3096:
811:
6918:
1660:
1313:- two parasagittal rows of staggered alternates, after the discovery of an almost complete skeleton preserved in this manner in rock. Furthermore, no two plates share the same size and shape, making the possibility of bilaterally paired rows even less likely. Plates are usually found with distinct vascular grooves on their lateral surfaces, suggesting the presence of a circulatory network. Stegosaurids also have osteoderms on the throat in the form of small depressed ossicles and two pairs of elongated spike-like tail-spines. With
754:. Although defense, thermo-regulation and display have been theorized to be the possible functions of these dorsal plates, a study of the ontogenetic histology of the plates and spikes suggests that the plates serve different functions at different stages of the stegosaurids’ life histories. The terminal spikes in the tail are thought to have been used in old adults, at least, as a weapon for defence. However, the function of stegosaurid plates and spikes, at different life stages, still remains a matter of great debate.
6165:
911:
1359:, a strong protein, would indeed allow the plates to bear more weight, suggesting they may have been used for active defense. A keratinous covering would also allow greater surface area for the plates to be uses as a mating display structures, which could be potentially coloured like the beaks of modern birds. At the same time this finding implies that the use of plates for thermo-regulation may be less likely because the keratinous covering would make heat transfer from the bone highly ineffective.
6172:
6185:
6192:
2062:
1923:
6178:
2033:
199:
140:
1961:
1793:
2091:
1751:
1722:
1607:
2149:
1901:
1368:
6941:
1983:
2993:
2267:
2207:
2245:
2185:
2120:
2879:. argue that the formation of nourishing vascular networks in young adults supported the growth of large plates. This would have enhanced the size of the animal, which may have helped attract mates and deter rivals. Furthermore, the presence of the vascular networks in the plates of the young adult indicate a secondary use of the plates as a thermoregulatory device for heat loss much like the
2441:
1131:
2892:
in young adults, facilitated the further enlargement of the spikes by increasing the amount of nourishment supplied. On the other hand, plates do not show a similar degree of bone compaction or cortical thickening indicating they would not be capable of taking much weight from above. This suggests they were not as important as spikes in active defense.
2926:, also in Utah. Unlike the first, this trackway preserved traces of the forefeet. Fossil remains indicate that stegosaurians have five digits on the forefeet and three weight-bearing digits on the hind feet. From this, scientists were able to predict the appearance of stegosaurian tracks in 1990, six years in advance of the first actual discovery of
1343:. (2008) observed that the discovered specimen, from which the spine is described, has a completely different morphology than the parascapular spine specimens of other stegosaurs. They suggest it may be a fragmentary tail spine instead. Stegosaurids also lack lateral scute rows that run longitudinally on either side of the trunk in
750:. The stegosaurids like all other stegosaurians were quadrupedal herbivores that exhibited the characteristic stegosaurian dorsal dermal plates. These large, thin, erect plates are thought to be aligned parasagittally from the neck to near the end of the tail. The end of the tail has pairs of spikes, sometimes referred to as a
881:. At first, Marsh still entertained some incorrect notions about its morphology. He assumed that the plates formed a flat skin cover — hence the name, meaning "roof saurian" — and that the animal was bipedal with the spikes sticking out sideways from the rear of the skull. A succession of additional discoveries from the
1351:, indicating yet another secondary loss of a plesiomorphic characters. However, the absence of lateral scutes as well as pre-maxillary teeth mentioned above are not specifically diagnostic of stegosaurids, since these features are also present in some other stegosaurians, whose phylogenetic relationships are unclear.
3184:
may have used a tripodal stance on their hindlimbs and tail to double the foraging height from the general low browsing height under one metre for stegosaurids. This challenged the view that stegosaurs are primarily low vegetation feeders because of their small heads, short necks and short forelimbs,
3086:
inferred that stegosaurids may have used an erect limb posture, like that of most mammals, for habitual locomotion while using a sprawled crocodilian pose for defensive behavior. The sprawled pose would allow them to tolerate the large lateral forces used in swinging the spiked tail against predators
2874:
of already existing fibrous networks in the skin. However, the many structural features, seen in the spikes and plates of old adults specimens, are acquired at different stages of development. Extensive vascular networks form in the plates during the change from juveniles to young adults and persist
1260:
had several types. On its neck, back, and tail were two rows of paired small vertical plates and spikes. The very tail end bore a small club. Each flank had a row of smaller osteoderms, culminating in a long shoulder spine in front, curving to the rear. Later forms show very variable configurations,
1122:
were reinforced by a fusion into two blocks, an ulnar and a radial. The front feet of stegosaurians are commonly depicted in art and in museum displays with fingers splayed out and slanted downward. However, in this position, most bones in the hand would be disarticulated. In reality, the hand bones
1065:
still had seven per side. The upper and lower jaws are equipped with rows of small teeth. Later species have a vertical bone plate covering the outer side of the lower jaw teeth. The structure of the upper jaw, with a low ridge above, and running parallel to, the tooth row, indicates the presence of
885:
sites allowed a quick update of the presumed build. In 1882, Marsh was able to publish the first skeletal reconstruction of a stegosaur. Hereby, stegosaurians became much better known to the general public. The
American finds at the time represented the bulk of known stegosaurian fossils, with about
3125:, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, remarked that Saitta had misidentified features in his specimen's bone tissue sections and said “there’s no evidence the animal has stopped growing”. Paidan also expressed ethical concerns about the use of private specimens in the study.
3118:
dorsal plates, with one morph having a wide, oval plate with a surface area 45% larger than the narrow, tall morph. Considering that dorsal plates most likely functioned as display structures and that the wide oval shape allowed a broad continuous display, Saitta assigns the wider morph with larger
2891:
osteoderms. The thickening of the cortical section of the bone and the compaction of bone in the terminal tail-spikes in old adults suggest that they were used as defence weapons, but not until an ontogenetically late stage. The development of the large axial channel in old adults from small canals
1026:
Stegosaurids are distinguished from other stegosaurians in that the former have lost the plesiomorphic pre-maxillary teeth and lateral scute rows along the trunk. Furthermore, stegosaurids have long narrow skulls and longer hindlimbs compared to their forelimbs. However, these two features are not
1354:
The discovery of an impression of the skin covering the dorsal plates has implications for all possible functions of stegosaurian plates. Christiansen and
Tschopp (2010) found that the skin was smooth with long, parallel, shallow grooves indicating a keratinous structure covering the plates. The
1141:
The long hindlimbs elevated the tail base, such that the tail pointed out behind the animal almost horizontally from that high position. While walking, the tail would not have sloped downwards as this would have impeded the function of the tail base retractor muscles, to pull the thighbones
2895:
The protective nature of dorsal plates has also been questioned in the past
Davitashvili (1961) noted that narrow dorsal location of the plates still left the sides vulnerable. Since the pattern of plates and spines vary between species, he suggested it could be important for intraspecific
2896:
recognition and as a display for sexual selection. This is corroborated by
Spassov's (1982) observations that the plates are arranged for maximum visible effect when viewed laterally during non-aggressive agonistic behaviour, as opposed to from a head-on aggressive stance.
2827:(southern India); however, Galton & Ayyasami (2017) interpreted the specimen as a bone of a sauropod dinosaur. Nevertheless, the authors considered the survival of stegosaurians into the Maastrichtian to be possible, noting the presence of the stegosaurian ichnotaxon
4282:
Skutschas, Pavel P.; Gvozdkova, Vera A.; Averianov, Alexander O.; Lopatin, Alexey V.; Martin, Thomas; Schellhorn, Rico; Kolosov, Petr N.; Markova, Valentina D.; Kolchanov, Veniamin V.; Grigoriev, Dmitry V.; Kuzmin, Ivan T. (2021-03-17). Pardo-Pérez, Judith (ed.).
3065:
had four dermal spikes, each about 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show that, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. Initially, Marsh described
1146:
that stegosaurians could rear on their hind legs to reach higher layers of plants, the tail then being used as a "third leg". The mobility of the tail was increased by a reduction or absence of ossified tendons, that with many
Ornithischia stiffen the hip region.
773:, from which the group acquired its name, and which is still by far the most famous stegosaurian. During the latter half of the twentieth century, many important Chinese finds were made, representing about half of the presently known diversity of stegosaurians.
1261:
combining plates of various shape and size on the neck and front torso with spikes more to the rear of the animal. They seem to have lost the tail club and the flank rows are apparently absent also, with the exception of the shoulder spine, still shown by
2553:
in build, with a higher and shorter skull, a short neck, a low torso, long slender forelimbs, short hindlimbs, large condyles on the thighbone, a narrow pelvis, long ischial and pubic shafts, and a relatively long tail. Its small tail club might be a
926:
From the 1950s onwards, the geology of China was systematically surveyed in detail and infrastructural works led to a vast increase of digging activities in that country. This resulted in a new wave of
Chinese stegosaurian discoveries, starting with
2723:
from
Northern China, the exact age of which is highly uncertain More recent discoveries from Asia however would later begin to fill out the Early Cretaceous diversity of the group. Indeterminate stegosaurs are known from the Early Cretaceous of
3037:
could have maneuvered its rear easily by keeping its large hindlimbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack. In 2010, analysis of a digitized model of
1167:
have given rise to the incorrect notion of a "second brain". Despite the downwards curvature of the rump, the neck base was not very low and the head was held a considerable distance off the ground. The neck was flexible and moderately long.
739:, which could ward off even large predators because the tail was in a higher position, pointing horizontally to the rear from the broad pelvis. Stegosaurids had complex arrays of spikes and plates running along their backs, hips and tails.
