961:, although certain compromises must be made. The major drawback is that the stands are necessarily set back a good distance from the pitch, especially at the ends of the pitch. In the case of some smaller stadiums, there are not stands at the ends. When there are stands all the way around, the stadium takes on an oval shape. When one end is open, the stadium has a horseshoe shape. All three configurations (open, oval and horseshoe) are common, especially in the case of American college football stadiums. Rectangular stadiums are more common in Europe, especially for football where many stadiums have four often distinct and very different stands on the four sides of the stadium. These are often all of different sizes and designs and have been erected at different periods in the stadium's history. The vastly differing character of European football stadiums has led to the growing hobby of ground hopping where spectators make a journey to visit the stadium for itself rather than for the event held there. In recent years the trend of building completely new oval stadiums in Europe has led to traditionalists criticising the designs as bland and lacking in the character of the old stadiums they replace.
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268:". Greek stadia were for foot races, whereas the Roman circus was for horse races. Both had similar shapes and bowl-like areas around them for spectators. The Greeks also developed the theatre, with its seating arrangements foreshadowing those of modern stadiums. The Romans copied the theatre, then expanded it to accommodate larger crowds and more elaborate settings. The Romans also developed the double-sized round theatre called
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550:-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators. A third covered stand accommodating 3,000 spectators was also requested. Everton officials were impressed with the builder's workmanship and agreed two further contracts: exterior hoardings were constructed at a cost of £150 and 12
153:), a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet. As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = 600 ft (180 m), in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.
1455:, one of the earliest examples of corporate renaming, retained its name for many years, even after the namesake bank no longer existed, the corporate name being dropped only after the building later changed ownership. This practice has typically been less common in countries outside the United States. A notable exception is the
571:
in
Manchester. The ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered. It was the first stadium to feature continuous seating along the contours of the stadium.
1541:
Modern stadiums bring several negative environmental issues with their construction. They require thousands of tons of materials to build, they greatly increase traffic in the area around the stadium, as well as maintaining the stadium. The increased traffic around modern stadiums has led to create
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Championships. Banned from locating sporting events at
Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. "I laid down a cinder running path of a quarter-mile, laid down the present Lansdowne Tennis Club ground with my own theodolite, started a Lansdowne archery club, a Lansdowne cricket club, and
1400:
In recent decades, to help take the burden of the massive expense of building and maintaining a stadium, many
American and European sports teams have sold the rights to the name of the facility. This trend, which began in the 1970s, but accelerated greatly in the 1990s, has led to sponsors' names
1305:
for the owners of teams, whereby owners can threaten to relocate teams to other cities unless governments subsidize the construction of new facilities. In Europe and Latin
America, where there are multiple association football clubs in any given city, and several leagues in each country, no such
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that opened in its original form in 1887 but was completely rebuilt in 1895, broke new ground in stadium construction in two major ways. The stadium's second incarnation featured the world's first cantilevered second deck (tier) in a sports venue, and was the first baseball park to use steel and
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has seats for all spectators. Other stadiums are designed so that all or some spectators stand to view the event. The term "all-seater" is not common in the U.S., as very few
American stadiums have sizeable standing-only sections. Poor stadium design has contributed to disasters, such as the
1436:' Monster Park was applied. Local opposition to the corporate naming of that particular stadium led San Francisco's city council to permanently restore the Candlestick Park name once the Monster contract expired. More recently, in Ireland, there has been huge opposition to the renaming of
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exposure zones says the Health Effect
Institute, exposing 30–40% of people living around the stadium to potential health issues. Many stadiums are attempting to counteract these issues by implementing solar panels, and high efficiency lighting, to reduce their own carbon footprint.
1590:. The tendency developed in the mid-1970s as the increased power of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues. Smoke, fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples of arena rock performances. Key acts from this era included
607:
on 27 April 1908. Upon completion, the stadium had a running track 24 ft wide (7.3 m) and three laps to the mile (536 m); outside there was a 35-foot-wide (11 m), 660-yard (600 m) cycle track. The infield included a swimming and diving pool. The
1113:
Since the development of electrical grids, lighting has been an important element in stadium design, allowing games to be played after sundown, and in covered, or partly covered stadiums that allow less natural light, but provide more shelter for the public.
