29:
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By the 1980s, the fitness trend had reached its height in popularity and fashionistas began wearing shorts on the street. Spandex proved such a popular fiber in the garment industry that, by 1987, DuPont had trouble meeting worldwide demand. In the 1990s a variety of other items made with spandex
295:. A benefit of spandex is its significant strength and elasticity and its ability to return to the original shape after stretching and faster drying than ordinary fabrics. For clothing, spandex is usually mixed with
3327:
440:, girdle sales began to drop as they came to be associated with anti-independence and emblematic of an era that was quickly passing away. In response, DuPont marketed Lycra as the
303:, and accounts for a small percentage of the final fabric, which therefore retains most of the look and feel of the other fibers. An estimated 80% of clothing sold in the
490:
Most clothes containing spandex are difficult to recycle. Even a 5% inclusion of spandex will render the fabric incompatible with most mechanical recycling machines.
288:
present in skin sensory cells). The sensation response is affected mainly by the stretch, snug, loose, heavy, lightweight, soft, and stiff structure of the material.
3320:
1033:
Yunjie Yin; Donggang Yao; Chaoxia Wang; Youjiang Wang (2014). "Removal of spandex from nylon/spandex blended fabrics by selective polymer degradation".
219:
Unlike many other synthetic fibers, spandex cannot be melt-processed because the polymer degrades upon melting. Spandex fibers are produced by several
1565:
254:
and glycols. Spandex produced from the ester diols is more resilent photochemically and to chlorinated waters. Almost always, the diisocyanate is
291:
The elasticity and strength (stretching up to five times its length) of spandex has been incorporated into a wide range of garments, especially in
364:. Fibers suitable for replacing nylon were not created from urethanes, but instead this theme led to a family of specialized elastic fabrics.
3313:
3748:
223:
technologies. Typically, a concentrated solution of the polymer is drawn through spinnerets at temperatures where the solvent evaporates.
421:). DuPont launched an extensive publicity campaign for its Lycra brand, taking advertisements and full-page ads in top women's magazines.
671:
467:. As the decade progressed, shirts, pants, dresses, and even shoes were being made with spandex blends, and mass-market retailers like
717:
3228:
1657:
865:
807:
742:
655:
630:
600:
571:
387:
to find out what women wanted from textiles, DuPont began developing fibers to meet such needs—including a better fiber for women's
379:
market worldwide. At this time, women began to emerge as a significant group of consumers because of their need for underwear and
284:, enhancing the ease of body movements. Pressure comfort is the response towards clothing by the human body's pressure receptors (
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1101:
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437:
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321:
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3182:
700:
Wolf, Karl-Heinz; Kausch, Michael; Schröer, Hans; Schweizer, Michael (2011). "Fibers, 6. Polyurethane Fibers".
983:"Spandex – Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages"
238:
and a diisocyanate. Two classes of spandex are defined by the "macrodiols". One class of macrodiols is the
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759:
28:
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The easy condensation of diols and diisocyanates was recognized in the 1930s as the result of work by
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448:
166:
68:
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3213:
3152:
2727:
2475:
2005:
1427:
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332:
247:
220:
340:
250:). Another class of diols, the so-called ester diols, are oligomers derived from condensation of
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3526:
3274:
3172:
2767:
2636:
2513:
1960:
1805:
1624:
1050:
957:
447:
movement emerged in the 1970s. The association of Lycra with fitness had been established at the
292:
119:
2737:
1880:
433:
followed
Hepburn's aesthetic by posing in Lycra clothing for photo shoots and magazine covers.
3368:
3353:
3223:
3167:
3034:
2971:
2661:
2618:
2310:
2140:
1975:
1760:
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368:
206:
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3083:
2938:
2742:
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2250:
2055:
1835:
1825:
1810:
1705:
1643:
1042:
1009:"'China's LVMH' Shandong Ruyi resists Lycra sale in favour of IPO amid debt crisis: sources"
894:
882:
795:
790:
O'Connor, Kaori (2008), "CHAPTER ELEVEN. The Body and the Brand: How Lycra Shaped
America",
705:
451:, when the French ski team wore Lycra garments. The fiber came to be especially popular in
444:
441:
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384:
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285:
243:
64:
857:
The Really Useful
Primary Design and Technology Book: Subject Knowledge and Lesson Ideas
425:
helped catapult the brand on and off-screen during this time; models and actresses like
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83:
45:
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828:. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. August 1998. Archived from
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20:
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polyester, producing an elastic fiber that could withstand high temperatures.