1301:. They are found in varying sizes along the dorsum, with the central region of the back usually having the largest and tallest plates. The arrangement of these parasagittal dorsal plates has been intensely debated in the past. Discoverer
3167:
and humans. The finding suggests that these dinosaurs would be capable of breaking smaller branches and leaves with their teeth, but would not be able to bite through a thick object (12 mm or more in diameter). Parrish
1379:, from which the name of the family ‘Stegosauridae’ was erected in 1880. In comparison to basal stegosaurians, notable synapomorphies of Stegosauridae include a large antitrochanter (supracetabular process) in the
4475:
Butler, R.J., Barrett, P.M., Kenrick, P. and Penn, M.G., 2009, "Diversity patterns amongst herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the
Cretaceous: implications for hypotheses of dinosaur/angiosperm co-evolution",
3221:"Purported earliest bones of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria): a "dermal tail spine" and a centrum from the Aalenian-Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of England, with comments on other early thyreophorans"
2781:
where new groups of herbivores evolved. Although in general the case for such a causal relation is poorly supported by the data, stegosaurians are an exception in that their decline coincides with that of the
1551:, known from specimens from younger Late Jurassic deposits of the Shaximiao Formation. Huayangosauridae is either the sister taxon to all other stegosaurs, or close to the origin of the clade, with taxa like
3958:
Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Galton, Peter M.; Mallison, Heinrich; Novas, Fernando (2013). "A plated dinosaur (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Early
Cretaceous of Argentina, South America: an evaluation".
3195:. This dinosaur's neck has at least 17 cervical vertebrae achieved through the transformation of thoracic vertebrae into cervical vertebrae and possible lengthening of the centrum. This is more than most
1334:
has been found with parascapular spines, which project posteriorly out of the lower part of the shoulder plates. These spines are long, rounded and comma-shaped in lateral view and have an enlarged base.
3176:
supports this finding. The flora during this time-period was dominated by seasonal small, fast-growing herbaceous plants, which stegosaurids could consume easily if
Reichel's reconstruction is accurate.
2862:. (2012) examined their structure and function through juveniles to old adults. They found that throughout the ontogeny, the dorsal osteoderms are composed of dense ossified collagen fibres in both the
1074:
in front of the eye socket, is small, sometimes reduced to a narrow horizontal slit. In general, stegosaurids have proportionally long, low and narrow snouts with a deep mandible, compared to that of
807:
were based on fragmentary material and were not recognised as possible stegosaurians until the twentieth century. They gave no reason to suspect the existence of a new distinctive group of dinosaurs.
4426:
Jia, Lei; Li, Ning; Dong, Liyang; Shi, Jianru; Kang, Zhishuai; Wang, Suozhu; Xu, Shichao; You, Hailu (2024-01-31). "A new stegosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Zuoyun, Shanxi Province, China".
3047:
In 2001, a study of tail spikes by McWhinney et al., showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage. This too supports the theory that the spikes were used in combat. There is also evidence for
3261:
Peter M. Galton; Krishnan Ayyasami (2017). "Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a "dermal plate" from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India".
1159:
pointing obliquely upwards to almost the level of the neural spine top. Stegosaurian back vertebrae can easily be identified by this unique configuration. The tall neural arches often house deep
2980:
tracks suggests their occurrence in this country from at least the Middle to Upper Jurassic (Callovian–Tithonian). A single plaster cast of one of these handprints is in the collections of the
1151:
still possessed them. In species that had short forelimbs, the relatively short torso towards the front curved strongly downwards. The dorsal vertebrae typically were very high, with very tall
1428:. The vast majority of stegosaurian dinosaurs thus far recovered belong to the Stegosauridae, which lived in the later part of the Jurassic and early Cretaceous, and which were defined by
1224:
formed wide horizontal plates with flaring front blades to allow for an enormous belly-gut. The ilia were attached to the sacral vertebrae via a sacral yoke formed by fused sacral ribs.
4578:"Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Stegosaurs" in Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pg. 238
1297:, have very large and flat back plates. Stegosaurid plates have a thick base and central portion, but are transversely thin elsewhere. The plates become remarkably large and thin in
6418:
821:
In 1874, extensive remains of what was clearly a large herbivore equipped with spikes were uncovered in England; the first partial stegosaurian skeleton known. They were named
4747:
Queensl, The University of; Lucia, Australia Brisbane St; Gatton, QLD 4072 +61 7 3365 1111 Other Campuses: UQ; Maps, UQ Herston; Queensl, Directions © 2021 The University of.
781:
The first known discovery of a possible stegosaurian was probably made in the early nineteenth century in England. It consisted of a lower jaw fragment and was in 1848 named
4788:"The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia"
1273:. As far as is known, all forms possessed some sort of thagomizer, though these are rarely preserved articulated allowing to establish the exact arrangement. A fossil of
1209:. Later forms tend to have a strongly expanded acromion, while the coracoid, largely attached to the acromion, no longer extends to the rear lower corner of the scapula.
5098:
4967:
4163:
Peter M. Galton (2019). "Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India".
4772:
4458:
Bakker, R.T., 1998, "Dinosaur mid-life crisis: the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in Wyoming and Colorado", In: S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, & J.W. Estep (eds.)
5166:"Evidence for Sexual Dimorphism in the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus mjosi (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western USA"
3765:
Lull, R. S. (1910a). Stegosaurus ungulatus Marsh, recently mounted at the Peabody Museum of Yale University. American Journal of Science, 4th series, 30, 361–377
1123:
of stegosaurians were arranged into vertical columns, with the main fingers, orientated outwards, forming a tube-like structure. This is similar to the hands of
4904:
4693:
4829:"Footprints of large theropod dinosaurs in the Middle–UpperJurassic (lower Callovian–lower Tithonian) Walloon Coal Measures of southern Queensland, Australia"
7082:
3188:
Another piece of evidence suggesting that some stegosaurids may have consumed more than just low vegetation was the discovery of the long-necked stegosaurid
2584:, from China much larger species are known, with long, "graviportal" (adapted for moving only in a slow manner on land due to a high body weight) hindlimbs:
4243:"Bol'shoi Ilek as the ilek formation stratotype of the Lower Cretaceous, and the new dinosaur and mammoth faunae site in the south-east of Western Siberia"
2946:
footprint measures less than 6 cm in length and represents the smallest known stegosaurian track. Some tracks preserve exquisite scaly skin pattern.
1100:
of the lower thighbone are short from the front to the rear. This would have limited the supported rotation of the knee joint, making running impossible.
994:
was reported, the first Chinese dinosaur named since 1994. Nevertheless, European and North-American sites have become productive again during the 1990s,
4560:
Spassov, N. B. (1982). The ‘‘bizarre’’ dorsal plates of stegosaurs: ethological approach. Comptes rendus de l’academie bulgare des Sciences, 35, 367–370.
1096:
have forelimbs much shorter than their hindlimbs. Their hindlimbs are long and straight, designed to carry the weight of the animal while stepping. The
2799:
fossils found in India. Though originally thought to be stegosaurian, in 1991 these badly-eroded fossils were suggested to instead have been based on
1545:, suggesting that the origins of stegosaurs lay in Asia. Following phylogenetic analyses, Huayangosauridae was expanded to also include the taxon
2447:
is the oldest and most basal stegosaurian of which good material is known, giving an impression of the build of the earliest members of the group
727:). Originally, they did not differ much from more primitive members of that group, being small, low-slung, running animals protected by armored
7077:
5375:
4493:
Chatterjee, S., and Rudra, D.K., 1996, "KT events in India: impact, rifting, volcanism and dinosaur extinction," in: Novas & Molnar, eds.,
7072:
6459:
5082:
5006:
4951:
4545:
4225:
3810:
1014:
skeletons having been excavated in Wyoming. Apart from the fossils per se, important new insights have been gained by applying the method of
6917:
4981:
Carpenter, Kenneth; Sanders, Frank; McWhinney, Lorrie A. & Wood, Lowell (2005). "Evidence for predator-prey relationships: Examples for
763:, was discovered in 1874 in England. Soon after, in 1877, the first nearly-complete skeleton was discovered in the United States. Professor
3833:
Maidment, S.C.R.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".
1309:
argued in favour of bilaterally paired arrangement throughout the series. Current scientific consensus lies in the arrangement proposed by
2789:
Though Late Cretaceous stegosaurian fossils have been reported, these have mostly turned out to be misidentified. A well-known example is
1279:
sp. has been reported with three pairs of spikes pointing outwards and a fourth pair pointing to the rear. The most derived species, like
969:. This increased the age range of good fossil stegosaurian material, as they represented the first relatively complete skeletons from the
2701:, far fewer finds are known and it seems that the group had declined in diversity. Some fragmentary fossils have been described, such as
2694:
was quite large (some specimens indicate a length of at least seven metres), had high plates, no shoulder spine, and a short, deep rump.
735:, became larger, and developed long hindlimbs that no longer allowed them to run. This increased the importance of active defence by the
731:. An early evolutionary innovation was the development of spikes as defensive weapons. Later species, belonging to a subgroup called the
7067:
5348:
2531:
represent the oldest probable record of stegosaurians reported so far. Outside that, there are assigned fossils to stegosauria from the
6164:
3585:
Sereno, Paul C., and Dong Zhimin. "The Skull of the Basal Stegosaur Huayangosaurus Taibaii and a Cladistic Diagnosis of Stegosauria."
3199:
dinosaurs, which also achieved the elongation of the neck through similar mechanisms and had access to fodder higher off the ground.
4887:
4147:
4117:
6184:
810:
3023:
There has been debate about whether the spikes were used simply for display, as posited by Gilmore in 1914, or used as a weapon.
6171:
4692:
Xing, Lida; Lockley, Martin G.; Persons, W. Scott; Klein, Hendrik; Romilio, Anthony; Wang, Donghao; Wang, Miaoyan (2021-02-28).
3095:
3031:
dinosaurs because it lacked ossified tendons, thus lending credence to the idea of the tail as a weapon. He also observed that
2909:
3044:
showed that the tail could bring the thagomizer around to the sides of the dinosaur, possibly striking an attacker beside it.
1236:. In more derived species, these became more horizontal and shorter to the rear, while the front prepubic process lengthened.