980:
has also increased since the late 1990s to better fit the needs of that sport. In many cases, earlier baseball stadiums were constructed to fit into a particular land area or city block. This resulted in asymmetrical dimensions for many baseball fields.
1401:
being affixed to both established stadiums and new ones. In some cases, the corporate name replaces (with varying degrees of success) the name by which the venue has been known for many years. But many of the more recently built stadiums, like the
1253:
Structural features that increase safety include separate entry and exit accesses for each spectator area, especially separating accesses for home and visitor supporters, dividing walls, glass parapets, vibration attenuation and sprinkler systems.
1409:, Germany, have never been known by a non-corporate name. The sponsorship phenomenon has since spread worldwide. There remain a few municipally owned stadiums, which are often known by a name that is significant to their area (for example,
1178:, which is mostly used for seating areas with bench seats as opposed to individual seats, and which often are uncovered; the name refers to the bleaching effect direct, unshaded sunlight has on the benches and patrons in those sections.
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brought his experience with the construction of industrial buildings to bear on the design of functional stadiums up and down the country. His work encompassed the first 40 years of the 20th century. One of his most notable designs was
964:
In North
America, where baseball and American football are the two most popular outdoor spectator sports, a number of football/baseball multi-use stadiums were built, especially during the 1960s, and some of them were successful.
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monopoly power exists, and stadiums are built primarily with private money. Outside professional sports, governments are also involved through the intense competition for the right to host major sporting events, primarily the
472:
The first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. With tremendous growth in the popularity of organised sport in the late
554:
were installed at a cost of £7 each. The stadium was officially opened on 24 August 1892 by Lord
Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the Football Association. No football was played; instead the 12,000 crowd watched a short
74:) is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
502:– colours red, black and yellow." Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to use his engineering expertise to create a pitch envied around Ireland.
932:
Different sports require different playing surfaces of various size and shape. Some stadiums are designed primarily for a single sport while others can accommodate different events, particularly ones with
1245:
In Europe and South
America, during the twentieth century, it was common for violent bands of supporters to fight inside or close to association football stadiums. In the United Kingdom they are known as
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that can only be afforded by the largest corporations, wealthiest individuals, or government. Sports fans have a deep emotional attachment to their teams. In North
America, with its closed-league "
540:). Many of these parks caught fire, and those that did not proved inadequate for a growing game. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some after a few years, and none survive today.
1556:
Although concerts, such as classical music, had been presented in them for decades, beginning in the 1960s stadiums began to be used as live venues for popular music, giving rise to the term "
272:, seating crowds in the tens of thousands for gladiatorial combats and beast shows. The Greek stadium and theatre and the Roman circus and amphitheatre are all ancestral to the modern stadium.
1181:
Many stadiums make luxury suites or boxes available to patrons at high prices. These suites can accommodate ten to thirty people, depending on the venue. Luxury suites at events such as the
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One consequence of corporate naming has been an increase in stadium name changes, when the namesake corporation changes its name, or if it is the naming agreement simply expires. Phoenix's
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stadiums are distinguished from conventional stadiums by their enclosing roofs. Many of these are not actually domes in the pure architectural sense, some being better described as
1219:
Due to the number of people congregating in stadiums and the frequency of events, many notable accidents have occurred in the past, some causing injury and death. For example, the
644:
and track and field program. It was the world's first stadium to use concrete-and-steel construction. In 1909, concrete-and-steel construction came to baseball with the opening of
1417:). In recent years, some government-owned stadiums have also been subject to naming-rights agreements, with some or all of the revenue often going to the team(s) that play there.