375:, formed in 1952, became the most profitable division of DuPont, dominating the
251:
178:
130:
in the UK, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Latin
America, Australia, and New Zealand.
33:
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Advanced
Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st Century
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The polyurea is usually treated with various diamines, which function as
239:
76:
234:
Spandex is mainly composed of a polyurea derived from the reaction of a
3727:
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158:
138:
111:
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The exceptional elasticity of spandex fibers increases the clothing's
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1041:. Textile Research Journal, Volume 84, Issue 1, January 2014: 16–27.
399:
296:
258:. The key linking reaction is formation or the urea (aka urethane):
230:
Chemical route to polyurethane polymer used in production of spandex.
190:
87:
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27:
592:
TIME-LIFE American
Inventions: Big Ideas That Changed Modern Life
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235:
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1639:
1083:
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410:
To distinguish its brand of spandex fiber, DuPont chose the
563:
Polymer
Chemistry: Introduction to an Indispensable Science
1635:
1079:
3112:
3088:
3059:
3025:
3016:
2962:
2403:
794:, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 207–228,
137:(made by The Lycra Company, previously a division of
921:"What Came First: The Yoga Pant Or The Skinny Jean?"
3703:
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3564:
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3483:
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3341:
3237:
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3125:
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391:, which were commonly made of rubber at the time.
19:"Lycra" redirects here. For the Lycra company, see
474:In 2019, control of the Lycra Company was sold by
32:Elastic material used in the fabrics of a summer
114:of the word "expands", is the preferred name in
459:proved popular, including a successful line of
823:"Joseph c. Shivers to Receive The Olney Medal"
737:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 235, 432.
702:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3321:
1651:
1095:
525:
519:
8:
513:
507:
436:By the mid-1970s, with the emergence of the
760:"Spandex Stretches To Meet U.S. Waistlines"
531:
3480:
3328:
3314:
3306:
1677:
1658:
1644:
1636:
1387:
1123:
1102:
1088:
1080:
97:Yarn of colourless to white Spandex fibers
1007:Kane Wu, Scott Murdoch (August 6, 2020).
672:"Fillattice Stretches Its Reach Globally"
695:
693:
225:
16:Synthetic fibre known for its elasticity
854:Flynn, Elizabeth; Patel, Sarah (2016).
549:
499:
316:Stretch material used in various sports
314:
960:from the original on November 17, 2021
977:
975:
944:
942:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
758:Marisa Penaloza (December 11, 2011).
82:that was invented in 1958 by chemist
7:
1620:
614:
612:
585:
583:
555:
553:
860:. New York: Routledge. p. 86.
122:, it is referred to by variants of
881:Reisch, Marc (February 15, 1999).
14:
471:were even using it for menswear.
373:DuPont Textiles Fibers Department
1619:
1610:
1609:
461:body-shaping foundation garments
339:
320:
205:
133:Brand names for spandex include
887:Chemical & Engineering News
256:methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)
883:"What's That Stuff? – Spandex"
619:Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016).
1:
1075:Chemical and Engineering News
735:Improving Comfort in Clothing
263:ROH + OCNR' → ROC(O)NHR
139:DuPont Textiles and Interiors
3336:Clothing materials and parts
1072:"What's That Stuff: Spandex"
560:Teegarden, David M. (2004).
3749:Products introduced in 1958
3113:
3089:
3060:
3026:
3017:
2963:
2404:
566:. NSTA Press. p. 149.
438:women's liberation movement
394:In the early 1950s chemist
307:contained spandex in 2010.
126:. It is primarily known as
3820:
463:sold under the trade name
67:known for its exceptional
18:
1605:
954:The Sydney Morning Herald
899:10.1021/cen-v077n007.p070
800:10.9783/9780812206050.207
646:Kadolph, Sara J. (2010).
595:. Time-Life Books. 2016.
449:1968 Winter Olympic Games
3280:Swatches and strike-offs
3183:Vitale Barberis Canonico
1047:10.1177/0040517513487790
1035:Textile Research Journal
950:"Lycra: a brief history"
710:10.1002/14356007.o10_o02
212:Black dyed Spandex yarn.
987:Encyclopedia of Fashion
453:mid-thigh-length shorts
2321:Vinyl coated polyester
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
231:
98:
49:
3197:Manufacturingindustry
733:Song, Guowen (2011).
229:
145:(The Lycra Company),
96:
31:
3153:Holland & Sherry
486:Environmental impact
333:compression garments
167:Indorama Corporation
3255:History of textiles
835:on December 3, 2013
518:(Germany, Sweden),
417:(originally called
383:. After conducting
293:skin-tight garments
248:polytetrahydrofuran
3527:Artificial leather
3342:Garment structures
3108:Woodblock printing
2637:Conductive textile
1806:Cedar bark textile
455:worn by cyclists.