6934:
5337:
3941:
Sereno, P.C., 1998, "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria",
2055:
1916:
6191:
2624:, stegosaurid finds from England and France of approximately equivalent age to the Chinese specimens, are likely the same
6177:
2773:
It has often been suggested that the decline in stegosaur diversity was part of a Jurassic-Cretaceous transition, where
2026:
1523:
1515:
1507:
3629:
Galton, Peter; Paul Upchurch (2004). "16: Stegosauria". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.).
6135:
4748:
3544:
Maidment, S.C.R. (2010). "Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships".
1954:
1137:
mount showing to a good effect the high neck posture, the throat ossicles and the robust shoulder girdle and forelimbs
4912:
1330:
have been discovered with parascapular spines, or spines emerging from the shoulder region. Among stegosaurids, only
198:
4642:"First evidence of stegosaurianDeltapodusfootprints in North Africa (Iouaridène Formation, Upper Jurassic, Morocco)"
1580:
In 2017, Raven and Maidment published a new phylogenetic analysis, including almost every known stegosaurian genus:
5368:
1600:
6452:
2950:
2875:
in old adults but spikes acquire a thick cortex with a large axial vascular channel only in old adults. Hayashi
1659:
6550:
5463:
3780:"Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus
2871:
2084:
1744:
1716:
1637:
709:
4037:
4010:
2972:
While has no body fossil evidence currently known for stegosaurs, handprints from underground coal mines near
2942:
is an ichnogenus attributed as stegosaurian prints, and are known across Europe, North Africa, and China. One
757:
The first stegosaurian finds in the early 19th century were fragmentary. Better fossil material, of the genus
4460:
Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems; New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
3801:
Fastovsky D.E.; Weishampel D.B. (2005). "Stegosauria:Hot Plates". In Fastovsky D.E.; Weishampel D.B. (eds.).
2961:(honours the late Paddy Roe, OAM who went by the name 'Lulu') have been considered registered by stegosaurs.
2953:, Western Australia includes tracks of several different thyreophoran track-makers. Of these, the ichnogenus
2803:
pelvis and hindlimb material, and none of the fossils are demonstrably stegosaurian. The reinterpretation of
5223:
4198:
2412:
To date, several genera from China bearing names have been proposed but not formally described, including "
1317:
fossils also ossicles have been found in the throat region, bony skin discs that protected the lower neck.
910:
6961:
5559:
2142:
1894:
1653:
5302:"Jurassic "savannah"—plant taphonomy and climate of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Western USA)"
7034:
6577:
5812:
5361:
3353:"A review of the Late Jurassic stegosaurs (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the People's Republic of China"
2460:
1976:
1302:
868:
764:
312:
149:
4786:
Salisbury, Steven W.; Romilio, Anthony; Herne, Matthew C.; Tucker, Ryan T.; Nair, Jay P. (2016-12-12).
3139:
are also suggested to have exhibited dimorphism in the form of three extra sacral ribs in the females.
1127:, and is also supported by evidence from stegosaurian footprints and fossils found in a lifelike pose.
1001:
5253:"A model for the bite mechanics in the herbivorous dinosaur Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae)"
3756:
Marsh, O. C. (1891). Restoration of Stegosaurus. American Journal of Science, 3rd series, 42, 179–182.
7008:
6849:
6445:
6080:
5835:
5349:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080727011652/http://www.kheper.net/evolution/dinosauria/Stegosauria.htm
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4705:
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2923:
2470:
2260:
2200:
1833:
1564:
1396:
1156:
985:
550:
173:
4285:"Wear patterns and dental functioning in an Early Cretaceous stegosaur from Yakutia, Eastern Russia"
3873:"Exceptional stegosaur integument impressions from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming"
3352:
7062:
6944:
6112:
5680:
4533:
4529:
4403:
2824:
2640:
2542:
2238:
2178:
2113:
1786:
1573:
1534:
1174:
1110:
had relatively long and slender arms. The forelimbs of later forms are very robust, with a massive
1071:
996:
717:
684:
2061:
1922:
988:
took place in which a vast increase in scientific attention was given to the Dinosauria. In 2007,
6397:
6124:
5282:
5146:
5092:
5051:
4961:
4856:
4729:
4671:
4622:
4428:
4398:
4379:
4180:
4070:
3986:
3902:
3850:
3670:
3590:
3561:
3380:
3240:
3173:
3160:
2927:
2733:
1391:. Furthermore, stegosaurid sacral ribs are T-shaped in parasagittal cross-section and the dorsal
1310:
1306:
894:
193:
7039:
4694:"Stegosaur Track Assemblage from Xinjiang, China, Featuring the Smallest Known Stegosaur Record"
5343:
4998:
4242:
3919:
David E. Fastovsky , David B. Weishampel. The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs. p. 123
2032:
1305:
suggested a single median row of plates running post-cranially along the longitudinal axis and
1027:
diagnostic of Stegosauridae because they may also be present in non-stegosaurid stegosaurians.
6691:
6365:
5710:
5274:
5205:
5187:
5138:
5078:
5002:
4947:
4883:
4848:
4809:
4766:
4721:
4663:
4614:
4541:
4510:
Wilson, J. A., Barrett, P. M., & Carrano, M. T. (2011). An associated partial skeleton of
4441:
4371:
4332:
4314:
4264:
4221:
4143:
4131:
4113:
3894:
3806:
3722:
3515:
3467:
3459:
3421:
3330:
3297:
Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).
3147:
In order to explore the feeding habits of stegosaurids, Reichel (2010) created a 3-D model of
3111:
2981:
2973:
2934:. None, however, have preserved traces of the front feet and stegosaurian traces remain rare.
2604:
2581:
1960:
1692:
1553:
1322:
1269:
965:
362:
167:
139:
6999:
6747:
6738:
5944:
5316:
5264:
5195:
5177:
5128:
5043:
4990:
4840:
4799:
4713:
4653:
4604:
4433:
4408:
4363:
4322:
4304:
4254:
4172:
4060:
4052:
3976:
3968:
3884:
3842:
3712:
3704:
3660:
3553:
3505:
3451:
3411:
3372:
3320:
3310:
3270:
3232:
3024:
2834:
2759:
2698:
2586:
1874:
1547:
1395:
have an elongated neural arch. The first exact clade definition of Stegosauria was given by
1275:
1164:
1035:
Stegosaurians had characteristic small, long, flat, narrow heads and a horn-covered beak or
1018:, allowing for the first time to exactly calculate stegosaurian evolutionary relationships.
974:
947:
915:
680:
420:
44:
5117:"CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig 1915"
4495:
Proceedings of the Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium, Brisbane, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
3027:
noted that it is likely that the stegosaur tail was much more flexible than those of other
2644:
were present. While older finds had been limited to the northern continents, in this phase
1792:
1563:
outside the Stegosauridae-Huayangosauridae split. Huayangosauridae was formally defined in
1104:
had a thighbone like a running animal. The upper leg was always longer than the lower leg.
6883:
6807:
6727:
6669:
6535:
6387:
6092:
5960:
5448:
5423:
3008:
2998:
2867:
2778:
2672:
2598:
2592:
2570:
2424:
2090:
1816:
1750:
1721:
1538:
1530:
1182:
990:
970:
959:
941:
929:
844:. Other English nineteenth century and early twentieth century finds would be assigned to
643:
612:
580:
501:
185:
40:
4352:"First Record of Stegosaur (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) from the Aptian–Albian of Mongolia"
2965:
includes the largest stegosaur tracks measuring 80 cm in length. Trackway data show
2815:
are certainly not plesiosaurian, and noted the need to redescribe the fossil material of
1567:
by Daniel Madzia and colleagues, who used the previous definitions of all taxa closer to
5039:
5024:"A new order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains"
4709:
4300:
3693:"A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs"
3368:
1606:
1524:
1516:
1252:
that were not part of the skeleton proper but skin ossifications instead: the so-called
6786:
6755:
6402:
6382:
6333:
6258:
6043:
5953:
5891:
5856:
5776:
5200:
5165:
4934:
McWhinney, L. A.; Rothschild, B. M. & Carpenter, K. (2001). "Posttraumatic Chronic
4876:
4327:
4284:
3717:
3692:
3492:
Hayashi, Shoji; Carpenter, Kenneth; Watabe, Mahito; McWHINNEY, Lorrie A. (2012-01-01).
3325:
3298:
2729:
2620:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2148:
1900:
1459:
1206:
1076:
1057:
953:
856:
471:
430:
161:
5301:
5069:
Carpenter, K. & Galton, P. M. (2001). "Othniel Charles Marsh and the Eight-Spiked
4592:
3645:
3185:
since the tripodal stance would also give them access to young trees and high bushes.
3074:. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four.
1982:
1367:
7056:
6876:
6867:
6818:
6793:
6766:
6713:
6698:
6683:
6676:
6662:
6655:
6350:
6300:
6058:
6029:
6015:
5999:
5884:
5877:
5769:
5689:
5613:
5606:
5574:
5150:
5055:
4991:
4935:
4860:
4733:
4675:
4658:
4641:
4216:
Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages
4214:
4184:
3990:
3928:
Galton, P.M., 1997, "Stegosauria", pp. 701-703 in: P.J. Currie and K. Padian (eds.),
3906:
3779:
3510:
3493:
3244:
3101:
2863:
2820:
2791:
2738:
2703:
2686:
2677:
2659:
2629:
2609:
2490:
2465:
2459:
and spines of stegosaurians evolved from the low-keeled osteoderms characteristic of
2413:
2013:
1559:
1542:
1498:
1451:
1287:
1194:
1010:
799:
732:
700:
688:
666:
591:
481:
392:
372:
352:
342:
332:
128:
82:
5311:. Reconstruction of the Extinct Ecosystem of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation.
5286:
4626:
4593:"New Finds of Stegosaur Tracks from the Upper Jurassic Lourinhã Formation, Portugal"
4591:
Mateus, Octávio; Milàn, Jesper; Romano, Michael; Whyte, Martin A. (September 2011).