803:, was built with an actual dome-shaped roof. Some stadiums have partial roofs, and a few have even been designed to have moveable fields as part of the infrastructure. The
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was reportedly the first floodlit stadium. Floodlighting in association football dates as far back as 1878, when there were floodlit experimental matches at Bramall Lane,
2311:
264:
Stadiums in ancient Greece and Rome were built for different purposes, and at first only the Greeks built structures called "stadium"; Romans built structures called "
1521:. This rule applies even if the stadium sponsor is an official FIFA sponsor—the Johannesburg stadium then commercially known as "Coca-Cola Park", bearing the name of
968:
Since the requirements for baseball and football are significantly different, the trend has been toward the construction of single-purpose stadiums, beginning with
799:. But, in the context of sports stadiums, the term "dome" has become standard for all covered stadiums, particularly because the first such enclosed stadium, the
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league of Japan, in which many of the teams are themselves named after their parent corporations. Also, many newer European football stadiums, such as the
1490:, in that the parks were named by and for the club's owner, which also happened to be the name of the company owned by those clubowners. (The current
1424:, for example, was previously known as Bank One Ballpark, but was renamed to reflect the takeover of the latter corporation. San Francisco's historic
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2090:
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during the tournament. Likewise, the same stadium will be known as the "München Arena" during the European Competitions. Similar rules affect the
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event followed by music and a fireworks display. Upon its completion the stadium was the first joint purpose-built football stadium in the world.
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Much effort has been spent to avoid the recurrence of such events, both in design and legislation. Especially where there is a perceived risk of
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These early venues, originally designed to host football matches, were adopted for use by the Olympic Games, the first one being held in 1896 in
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for several years, but the name was dropped when the sponsorship agreement expired, and it was another two years before the new name of
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or violence attention remains high to prevent human death and keep stadiums as places where families can enjoy a public event together.
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noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the
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because they are large enough for, and designed for, what are generally considered to be outdoor sports such as athletics,
612:, built in 1913, was the first stadium in the UK to feature a two-tiered seating arrangement when it was redesigned in the
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in New York in 1965. Also important was the use of large stadiums for American tours by bands in the later 1960s, such as
759:
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1172:. Originally set out for standing room only, they are now usually equipped with seating. Another term used in the US is
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Stadium designers often study acoustics to increase noise caused by fans' voices, aiming to create a lively atmosphere.
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838:. Those designed for what are usually indoor sports like basketball, ice hockey and volleyball are generally called
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656:. The latter was the world's first three-tiered sporting venue. The opening of these parks marked the start of the
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were held from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium.
1949:
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and security searches to enforce rules that forbid spectators to carry dangerous or potentially dangerous items.
976:, to allow for the sharing of mutual parking lots and other amenities. With the rise of MLS, the construction of
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and accelerating in the 1990s. In several cases, an American football stadium has been constructed adjacent to a
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This new trend in corporate naming (or renaming) is distinguishable from names of some older venues, such as
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1052:.) Along with today's single use stadiums is the trend for retro-style ballparks closer to downtown areas.
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1314:(of association football), during which cities often pledge to build new stadiums in order to satisfy the
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in London is often cited as the first modern seater stadium, at least in the UK. Designed by the engineer
242:. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor
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Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the
1044:. (To a certain extent, this continues in lower football leagues as well, with the venue now known as
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Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including
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Grateful Dead Gear: The Band's Instruments, Sound Systems, and Recording Sessions from 1965 to 1995
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There is a solar-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces as much energy as it needs to function.
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and has a diameter of 680 feet (210 m). It is the largest fixed domed structure in the world.
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2269:"Big Sports Events Have Big Environmental Footprints. Could Social Licenses to Operate Help?"
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1301:" system, there are fewer teams than cities which would like them. This creates tremendous
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in the United States, the first such structures were built. One such early stadium was the
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During these decades, parallel stadium developments were taking place in the U.S. The
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of park construction. The largest stadium crowd ever was 199,854 people watching
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comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length.
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This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk
937:. Stadiums built specifically for association football are common in Europe;
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The Roman Stage: A Short History of Latin Drama in the Time of the Republic
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to be built, using early-20th-century styling with 21st-century amenities.
536:, opened in 1871 for the team then known as the Boston Beaneaters (now the
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brick for the majority of its construction. Another influential venue was
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2290:"Green Monsters: Examining the Environmental Impact of Sports Stadiums"
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was the first purpose-built association football stadium in the world.
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2615:
The Stadium; A Treatise on the Design of Stadiums and Their Equipment
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1533:. Corporate names are also temporarily replaced during the Olympics.
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Security features that have been adopted include armed surveillance,
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Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for
16:
Place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events
1088:, most games played on large areas had to rely on natural lighting.
246:, and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times.
