ACS Nano
2422:13045321
2370:Archived
2310:Archived
2145:Archived
2119:Archived
2097:Archived
2068:Archived
2034:Archived
2005:Archived
1980:Archived
1977:HTS-2000
1961:Archived
1942:Archived
1923:Archived
1901:Archived
1898:Alumaloy
1809:Archived
1758:Archived
1731:Archived
1595:See also
1565:eutectic
1401:flux pen
1182:charcoal
1142:woodwind
1011:sweating
959:chromium
951:titanium
902:infrared
765:such as
611:charcoal
503:en masse
476:liquidus
371:liquidus
359:eutectic
337:graphite
333:ceramics
317:Titanium
230:plumbing
223:flashing
169:joints.
151:plumbing
2987:Welding
2957:Forming
2947:Casting
2925:Plating
2920:Peening
2877:Welding
2857:Brazing
2836:Swaging
2826:Sinking
2821:Rolling
2791:Forging
2766:Drawing
2756:Coining
2723:General
2710:Forming
1764:5 March
1416:lacquer
1381:concave
1352:parts.
1267:Defects
1186:brazier
1066:⁄
1056:⁄
975:gallium
483:wetting
455:brazing
412:bismuth
381:Common
375:solidus
343:Solders
248:Jewelry
197:brazing
183:Origins
134:called
2455:
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2125:20 May
1838:
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1644:768–70
1563:63/37
1081:pliers
997:Solder
967:cerium
906:fibers
870:SAC305
825:lenses
748:rework
728:plated
450:silver
416:silver
355:alloys
349:Solder
335:, and
329:steels
309:nickel
263:work.
136:solder
21:Solder
2612:2 May
2584:from
2539:2 May
2418:S2CID
2373:(PDF)
2350:(PDF)
2313:(PDF)
2306:(PDF)
2285:S2CID
2236:S2CID
2189:S2CID
2100:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2074:2 May
2037:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
2011:2 May
1878:, in
1815:2 May
1737:2 May
1682:2 May
1589:JEDEC
832:alloy
810:Diode
806:laser
702:uses
665:rosin
631:rosin
459:brass
443:alloy
391:point
2614:2018
2541:2018
2453:PMID
2410:ISSN
2400:ISBN
2362:ISSN
2277:ISSN
2228:ISSN
2181:ISSN
2127:2014
2076:2018
2013:2018
1836:ISBN
1817:2018
1780:ISBN
1766:2013
1739:2018
1684:2018
1648:ISBN
1533:RoHS
1531:The
1438:and
1030:MAPP
688:flux
654:VOCs
603:flux
591:Flux
573:The
567:zinc
472:lead
373:and
307:and
255:and
253:came
163:lead
153:and
2445:doi
2392:doi
2267:doi
2220:doi
2173:doi
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