4383:
4074:
3854:
3674:
3565:
3384:
2992:
2266:
2206:
6898:
6856:
6834:
6779:
6706:
6562:
6510:
6392:
6343:
6286:
6272:
6265:
6220:
6036:
5991:
5919:
5898:
5801:
5668:
5660:
5636:
5590:
5525:
5512:
5475:
5384:
4259:
3122:
3040:
3028:
3013:
2870:
sections of the bone, suggesting that plates and spikes are formed from the direct
2808:
2800:
2719:
2714:
2650:
2614:
2558:
2510:
2502:
2478:
2244:
2184:
2119:
1773:
1490:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1380:
1356:
1348:
1293:
1263:
1160:
1119:
935:
899:
864:
850:
826:
788:
633:
601:
560:
519:
461:
382:
259:
155:
4844:
4804:
4787:
4437:
4412:
3455:
5320:
5182:
4514:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Chhota Simla, central India.
4309:
3972:
3646:"Evidence for a sauropod-like metacarpal configuration in stegosaurian dinosaurs"
3082:
A digital articulation and manipulation of digital scans of specimen material of
2819:. A purported stegosaurian dermal plate was reported from the latest Cretaceous (
707:. Their geographical origins are unclear; the earliest unequivocal stegosaurian,
7021:
6993:
6891:
6842:
6800:
6519:
6321:
6293:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6069:
5968:
5933:
5870:
5749:
5628:
5598:
5551:
5543:
4828:
4176:
3274:
3236:
3033:
2783:
2774:
2749:
2744:
2709:
2634:
2555:
2537:
2440:
2418:
1587:
1485:
1442:
1429:
1400:
1281:
1245:
1152:
1067:
1061:, stegosaurians subsequently lost all premaxillary teeth within the upper beak.
877:
840:
793:
783:
769:
759:
724:
623:
540:
491:
440:
275:
179:
57:
1508:
6827:
6720:
6314:
6307:
6101:
6050:
6022:
6007:
5983:
5926:
5905:
5783:
5762:
5738:
5731:
5717:
5703:
5652:
5644:
5620:
5269:
5252:
5133:
5116:
4367:
3889:
3872:
3846:
3557:
3416:
3399:
3376:
3053:
2938:
2918:
2913:
2829:
2754:
2667:
2663:
2518:
2514:
2486:
2456:
2452:
1497:. Huayangosaurinae was originally differentiated by the remaining taxa within
1233:
1221:
1216:. Later species, however, convergent to the Ankylosauria developed very broad
1143:
1044:
1040:
1015:
882:
751:
736:
677:
530:
402:
102:
67:
6984:
5278:
5191:
5142:
5047:
4852:
4813:
4725:
4667:
4618:
4445:
4375:
4318:
4268:
3898:
3519:
3463:
3425:
2632:, stegosaurids seem to have experienced their greatest radiation. In Europe,
6279:
5912:
5696:
5582:
4540:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 343–362.
4351:
3196:
2888:
2796:
2577:
2566:
1253:
1130:
1124:
1089:
981:, which provided unique information about the early evolution of the group.
890:
834:
830:
714:
663:
210:
107:
51:
5209:
4336:
4065:
4013:[Note on the new Mid-Jurassic stegosaur from Sichuan Basin, China]
3788:
Series: Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Bulletin 89
3726:
3708:
3691:
Mateus, Octávio; Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Christiansen, Nicolai A. (2009).
3471:
3334:
5300:
Parrish, Judith Totman; Peterson, Fred; Turner, Christine E (2004-05-15).
4717:
4609:
3665:
2930:
stegosaurian tracks. More trackways have been found since the erection of
6978:
6501:
6492:
6230:
5724:
5567:
5432:
5408:
3003:
2922:
was erected for another set of stegosaurian tracks which were found near
2905:
2880:
2851:
2645:
2532:
2524:
2474:
2416:". Until formal descriptions are published, these genera are regarded as
1763:
1472:
1468:
1446:. This group is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere,
1425:
1392:
1198:
1190:
1005:
673:
669:
291:
243:
230:
124:
120:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
17:
3315:
2904:
Stegosaurian tracks were first recognized in 1996 from a hindprint-only
6358:
5790:
5414:
4056:
3981:
3594:
3017:
2725:
2528:
1464:
1388:
1229:
1202:
1111:
907:
being rather small and having long rows of spikes on the hip and tail.
872:
112:
87:
7026:
4827:
Romilio, Anthony; Salisbury, Steven W.; Jannel, Andréas (2020-06-12).
3633:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 361.
889:
The next important discovery was made when a German expedition to the
6486:
5402:
4905:"Heinrich's digital Kentrosaurus: the SJG stegosaur special, part II"
4241:
Leshchinskiy, S. V.; Fayngerts, A. V.; Ivantsov, S. V. (2019-10-20).
3164:
3152:
2884:
2767:
2763:
2655:
1447:
1217:
1212:
The stegosaurian pelvis was originally moderately large, as shown by
1048:
696:
692:
220:
6955:
5023:
2717:. Up until recently, the only substantial discoveries were those of
848:; later they would, together with French fossils, be partly renamed
3220:
2736:. The youngest known definitive remains of stegosaurs are those of
2535:: the specimen "IVPP V.219", a chimaera with bones of the sauropod
1371:
Illustration comparing three stegosaurids by Danny Cicchetti, 2013.
1172:
still had the probably original number of nine cervical vertebrae;
4997:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p.
3114:
in stegosaurids. Saitta (2015) presents evidence of two morphs of
3094:
2991:
2969:
track-makers were capable of bipedal and quadrupedal progression.
2625:
2498:
2439:
1502:
1476:
1384:
1366:
1249:
1129:
909:
809:
804:
728:
7013:
3172:.’s (2004) description of Jurassic flora in the stegosaurid-rich
3057:
tail vertebra with a partially healed puncture wound that fits a
2545:. The perhaps most basal known stegosaurian, the four-metre-long
2505:; the author argued that this finding indicates a probable early
1092:, with hoof-like toes on all four limbs. All stegosaurians after
5976:
1479:. The group is defined as all taxa closer to the namesake genus
1115:
1097:
1052:
1036:
704:
6959:
6479:
6441:
6207:
5510:
5395:
5357:
5353:
6437:
3805:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–130.
2658:. No unequivocal stegosaurian fossils have been reported from
2811:
and Upchurch (2004), who stated that the skull and plates of
1489:, and was originally named as the family Huayangosaurinae by
1339:
was also believed to have a parascapular spine, but Maidment
829:
in 1875. Later, this name was shown to be preoccupied by the
4399:"The first stegosaurian dinosaur from Gansu Province, China"
4165:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
3442:
Sereno, Paul C. (1999-06-25). "The Evolution of Dinosaurs".
3263:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
3225:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
2912:, which is located near Price, Utah. Two years later, a new
4038:"A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)"
3943:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
2473:
of the clade uniting stegosaurians and ankylosaurians, the
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4397:
Li, Ning; Li, Daqing; Peng, Guangzhao; You, Hailu (2024).
3299:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
2481:(2019) interpreted plates of an armored dinosaur from the
903:. The finds increased the known variability of the group,
131:
records in the form of fossil tracks and referred fossils.
4528:
Peter M. Galton; Paul Upchurch (2004). "Stegosauria". In
3871:
Christiansen, Nicolai A.; Tschopp, Emanuel (2010-09-07).
3615:
David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska. The
2684:(perhaps several species thereof) and the somewhat older
2676:. The most derived Jurassic stegosaurians are known from
791:, remains were discovered that much later would be named
3494:"Ontogenetic histology of Stegosaurus plates and spikes"
984:
Towards the end of the twentieth century, the so-called
3697:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
933:
in 1957. Chinese finds of the 1970s and 1980s included
897:, from 1909 to 1912 excavated over a thousand bones of
3398:
Billon-Bruyat, Jean-Paul; Marty, Daniel (2010-09-04).
2608:. Most of these are considered members of the derived
1416:. Thus defined, the Stegosauria are by definition the
6419:
List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks
767:
that year classified such specimens in the new genus
683:. Stegosaurian fossils have been found mostly in the
3961:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
3619:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
639:
629:
619:
608:
597:
587:
576:
568:
556:
546:
536:
526:
515:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
449:
436:
426:
416:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
6968:
6866:
6817:
6765:
6737:
6639:
6588:
6561:
6534:
6411:
6375:
6331:
6218:
6123:
6100:
6091:
6068:
5943:
5854:
5823:
5800:
5748:
5679:
5523:
5474:
5447:
3552:(Supplement 2, Symposium on Stegosauria): 199–210.
3106:, including variation in plate shape and coloration
1267:and extremely developed, as its name indicates, in
4875:
4213:
4112:, pp 3-24. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2670:, though. A Late Jurassic Chinese stegosaurian is
875:excavated a fossil that Marsh the same year named
4640:BELVEDERE, MATTEO; MIETTO, PAOLO (January 2010).
4138:. In James O. Farlow; M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.).
2469:, is proposed to be morphologically close to the
797:. In 1874, other remains from England were named
742:Stegosauria includes two families, the primitive
4350:Tumanova, T. A.; Alifanov, V. R. (2018-12-01).
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3400:"Preface: Symposium on Stegosauria proceedings"
3351:Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Guangbiao Wei (2006).
787:. In 1845, in the area of the present state of
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3346:
3344:
1066:a fleshy cheek. In stegosaurians, the typical
6453:
5369:
5077:. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–102.
4946:. Indiana University Press. pp. 141–56.
4942:dermal spikes". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
4687:
4685:
4586:
4584:
3803:The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs
3790:(89). Government Printing Office, Washington.
3686:
3684:
3110:There have been several findings of possible
1440:. They include per definition the well-known
1432:as all stegosaurians more closely related to
1228:still had rather long and obliquely oriented
1142:backwards. However, it has been suggested by
1080:. Stegosaurids also lack premaxillary teeth.
8:
5097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3773:
3771:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3256:
3254:
1375:In 1877, Othniel Marsh discovered and named
1039:, which covered the front of the snout (two
147:Six stegosaurs (top left to bottom right):
4771:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4212:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.; Rey, Luis V. (2007).