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795:-supported roofs and others having more exotic designs such as a
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1448:. Lansdowne was redeveloped as the Aviva, opening in May 2010.
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being used as the home stadium of the United Football League's
945:, are common in Ireland, while stadiums built specifically for
2710:
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2390:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 1
2179:
349:
200 m (660 ft)-250 m (820 ft) (estimated)
2176:"Super Bowl XLVII: New Orleans' pride restored after Katrina"
19:
This article is about the building type. For other uses, see
505:
Other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the
1646:. Since the 1980s, rock, pop and folk stars, including the
1501:
in Germany, some stadiums were temporarily renamed because
2638:
1568:. The origins of stadium rock are sometimes dated to when
2618:. New York, Cleveland: American Institute of Steel, inc.
2588:(4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press.
2050:(3rd ed.). London: CollinsWillow. pp. 234–235.
1494:
received its name via a modern naming rights agreement.)
2349:(London: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2002), 0415284252, p. 158.
1293:
Modern stadiums, especially the largest among them, are
1950:"World Stadiums – Architecture :: Stadium history"
1905:
Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium
985:, for example, was built on a triangular city block in
891:, a domed stadium that is home to the rugby union club
123:. Many large sports venues are also used for concerts.
2534:"Lady Gaga's Born This Way Ball Tour starts in the UK"
1845:
1843:
2607:. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press. p. 321.
1972:
1970:
1505:
prohibits sponsorship of stadiums. For example, the
524:
In the U.S., many professional baseball teams built
953:are common in the United States. The most common
2202:"Taiwan's solar stadium 100% powered by the sun"
1944:
1942:
1940:
1891:The Modern Olympic Games, A Struggle for Revival
2584:John, Geraint; Rod Sheard; Ben Vickery (2007).
1822:International Review for the Sociology of Sport
1818:"The Spatial Development of the Modern Stadium"
818:Even though enclosed, dome stadiums are called
2605:Modern Coliseum: Stadiums and American Culture
1622:. In the 1980s arena rock became dominated by
2669:
2504:. Music Series. Backbeat Books. p. 258.
8:
2310:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1670:, have undertaken large-scale stadium based
2136:. Guinness World Records Limited. pp.
1789:plural form, but both are used in English.
1185:can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.
1098:during the dark winter afternoons. With no
2676:
2662:
2654:
648:in Philadelphia and, a few months later,
2413:(London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003),
2328:(University of California Press, 2009),
1475:in Germany have been corporately named.
279:
2288:J., Grant Jr., Thomas (9 August 2018).
1775:
928:Multi-purpose stadium § Criticisms
228:attempted revivals of the Olympic Games
95:. Other popular stadium sports include
88:, where the word "stadium" originated.
2586:Stadia: A Design and Development Guide
2303:
2228:"How do you give stadiums atmosphere?"
1893:by David C. Young, Chapters 4 & 13
1877:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
528:, with the first such venue being the
493:, who organised the first All Ireland
222:The excavated and refurbished ancient
1854:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20.
1157:require all spectators to be seated.
7:
1852:A Brief History of the Olympic Games
1525:, was known by its historic name of
869:, an open-air venue that is home to
2294:Villanova Environmental Law Journal
1719:List of nonbuilding structure types
811:is a true dome structure made of a
388:225 m (738 ft) (approx.)
178:Most dictionaries provide for both
63:
2843:Athletics (track and field) venues
2454:, AllMusic. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
156:The equivalent Roman measure, the
14:
2226:Vennard, Martin (13 April 2013).
1759:List of sports attendance figures
1155:FIFA World Cup qualifying matches
957:combines a football pitch with a
901:(demolished), former home to the
754:Kazimierz Górski National Stadium
526:large stadiums mainly out of wood
391:30 m (98 ft) (approx.)
232:the first modern Olympics in 1896
2532:Izundu, Chi (9 September 2012).
2464:Menn, D.; Staff, H.L.C. (1992).
1934:Ancient Stadium of Philippopolis
1698:
1684:
1451:On the other hand, Los Angeles'
1056:was the first such ballpark for
230:in 1870 and 1875 before hosting
204:The oldest known stadium is the
2434:(McGraw-Hill, 3rd edn., 2008),
2347:Popular Music: the Key Concepts
2073:Wimpey: The first hundred years
1828:(2–3). SAGE Journals: 121–133.