232:
185:(Fillattice), and
120:continental Europe
99:
50:
3789:Technical fabrics
3736:
3735:
3560:
3559:
3369:Detachable collar
3303:
3302:
2662:Lenticular fabric
2613:
2612:
2311:Vegetable flannel
1633:
1632:
1601:
1600:
1377:
1376:
792:Producing Fashion
396:Joseph C. Shivers
369:post-World War II
3811:
3784:Synthetic fibers
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3323:
3316:
3307:
3285:Synthetic fabric
3118:
3094:
3084:Textile printing
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2542:Machine knitting
2476:Velours du Kasaï
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286:mechanoreceptors
282:pressure comfort
264:
209:
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3809:
3808:
3739:
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3556:
3515:
3470:
3359:Clerical collar
3337:
3334:
3304:
3299:
3260:History of silk
3233:
3192:
3121:
3069:Roller printing
2941:
2928:
2774:
2763:Tartan or plaid
2691:
2627:Ballistic nylon
2609:
2561:
2518:
2495:
2412:
2371:
2365:
2231:Seerhand muslin
1669:
1664:
1634:
1629:
1597:
1490:
1457:
1409:
1400:Artificial silk
1373:
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678:. March 1, 2000
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476:Koch Industries
469:Banana Republic
408:
385:market research
377:synthetic fiber
358:
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313:
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270:chain extenders
262:
244:tetrahydrofuran
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65:synthetic fiber
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3055:Rogan printing
3052:
3050:Parchmentising
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580:
575:
573:9780873552219
569:
565:
564:
556:
554:
550:
543:
536:(Netherlands)
534:
530:(Italy), and
528:
522:
516:
510:
503:
500:
493:
491:
485:
483:
481:
480:Shandong Ruyi
477:
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305:United States
302:
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121:
117:
116:North America
113:
109:
101:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
36:comprising a
35:
30:
26:
22:
21:Shandong Ruyi
3673:Hook-and-eye
3636:Back closure
3566:Animal hides
3551:
3441:Shoulder pad
3364:Collar stays
3219:Preservation
3126:Fabric mills
3103:Waxed cotton
2913:
2708:Bizarre silk
2671:
2466:Polar fleece
2201:Saga Nishiki
2196:Russell cord
2001:Harris tweed
1746:Brilliantine
1726:Bedford cord
1692:(Medriñaque)
1572:
1561:Polyethylene
1074:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
992:December 11,
990:. Retrieved
986:
964:December 11,
962:. Retrieved
953:
931:December 11,
929:. Retrieved
927:. Vice Media
924:
914:
902:. Retrieved
890:
886:
876:
856:
849:
839:November 26,
837:. Retrieved
830:the original
817:
791:
764:. Retrieved
753:
734:
728:
701:
682:December 22,
680:. Retrieved
675:
666:
647:
641:
621:
591:
562:
502:
489:
473:
465:Bodyslimmers
464:
457:
435:
427:Joan Collins
418:
414:
409:
393:
366:
359:
350:in a uniform
329:road cyclist
290:
281:
279:
267:
233:
218:
186:
182:
174:
170:
162:
154:
146:
142:
134:
132:
127:
123:
107:
105:
60:
56:
52:
51:
25:
3229:Terminology
3214:Performance
3062:Rōketsuzome
3007:Heatsetting
2982:Calendering
2972:Bògòlanfini
2919:Spider silk
2733:Houndstooth
2728:Herringbone
2687:Windstopper
2532:Boiled wool
2051:Kente cloth
2041:Khaki drill
2021:Irish linen
2006:Herringbone
1871:Cotton duck
1831:Cheesecloth
1690:Abacá cloth
1392:Regenerated
1336:Spider silk
904:December 6,
766:January 17,
650:. Pearson.