4004:
4002:
4000:
3214:
3212:
3070:as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike
1193:, a process on the lower front edge of the
6956:
6771:
6647:
6636:
6567:
6540:
6531:
6476:
6460:
6446:
6438:
6215:
6204:
6097:
5862:
5754:
5535:
5531:
5520:
5507:
5453:
5444:
5392:
5376:
5362:
5354:
4749:"Tiny cat-sized stegosaur leaves its mark"
3739:Z. Dong, S. Zhou, and Y. Zhang, 1983, "".
3155:. The model finds that the bite forces of
2513:Stegosauria. Footprints attributed to the
1537:, was proposed to be intermediate between
1201:was about as wide as the lower end of the
138:
31:
5268:
5199:
5181:
5132:
4803:
4657:
4608:
4326:
4308:
4258:
4142:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
4064:
3980:
3888:
3716:
3664:
3509:
3415:
3324:
3314:
2996:A fossil melee involving a stegosaurian (
2541:is known from the Maanshan Member of the
2463:thyreophorans. One such described genus,
817:bones illustrated by Arthur Lakes in 1879
5224:"Dino 'sexing' study slammed by critics"
1047:) bones. Similar structures are seen in
867:, a fossil hunter working for Professor
4009:Dong, Z.; Tang, Z.; Zhou, S.W. (1982).
3208:
1248:, stegosaurians were protected by bony
5246:
5244:
5090:
4959:
4764:
4036:Raven, T.j.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2017).
3159:was significantly weaker than that of
2777:become the dominant plants, causing a
2576:A few million years later, during the
1467:reptile") is a family of stegosaurian
1178:has an elongated neck with seventeen.
723:Stegosaurians were armored dinosaurs (
5110:
5108:
4108:, the earliest complete dinosaur" in
4087:Zhu Songlin, 1994, "记四川盆地营山县一剑龙化石 ",
3866:
3864:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
2957:(a Nyulnyulan word for 'shield') and
2509:origin for both Ankylosauria and its
1493:and colleagues in the description of
7:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3437:
3435:
3051:defending itself, in the form of an
2573:, about 166 million years ago.
1008:and a number of relatively complete
7083:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
3835:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3741:Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C
2807:as a plesiosaur wasn't accepted by
2762:of China, all of which date to the
2231:
2171:
2164:
2135:
2106:
2077:
2048:
2019:
1947:
1887:
1880:
1870:
1808:
1779:
1769:
1737:
1708:
1684:
1629:
1622:
1593:
1583:
1529:. Huayangosaurinae, known from the
1383:, a long prepubic process and long
5164:Saitta, Evan Thomas (2015-04-22).
4792:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3587:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3099:Hypothetical sexual dimorphism of
25:
5115:Mallison, Heinrich (2010-09-07).
838:and the stegosaurian was renamed
6940:
6939:
6916:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6170:
6163:
5073:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
4989:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
4659:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00928.x
4501:(3): iv + 489–731 : 489-532
3511:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01122.x
2949:Australia's 'Dinosaur Coast' in
2265:
2243:
2205:
2183:
2147:
2118:
2089:
2060:
2031:
1981:
1959:
1921:
1899:
1791:
1749:
1720:
1658:
1605:
1197:, was moderately developed; the
197:
4512:Jainosaurus cf. septentrionalis
4478:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
3180:Mallison (2010) suggested that
2648:was colonised also as shown by
2451:Like the spikes and shields of
2428:, for a long time considered a
1457:Huayangosauridae (derived from
687:, predominantly in what is now
5338:Timeline of stegosaur research
5251:Reichel, Miriam (2010-08-31).
4260:10.31857/S0869-56524885513-516
2056:Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis
1917:Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis
1387:relative to the length of the
1:
7078:Fossil taxa described in 1877
4845:10.1080/08912963.2020.1772252
4805:10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539
4597:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
4438:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308214
4413:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105852
3653:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3456:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137
7073:Early Cretaceous extinctions
5321:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.004
5257:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
5183:10.1371/journal.pone.0123503
5121:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
4882:. New York: William Morrow.
4310:10.1371/journal.pone.0248163
3973:10.1080/03115518.2012.702531
3877:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
3546:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
3404:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
2027:Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis
886:twenty skeletons collected.
5028:American Journal of Science
3932:, Academic Press, San Diego
2858:plates and spikes, Hayashi
1955:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus
1320:Many basal stegosaurs like
1205:, with which it formed the
977:. Especially important was
7099:
7068:Bajocian first appearances
5344:Stegosauria on Palaeos.com
5335:
4247:Доклады Академии Наук СССР
4220:. New York: Random House.
3589:12, no. 3 (1992): 318-43.
2523:from the Middle Jurassic (
2501:as fossils of a member of
1601:Lesothosaurus diagnosticus
1043:) and lower jaw (a single
27:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
6929:
6914:
6774:
6650:
6635:
6616:
6570:
6543:
6530:
6475:
6214:
6203:
6160:
5865:
5757:
5538:
5534:
5519:
5506:
5456:
5443:
5391:
5270:10.1007/s00015-010-0025-1
5134:10.1007/s00015-010-0024-2
4993:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs
4368:10.1134/S0031030118140186
3930:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
3890:10.1007/s00015-010-0026-0
3847:10.1017/S1477201908002459
3558:10.1007/s00015-010-0023-3
3417:10.1007/s00015-010-0027-z
3377:10.1017/S0016756806002500
3151:teeth using the software
2976:, Queensland, resembling
2854:histological analysis of
2432:, was described in 1994.
2258:
2236:
2229:
2198:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2140:
2133:
2111:
2104:
2082:
2075:
2053:
2046:
2024:
2017:
1974:
1952:
1945:
1914:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1868:
1830:
1813:
1806:
1784:
1777:
1767:
1742:
1735:
1713:
1706:
1689:
1682:
1651:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1598:
1591:
1163:; enlarged canals in the
1000:having been found in the
325:
320:
194:Scientific classification
192:
146:
137:
34:
5048:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.513
3219:Peter M. Galton (2017).
3041:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus
2742:from Mongolia, possibly
2638:and the closely related
2085:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus
1745:Alcovasaurus longispinus
1717:Scelidosaurus harrisonii
1638:Laquintasaura venezuelae
1406:more closely related to
710:Bashanosaurus primitivus
4356:Paleontological Journal
4177:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800
4104:Norman, David (2001). "
4089:Sichuan Cultural Relics
3778:Gilmore, C. W. (1914).
3275:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671
3237:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0667
4903:Naish, Darren (2010).
4874:Bakker, R. T. (1986).
4130:Galton, Peter (1997).
4021:(in Chinese (China)).
4019:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
3709:10.1098/rspb.2008.1909
3119:surface area as male.
3107:
3087:as a clubbing device.
3020:
2910:Cleveland-Lloyd quarry
2448:
2143:Loricatosaurus priscus
1895:Huayangosaurus taibaii
1654:Scutellosaurus lawleri
1569:Huayangosaurus taibaii
1372:
1138:
1088:All stegosaurians are
923:
818:
672:that lived during the
7035:Paleobiology Database
5075:The Armored Dinosaurs
4944:The Armored Dinosaurs
4878:The Dinosaur Heresies
4718:10.2110/palo.2020.036
4610:10.4202/app.2009.0055
4140:The Complete Dinosaur
4110:The Armored Dinosaurs
3666:10.4202/app.2009.1105
3098:
2995:
2833:in the Maastrichtian
2443:
1977:Paranthodon africanus
1370:
1303:Othniel Charles Marsh
1240:Armor and ornamention
1133:
913:
869:Othniel Charles Marsh
813:
765:Othniel Charles Marsh
746:and the more derived
150:Stegosaurus ungulatus
5022:Marsh, O. C (1877).
4407:(in press). 105852.
4011:"四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群简报1.剑龙"
2924:Arches National Park
2549:, is still close to
2471:last common ancestor
2436:Evolutionary history
2261:Wuerhosaurus homheni
2201:Miragaia longicollum
1834:Euoplocephalus tutus
1397:Peter Malcolm Galton
1185:was very robust. In
1157:transverse processes
1144:Robert Thomas Bakker
1084:Postcranial skeleton
986:Dinosaur Renaissance
5681:Heterodontosauridae
5309:Sedimentary Geology
5040:1877AmJS...14..513M
4710:2021Palai..36...68X
4530:David B. Weishampel
4404:Cretaceous Research
4301:2021PLoSO..1648163S
3644:Senter, P. (2010).
3450:(5423): 2137–2147.
3369:2006GeoM..143..621M
3357:Geological Magazine
3316:10.7717/peerj.12362
3063:Stegosaurus stenops
2825:Kallamedu Formation
2543:Ziliujing Formation
2408:Undescribed species
2239:Stegosaurus stenops
2179:Hesperosaurus mjosi
2114:Dacentrurus armatus
1787:Sauropelta edwardsi
1574:Stegosaurus stenops
1535:Shaximiao Formation
1525:mandibular fenestra
1517:antorbital fenestra
1501:by the presence of
1377:Stegosaurus armatus
1072:antorbital fenestra
1070:skull opening, the
777:History of research
718:Shaximiao Formation
713:, was found in the
685:Northern Hemisphere
6398:Hypsilophodontidae
6136:Pachycephalosauria
6125:Pachycephalosauria
4915:on January 9, 2011
4833:Historical Biology
4429:Historical Biology
4057:10.1111/pala.12291
3174:Morrison Formation
3108:
3021:
3002:) and a mid-sized
2908:discovered at the
2734:Batylykh Formation
2449:
1373:
1139:
1125:sauropod dinosaurs
1002:Lourinhã Formation
924:
895:German East Africa
819:
129:Late Maastrichtian
7050:
7049:
6962:Taxon identifiers
6953:
6952:
6925:
6924:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6692:Gigantspinosaurus
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6366:Serendipaceratops
6199:
6198:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6145:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5711:Heterodontosaurus
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5084:978-0-253-33964-5
5008:978-0-253-34539-4
4953:978-0-253-33964-5
4839:(10): 2135–2146.