1805:"Stadium Construction Projects"
1396:List of sponsored sports venues
1316:International Olympic Committee
911:National Basketball Association
2253:The Dow of Professional Sports
2174:Parry, Haydn (February 2013).
1511:FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich
1160:Seating areas may be known as
883:National Women's Soccer League
591:and completed in 10 months by
311:212.54 m (697.3 ft)
1:
1626:bands, following the lead of
1560:", particularly for forms of
1273:Political and economic issues
500:Lansdowne Rugby Football Club
1523:one of FIFA's major sponsors
1457:Nippon Professional Baseball
366:2nd century AD (117–138 AD)
2838:Association football venues
2603:Lisle, Benjamin D. (2017).
2470:. Hal Leonard. p. 75.
2133:Guinness World Records Book
2075:. George Wimpey. p. 5.
2048:Football Grounds of Britain
1118:Spectator areas and seating
1054:Oriole Park at Camden Yards
813:lamellar multi-ringed frame
2874:
2104:(1): 16–32. Archived from
2025:"History of Goodison Park"
1907:. Oxford University Press.
1834:10.1177/101269029302800204
1549:
1389:
1276:
1215:Category:Stadium disasters
1212:
1151:UEFA European Championship
1046:Charles Schwab Field Omaha
925:
481:in the United Kingdom and
281:
186:as valid English plurals.
18:
2769:
2691:
2200:Inhabitat (20 May 2009).
2091:"A Look at Olympic Costs"
1509:in Munich was called the
1102:, lights were powered by
597:Franco-British Exhibition
498:last, but not least, the
369:250 m (820 ft)
333:25.5 m (84 ft)
330:177 m (581 ft)
314:28.5 m (94 ft)
238:, and some events of the
53:Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
2612:Serby, Myron W. (1930).
2467:Secrets from the Masters
1850:Young, David C. (2008).
1042:American Football League
1038:National Football League
1018:Milwaukee County Stadium
978:soccer-specific stadiums
970:Kansas City in 1972–1973
724:Beijing National Stadium
603:of 68,000 was opened by
509:(opened in 1877 for the
372:32 m (105 ft)
357:Stadium of Philippopolis
164:to be a distance of 125
145:form of the Greek word "
43:Melbourne Cricket Ground
21:Stadium (disambiguation)
2411:The Rough Guide to Rock
2130:Glenday, Craig (2013).
2098:Citius, Altius, Fortius
2071:White, Valerie (1980).
2046:Inglis, Simon (1996) .
1977:Corbett, James (2003).
1879:A Greek-English Lexicon
1714:Architectural structure
1143:Heysel Stadium disaster
1110:, and were unreliable.
610:London Highbury Stadium
507:Stamford Bridge stadium
236:1906 Intercalated Games
107:, the various codes of
2432:American Popular Music
2003:"The Move to Goodison"
1903:Cameron, Alan (1976).
1734:Performing arts center
1434:Monster Cable Products
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1290:
1210:
1200:
1129:
1081:
903:National Hockey League
889:Paris La Défense Arena
849:Cameron Indoor Stadium
844:. Exceptions include:
776:
766:
756:
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
696:
686:
642:American football team
599:, this stadium with a
487:Lansdowne Road Stadium
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
378:Stadium at Aphrodisias
261:
259:Stadium at Aphrodisias
201:
138:
55:
45:
35:
2853:Sports venues by type
1954:www.worldstadiums.com
1754:List of indoor arenas
1488:second Busch Stadiums
1385:Emirates Airline Park
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1286:
1221:Hillsborough disaster
1206:
1196:
1139:Hillsborough disaster
1125:
1077:
1058:Major League Baseball
772:
762:
752:
742:
732:
722:
712:
702:
692:
684:Moses Mabhida Stadium
682:
623:, a baseball park in
595:, on the site of the
517:(1884 as a venue for
465:
455:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
257:
210:ancient Olympic Games
208:in Greece, where the
197:
134:
51:
41:
31:
2498:Jackson, B. (2006).
