Spreadsheet - Knowledge (XXG)

1870:, or any variable, was an object in itself, not a collection of cells that happen to appear in a row or column. Variables could have many attributes, including complete awareness of their connections to all other variables, data references, and text and image notes. Calculations were performed on these objects, as opposed to a range of cells, so adding two-time series automatically aligns them in calendar time, or in a user-defined time frame. Data were independent of worksheets—variables, and therefore data, could not be destroyed by deleting a row, column, or entire worksheet. For instance, January's costs are subtracted from January's revenues, regardless of where or whether either appears in a worksheet. This permits actions later used in 31: 461:. While the patent was initially rejected by the patent office as being a purely mathematical invention, following 12 years of appeals, Pardo and Landau won a landmark court case at the Predecessor Court of the Federal Circuit (CCPA), overturning the Patent Office in 1983 — establishing that "something does not cease to become patentable merely because the point of novelty is in an algorithm." However, in 1995 a federal district court ruled the patent unenforceable due to inequitable conduct by the inventors during the application process. The 505:. A. Leroy Ellison, Harry N. Cantrell, and Russell E. Edwards found themselves doing a large number of calculations when making tables for the business plans that they were presenting to venture capitalists. They decided to save themselves a lot of effort and wrote a computer program that produced their tables for them. This program, originally conceived as a simple utility for their personal use, would turn out to be the first software product offered by the company that would become known as 1397:

on each sheet can be used if it is distinguished by adding the sheet name. One reason for this usage is for creating or running macros that repeat a command across many sheets. Another reason is that formulas with named variables are readily checked against the algebra they are intended to implement (they resemble Fortran expressions). The use of named variables and named functions also makes the spreadsheet structure more transparent.

1874:, except that flexible manipulation of report tables, was but one of many capabilities supported by variables. Moreover, if costs were entered by week and revenues by month, the program could allocate or interpolate as appropriate. This object design enabled variables and whole models to reference each other with user-defined variable names and to perform multidimensional analysis and massive, but easily editable consolidations. 1095:, called a sheet, with either raw data, called values, or formulas in the cells. Formulas say how to mechanically compute new values from existing values. Values are general numbers, but can also be pure text, dates, months, etc. Extensions of these concepts include logical spreadsheets. Various tools for programming sheets, visualizing data, remotely connecting sheets, displaying cells' dependencies, etc. are commonly provided. 4704: 2051:(CSV) files and Microsoft Access databases). One study in early 2011 of nearly 1,500 people in the UK found that 57% of spreadsheet users have never received formal training on the spreadsheet package they use. 72% said that no internal department checks their spreadsheets for accuracy. Only 13% said that Internal Audit reviews their spreadsheets, while a mere 1% receive checks from their risk department. 2160:

array of cells, an almost identical formula (but residing in its own "output" cell) must be repeated for each row of the "input" array. This differs from a "formula" in a conventional computer program, which typically makes one calculation that it applies to all the input in turn. With current spreadsheets, this forced repetition of near-identical formulas can have detrimental consequences from a

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with $ in front of the part concerned of the cell reference). The alternative "R1C1" reference style consists of the letter R, the row number, the letter C, and the column number; relative row or column numbers are indicated by enclosing the number in square brackets. Most current spreadsheets use the A1 style, some providing the R1C1 style as a compatibility option.

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should not have to depend on programmers to program and modify budgeting forms, and he thought of letting users type out forms in any order and having an electronic computer calculate results in the right order ("Forward Referencing/Natural Order Calculation"). Pardo and Landau developed and implemented the software in 1969.

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In the earliest spreadsheets, cells were a simple two-dimensional grid. Over time, the model has expanded to include a third dimension, and in some cases a series of named grids, called sheets. The most advanced examples allow inversion and rotation operations which can slice and project the data set

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Likewise, instead of using a named range of cells, a range reference can be used. Reference to a range of cells is typical of the form (A1:A6), which specifies all the cells in the range A1 through to A6. A formula such as "=SUM(A1:A6)" would add all the cells specified and put the result in the cell

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In place of a named cell, an alternative approach is to use a cell (or grid) reference. Most cell references indicate another cell in the same spreadsheet, but a cell reference can also refer to a cell in a different sheet within the same spreadsheet, or (depending on the implementation) to a cell in

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In most implementations, a cell, or group of cells in a column or row, can be "named" enabling the user to refer to those cells by a name rather than by a grid reference. Names must be unique within the spreadsheet, but when using multiple sheets in a spreadsheet file, an identically named cell range

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GE Information Services, which operated the time-sharing service, also launched its own spreadsheet system, Financial Analysis Language (FAL), circa 1974. It was later supplemented by an additional spreadsheet language, TABOL, which was developed by an independent author, Oliver Vellacott in the UK.

2138:. This makes it difficult to determine who changed what and when. This can cause problems with regulatory compliance. Lack of revision control greatly increases the risk of errors due to the inability to track, isolate and test changes made to a document. Modern spreadsheets include revision control. 2011:

are spreadsheet cells, and the edges are references to other cells specified in formulas. This is often called the dependency graph of the spreadsheet. References between cells can take advantage of spatial concepts such as relative position and absolute position, as well as named locations, to make

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tool. EUD denotes activities or techniques in which people who are not professional developers create automated behavior and complex data objects without significant knowledge of a programming language. Many people find it easier to perform calculations in spreadsheets than by writing the equivalent

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Whenever a reference is made to a cell or group of cells that are not located within the current physical spreadsheet file, it is considered as accessing a "remote" spreadsheet. The contents of the referenced cell may be accessed either on the first reference with a manual update or more recently in

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on September 30, 1985, and then ported it to Windows, with the first version being numbered 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) and released in November 1987. Microsoft's Windows 3.x platforms of the early 1990s made it possible for their Excel spreadsheet application to take market

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The actual software was called LANPAR — LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random. This was conceived and entirely developed in the summer of 1969, following Pardo and Landau's recent graduation from Harvard University. Co-inventor Rene Pardo recalls that he felt that one manager at Bell Canada

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file format which is the default file format used in versions prior to 2007 had a capacity limit of 65,536 rows by 256 columns (2 and 2 respectively). This presents a problem for people using larger datasets, and can result in data loss. In spite of the time passed, a recent example is the loss of

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Specifically, spreadsheets typically contain many copies of the same formula. When the formula is modified, the user has to change every cell containing that formula. In contrast, most computer languages allow a formula to appear only once in the code and achieve repetition using loops: making them

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The practical expressiveness of spreadsheets can be limited unless their modern features are used. Several factors contribute to this limitation. Implementing a complex model on a cell-at-a-time basis requires tedious attention to detail. Authors have difficulty remembering the meanings of hundreds

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They are forgiving, allowing partial results and functions to work. One or more parts of a program can work correctly, even if other parts are unfinished or broken. This makes writing and debugging programs easier, and faster. Sequential programming usually needs every program line and character to

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The available options for valid formulas depend on the particular spreadsheet implementation but, in general, most arithmetic operations and quite complex nested conditional operations can be performed by most of today's commercial spreadsheets. Modern implementations also offer functions to access

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to summarize a spreadsheet's operation: a cell's value relies solely on the formula the user has typed into the cell. The formula may rely on the value of other cells, but those cells are likewise restricted to user-entered data or formulas. There are no 'side effects' to calculating a formula: the

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These drawbacks are mitigated by the use of named variables for cell designations, and employing variables in formulas rather than cell locations and cell-by-cell manipulations. Graphs can be used to show instantly how results are changed by changes in parameter values. The spreadsheet can be made

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When a cell contains a formula, it often contains references to other cells. Such a cell reference is a type of variable. Its value is the value of the referenced cell or some derivation of it. If that cell in turn references other cells, the value depends on the values of those. References can be

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and treating the two pages as one large page. The compound word 'spread-sheet' came to mean the format used to present book-keeping ledgers—with columns for categories of expenditures across the top, invoices listed down the left margin, and the amount of each payment in the cell where its row and

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The results of a formula (example "=A1*B1") applies only to a single cell (that is, the cell the formula is located in—in this case perhaps C1), even though it can "extract" data from many other cells, and even real-time dates and actual times. This means that to cause a similar calculation on an

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needed to place the result in the cell it is contained within. A cell containing a formula, therefore, has two display components; the formula itself and the resulting value. The formula is normally only shown when the cell is selected by "clicking" the mouse over a particular cell; otherwise, it

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Some spreadsheet implementations in Excel allow cell references to another spreadsheet (not the currently open and active file) on the same computer or a local network. It may also refer to a cell in another open and active spreadsheet on the same computer or network that is defined as shareable.