4547:978-0-520-24209-8
4518:, 54(5), 981-998.
4362:(14): 1771–1779.
4227:978-0-375-82419-7
3812:978-0-521-81172-9
3703:(1663): 1815–21.
3112:sexual dimorphism
3091:Sexual dimorphism
2982:Queensland Museum
2837:(western India).
2707:from England and
2605:Gigantspinosaurus
2565:lived during the
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2218:
2217:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1934:
1933:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1693:Emausaurus ernsti
1671:
1670:
1554:Gigantspinosaurus
1323:Gigantspinosaurus
1270:Gigantspinosaurus
1181:The stegosaurian
966:Gigantspinosaurus
657:
656:
363:Gigantspinosaurus
316:
168:Gigantspinosaurus
132:
16:(Redirected from
7090:
7043:
7042:
7030:
7029:
7017:
7016:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6957:
6943:
6942:
6920:
6772:
6748:Chungkingosaurus
6739:Huayangosauridae
6648:
6637:
6568:
6541:
6532:
6525:
6524:
6477:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6439:
6216:
6205:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6098:
5945:Thescelosauridae
5863:
5755:
5536:
5532:
5521:
5508:
5454:
5445:
5438:
5437:
5393:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5355:
5325:
5324:
5315:(3–4): 137–162.
5306:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5272:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5185:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5136:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5088:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5019:
5013:
5012:
4996:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4957:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4911:. Archived from
4909:Tetrapod Zoology
4900:
4894:
4893:
4881:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4612:
4588:
4579:
4576:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4534:Halszka Osmólska
4532:; Peter Dodson;
4525:
4519:
4508:
4502:
4491:
4485:
4473:
4467:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4312:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4219:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4127:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4042:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3955:
3949:
3939:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3892:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3830:
3817:
3816:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3775:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3650:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3598:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3541:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3318:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3216:
2835:Lameta Formation
2760:Zuoyun Formation
2728:, including the
2699:Early Cretaceous
2666:, Australia, or
2587:Chungkingosaurus
2269:
2247:
2232:
2209:
2187:
2172:
2165:
2151:
2136:
2122:
2107:
2093:
2078:
2064:
2049:
2035:
2020:
1985:
1963:
1948:
1925:
1903:
1888:
1881:
1875:Huayangosauridae
1871:
1809:
1795:
1780:
1770:
1753:
1738:
1724:
1709:
1685:
1662:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1594:
1584:
1548:Chungkingosaurus
1526:
1518:
1510:
1276:Chungkingosaurus
1165:sacral vertebrae
975:Early Cretaceous
948:Chungkingosaurus
916:life restoration
744:Huayangosauridae
641:
631:
621:
610:
599:
589:
578:
570:
558:
548:
538:
528:
517:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
451:
438:
428:
421:Chungkingosaurus
418:
412:Huayangosauridae
410:
400:
390:
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
330:
311:
306:
290:
274:
258:
202:
201:
142:
118:
117:
54:
45:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7038:
7033:
7025:
7020:
7012:
7007:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6964:
6954:
6949:
6921:
6904:
6884:Jiangjunosaurus
6862:
6813:
6808:Tuojiangosaurus
6761:
6733:
6728:Yingshanosaurus
6670:Chialingosaurus
6644:
6623:
6604:
6584:
6557:
6551:Avemetatarsalia
6536:Avemetatarsalia
6526:
6482:
6481:
6471:
6466:
6436:
6423:
6407:
6388:Phytodinosauria
6371:
6327:
6210:
6195:
6182:
6175:
6162:
6142:
6119:
6093:Marginocephalia
6087:
6064:
5961:Changchunsaurus
5939:
5859:
5842:
5819:
5796:
5744:
5675:
5528:
5515:
5490:
5470:
5464:Avemetatarsalia
5449:Avemetatarsalia
5439:
5424:Avemetatarsalia
5398:
5397:
5387:
5382:
5340:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5233:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5176:(4): e0123503.
5163:
5162:
5158:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5089:
5085:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5009:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4958:
4954:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4798:(sup1): 1–152.
4785:
4784:
4780:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4509:
4505:
4492:
4488:
4474:
4470:
4457:
4453:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4295:(3): e0248163.
4281:
4280:
4276:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4103:
4099:
4086:
4082:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3998:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3832:
3831:
3820:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3738:
3734:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3614:
3601:
3584:
3573:
3543:
3542:
3527:
3491:
3490:
3479:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3296:
3295:
3282:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3145:
3093:
3080:
3009:Monolophosaurus
2999:Tuojiangosaurus
2990:
2902:
2848:
2843:
2779:faunal turnover
2673:Jiangjunosaurus
2599:Tuojiangosaurus
2593:Chialingosaurus
2571:Middle Jurassic
2438:
2425:Yingshanosaurus
2410:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2248:
2219:
2210:
2188:
2152:
2123:
2094:
2065:
2036:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1964:
1935:
1926:
1904:
1855:
1846:
1817:Gastonia burgei
1796:
1754:
1672:
1663:
1610:
1539:Scelidosaurinae
1531:Middle Jurassic
1528:
1520:
1512:
1365:
1242:
1220:, in which the
1183:shoulder girdle
1086:
1033:
1024:
991:Jiangjunosaurus
971:Middle Jurassic
960:Yingshanosaurus
942:Tuojiangosaurus
930:Chialingosaurus
893:, then part of
779:
644:Yingshanosaurus
613:Jiangjunosaurus
581:Chialingosaurus
502:Tuojiangosaurus
310:
304:
288:
272:
256:
196:
186:Tuojiangosaurus
133:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
41:Middle Jurassic
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7096:
7094:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7031:
7018:
7005:
6990:
6974:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6831:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6787:Loricatosaurus
6783:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6756:Huayangosaurus
6752:
6743:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6688:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6651:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6544:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6489:
6480:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6442:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6412:Other articles
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6403:Jeholosauridae
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6383:Ornithoscelida
6379:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6347:
6339:
6337:
6334:Incertae sedis
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6259:Ferganocephale
6255:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6224:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6044:Thescelosaurus
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6004:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5954:Albertadromeus
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5892:Kulindadromeus
5888:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5860:
5857:Neornithischia
5855:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5777:Scutellosaurus
5773:
5766:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5587:
5579:
5571:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5457:
5451:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5333:
5332:External links
5330:
5327:
5326:
5292:
5263:(2): 235–240.
5240:
5228:Science | AAAS
5215:
5156:
5127:(2): 211–233.
5104:
5083:
5061:
5034:(84): 513–14.
5014:
5007:
4973:
4952:
4926:
4895:
4888:
4866:
4819:
4778:
4739:
4681:
4652:(1): 233–240.
4632:
4603:(3): 651–658.
4580:
4562:
4553:
4546:
4538:The Dinosauria
4520:
4503:
4486:
4468:
4451:
4418:
4389:
4342:
4274:
4253:(5): 513–516.
4249:(in Russian).
4233:
4226:
4204:
4190:
4171:(2): 205–219.
4155:
4148:
4122:
4097:
4080:
4051:(3): 401–408.
4028:
3996:
3950:
3934:
3921:
3912:
3883:(2): 163–171.
3860:
3841:(4): 367–407.
3818:
3811:
3793:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3732:
3680:
3659:(3): 427–432.
3636:
3621:
3599:
3571:
3525:
3504:(1): 145–161.
3477:
3431:
3410:(2): 139–141.
3390:
3363:(5): 621–634.