2005:. Everton Collection
1537:Environmental issues
1486:, and the first and
1461:University of Bolton
1229:Hillsborough Stadium
1134:"all-seater" stadium
1127:Hillsborough Stadium
1084:Until the advent of
863:basketball programs.
828:association football
797:tensegrity structure
585:1908 Summer Olympics
511:London Athletic Club
489:, the brainchild of
479:association football
240:2004 Summer Olympics
93:association football
2392:(Continuum, 2003),
2087:Zarnowski, C. Frank
1816:Bale, John (1993).
1692:Architecture portal
1584:Grand Funk Railroad
1531:2010 FIFA World Cup
1499:2006 FIFA World Cup
1453:Great Western Forum
1189:Safety and security
1145:. Since these, all
955:multiple use design
935:retractable seating
871:Major League Soccer
744:Arthur Ashe Stadium
636:, built in 1903 by
467:Johan Cruijff Arena
339:Stadium of Domitian
224:Panathenaic Stadium
217:Stadium of Domitian
199:Panathenaic Stadium
171:The English use of
2561:. Gillette Stadium
2388:J. Shepherd, ed.,
2251:Lambert, Craig. "
2164:", Merriam-Webster
1918:Beare, W. (1950).
1580:the Rolling Stones
1527:Ellis Park Stadium
1388:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1291:
1263:video surveillance
1211:
1201:
1130:
1082:
941:stadiums, such as
907:Chicago Blackhawks
875:New York Red Bulls
777:
767:
757:
747:
737:
727:
717:
707:
697:
687:
638:Harvard University
581:White City Stadium
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
417:White City Stadium
410:
301:Stadium at Olympia
262:
206:Stadium at Olympia
202:
139:
136:Stadium at Olympia
56:
46:
36:
2825:
2824:
2787:Civil engineering
2647:"Stadium Journey"
2595:978-0-7506-6844-6
2511:978-0-87930-893-3
2477:978-1-61774-463-1
1988:978-1-4050-3431-9
1979:School of Science
1764:Lists of stadiums
1469:Signal Iduna Park
1465:Emirates Stadiums
1365:Signal Iduna Park
1259:Identity document
1036:were used by the
951:American football
824:American football
805:Caesars Superdome
801:Houston Astrodome
734:San Mamés Stadium
704:Caesars Superdome
676:on 16 July 1950.
530:South End Grounds
395:
394:
385:1st century B.C.
320:Stadium at Delphi
141:"Stadium" is the
97:gridiron football
2865:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2627:
2608:
2599:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2370:on 8 August 2013
2366:. Archived from
2356:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2265:
2259:
2257:Harvard Magazine
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2095:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1566:progressive rock
1426:Candlestick Park
1403:Volkswagen Arena
1326:Corporate naming
1303:bargaining power
1208:Luzhniki Stadium
1050:Omaha Nighthawks
1034:Sportsman's Park
1014:Griffith Stadium
601:seating capacity
583:, built for the
564:Archibald Leitch
457:Maracanã Stadium
280:
244:Evangelos Zappas
168:(double-paces).
65:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2765:
2687:
2682:
2645:
2639:"Stadium Guide"
2637:
2634:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2429:
2425:
2408:
2404:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2323:
2319:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2093:
2089:(Summer 1992).
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1796:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1656:Michael Jackson
1554:
1548:
1539:
1467:in England and
1428:was renamed as
1398:
1328:
1308:Summer Olympics
1281:
1279:Stadium subsidy
1275:
1267:metal detectors
1217:
1191:
1120:
1072:
930:
924:
899:Chicago Stadium
879:NJ/NY Gotham FC
855:'s Blue Devils
853:Duke University
782:
764:Wembley Stadium
662:the final match
658:"jewel box" era
634:Harvard Stadium
616:style in 1936.