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in "A1" style consists of one or two case-insensitive letters to identify the column (if there are up to 256 columns: A–Z and AA–IV) followed by a row number (e.g., in the range 1–65536). Either part can be relative (it changes when the formula it is in is moved or copied), or absolute (indicated

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management system. Programs within a suite use similar commands for similar functions. Usually, sharing data between the components is easier than with a non-integrated collection of functionally equivalent programs. This was particularly an advantage at a time when many personal computer systems

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arranged into rows and columns and referred to by the X and Y locations. X locations, the columns, are normally represented by letters, "A," "B," "C," etc., while rows are normally represented by numbers, 1, 2, 3, etc. A single cell can be referred to by addressing its row and column, "C10". This

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the expenditures of these institutions are carefully audited by an accounting staff at the Department. A spread sheet showing every item of expenditure is prepared each month so that the superintendent is kept posted, not only on the amounts expended, but is able to see at a glance what the same

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Adding or removing a dimension is so difficult, one generally has to start over. The spreadsheet as a paradigm forces one to decide on dimensionality right of the beginning of one's spreadsheet creation, even though it is often most natural to make these choices after one's spreadsheet model has

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The alteration of a dimension demands major surgery. When rows (or columns) are added to or deleted from a table, one has to adjust the size of many downstream tables that depend on the table being changed. In the process, it is often necessary to move other cells around to make room for the new

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occurs when the formula in one cell refers—directly, or indirectly through a chain of cell references—to another cell that refers back to the first cell. Many common errors cause circular references. However, some valid techniques use circular references. These techniques, after many spreadsheet

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LANPAR was used by Bell Canada, AT&T, and the 18 operating telephone companies nationwide for their local and national budgeting operations. LANPAR was also used by General Motors. Its uniqueness was Pardo's co-invention incorporating forward referencing/natural order calculation (one of the

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Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets and can

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Once entered, selected cells (or the entire spreadsheet) can optionally be "locked" to prevent accidental overwriting. Typically this would apply to cells containing formulas but might apply to cells containing "constants" such as a kilogram/pounds conversion factor (2.20462262 to eight decimal

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A standard of spreadsheets since the 1980s, this optional feature eliminates the need to manually request the spreadsheet program to recalculate values (nowadays typically the default option unless specifically 'switched off' for large spreadsheets, usually to improve performance). Some earlier

659:. When the professor found an error, he had to tediously erase and rewrite several sequential entries in the table, triggering Bricklin to think that he could replicate the process on a computer, using the blackboard as the model to view results of underlying formulas. His idea became VisiCalc. 1841:) to be generated from specified groups of cells that are dynamically re-built as cell contents change. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object. To create an Excel histogram, a formula based on the REPT function can be used. 1862:

in various self-documenting ways, including simultaneous multiple synchronized views. For example, users of Javelin could move through the connections between variables on a diagram while seeing the logical roots and branches of each variable. This is an example of what is perhaps its primary

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Similarly, formulas expressed in terms of cell addresses are hard to keep straight and hard to audit. Research shows that spreadsheet auditors who check numerical results and cell formulas find no more errors than auditors who only check numerical results. That is another reason to use named

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only output is to display the calculated result inside its occupying cell. There is no natural mechanism for permanently modifying the contents of a cell unless the user manually modifies the cell's contents. In the context of programming languages, this yields a limited form of first-order

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In a spreadsheet, references to cells automatically update when new rows or columns are inserted or deleted. Care must be taken, however, when adding a row immediately before a set of column totals to ensure that the totals reflect the values of the additional rows—which they often do not.

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A value can be entered from the computer keyboard by directly typing into the cell itself. Alternatively, a value can be based on a formula (see below), which might perform a calculation, display the current date or time, or retrieve external data such as a stock quote or a database value.

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Spreadsheets usually attempt to automatically update cells when the cells depend on change. The earliest spreadsheets used simple tactics like evaluating cells in a particular order, but modern spreadsheets calculate following a minimal recomputation order from the dependency graph. Later

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ExecuCalc, from Parallax Systems, Inc.: Released in late 1982, ExecuCalc was the first mainframe "visi-clone" which duplicated the features of VisiCalc on IBM mainframes with 3270 display terminals. Over 150 copies were licensed (35 to Fortune 500 companies). DP managers were attracted to

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This feature refers to updating a cell's contents periodically with a value from an external source—such as a cell in a "remote" spreadsheet. For shared, Web-based spreadsheets, it applies to "immediately" updating cells another user has updated. All dependent cells must be updated also.

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column intersect—which were, traditionally, a "spread" across facing pages of a bound ledger (book for keeping accounting records) or on oversized sheets of paper (termed 'analysis paper') ruled into rows and columns in that format and approximately twice as wide as ordinary paper.

485:. Without forward referencing/natural order calculation, the user had to refresh the spreadsheet until the values in all cells remained unchanged. Once the cell values stayed constant, the user was assured that there were no remaining forward references within the spreadsheet. 251:

The ability to chain formulas together is what gives a spreadsheet its power. Many problems can be broken down into a series of individual mathematical steps, and these can be assigned to individual formulas in cells. Some of these formulas can apply to ranges as well, like the

184:, a group of cells, normally contiguous. For instance, one can refer to the first ten cells in the first column with the range "A1:A10". LANPAR innovated forward referencing/natural order calculation which didn't re-appear until Lotus 123 and Microsoft's MultiPlan Version 2. 1676:=IF(AND(A1<>"",B1<>""),IF(B1<>0,A1/B1,"Division by zero"),"") means that if cells A1 and B1 are not empty, and B1 is not zero, then divide A1 by B1, if B1 is zero, then display "Division by zero", and do not display anything if either A1 and B1 are empty. 2016:

spreadsheets also include a limited ability to propagate values in reverse, altering source values so that a particular answer is reached in a certain cell. Since spreadsheet cell formulas are not generally invertible, though, this technique is of somewhat limited value.

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in the supplied Visual Basic editor, and such functions are automatically accessible on the worksheet. Also, programs can be written that pull information from the worksheet, perform some calculations, and report the results back to the worksheet. In the figure, the name

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of either the content (point size, color, bold or italic) or the cell (border thickness, background shading, color). To aid the readability of a spreadsheet, cell formatting may be conditionally applied to data; for example, a negative number may be displayed in red.