3340:
3280:
3250:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3144:
3141:
3092:
3089:
3079:
3076:
2989:
2986:
2901:
2898:
2872:mineralization
2847:
2846:Plate function
2844:
2842:
2839:
2752:of China, and
2730:Ilek Formation
2621:Loricatosaurus
2563:Huayangosaurus
2547:Huayangosaurus
2507:Early Jurassic
2495:Kota Formation
2483:Lower Jurassic
2445:Huayangosaurus
2437:
2434:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
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2308:
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2302:
2299:
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2290:
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2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
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1778:
1776:
1768:
1766:
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1755:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1495:Huayangosaurus
1481:Huayangosaurus
1460:Huayangosaurus
1438:Huayangosaurus
1364:
1363:Classification
1361:
1345:Huayangosaurus
1337:Loricatosaurus
1328:Huayangosaurus
1258:Huayangosaurus
1241:
1238:
1226:Huayangosaurus
1214:Huayangosaurus
1207:shoulder joint
1187:Huayangosaurus
1170:Huayangosaurus
1149:Huayangosaurus
1108:Huayangosaurus
1102:Huayangosaurus
1094:Huayangosaurus
1085:
1082:
1077:Huayangosaurus
1063:Huayangosaurus
1058:Huayangosaurus
1041:premaxillaries
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
979:Huayangosaurus
954:Huayangosaurus
857:Loricatosaurus
778:
775:
662:is a group of
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
648:
637:
627:
617:
606:
595:
585:
566:
565:
564:
554:
544:
534:
524:
505:
495:
485:
475:
472:Loricatosaurus
465:
447:
446:
445:
434:
431:Huayangosaurus
424:
406:
396:
386:
376:
366:
356:
346:
336:
323:
322:
318:
317:
302:
295:
294:
286:
279:
278:
270:
263:
262:
254:
247:
246:
241:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
190:
189:
162:Huayangosaurus
144:
143:
135:
134:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
55:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7095:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7041:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6946:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6919:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6877:Hesperosaurus
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6868:Stegosaurinae
6865:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6819:Dacentrurinae
6816:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6794:Mongolostegus
6791:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Stegosauridae
6764:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6714:Monkonosaurus
6711:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:Isaberrysaura
6696:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:Dravidosaurus
6681:
6679:
6678:
6677:Craterosaurus
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6663:Bashanosaurus
6660:
6658:
6657:
6656:Baiyinosaurus
6653:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6622:
6621:
6615:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6458:
6456:
6451:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:Dravidosaurus
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6301:Syngonosaurus
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6179:
6173:
6166:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6059:Zephyrosaurus
6056:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6030:Oryctodromeus
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6016:Nevadadromeus
6013:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:Koreanosaurus
5997:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5885:Hypsilophodon
5882:
5880:
5879:
5878:Hexinlusaurus
5875:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5770:Scelidosaurus
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5690:Abrictosaurus
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5614:Lesothosaurus
5611:
5609:
5608:
5607:Laquintasaura
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:Eucoelophysis
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5331:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4936:Osteomyelitis
4930:
4927:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4889:9780688042875
4885:
4880:
4879:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:Palaeontology
4643:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:Palaeontology
4513:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4149:9780253213136
4145:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4118:0-253-33964-2
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:Scelidosaurus
4101:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4066:10044/1/45349
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4045:Palaeontology
4039:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:Palaeontology
3495:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:Hesperosaurus
3113:
3105:
3103:
3102:Hesperosaurus
3097:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:ornithischian
3026:
3025:Robert Bakker
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:Trace fossils
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2821:Maastrichtian
2818:
2817:Dravidosaurus
2814:
2813:Dravidosaurus
2810:
2806:
2805:Dravidosaurus
2802:
2801:plesiosaurian
2798:
2795:, known from
2794:
2793:
2792:Dravidosaurus
2787:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:Mongolostegus
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:Craterosaurus
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:Hesperosaurus
2683:
2679:
2678:North-America
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:South-America
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2630:Late Jurassic
2628:. During the
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2610:Stegosauridae
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2569:stage of the
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2551:Scelidosaurus
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Pliensbachian
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2466:Scelidosaurus
2462:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:Changdusaurus
2407:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:Stegosauridae
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:Isaberrysaura
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:Stegosaurinae
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1499:Stegosauridae
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1452:South America
1450:and possibly
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:in 1997: all
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1288:Hesperosaurus
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:shoulderblade
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1161:neural canals
1158:
1154:
1153:neural arches
1150:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1055:. Apart from
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:Hesperosaurus
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:
962:
961:
956:
955:
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
937:
932:
931:
921:
917:
912:
908:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
887:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
843:
842:
837:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
812:
808:
806:
802:
801:
800:Craterosaurus
796:
795:
790:
786:
785:
776:
774:
772:
771:
766:
762:
761:
755:
753:
749:
748:Stegosauridae
745:
740:
738:
734:
733:Stegosauridae
730:
726:
725:thyreophorans
721:
719:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
701:South America
698:
694:
690:
689:North America
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
668:
667:ornithischian
665:
661:
646:
645:
638:
636:
635:
628:
626:
625:
618:
615:
614:
607:
604:
603:
596:
594:
593:
592:Hesperosaurus
586:
583:
582:
575:
574:
573:
572:Stegosaurinae
567:
563:
562:
555:
553:
552:
545:
543:
542:
535:
533:
532:
525:
522:
521:
514:
513:
512:
511:Dacentrurinae
506:
504:
503:
496:
494:
493:
486:
484:
483:
482:Mongolostegus
476:
474:
473:
466:
464:
463:
456:
455:
454:
453:Stegosauridae
448:
443:
442:
435:
433:
432:
425:
423:
422:
415:
414:
413:
407:
405:
404:
397:
395:
394:
393:Monkonosaurus
387:
385:
384:
377:
375:
374:
373:Isaberrysaura
367:
365:
364:
357:
355:
354:
353:Craterosaurus
347:
345:
344:
343:Bashanosaurus
337:
335:
334:
333:Baiyinosaurus
327:
326:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
200:
195:
191:
188:
187:
182:
181:
177:(or possibly
176:
175:
170:
169:
164:
163:
158:
157:
152:
151:
145:
141:
136:
130:
126:
122:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:169–100
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
6969:
6899:Wuerhosaurus
6897:
6890:
6882:
6875:
6857:Thyreosaurus
6855:
6848:
6841:
6835:Alcovasaurus
6833:
6826:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6780:Kentrosaurus
6778:
6754:
6746:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6707:Lexovisaurus
6705:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6641:
6619:
6618:
6589:
6578:Ornithischia
6563:Ornithischia
6515:
6511:Ornithischia
6506:
6497:
6468:
6393:Silesauridae
6364:
6357:
6349:
6344:Ajkaceratops
6342:
6332:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6287:Notoceratops
6285:
6278:
6273:Gongbusaurus
6271:
6266:Geranosaurus
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6221:Nomina dubia
6219:
6169:
6057:
6049:
6042:
6037:Parksosaurus
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6006:
5998:
5992:Jeholosaurus
5990:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5959:
5952:
5932:
5925:
5920:Sanxiasaurus
5918:
5911:
5904:
5899:Minimocursor
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5824:
5813:Ankylosauria
5802:Ankylosauria
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5669:Technosaurus
5667:
5661:Soumyasaurus
5659:
5651:
5643:
5637:Pisanosaurus
5635:
5627:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5591:Ignotosaurus
5589:
5581:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5550:
5542:
5526:Ornithischia
5513:Ornithischia
5476:Ornithischia
5428:
5419:
5385:Ornithischia
5312:
5308:
5295:
5260:
5256:
5232:. Retrieved
5230:. 2015-04-22
5227:
5218:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5124:
5120:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5031:
5027:
5017:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4917:. Retrieved
4913:the original
4908:
4898:
4877:
4869:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4756:. Retrieved
4752:
4742:
4704:(2): 68–76.
4701:
4697:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4600:
4596:
4556:
4537:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4427:
4421:
4402:
4392:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4292:
4288:
4277:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4215:
4207:
4193:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4139:
4133:
4125:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4048:
4044:
4031:
4022:
4018:
3967:(1): 65–78.
3964:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3915:
3880:
3876:
3838:
3834:
3802:
3796:
3787:
3781:
3761:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3700:
3696:
3656:
3652:
3639:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3586:
3549:
3545:
3501:
3497:
3447:
3443:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3360:
3356:
3306:
3302:
3269:(1): 91–96.
3266:
3262:
3228:
3224:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3182:Kentrosaurus
3181:
3179:
3169:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3136:
3132:
3129:Kentrosaurus
3128:
3127:
3123:Kevin Padian
3121:
3115:
3109:
3100:
3084:Kentrosaurus
3083:
3081:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3061:tail spike.
3058:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3022:
3014:Field Museum
3007:
2997:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2917:
2903:
2894:
2876:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2841:Paleobiology
2828:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2720:Wuerhosaurus
2718:
2715:South Africa
2708:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2651:Kentrosaurus
2649:
2639:
2633:
2619:
2615:Lexovisaurus
2613:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2575:
2562:
2559:synapomorphy
2550:
2546:
2536:
2517:
2511:sister group
2503:Ankylosauria
2464:
2450:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2259:
2237:
2199:
2177:
2141:
2112:
2083:
2054:
2025:
1975:
1953:
1915:
1893:
1864:
1832:
1831:
1815:
1814:
1785:
1774:Ankylosauria
1743:
1715:
1714:
1691:
1690:
1652:
1636:
1635:
1599:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1494:
1491:Dong Zhiming
1484:
1480:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1422:Ankylosauria
1418:sister group
1413:Ankylosaurus
1411:
1407:
1404:Ornithischia
1401:thyreophoran
1376:
1374:
1357:beta-keratin
1355:addition of
1353:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:Kentrosaurus
1331:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1298:
1294:Wuerhosaurus
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1264:Kentrosaurus
1262:
1257:
1243:
1225:
1213:
1211:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1075:
1068:archosaurian
1062:
1056:
1037:rhamphotheca
1034:
1025:
1009:
995:
989:
983:
978:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
936:Wuerhosaurus
934:
928:
925:
919:
905:Kentrosaurus
904:
900:Kentrosaurus
898:
888:
876:
865:Arthur Lakes
862:
855:
851:Lexovisaurus
849:
845:
839:
833:
827:Richard Owen
822:
820:
814:
803:. All three
798:
792:
789:South Africa
782:
780:
768:
758:
756:
747:
743:
741:
722:
708:
659:
658:
642:
634:Wuerhosaurus
632:
622:
611:
602:Hypsirhophus
600:
590:
579:
571:
561:Thyreosaurus
559:
549:
539:
529:
520:Alcovasaurus
518:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
462:Kentrosaurus
460:
452:
439:
429:
419:
411:
401:
391:
383:Lexovisaurus
381:
371:
361:
351:
341:
331:
307:
298:
282:
266:
260:Ornithischia
250:
237:
184:
178:
172:
166:
160:
156:Kentrosaurus
154:
148:
29:
7022:iNaturalist
7000:Stegosauria
6994:Wikispecies
6970:Stegosauria
6892:Stegosaurus
6843:Dacentrurus
6801:Paranthodon
6642:Stegosauria
6620:Stegosauria
6590:Stegosauria
6520:Thyreophora
6469:Stegosauria
6322:Trimucrodon
6294:Siluosaurus
6252:Fabrosaurus
6245:Craspedodon
6238:Bienosaurus
6081:Ornithopoda
6070:Ornithopoda
5969:Changmiania
5934:Yandusaurus
5871:Agilisaurus
5836:Stegosauria
5825:Stegosauria
5750:Thyreophora
5629:Lutungutali
5599:Kwanasaurus
5552:Asilisaurus
5544:Amanasaurus
5071:Stegosaurus
4987:Stegosaurus
4940:Stegosaurus
4919:January 19,
4025:(1): 83–87.
3982:11336/67876
3782:Stegosaurus
3747:(23): 1-136
3231:(1): 1–10.