431:Ann-Margret
406:Lycra brand
252:adipic acid
179:Asahi Kasei
3799:Polyethers
3779:Elastomers
3774:Copolymers
3743:Categories
3656:Buttonhole
3163:Loro Piana
3158:Larusmiani
3091:Tsutsugaki
3079:Tenterhook
2987:Decatising
2864:Microfiber
2768:Tattersall
2748:Pinstripes
2723:Glen plaid
2647:E-textiles
2514:Cedar bark
2471:Terrycloth
2418:Pile woven
2306:Ultrasuede
2236:Seersucker
2161:Perpetuana
2086:Madapollam
2031:Kerseymere
1816:Char cloth
1771:Byrd Cloth
1751:Broadcloth
1736:Beta cloth
1541:Modacrylic
1536:Microfiber
1453:Triacetate
1405:Milk fiber
1271:Camel hair
1203:Lotus silk
925:Refinery29
544:References
512:(France),
509:élasthanne
506:Including
412:trade name
362:Otto Bayer
197:Production
71:. It is a
69:elasticity
42:bib shorts
3723:Waistline
3641:Belt hook
3628:Fasteners
3542:Polyester
3520:Synthetic
3461:Waistband
3275:Shrinkage
3224:Recycling
3148:E. Thomas
2997:Finishing
2935:Finishing
2879:Polyester
2829:Eisengarn
2753:Polka dot
2619:Technical
2547:Milliskin
2486:Velveteen
2441:Crimplene
2256:Shot silk
2181:Rayadillo
2176:Rakematiz
2076:Longcloth
1996:Haircloth
1986:Grosgrain
1976:Grenadine
1966:Ghalamkar
1961:Georgette
1946:Gabardine
1821:Charmeuse
1741:Bombazine
1731:Bengaline
1716:Barkcloth
1556:Polyester
1428:Diacetate
1383:Synthetic
1286:Chiengora
1018:April 10,
625:. Wiley.
524:(Spain),
398:modified
301:polyester
175:Dorlastan
106:The name
80:copolymer
73:polyether
3718:Bustline
3713:Neckline
3618:Stingray
3593:Kangaroo
3476:Textiles
3265:Knitting
3168:Piacenza
3143:Dormeuil
3028:Katazome
3012:Indienne
2958:Beetling
2948:Androsia
2939:printing
2899:Sea silk
2874:Pashmina
2814:Cashmere
2758:Shweshwe
2696:Patterns
2682:SympaTex
2677:Stub-tex
2667:Silnylon
2657:Gore-Tex
2575:Bobbinet
2501:Nonwoven
2491:Zibeline
2456:Moquette
2436:Corduroy
2431:Chenille
2370:Figured
2351:Whipcord
2151:Paduasoy
2136:Osnaburg
2106:Nainsook
2096:Moleskin
2081:Mackinaw
1926:Eolienne
1886:Cretonne
1866:Corduroy
1801:Capilene
1796:Chambray
1776:C change
1711:Barathea
1701:Armazine
1615:Category
1524:Technora
1486:Metallic
1369:Asbestos
1311:Pashmina
1276:Cashmere
1055:43014321
958:Archived
648:Textiles
533:elastaan
521:elastano
331:wearing
276:Function
240:oligomer
221:spinning
124:elastane
77:polyurea
61:elastane
3728:Hemline
3598:Ostrich
3570:leather
3552:Spandex
3532:Elastic
3484:Natural
3416:Placket
3349:Armscye
3290:Weaving
3238:Related
3138:Cerruti
3002:Fulling
2977:Burnout
2965:Bingata
2914:Spandex
2794:Acrylic
2743:Paisley
2672:Spandex
2642:Darlexx
2632:Ban-Lon
2537:Coolmax
2524:Knitted
2451:Mockado
2446:Fustian
2399:Songket
2379:Brocade
2361:Zorbeez
2326:Viyella
2316:Ventile
2281:Ticking
2266:Taffeta
2226:Scarlet
2191:Ripstop
2156:Percale
2141:Ottoman
2131:Organza
2126:Organdy
2121:Oilskin
2111:Nankeen
2026:Jamdani
1991:Habutai
1971:Gingham
1941:Fustian
1936:Foulard
1931:Flannel
1921:Drugget
1861:Cordura
1836:Chiffon
1826:Charvet
1811:Challis
1786:Cambric
1761:Bunting
1756:Buckram
1721:Batiste
1625:Commons
1583:Vinylon
1578:Vectran
1573:Spandex
1504:Acrylic
1496:Polymer
1463:Mineral
1443:Piñatex
1433:Lyocell