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A cell or range can optionally be defined to specify how the value is displayed. The default display format is usually set by its initial content if not specifically previously set, so that for example "31/12/2007" or "31 Dec 2007" would default to the cell format of

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Some say that half of all IBM PCs, in their hundreds of thousands, are running just 1-2-3. Numbers— clever, quick, knowledgeable— boiling the stupidity out of countless business decisions. Interesting how essential the quickness is. It's 1-2-3's speed that put it on

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spreadsheet program, it was a simple scripting language for spreadsheets. The user defined the names and labels for the rows and columns, then the formulas that defined each row or column. In 1975, Autotab-II was advertised as extending the original to a maximum of

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electronic concept of cell references was first introduced in LANPAR (Language for Programming Arrays at Random) (co-invented by Rene Pardo and Remy Landau) and a variant used in VisiCalc and known as "A1 notation". Additionally, spreadsheets have the concept of a

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was a spreadsheet application published by Sorcim in 1980, and originally bundled (along with WordStar) as part of the CP/M software package included with the Osborne 1 portable computer. It quickly became the de facto standard spreadsheet for CP/M.

199:. A workbook is physically represented by a file containing all the data for the book, the sheets, and the cells with the sheets. Worksheets are normally represented by tabs that flip between pages, each one containing one of the sheets, although 1208:). In most implementations, many worksheets may be located within a single spreadsheet. A worksheet is simply a subset of the spreadsheet divided for the sake of clarity. Functionally, the spreadsheet operates as a whole and all cells operate as 597:

on an IBM 360/91, running at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD. The application was used successfully for many years in developing such applications as financial and costing models for the US Congress and for

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The key feature of spreadsheets is the ability for a formula to refer to the contents of other cells, which may, in turn, be the result of a formula. To make such a formula, one replaces a number with a cell reference. For instance, the formula

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drawn from the legacy batch system into each user's spreadsheet monthly. It was designed to optimize the power of APL through object kernels, increasing program efficiency by as much as 50 fold over traditional programming approaches.

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Spreadsheet risk is the risk associated with deriving a materially incorrect value from a spreadsheet application that will be utilized in making a related (usually numerically based) decision. Examples include the valuation of an

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Users interact with sheets primarily through the cells. A given cell can hold data by simply entering it in, or a formula, which is normally created by preceding the text with an equals sign. Data might include the string of text

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Despite the high error risks often associated with spreadsheet authorship and use, specific steps can be taken to significantly enhance control and reliability by structurally reducing the likelihood of error occurrence at their

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Research by ClusterSeven has shown huge discrepancies in the way financial institutions and corporate entities understand, manage and police their often vast estates of spreadsheets and unstructured financial data (including

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as new versions were released. Users could specify simple mathematical relationships between rows and between columns. Compared to any contemporary alternatives, it could support very large spreadsheets. It loaded actual

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to mean a grid of columns and rows in a ledger. And prior to the rise of computerized spreadsheets, "spread" referred to a newspaper or magazine item (text or graphics) that covers two facing pages, extending across the

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contribution of the earlier Javelin—the concept of traceability of a user's logic or model structure through its twelve views. A complex model can be dissected and understood by others who had no role in its creation.

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using the letters A-Z as numerals. Its physical size can usually be tailored to its content by dragging its height or width at box intersections (or for entire columns or rows by dragging the column- or row-headers).

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When the computer calculates a formula in one cell to update the displayed value of that cell, cell reference(s) in that cell, naming some other cell(s), causes the computer to fetch the value of the named cell(s).

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interactive user interface, automatic recalculation, status and formula lines, range copying with relative and absolute references, and formula building by selecting referenced cells. Unaware of LANPAR at the time,

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be correct for a program to run. One error usually stops the whole program and prevents any result. Though this user-friendliness is benefit of spreadsheet development, it often comes with increased risk of errors.

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is a graph that has a vertex for each object to be updated, and an edge connecting two objects whenever one of them needs to be updated earlier than the other. Dependency graphs without circular dependencies form

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can be applied to tabular data with a pre-programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on

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changes this model significantly. Cells in a multi-sheet book add the sheet name to their reference, for instance, "Sheet 1!C10". Some systems extend this syntax to allow cell references to different workbooks.

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While there are built-in and third-party tools for desktop spreadsheet applications that address some of these shortcomings, awareness, and use of these is generally low. A good example of this is that 55% of

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appeared. Unlike models in a conventional spreadsheet, they utilized models built on objects called variables, not on data in cells of a report. These multi-dimensional spreadsheets enabled viewing data and

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Trying to manage the sheer volume of spreadsheets that may exist in an organization without proper security, audit trails, the unintentional introduction of errors, and other items listed above can become

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invisible except for a transparent user interface that requests pertinent input from the user, displays results requested by the user, creates reports, and has built-in error traps to prompt correct input.

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Animation of a simple spreadsheet that multiplies values in the left column by 2, then sums the calculated values from the right column to the bottom-most cell. In this example, only the values in the

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A cell's formatting does not typically affect its content and depending on how cells are referenced or copied to other worksheets or applications, the formatting may not be carried with the content.

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was launched, notable in that the web based spreadsheet could be hosted and integrated into any environment without dependency on a 3rd party for authentication or maintenance. Collabora Online runs

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spreadsheets required a manual request to recalculate since the recalculation of large or complex spreadsheets often reduced data entry speed. Many modern spreadsheets still retain this option.

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and senior managers at firms reporting annual revenues over £50m said there were either no usage controls at all or poorly applied manual processes over the use of spreadsheets at the firms.

2208:). Some single-instance errors have exceeded US$ 1 billion. Because spreadsheet risk is principally linked to the actions (or inaction) of individuals it is defined as a sub-category of 2042:

While spreadsheets represented a major step forward in quantitative modeling, they have deficiencies. Their shortcomings include the perceived unfriendliness of alpha-numeric cell addresses.

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may arise from inputting erroneous or fraudulent data values, from mistakes (or incorrect changes) within the logic of the spreadsheet or the omission of relevant updates (e.g., out of date

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about spaces, and of dependencies between items. Sequential programming usually requires typing line after line of text, which must be read slowly and carefully to be understood and changed.

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can write values or text found within the subroutine directly to the spreadsheet. The figure shows the Visual Basic code for a subroutine that reads each member of the named column variable

1721:, such as arithmetic operations (for example, summations, averages, and so forth), trigonometric functions, statistical functions, and so forth. In addition there is often a provision for 1909:

Just as the early programming languages were designed to generate spreadsheet printouts, programming techniques themselves have evolved to process tables (also known as spreadsheets or

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or conventional, non-interactive, batch computer program. However, this concept of an electronic spreadsheet was outlined in the 1961 paper "Budgeting Models and System Simulation" by

3469:; Atwood, J.; Walpole Djang, R.; Reichwein, J.; Gottfried, H.; Yang, S. (March 2001). "Forms/3: A first-order visual language to explore the boundaries of the spreadsheet paradigm". 462: 1069:

Several companies have attempted to break into the spreadsheet market with programs based on very different paradigms. Lotus introduced what is likely the most successful example,

316:, that is, grids of columns and rows, since ancient times. The Babylonians used clay tablets to store data as far back as 1800 BCE. Other examples can be found in book-keeping 267:

semantic relationships. While it is true that a workbook that contains three sheets is indeed a file containing multiple tables that can interact with each other, it lacks the

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and had improvements in speed and graphics compared to VisiCalc on the Apple II, this helped it grow in popularity. Lotus 1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet for several years.

3770: 1111:. A single cell is usually referenced by its column and row (C2 would represent the cell containing the value 30 in the example table below). Usually rows, representing the 1673:=IF(AND(A1<>"",B1<>""),A1/B1,"") means that if both cells A1 and B1 are not <> empty "", then divide A1 by B1 and display, other do not display anything. 128:

LANPAR, available in 1969, was the first electronic spreadsheet on mainframe and time sharing computers. LANPAR was an acronym: LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random.