605:King Edward VII
557:track and field
515:Anfield stadium
437:Harvard Stadium
407:Stamford Bridge
400:
278:
252:
192:
129:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:Infrastructure
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2633:
2632:External links
2630:
2629:
2628:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2559:"Taylor Swift"
2550:
2524:
2510:
2490:
2476:
2456:
2444:
2430:D. L. Joyner,
2423:
2402:
2381:
2351:
2338:
2317:
2280:
2260:
2244:
2218:
2192:
2166:
2153:
2146:
2122:
2111:on 28 May 2008
2078:
2063:
2056:
2038:
2016:
1994:
1987:
1966:
1936:
1925:
1910:
1895:
1883:
1867:
1860:
1839:
1808:
1794:
1791:Dictionary.com
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Sports complex
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1695:
1679:
1676:
1630:and including
1616:Peter Frampton
1596:REO Speedwagon
1550:Main article:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1442:Lansdowne Road
1375:Yankee Stadium
1327:
1324:
1312:FIFA World Cup
1274:
1271:
1190:
1187:
1147:Premier League
1119:
1116:
1071:
1068:
1030:Yankee Stadium
983:Yankee Stadium
923:
920:
919:
918:
896:
886:
867:Red Bull Arena
864:
791:, some having
781:
778:
774:Dodger Stadium
670:Rio de Janeiro
666:1950 World Cup
579:, Greece. The
562:The architect
538:Atlanta Braves
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
359:
353:
352:
350:
347:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
297:
296:
293:
290:
289:Earliest date
287:
284:
277:
274:
251:
248:
191:
188:
128:
125:
113:field lacrosse
33:Etihad Stadium
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Sports venues
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:0-07-352657-6
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:1-84353-105-4
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:0-8264-6321-5
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:0-520-25310-8
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2147:9781908843159
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2057:0-00-218426-5
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1981:. Macmillan.
1980:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:9780470777756
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:Sports portal
1696:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1672:concert tours
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:Grateful Dead
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Veltins-Arena
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Allianz Arena
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1492:Busch Stadium
1489:
1485:
1484:Wrigley Field
1481:
1480:Crosley Field
1476:
1474:
1473:Allianz Arena
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1446:Aviva Stadium
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1392:Naming rights
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1355:Aviva Stadium
1352:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1198:Ibrox Stadium
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:national grid
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Tiger Stadium
1007:
1006:Comiskey Park
1003:
1002:Wrigley Field
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
979:
975:
974:baseball park
971:
966:
962:
960:
959:running track
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
922:Design issues
921:
916:
915:Chicago Bulls
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
843:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
775:
771:
765:
761:
755:
751:
745:
741:
735:
731:
725:
721:
715:
714:Allianz Arena
711:
705:
701:
695:
691:
685:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:George Wimpey
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
565:
560:
558:
553:
549:
545:
544:Goodison Park
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
496:
492:
488:
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2792:Construction
2777:Architecture
2773:
2614:
2604:
2585:
2578:Bibliography
2563:. Retrieved
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2500:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2466:
2459:
2452:"Hair metal"
2447:
2431:
2426:
2410:
2409:P. Buckley,
2405:
2389:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2363:
2360:"Arena rock"
2354:
2346:
2341:
2336:, pp. 21–31.
2325:
2324:S. Waksman,
2320:
2306:cite journal
2297:
2293:
2283:
2272:
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2256:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2206:The Guardian
2205:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2169:
2156:
2132:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2101:
2097:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1997:
1978:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1881:, on Perseus
1878:
1870:
1851:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1802:Nussli Group
1797:
1782:
1778:
1724:Amphitheatre
1668:Taylor Swift
1588:Led Zeppelin
1576:Shea Stadium
1558:stadium rock
1555:
1552:Stadium rock
1546:Music venues
1540:
1515:Imtech Arena
1510:
1496:
1477:
1450:
1440:'s historic
1419:
1399:
1295:megaprojects
1292:
1288:Empire Field
1256:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1218:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1131:
1112:
1092:Bramall Lane
1090:
1083:
1079:Bramall Lane
1065:
1062:
1026:Forbes Field
998:Polo Grounds
991:
967:
963:
939:Gaelic games
931:
839:
819:
817:
783:
694:Sapporo Dome
650:Forbes Field
625:Philadelphia
618:
589:J.J. Webster
574:
569:Old Trafford
561:
542:
523:
519:Everton F.C.