1423:Acetate
1361:Mineral
1291:Guanaco
1141:Bagasse
1119:Natural
1013:Reuters
527:elastam
515:Elastan
445:fitness
442:aerobic
419:Fiber K
389:girdles
381:hosiery
367:In the
356:History
348:hurdler
311:Gallery
159:Hyosung
147:Acepora
143:Elaspan
112:anagram
108:spandex
53:Spandex
3695:Zipper
3683:Velcro
3651:Button
3646:Buckle
3491:Cotton
3451:Sleeve
3436:Ruffle
3431:Revers
3426:Pocket
3411:Lining
3386:Facing
3354:Collar
3245:Dyeing
3204:Design
3178:Scabal
3019:Kasuri
2992:Devoré
2869:Olefin
2854:Mohair
2844:Kevlar
2824:Cotton
2804:Angora
2799:Alpaca
2738:Kelsch
2703:Argyle
2652:Gannex
2567:Netted
2557:Velour
2552:Jersey
2481:Velvet
2394:Lampas
2389:Damask
2384:Camlet
2356:Zephyr
2341:Waffle
2336:Wadmal
2291:Tucuyo
2276:Tartan
2241:Sendal
2211:Sateen
2206:Samite
2171:Poplin
2166:Pongee
2146:Oxford
2101:Muslin
2091:Madras
2016:Hodden
2011:Himroo
1911:Dowlas
1906:Dornix
1896:Dimity
1876:Coutil
1851:Cloqué
1846:Chintz
1791:Canvas
1781:Calico
1766:Burlap
1696:Aertex
1667:Fabric
1588:Vinyon
1566:UHMWPE
1551:Olefin
1519:Kevlar
1514:Twaron
1509:Aramid
1481:Basalt
1476:Carbon
1346:Vicuña
1331:Tendon
1321:Rabbit
1316:Qiviut
1306:Mohair
1281:Catgut
1266:Byssus
1261:Angora
1256:Alpaca
1248:Animal
1228:Rattan
1218:Raffia
1161:Cotton
1146:Bamboo
1111:Fibers
1053:
864:
806:
741:
716:
654:
629:
599:
570:
400:Dacron
297:cotton
246:(i.e.
191:Toyobo
163:INVIYA
155:Creora
88:DuPont
46:gloves
38:jersey
3705:Seams
3666:Shank
3613:Snake
3608:Sheep
3547:Rayon
3537:Nylon
3501:Linen
3456:Train
3446:Strap
3421:Pleat
3396:Lapel
3270:Pandy
3250:Fiber
3188:Zegna
3115:Yūzen
3040:Moire
2953:Batik
2909:Sisal
2894:Rayon
2889:Ramie
2859:Nylon
2849:Linen
2809:Bashō
2788:Abacá
2718:Chiné
2713:Check
2605:Tulle
2600:Ninon
2461:Plush
2426:Baize
2406:Rinzu
2372:woven
2346:Wigan
2331:Voile
2301:Twill
2296:Tweed
2286:Toile
2261:Stuff
2251:Scrim
2246:Serge
2216:Satin
2116:Ninon
2071:Loden
2036:Khādī
1956:Gazar
1951:Gauze
1916:Drill
1891:Denim
1881:Crêpe
1841:Chino
1682:Woven
1674:Types
1593:Zylon
1546:Nylon
1529:Nomex
1471:Glass
1448:Rayon
1438:Modal
1301:Llama
1233:Sisal
1223:Ramie
1198:Kenaf
1193:Kapok
1176:Linen
1166:Fique
1151:Bashō
1136:Abacá
1128:Plant
1051:S2CID
893:(7).
833:(PDF)
826:(PDF)
762:. NPR
494:Notes
415:Lycra
371:era,
183:Linel
171:ROICA
135:Lycra
128:Lycra
118:. In
63:is a
59:, or
57:Lycra
3690:Snap
3661:Frog
3603:Seal
3588:Goat
3583:Deer
3578:Calf
3511:Wool
3506:Silk
3466:Yoke
3401:Gore
3381:Dart
3376:Cuff
3295:Yarn
3173:Reda
2924:Wool
2904:Silk
2884:Piña
2839:Jute
2834:Hemp
2819:Coir
2590:Mesh
2585:Lace
2509:Felt
2271:Tais
2221:Saye
2061:Lawn
2056:Lamé
1341:Wool
1326:Silk
1296:Hair
1238:Wood
1213:Pine
1208:Piña
1188:Jute
1183:Hemp
1171:Flax
1156:Coir
1020:2024
994:2018
966:2018
933:2018
906:2018
862:ISBN
841:2018
804:ISBN
768:2012
739:ISBN
714:ISBN
684:2021
652:ISBN
627:ISBN
597:ISBN
568:ISBN
429:and
236:diol
187:ESPA
173:and
102:Name
44:and
3496:Fur
3406:Hem
3391:Fly
3045:Nap
2937:and
2186:Rep
1351:Yak
1043:doi
895:doi
796:doi
706:doi
478:to
299:or
193:).
181:),
169:),
161:),
153:),
141:),
86:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