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Excel's critics say that Excel is fundamentally unsuited for budgeting, forecasting, and other activities that involve collaboration or consolidation. Are they correct?

3170: 602:. APLDOT was dubbed a "spreadsheet" because financial analysts and strategic planners used it to solve the same problems they addressed with paper spreadsheet pads. 3604:

Sarkar, Advait; Blackwell, Alan; Jamnik, Mateja; Spott, Martin (2014). "Teach and try: A simple interaction technique for exploratory data modelling by end users".

2597: 3827: 2145:. Spreadsheets lack controls on who can see and modify particular data. This, combined with the lack of auditing above, can make it easy for someone to commit 263:, but spreadsheets and databases are not the same things. A spreadsheet is essentially just one table, whereas a database is a collection of many tables with 2156:, either accidentally or intentionally, by entering information in the wrong place or expressing dependencies among cells (such as in a formula) incorrectly. 1686:

A spreadsheet does not have to contain any formulas at all, in which case it could be considered merely a collection of data arranged in rows and columns (a

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This can allow invalid operations (such as doing multiplication on a cell containing a date), resulting in illogical results without an appropriate warning.

3545: 2379:(Computer Science) a computer program that allows easy entry and manipulation of figures, equations, and text, used esp for financial planning and budgeting 2244:, a very influential 2010 journal article. The Reinhart and Rogoff article was widely used as justification to drive 2010–2013 European austerity programs. 1305:

places). Even though individual cells are marked as locked, the spreadsheet data are not protected until the feature is activated in the file preferences.

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first "non-procedural" computer languages) as opposed to left-to-right, top to bottom sequence for calculating the results in each cell that was used by

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offered a similar product, CSSTAB, which had a moderate timesharing user base by the early 1970s. A major application was opinion research tabulation.)

4224: 378:). These batch Spreadsheets dealt primarily with the addition or subtraction of entire columns or rows (of input variables), rather than individual 4324: 2836:

We maintain, in our general ledger, a so-called Spread Sheet which is a long sheet with the name of each individual plant in a particular column.

766:, a web based spreadsheet application that can be accessed by multiple users from any device type using a compatible web browser, it can be used 4090: 3152: 2131:

positives in the British statistics for September and October 2020 when the Microsoft xls file format had been used in a legacy computer system.

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Spreadsheets can have reliability problems. Research studies estimate that around 1% of all formulas in operational spreadsheets are in error.

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Many of the concepts common to sequential programming models have analogs in the spreadsheet world. For example, the sequential model of the

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Douglas Butler, "Why are spreadsheets so unfriendly?", The Fifth International Conference on Technology in Mathematics Teaching, August 2001

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A formula may contain a condition (or nested conditions)—with or without an actual calculation—and is sometimes used purely to identify and

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A software interface consisting of an interactive grid made up of cells in which data or formulas are entered for analysis or presentation.

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Collaboration in authoring spreadsheet formulas can be difficult when such collaboration occurs at the level of cells and cell addresses.

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is designed to perform general computation tasks using spatial relationships rather than time as the primary organizing principle.

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column contains no formula because its values are calculated in the subroutine, not on the spreadsheet, and simply are written in.

1679:=IF(OR(A1<>"",B1<>""),"Either A1 or B1 show text","") means to display the text if either cells A1 or B1 are not empty. 109:

Spreadsheets have replaced paper-based systems throughout the business world. Although they were first developed for accounting or

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Release 3.0 is being written in the computer language known as C, to provide easy transportability among PCs, Macs and mainframes.

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The best way to build up conditional statements is step by step composing followed by trial and error testing and refining code.

66:. The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of 3127: 3000: 1287:, representations of partial orderings (in this case, across a spreadsheet) that can be relied upon to give a definite result. 770:(with or without internet connectivity). Google Sheets originated from a web-based spreadsheet application XL2Web developed by 4398: 641:

VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet that combined many of the essential features of modern spreadsheet applications, such as a

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Al-Mutawa, H. A.; Dietrich, J.; Marsland, S.; McCartin, C. (2014). "On the shape of circular dependencies in Java programs".

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Trapeze, a spreadsheet on the Mac, went further and explicitly supported not just table columns, but also matrix operators.

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Some sources advocate the use of specialized software instead of spreadsheets for some applications (budgeting, statistics)

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is usually represented as a table of cells, with similar formulas (normally differing only in which cells they reference).

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suite. By 1995, Excel was the market leader, edging out Lotus 1-2-3, and in 2013, IBM discontinued Lotus 1-2-3 altogether.

451:

A key invention in the development of electronic spreadsheets was made by Rene K. Pardo and Remy Landau, who filed in 1970

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standpoint and is often the cause of many spreadsheet errors. Some spreadsheets have array formulas to address this issue.

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into databases to become tables within them, and database queries can be exported into spreadsheets for further analysis.

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TABOL Database Manager (TDM), an enhancement to the TABOL financial analysis language, was also introduced in August 1982

4758: 4731: 3835: 3723:

Sroka, J.; Panasiuk, A.; Stencel, K.; Tyszkiewicz, J. (2015-02-02). "Translating Relational Queries into Spreadsheets".

3655:

Sarkar, A.; Jamnik, M.; Blackwell, A.F.; Spott, M. (2015-10-01). "Interactive visual machine learning in spreadsheets".

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Functions themselves cannot write into the worksheet but simply return their evaluation. However, in Microsoft Excel,

1205: 1031: 757: 418: 4308: 4035: 3360: 433:

was written by Kimball, Stoffells and Walsh. Both the book and program were copyrighted in 1966 and years later that

2947: 30: 4431: 2625: 565: 1985:. There exists a query translator, which automatically generates the spreadsheet implementation from the SQL code. 744:

share from Lotus. By the time Lotus responded with usable Windows products, Microsoft had begun to assemble their

1971: 272: 103: 4407: 502: 3145: 3034: 2240: 1542: 1535: 1216: 945: 296: 3315: 3275: 2831: 2825: 2104:

columns or rows and to adjust graph data sources. In large spreadsheets, this can be extremely time-consuming.

1340:

Depending on the capability of the spreadsheet application, each cell (like its counterpart the "style" in a

350:"spreadsheet" is indistinguishable from a batch compiler with added input data, producing an output report, 264: 2565: 1809:

the case of web-based spreadsheets, as a near real-time value with a specified automatic refresh interval.

949: 385:

In 1962, this concept of the spreadsheet, called BCL for Business Computer Language, was implemented on an

3802: 3609: 2253: 2048: 1830: 1718: 1610: 1574: 1284: 1258: 1197: 997: 3921: 2200:, the calculation of medicinal doses, or the size of a load-bearing beam for structural engineering. The 4535: 4424: 2197: 2177:

professionals "don't know" how their spreadsheets are audited; only 6% invest in a third-party solution

1935: 1345: 874: 711: 679: 443:

In the late 1960s, Xerox used BCL to develop a more sophisticated version for their timesharing system.

200: 157: 90: 86: 4715: 2728: 1792:, calculates its square, and writes this value into the corresponding element of named column variable 113:

tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared.

4392: 2787: 2781: 2753: 2523: 240:

would produce the result of multiplying the value in cell C10 by the number 5. If C10 holds the value

4503: 3546:"REPT function: Description, Usage, Syntax, Examples and Explanation October 26, 2021 - Excel Office" 3431: 3149: 1922: 1910: 1124: 841: 573: 398: 287: 43: 4344: 3614: 2969: 2108:

matured. The desire to add and remove dimensions also arises in parametric and sensitivity analyses.