504:
491:Henry Dunlop
471:
447:Forbes Field
295:Track width
270:amphitheatre
263:
221:
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121:bullfighting
90:
76:
71:
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59:
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25:
2756:Storm drain
2726:Interchange
2565:10 February
2543:10 February
2517:12 February
2483:12 February
2345:R. Shuker,
2237:2 September
2211:2 September
2185:15 February
2027:. ToffeeWeb
1959:31 December
1739:Sport venue
1632:Mötley Crüe
1570:the Beatles
1529:during the
1497:During the
1422:Chase Field
1415:Fenway Park
1345:Oracle Park
1335:FNB Stadium
1225:human crush
1086:floodlights
994:Fenway Park
809:New Orleans
219:, in Rome.
2832:Categories
2817:Urban park
2797:Playground
2721:Footbridge
2374:20 January
1922:. Methuen.
1770:References
1636:Quiet Riot
1624:glam metal
1390:See also:
1277:See also:
1213:See also:
1183:Super Bowl
1022:Shibe Park
943:Croke Park
926:See also:
851:, home to
654:Pittsburgh
646:Shibe Park
621:Baker Bowl
552:turnstiles
427:Baker Bowl
2774:See also:
2442:, p. 261.
2421:, p. 835.
2400:, p. 423.
1729:Jumbotron
1664:Lady Gaga
1628:Aerosmith
1604:Foreigner
1562:hard rock
1430:3Com Park
1407:Wolfsburg
1318:(IOC) or
1299:franchise
1248:hooligans
1240:terrorism
1233:Sheffield
1175:bleachers
1104:batteries
1096:Sheffield
987:The Bronx
893:Racing 92
495:Athletics
398:Modernity
250:Antiquity
127:Etymology
78:Pausanias
2858:Stadiums
2741:Pipeline
2736:Overpass
2716:Drainage
2706:Causeway
2624:23706869
2364:AllMusic
2232:BBC News
2115:24 March
1678:See also
1640:W.A.S.P.
1310:and the
1261:checks,
1162:terraces
1141:and the
1108:dynamoes
1070:Lighting
947:baseball
909:and the
836:baseball
820:stadiums
674:Maracanã
640:for its
614:Art Deco
483:baseball
362:Bulgaria
286:Country
276:Examples
180:stadiums
101:baseball
68:stadiums
2812:Theatre
2807:Stadium
2031:3 April
2009:5 April
1875:Στάδιον
1785:is the
1749:Theater
1660:Beyoncé
1652:Madonna
1592:Journey
1444:as the
1040:or the
881:of the
861:women's
664:of the
382:Turkey
327:500 BC
324:Greece
308:776 BC
305:Greece
226:hosted
190:History
173:stadium
158:stadium
151:στάδιον
147:stadion
105:cricket
86:Olympia
82:stadion
60:stadium
2802:Public
2761:Tunnel
2751:Skyway
2696:Bridge
2622:
2592:
2508:
2474:
2438:
2417:
2396:
2332:
2274:Forbes
2144:
2054:
1985:
1858:
1783:Stadia
1600:Boston
1573:played
1438:Dublin
1411:Boston
1223:was a
1032:, and
996:, the
841:arenas
834:, and
789:vaults
630:Boston
577:Athens
548:Walton
534:Boston
513:) and
346:80 AD
343:Italy
266:circus
234:, the
184:stadia
166:passūs
162:passus
119:, and
72:stadia
2782:Arena
2731:Levee
2701:Canal
2109:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
1787:Latin
1620:Queen
1170:decks
1168:, or
1166:tiers
857:men's
832:rugby
793:truss
785:Domed
780:Types
283:Name
143:Latin
117:bandy
109:rugby
2746:Road
2620:OCLC
2590:ISBN
2567:2015
2545:2015
2519:2015
2506:ISBN
2485:2015
2472:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2376:2011
2330:ISBN
2312:link
2300:(1).
2239:2017
2213:2017
2187:2015
2162:Dome
2142:ISBN
2117:2007
2052:ISBN
2033:2010
2011:2010
1983:ISBN
1961:2019
1856:ISBN
1666:and
1644:Ratt
1642:and
1618:and
1612:Kiss
1608:Styx
1586:and
1564:and
1517:and
1503:FIFA
1471:and
1463:and
1394:and
1320:FIFA
1153:and
1106:and
877:and
859:and
182:and
2711:Dam
2538:BBC
2180:BBC
2138:142
1830:doi
1413:'s
1405:in
1231:in
1227:at
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