655:

Bricklin has spoken of watching his university professor create a table of calculation results on a

4072: 2706: 2263: 2008: 1953: 1898: 1894: 1596: 1275: 569: 313: 59: 4200:"European Spreadsheet Risks Interest Group – spreadsheet risk management and solutions conference" 2807: 2801: 4737: 4633: 3750: 3732: 3678: 3637: 3574: 3527: 3486: 3365: 3295: 2910: 2898: 2649:"Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office: Can They Topple the Giant? –Knowledge@Wharton" 2186: 2027: 1946: 1447: 965: 885: 858: 767: 667: 578: 561: 371: 359: 98: 3590: 2648: 70:

that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. The term

774:, combined with DocVerse which enabled multiple-user online collaboration of Office documents. 4481: 3894: 3873: 3668: 3627: 3517: 3447: 3209: 3176: 2571: 2543: 2216: 2161: 2142: 821: 771: 635: 506: 149: 94: 4248: 3068: 2677: 1212:

within the spreadsheet (each variable having 'read' access only except its containing cell).

1204:(although certain unchanging values, once entered, could be considered, by the same analogy, 4476: 4471: 4012: 3867: 3847: 3742: 3660: 3619: 3578: 3509: 3478: 3466: 3439: 2535: 2209: 2135: 1978: 1960: 1850: 1279: 1201: 1116: 1080: 971: 909: 879: 833: 778: 745: 593:

An example of an early "industrial weight" spreadsheet was APLDOT, developed in 1976 at the

498: 494: 347: 268: 4178: 1083:

attempted to dramatically simplify formula construction, but was generally not successful.

121: 4658: 4618: 4540: 4527: 4463: 4411: 4329: 4059: 4039: 3854: 3774: 3240: 3156: 3131: 2601: 2334: 2231: 2123: 1769: 1711: 1690:) like a calendar, timetable, or simple list. Because of its ease of use, formatting, and 1485:

column are entered (10, 20, 30), and the remainder of cells are formulas. Formulas in the

1373: 1360: 1209: 827: 736: 727: 161: 145: 3986: 3587:"Improving the world's most popular functional language: user-defined functions in Excel" 1322:

cell format. The cell contents are not changed by this format, only the displayed value.

670:, a program so compelling, people would buy a particular computer just to use it. It was 3435: 3102: 2329: 552:

The IBM Financial Planning and Control System was developed in 1976, by Brian Ingham at

4628: 4596: 4583: 3948: 3582: 3339: 2235: 2223: 2205: 2174: 1489:

column multiply values from the A column using relative references, and the formula in

1341: 1073:, which saw some commercial success, notably in the financial world where its powerful 1057: 1009: 845: 740: 283: 132:(1979) was the first electronic spreadsheet on a microcomputer, and it helped turn the 3443: 3085: 2391: 2215:

Despite this, research carried out by ClusterSeven revealed that around half (48%) of

1952:

Extensions that allow users to create new functions can provide the capabilities of a

1477: 4752: 4511: 4377: 3320: 3300: 3280: 3261: 3230: 3124: 2777: 1967: 1432:=SHEET2!A1 (that is; the first cell in sheet 2 of the same spreadsheet). 1326: 837: 804: 763: 683: 631: 557: 514: 165: 3754: 3682: 3641: 3531: 3490: 3011: 2472: 1517:

A formula assigns values to a cell or range of cells, and typically has the format:

27:

Computer application for organization, analysis, and storage of data in tabular form

4648: 3206:

Dynamic Competition and Public Policy: Technology, Innovation, and Antitrust Issues

2443: 2004: 1854: 1764: 1691: 1070: 1020: 986: 627: 522: 510: 279: 169: 51: 4052: 2539: 1702: 3388: 2872: 2783:

Georgii Vallae Placentini viri clariss. De expetendis, et fugiendis rebus opus. 1

1325:

Some cell formats such as "numeric" or "currency" can also specify the number of

4673: 4643: 4613: 4578: 4550: 2620: 2297: 2273: 1871: 1867: 1510: 1074: 1036: 1026: 953: 854: 782: 707: 532: 429:

and manipulate it to represent it and show ratios etc. In 1964, a book entitled

410: 232:

in this case, not the formula itself. This may lead to confusion in some cases.

137: 110: 47: 4112: 3664: 3623: 2416: 1318:. Similarly adding a % sign after a numeric value would tag the cell as a 4591: 4573: 4568: 4517: 4345:"They Said at First That They Hadn't Made a Spreadsheet Error, When They Had'" 3746: 3482: 3047: 2451: 2395: 1890: 1785: 1319: 1092: 991: 940: 899: 889: 786: 715: 656: 568:

that completely hid the programming language from the end-user. Through IBM's

453: 375: 329: 324: 82: 62:

form. Spreadsheets were developed as computerized analogs of paper accounting

4365: 3361:"THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER – Lotus 1-2-3 Faces Up to the Upstarts – NYTimes.com" 2547: 2034:

as a tool for extensibility beyond what the spreadsheet language makes easy.

1429:

A cell on a different sheet of the same spreadsheet is usually addressed as:

1223:, or it may simply be left empty. By convention, formulas usually begin with 425:

to business students. Students were able to take information prepared by the

4678: 4663: 4653: 4606: 4545: 3801:

Powell, Stephen G.; Baker, Kenneth R.; Lawson, Barry (July–September 2009).

3657:

2015 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

3606:

2014 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

2293: 2152:

Because they are loosely structured, it is easy for someone to introduce an

1934:

relationships to define program relationships. Humans have highly developed

1859: 1838: 1834: 1498: 1041: 1015: 1003: 981: 905: 732: 694: 482: 478: 458: 434: 426: 402: 370:) applied computerized spreadsheets to accounting and budgeting systems (on 63: 17: 2803:

Transactions of the American Hospital Association. Eighth Annual Conference

248:. But C10 might also hold its formula referring to other cells, and so on. 4032: 3922:"What's Wrong with Spreadsheets – and How to Fix them with Analytica" 3513: 3451: 2850:

Towards a Common Goal School-public Library Cooperation: selected Articles

1451:

recalculations, (usually) converge on the correct values for those cells.

962: – A traditional terminal mode spreadsheet for UNIX/UNIX-like systems 271:

of a database. Spreadsheets and databases are interoperable—sheets can be

4688: 4623: 4493: 4488: 4299: 4148: 3419: 2020: 1959:

Extensions that allow users to build and apply models from the domain of

1687: 1249: 959: 934: 915: 864: 663: 648: 623: 619: 556:

Canada. It was implemented by IBM in at least 30 countries. It ran on an

474: 394: 386: 291: 260: 187:

In modern spreadsheet applications, several spreadsheets, often known as

133: 129: 1817: 413:

was available on those machines. In 1968 BCL was ported by Walsh to the

4683: 1377: 1220: 1046: 930: 642: 599: 538:

1,500 rows and columns, combined in any proportion the user requires...

529: 422: 414: 406: 317: 67: 4113:"Excel: Why using Microsoft's tool caused Covid-19 results to be lost" 4091:"Excel specifications and limits – Excel – Microsoft Office" 2914: 544:

Both FAL and TABOL were integrated with GEIS's database system, DMS.

4638: 4404: 4381: 4199: 976: 671: 390: 224:, but this would normally be invisible because the display shows the 2360:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011. 1406:

another spreadsheet entirely, or a value from a remote application.

610: 4171:"Excel spreadsheets in School budgeting – a cautionary tale (2001)" 3949:"Weighing the Pros and Cons of Decision Technology in Spreadsheets" 3893:

Powell, Stephen G.; Baker, Kenneth R.; Lawson, Barry (2007-12-01).

2524:"Spreadsheet usage by management accountants: An exploratory study" 2230:

found major coding flaws in the spreadsheet used by the economists

2003:

It is often convenient to think of a spreadsheet as a mathematical

1926:

sequential program. This is due to several traits of spreadsheets.

34:

Example of a spreadsheet holding data about a group of audio tracks

4601: 3737: 3235: 3048:"COMPANY HIGHLIGHT: GENERAL ELECTRIC INFORMATION SERVICES COMPANY" 2522:

Bradbard, David A.; Alvis, Charles; Morris, Richard (2014-12-01).

2193: 2153: 2146: 1931: 1886: 1826: 1694:

capabilities, many spreadsheets are used solely for this purpose.

1476: 893: 868: 851: 609: 572:, it was among the first programs to auto-update each copy of the 440:

Applied Data Resources had a FORTRAN preprocessor called Empires.

153: 120: 802:

compatibility and avoiding then-expensive PC purchases (see 1983

2201: 1108: 798:

The Works Records System at ICI developed in 1974 on IBM 370/145

675: 581: 55: 4420: 4416: 2591:

Charles Babcock, "What's The Greatest Software Ever Written?",

1439:='C:\Documents and Settings\Username\My spreadsheets\Sheet1!A1 78:

display data either as text and numerals or in graphical form.

2616:"The Executive computer; Lotus 1-2-3 Faces Up to the Upstarts" 1982: 553: 355: 141: 4325:"Spreadsheet risk and the threat of cyber attacks in finance" 323:

Since at least 1906 the term "spread sheet" has been used in

156:

platforms. A spreadsheet program is a standard feature of an

638:

from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool.

89:, modern spreadsheets provide built-in functions for common 3895:"A Critical Review of the Literature on Spreadsheet Errors" 2982: 652:

magazine called VisiCalc the first electronic spreadsheet.

2813:

items are costing in similar institutions in the Province.

2670:"spreadsheet analysis from winners, losers, and Microsoft" 2012:

the spreadsheet formulas easier to understand and manage.

686:, but VisiCalc remains best known as an Apple II program. 278:

A spreadsheet program is one of the main components of an

1436:

These references contain the complete filename, such as:

4387:

Spreadsheet – Its First Computerization (1961–1964)

3099:"PC World– Three Minutes: Godfathers of the Spreadsheet" 1748:

displays the spreadsheet definitions of named variables

1725:. In Microsoft Excel, these functions are defined using 1642:) or mixed row– or column-wise absolute/relative (e.g., 368:

Simulation of the Firm through a Budget Computer Program

3422:; Goldstein, JL (September 1984). "Computer Software". 2072:

or thousands of cell addresses that appear in formulas.

1654:

custom-build functions, remote data, and applications.

618:

The concept of spreadsheets became widely known due to

3834:. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). Archived from 3208:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. 3144:"Killer Applications" (overview), Partha gawaargupta. 1665:=IF(SUM(A1:A6) > 100, "More than 100%", SUM(A1:A6)) 463:

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

256:

function that adds up all the numbers within a range.

160:. In 2006 Google launched a beta release spreadsheet 3788:"Spreadsheet Risk Management within UK Organisations" 2830:. Institute of Management Accountants. 1933. p. 2115:

Other problems associated with spreadsheets include:

1885:

Spreadsheets that have a formula language based upon

457:

on a spreadsheet automatic natural order calculation

362:. The subsequent work by Mattessich (1964a, Chpt. 9, 3035:"'Autotab' Update Extends Former Matrix Size Limits" 2965:

Refac International, Ltd. v. Lotus Development Corp.

2943:

Refac International, Ltd. v. Lotus Development Corp.

2375:

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged

2358:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1981:

and spreadsheet formulas can express all queries of

1421:

A cell on the same "sheet" is usually addressed as:

4559: 4526: 4502: 4454: 3866:Stephen Bullen, Rob Bovey & John Green (2009). 3725:

IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering

1913:) of data more efficiently in the computer itself. 1274:Recalculation generally requires that there are no 1130: 710:in November 1982 accelerated the acceptance of the 4307: 4293: 4291: 4062:Problems With Using Microsoft Excel for Statistics 2928:Brian Walsh (1996), "Business Computer Language", 2901:(1961). "Budgeting Models and System Simulation". 295:used text-mode displays and commands instead of a 136:into a popular and widely used personal computer. 2377:(12th ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. 2014. 2088:variables and formulas employing named variables. 489:Autoplan/Autotab spreadsheet programming language 259:Spreadsheets share many principles and traits of 93:and statistical operations. Such calculations as 1119:starting from 1, while columns representing the 1077:capabilities remain well respected to this day. 902:Docs Spreadsheet editor is free and open source. 74:may also refer to one such electronic document. 4053:http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jcryer/JSMTalk2001.pdf 3506:23rd Australian Software Engineering Conference 3262:"Computing History - Computing History Members" 808:magazine front page article and advertisement.) 722:Microsoft Excel for Apple Macintosh and Windows 366:) and its companion volume, Mattessich (1964b, 4138:"Spreadsheet Management: Not what you figured" 3897:. Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College 3808:. Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College 1717:Spreadsheets usually contain several supplied 867:is free and cross-platform, it is part of the 220:. A formula would begin with the equals sign, 4432: 789:that was launched 39 years ago in 1985. 752:Google Sheets, Online, Web-based spreadsheets 8: 3276:"IBM 3270 Terminals Get Spreadsheet Package" 2866: 2864: 1032:SC IM (formerly SC - Spreadsheet Calculator) 3561:"Empowering Users to Create Their Software" 3200:Liebowitz, Stan; Margolis, Stephen (2001). 2827:N.A.C.A. Bulletin 1933-01-15: Vol 14 Iss 10 2729:"Google "Docs & Spreadsheets" Launches" 762:In 2006 Google launched their beta release 421:. It was used to assist in the teaching of 4727: 4439: 4425: 4417: 4300:"Finance groups lack spreadsheet controls" 3915: 3913: 3911: 3400: 3398: 3229:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (15 May 2013). 3001:"The World's First Electronic Spreadsheet" 2498:"Linked Open Data for Spreadsheet Formats" 1897:. Such spreadsheets can be used to reason 513:service; afterward, a version that ran on 4393:CICS history and introduction of IBM 3270 4271:"Fannie Mae Corrects Mistakes In Results" 3942: 3940: 3736: 3613: 2226:, a graduate student of economics at the 1849:In the late 1980s and early 1990s, first 1091:The main concepts are those of a grid of 848:enterprise-ready editions of LibreOffice. 548:IBM Financial Planning and Control System 493:In 1968, three former employees from the 1816: 1763: 1701: 1519: 1514:contains the result of the calculation. 1359: 1344:) can be separately formatted using the 1051:Target Planner Calc for CP/M and TRS-DOS 882:is free, open-source and cross platform. 168:and one of the applications provided in 148:now has the largest market share on the 29: 4009:"What We Know About Spreadsheet Errors" 3148:in Tempe, Arizona, May 2002, Web page: 3135:, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, 8 August 2004 3069:"Package of Features Added to Mark III" 2321: 2285: 1966:Spreadsheets are versatile. With their 1107:can be thought of as a box for holding 342:Batch spreadsheet report generator BSRG 3826:Richard E. Blaustein (November 2009). 817:Notable current spreadsheet software: 702:Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet for IBM PC DOS 3075:. IDG Enterprise: 46. 30 August 1982. 2651:. Wharton, University of Pennsylvania 2559: 2557: 1825:Many spreadsheet applications permit 175:A spreadsheet consists of a table of 7: 4372:Extending the Concept of Spreadsheet 3803:"Errors in Operational spreadsheets" 2187:Financial modeling § Accounting 634:. Significantly, it also turned the 4269:Jonathan Glater (30 October 2003). 2855:University of the State of New York 2228:University of Massachusetts Amherst 2096:much easier to implement and audit. 1734:is user-assigned, and the function 921:Discontinued spreadsheet software: 144:was the dominant operating system. 4218:"Spreadsheets and Capital Markets" 2727:Arrington, Michael (11 Oct 2006). 2264:Moving and copying in spreadsheets 2259:Comparison of spreadsheet software 560:and was the first application for 497:computer company headquartered in 195:, are gathered together to form a 25: 4349:The Chronicle Of Higher Education 4298:Financial Times (18 March 2013). 4007:Raymond R. Panko (January 2005). 3698:"Circuit Design with Lotus 1-2-3" 3471:Journal of Functional Programming 3444:10.1038/scientificamerican0984-52 3037:, 28 May 1975, p19, Computerworld 2873:"A Brief History of Spreadsheets" 2026:Spreadsheets have evolved to use 1196:. It is analogous to an array of 892:'s spreadsheet software, part of 785:kit at its core, which grew from 595:United States Railway Association 364:Accounting and Analytical Methods 140:was the leading spreadsheet when 4726: 4714: 4703: 4702: 4249:"Excel Financial Model Auditing" 3872:(2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. 2983:"Rene Pardo – Personal Web Page" 2972: (Fed. Cir. 1996-04-26). 1970:and graphics capabilities, even 1821:Graph made using Microsoft Excel 836:for mobile and desktop apps are 714:. It was written especially for 312:Humans have organized data into 282:, which usually also contains a 3828:"Eliminating Spreadsheet Risks" 3125:A Brief History of Spreadsheets 2871:Power, D. J. (30 August 2004). 2528:Journal of Accounting Education 2442:Beal, Vangie (September 1996). 1772:writes values calculated using 1563:to other cells, such as, e.g., 1460:containing the formula itself. 614:VisiCalc running on an Apple II 4399:Autoplan & Autotab article 4111:Kelion, Leo (5 October 2020). 3869:Professional Excel Development 2614:Lewis, Peter H. (1988-03-13). 2564:Higgins, Hannah (2009-01-01). 2300:of the developers' surnames, " 1945:Modern spreadsheets allow for 1845:Multi-dimensional spreadsheets 1364:Use of named column variables 1188:An array of cells is called a 871:Free Software Desktop Project. 735:released the first version of 674:to other computers, including 517:was introduced under the name 465:upheld that decision in 1996. 405:. This program was written in 1: 4323:The Guardian (4 April 2013). 4033:Is Excel Budgeting a Mistake? 3696:Haynes, John L. (Fall 1985). 3296:"Do Spreadsheets Mean Micros" 3052:INPUT Vendor Analysis Program 2540:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2014.09.001 1727:Visual Basic for Applications 1706:Use of user-defined function 164:, this is currently known as 50:, organization, analysis and 4560: 3977:Philip Howard (2005-04-22). 3947:Sam Savage (February 2010). 3172:Whole Earth Software Catalog 2786:. Venice: Manutius. p. 2269:List of spreadsheet software 1744:editor supplied with Excel. 1646:is column-wise absolute and 1376:. Formula for y=x resembles 666:went on to become the first 4223:. June 2009. Archived from 2030:programming languages like 1921:Spreadsheets are a popular 758:List of online spreadsheets 528:AutoPlan/AutoTab was not a 501:set out to start their own 481:, and the first version of 447:LANPAR spreadsheet compiler 419:Washington State University 417:/67 timesharing machine at 4782: 4366:comp.apps.spreadsheets FAQ 3920:Max Henrion (2004-07-14). 3665:10.1109/VLHCC.2015.7357211 3624:10.1109/VLHCC.2014.6883022 3204:. In Ellig, Jerome (ed.). 2626:The New York Times Company 2184: 755: 725: 626:in 1979 by VisiCorp staff 503:software development house 431:Business Computer Language 320:and astronomical records. 4697: 3832:Internal Auditor Magazine 3747:10.1109/TKDE.2015.2397440 3483:10.1017/S0956796800003828 2421:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1972:electronic circuit design 1901:about their cell values. 1893:expressions are known as 1889:expressions, rather than 1509:A formula identifies the 1384:shows the definitions of 606:VisiCalc for the Apple II 509:. "AutoPlan" ran on GE's 280:office productivity suite 158:office productivity suite 81:Besides performing basic 3508:. IEEE. pp. 48–57. 3146:Arizona State University 2948:887 F. Supp. 539 2241:Growth in a Time of Debt 1738:is introduced using the 824:is free and open-source. 589:APLDOT modeling language 297:graphical user interface 4405:Spreadsheets in Science 4073:"Spreadsheet Addiction" 3979:"Managing spreadsheets" 3777:. Accessed 25 June 2014 3169:Brand, Stewart (1989). 2604:. Accessed 25 June 2014 2296:, as "LANPAR is also a 2196:, the determination of 1977:Spreadsheets can store 1650:is row-wise absolute). 1285:directed acyclic graphs 1266:Automatic recalculation 337:Electronic spreadsheets 4093:. Office.microsoft.com 3336:"Improv and PowerStep" 3231:"Goodbye, Lotus 1-2-3" 3054:. INPUT. August 1983. 2254:Attribute-value system 2049:comma-separated values 1822: 1781: 1723:user-defined functions 1714: 1506: 1393: 1263: 1259:functional programming 822:Apache OpenOffice Calc 793:Mainframe spreadsheets 615: 125: 87:mathematical functions 35: 4389:by Richard Mattessich 3514:10.1109/ASWEC.2014.15 2903:The Accounting Review 2185:Further information: 2134:Lack of auditing and 1997:"spreadsheet program" 1866:In these programs, a 1820: 1767: 1705: 1567:for a single cell or 1497:function to find the 1480: 1363: 1276:circular dependencies 1238: 1215:A cell may contain a 1121:independent variables 1054:Trapeze for Macintosh 950:Forefront Corporation 875:Kingsoft Spreadsheets 834:Collabora Online Calc 779:Collabora Online Calc 712:IBM Personal Computer 680:Atari 8-bit computers 613: 454:U.S. patent 4,398,249 397:by R. Brian Walsh at 124: 91:financial accountancy 33: 4764:Spreadsheet software 4504:Proprietary freeware 4456:Free and open-source 3659:. pp. 159–163. 3381:"Linux Spreadsheets" 3284:. November 22, 1982. 2970:81 F.3d 1576 2758:personal.math.ubc.ca 2600:25 June 2017 at the 1990:Spreadsheet programs 1923:end-user development 1917:End-user development 1895:logical spreadsheets 1881:Logical spreadsheets 1597:relational operators 1575:arithmetic operators 1278:in a spreadsheet. A 1125:bijective numeration 1115:, are referenced in 706:The introduction of 622:, developed for the 399:Marquette University 288:presentation program 269:relational structure 228:of the calculation, 44:computer application 4759:American inventions 3575:Peyton Jones, Simon 3548:. 25 February 2019. 3436:1984SciAm.251c..52K 3424:Scientific American 3304:. December 6, 1982. 2899:Mattessich, Richard 2857:. 1968. p. 81. 2423:. Random House, Inc 1954:functional language 1634:), absolute (e.g., 1248:Computer scientist 1133: 1113:dependent variables 570:VM operating system 372:mainframe computers 244:the result will be 4738:Online spreadsheet 4634:IBM Lotus Symphony 4410:2020-01-17 at the 4275:The New York Times 4058:2009-01-26 at the 4038:2010-08-03 at the 3853:2011-01-18 at the 3848:unabridged version 3773:2022-01-28 at the 3704:. pp. 143–156 3608:. pp. 53–56. 3366:The New York Times 3155:2011-09-29 at the 3130:2021-05-06 at the 2217:c-level executives 2198:financial accounts 1947:secondary notation 1905:Programming issues 1823: 1804:Remote spreadsheet 1782: 1715: 1669:Further examples: 1621:, and many others. 1607:, and others; and, 1507: 1448:circular reference 1394: 1200:in a conventional 1131: 966:IBM Lotus Symphony 859:WordPerfect Office 813:Other spreadsheets 768:online and offline 690:SuperCalc for CP/M 668:killer application 616: 579:financial planning 562:financial planning 360:Richard Mattessich 308:Paper spreadsheets 126: 99:standard deviation 36: 4746: 4745: 4401:by Creative Karma 4368:by Russell Schulz 3879:978-0-321-50879-9 3674:978-1-4673-7457-6 3633:978-1-4799-4035-6 3579:Burnett, Margaret 3523:978-1-4799-3149-1 3467:Burnett, Margaret 3391:on 6 August 2002. 3215:978-0-521-78250-0 2954: 1995-04-18). 2502:National Archives 2337:Online Dictionary 2162:quality assurance 1532: 1531: 1501:of values in the 1469:in various ways. 1186: 1185: 772:2Web Technologies 662:VisiCalc for the 636:personal computer 507:Capex Corporation 95:net present value 16:(Redirected from 4771: 4730: 4729: 4718: 4706: 4705: 4472:Collabora Online 4441: 4434: 4427: 4418: 4374:by Jocelyn Paine 4353: 4352: 4351:. 24 April 2013. 4341: 4335: 4334: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4306:. Archived from 4295: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4177:. Archived from 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4069: 4063: 4050: 4044: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4011:. Archived from 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3985:. Archived from 3983:IT-Directors.com 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3917: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3863: 3857: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3740: 3731:(8): 1041–4347. 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3617: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3589:. Archived from 3571: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3387:. Archived from 3377: 3371: 3370: 3369:. 13 March 1988. 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3338:. Archived from 3332: 3326: 3325: 3324:. June 20, 1983. 3312: 3306: 3305: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3166: 3160: 3142: 3136: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3101:. Archived from 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3010:. Archived from 3005: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930:IT-Directors.com 2925: 2919: 2918: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2877:DSSResources.COM 2868: 2859: 2858: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2806:. 1906. p. 2798: 2792: 2791: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2705:. Archived from 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2676:. Archived from 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2611: 2605: 2593:Information Week 2588: 2582: 2581: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2326: 2309: 2290: 2210:operational risk 2181:Spreadsheet risk 2136:revision control 1961:machine learning 1851:Javelin Software 1659:highlight errors 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626:relative (e.g., 1620: 1616: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1528: 1520: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1426: 1291:Real-time update 1280:dependency graph 1241:The Spreadsheet 1210:global variables 1202:computer program 1134: 1117:decimal notation 1081:Spreadsheet 2000 972:Javelin Software 910:SoftMaker Office 880:LibreOffice Calc 830:(formerly KCalc) 499:Phoenix, Arizona 495:General Electric 456: 389:and in 1963 was 265:machine-readable 255: 247: 243: 239: 231: 223: 219: 215: 211: 21: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4693: 4659:Microsoft Works 4619:Gobe Productive 4555: 4541:Microsoft Excel 4522: 4518:WPS Spreadsheet 4498: 4464:Calligra Sheets 4450: 4445: 4412:Wayback Machine 4395:by Bob Yelavich 4362: 4357: 4356: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4330:TheGuardian.com 4322: 4321: 4317: 4304:Financial Times 4297: 4296: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4184: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4060:Wayback Machine 4051: 4047: 4042: 4040:Wayback Machine 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3855:Wayback Machine 3841: 3839: 3825: 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1233: 1132:My Spreadsheet 1101: 1089: 1067: 828:Calligra Sheets 815: 795: 760: 754: 741:Apple Macintosh 730: 728:Microsoft Excel 724: 704: 692: 608: 591: 564:developed with 550: 491: 452: 449: 344: 339: 310: 305: 253: 245: 241: 237: 229: 221: 217: 213: 209: 162:web application 146:Microsoft Excel 119: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4629:Informix Wingz 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4597:OpenOffice.org 4594: 4586: 4584:Claris Resolve 4581: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4360:External links 4358: 4355: 4354: 4336: 4315: 4312:on 2022-12-10. 4287: 4261: 4240: 4209: 4191: 4162: 4129: 4103: 4082: 4077:burns-stat.com 4064: 4045: 4025: 3999: 3969: 3936: 3907: 3885: 3878: 3858: 3818: 3793: 3779: 3760: 3715: 3688: 3673: 3647: 3632: 3596: 3593:on 2005-10-16. 3585:(March 2003). 3566: 3551: 3537: 3522: 3496: 3477:(2): 155–206. 3458: 3411: 3394: 3372: 3352: 3327: 3307: 3287: 3267: 3253: 3221: 3214: 3192: 3181: 3161: 3150:ASU-killer-app 3137: 3115: 3090: 3086:portal.acm.org 3078: 3060: 3039: 3027: 2992: 2974: 2956: 2934: 2920: 2909:(3): 384–397. 2890: 2879:(3.6 ed.) 2860: 2840: 2817: 2793: 2778:Valla, Giorgio 2769: 2754:"Plimpton 322" 2745: 2719: 2690: 2661: 2640: 2606: 2583: 2576: 2553: 2514: 2489: 2464: 2434: 2408: 2394:. WhatIs.com. 2383: 2366: 2349: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2292:This may be a 2284: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2236:Kenneth Rogoff 2224:Thomas Herndon 2206:exchange rates 2182: 2179: 2175:Capital market 2170: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2150: 2139: 2132: 2120: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2039: 2036: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1975: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1918: 1915: 1906: 1903: 1882: 1879: 1846: 1843: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1768:Subroutine in 1761: 1758: 1699: 1696: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1623: 1622: 1608: 1594: 1572: 1558: 1530: 1529: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1438: 1431: 1411:cell reference 1402: 1401:Cell reference 1399: 1357: 1354: 1342:word processor 1337: 1334: 1327:decimal places 1310: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1267: 1264: 1252:used the term 1232: 1229: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1100: 1097: 1088: 1085: 1066: 1065:Other products 1063: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1006: 1001: 998:Lotus Symphony 995: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 963: 957: 943: 938: 928: 919: 918: 913: 903: 897: 883: 877: 872: 862: 849: 846:cross-platform 831: 825: 814: 811: 810: 809: 799: 794: 791: 753: 750: 726:Main article: 723: 720: 703: 700: 691: 688: 607: 604: 590: 587: 549: 546: 515:IBM mainframes 490: 487: 448: 445: 374:programmed in 343: 340: 338: 335: 309: 306: 304: 301: 284:word processor 118: 115: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4777: 4776: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 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4000: 3989:on 2006-03-16 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3838:on 2010-09-05 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3819: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3342:on 2002-06-06 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3321:Computerworld 3317: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3301:Computerworld 3297: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3282: 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