3193:longicollum
3157:Stegosaurus
3149:Stegosaurus
3137:Stegosaurus
3133:Dacentrurus
3059:Stegosaurus
3049:Stegosaurus
3034:Stegosaurus
2988:Tail spikes
2856:Stegosaurus
2852:ontogenetic
2784:Cycadophyta
2775:angiosperms
2750:Hekou Group
2745:Stegosaurus
2710:Paranthodon
2692:Stegosaurus
2682:Stegosaurus
2635:Dacentrurus
2538:Sanpasaurus
2457:bony plates
2453:ankylosaurs
2430:nomen nudum
2419:nomina nuda
1865:Stegosauria
1588:Thyreophora
1486:Stegosaurus
1443:Stegosaurus
1434:Stegosaurus
1430:Paul Sereno
1424:within the
1408:Stegosaurus
1349:ankylosaurs
1315:Stegosaurus
1299:Stegosaurus
1282:Stegosaurus
1246:Thyreophora
1234:pubic bones
1222:iliac bones
1135:Stegosaurus
1120:wrist bones
1090:quadrupedal
1022:Description
920:Stegosaurus
878:Stegosaurus
841:Dacentrurus
815:Stegosaurus
794:Paranthodon
784:Regnosaurus
770:Stegosaurus
760:Dacentrurus
664:herbivorous
660:Stegosauria
624:Stegosaurus
541:Dacentrurus
492:Paranthodon
441:Regnosaurus
308:Stegosauria
276:Thyreophora
180:Dacentrurus
7063:Stegosaurs
7057:Categories
6933:See also:
6828:Adratiklit
6721:Yanbeilong
6599:see below↓
6502:Dinosauria
6376:Other taxa
6315:Tichosteus
6308:Tatisaurus
6113:Ceratopsia
6102:Ceratopsia
6051:Yueosaurus
6023:Orodromeus
6008:Nanosaurus
5927:Xiaosaurus
5906:Nanosaurus
5784:Yuxisaurus
5763:Emausaurus
5739:Tianyulong
5732:Pegomastax
5718:Lycorhinus
5704:Fruitadens
5653:Silesaurus
5645:Sacisaurus
5621:Lewisuchus
5485:see below↓
5433:Dinosauria
5415:Sauropsida
5336:See also:
5234:2016-06-04
4983:Allosaurus
4758:2021-04-25
4134:Stegosaurs
4095:(S1): 8-14
3631:Dinosauria
3617:Dinosauria
3309:: e12362.
3203:References
3072:S. stenops
3068:S. armatus
3054:Allosaurus
2959:Luluichnus
2944:Deltapodus
2939:Deltapodus
2932:Stegopodus
2919:Stegopodus
2914:ichnogenus
2868:cancellous
2830:Deltapodus
2755:Yanbeilong
2668:Antarctica
2664:Madagascar
2654:living in
2519:Deltapodus
2515:ichnotaxon
2487:Sinemurian
1509:premaxilla
1254:osteoderms
1045:predentary
1016:cladistics
883:Como Bluff
752:thagomizer
737:thagomizer
720:of China.
678:Cretaceous
676:and early
531:Adratiklit
403:Yanbeilong
321:Subgroups
244:Dinosauria
35:Stegosaurs
6485:Kingdom:
6280:Laosaurus
5913:Phyllodon
5697:Echinodon
5583:Gamatavus
5401:Kingdom:
5279:1661-8726
5192:1932-6203
5151:132746786
5143:1661-8726
5093:cite book
5056:130078453
4962:cite book
4861:225692077
4853:0891-2963
4814:0272-4634
4734:233129489
4726:0883-1351
4676:140670546
4668:0031-0239
4619:0567-7920
4484:: 446–459
4446:0891-2963
4376:1555-6174
4319:1932-6203
4269:0869-5652
4185:134302379
3991:128632458
3907:129246092
3899:1661-8726
3520:1475-4983
3464:0036-8075
3426:1661-8726
3245:134361050
3161:Labradors
2889:alligator
2797:Coniacian
2748:from the
2697:From the
2662:, India,
2582:Oxfordian
2578:Callovian
2567:Bathonian
2556:eurypodan
2521:brodricki
1471:from the
1469:dinosaurs
1393:vertebrae
1244:Like all
922:from 1910
914:An early
891:Tendaguru
863:In 1877,
846:Omosaurus
835:Omosaurus
831:phytosaur
823:Omosaurus
715:Bathonian
670:dinosaurs
217:Kingdom:
211:Eukaryota
119:Possible
18:Stegosaur
7014:42418658
6979:Wikidata
6945:Category
6935:Timeline
6850:Miragaia
6493:Chordata
6491:Phylum:
6487:Animalia
6231:Alocodon
6209:See also
5725:Manidens
5568:Eocursor
5560:Diodorus
5409:Chordata
5407:Phylum:
5403:Animalia
5287:84869720
5210:25901727
5170:PLOS ONE
4767:cite web
4627:55869900
4536:(eds.).
4432:: 1–10.
4384:91559457
4337:33730093
4289:PLOS ONE
4075:55613546
3855:85673680
3727:19324778
3675:53328847
3566:84415016
3472:10381873
3385:83661067
3335:34966571
3197:sauropod
3190:Miragaia
3004:theropod
2928:Morrison
2906:trackway
2887:bill or
2881:elephant
2864:cortical
2646:Gondwana
2641:Miragaia
2533:Toarcian
2525:Aalenian
2493:) Lower
2475:Eurypoda
1764:Eurypoda
1521:, and a
1473:Jurassic
1436:than to
1426:Eurypoda
1410:than to
1199:coracoid
1191:acromion
1175:Miragaia
1098:condyles
1006:Portugal
997:Miragaia
973:and the
674:Jurassic
551:Miragaia
292:Eurypoda
231:Chordata
227:Phylum:
221:Animalia
207:Domain:
174:Miragaia
125:Aalenian
121:Toarcian
6985:Q131484
6359:Jakapil
5791:Jakapil
5413:Class:
5201:4406738
5036:Bibcode
4753:UQ News
4706:Bibcode
4698:PALAIOS
4466:: 67-77
4328:7968641
4297:Bibcode
3948:: 41-83
3718:2674496
3595:4523456
3444:Science
3365:Bibcode
3326:8667728
3143:Feeding
3078:Posture
3018:Chicago
2978:Garbina
2967:Garbina
2963:Garbina
2955:Garbina
2916:called
2758:of the
2726:Siberia
2529:England
1533:of the
1505:in the
1465:Huayang
1420:of the
1389:humerus
1311:Gilmore
1203:scapula
1112:humerus
1049:turtles
873:Wyoming
681:periods
7040:147919
7027:473697
5285:
5277:
5208:
5198:
5190:
5149:
5141:
5081:
5054:
5005:
4950:
4886:
4859:
4851:
4812:
4732:
4724:
4674:
4666:
4625:
4617:
4544:
4444:
4382:
4374:
4335:
4325:
4317:
4267:
4224:
4199:"PBDB"
4183:
4146:
4116:
4073:
3989:
3905:
3897:
3853:
3809:
3725:
3715:
3673:
3593:
3564:
3518:
3470:
3462:
3424:
3383:
3333:
3323:
3243:
3165:wolves
3153:ZBrush
2951:Broome
2885:toucan
2850:In an
2809:Galton
2768:Albian
2764:Aptian
2656:Africa
2479:Galton
2455:, the
1448:Africa
1250:scutes
1230:ischia
1218:pelves
1189:, the
1118:. The
729:scutes
697:Africa
693:Europe
315:, 1877
6516:Clade
6507:Clade
6498:Clade
5429:Clade
5420:Clade
5305:(PDF)
5283:S2CID
5147:S2CID
5052:S2CID
4857:S2CID
4730:S2CID
4672:S2CID
4623:S2CID
4380:S2CID
4181:S2CID
4132:"21:
4071:S2CID
4041:(PDF)
4015:(PDF)
3987:S2CID
3903:S2CID
3851:S2CID
3671:S2CID
3649:(PDF)
3591:JSTOR
3562:S2CID
3381:S2CID
3303:PeerJ
3241:S2CID
3170:et al
3104:mjosi
2974:Oakey
2883:ear,
2877:et al
2860:et al
2713:from
2626:taxon
2527:) of
2499:India
2461:basal
1571:than
1513:, an
1503:teeth
1483:than
1477:China
1385:femur
1381:ilium
1341:et al
1053:birds
1031:Skull
918:of a
871:, in
313:Marsh
299:Clade
283:Clade
267:Clade
251:Clade
238:Clade
6576:see
6549:see
6134:see
6111:see
6079:see
5984:Haya
5977:Fona
5834:see
5811:see
5462:see
5275:ISSN
5206:PMID
5188:ISSN
5139:ISSN
5099:link
5079:ISBN
5003:ISBN
4985:and
4968:link
4948:ISBN
4921:2011
4884:ISBN
4849:ISSN
4810:ISSN
4773:link
4722:ISSN
4664:ISSN
4615:ISSN
4542:ISBN
4442:ISSN
4372:ISSN
4333:PMID
4315:ISSN
4265:ISSN
4222:ISBN
4144:ISBN
4114:ISBN
4093:1994
4049:2017
3895:ISSN
3807:ISBN
3723:PMID
3516:ISSN
3468:PMID
3460:ISSN
3422:ISSN
3331:PMID
3135:and
2866:and
2732:and
2618:and
2602:and
1565:2021
1541:and
1347:and
1326:and
1307:Lull
1291:and
1232:and
1155:and
1116:ulna
1114:and
1051:and
963:and
854:and
805:taxa
705:Asia
703:and
127:and
58:PreꞒ
7009:EoL
5317:doi
5313:167
5265:doi
5261:103
5196:PMC
5178:doi
5129:doi
5125:103
5044:doi
4999:325
4938:in
4841:doi
4800:doi
4714:doi
4654:doi
4605:doi
4434:doi
4409:doi
4364:doi
4323:PMC
4305:doi
4255:doi
4251:488
4173:doi
4169:291
4061:hdl
4053:doi
3977:hdl
3969:doi
3946:210
3885:doi
3881:103
3843:doi
3745:162
3713:PMC
3705:doi
3701:276
3661:doi
3554:doi
3550:103
3506:doi
3452:doi
3448:284
3412:doi
3408:103
3373:doi
3361:143
3321:PMC
3311:doi
3271:doi
3267:285
3233:doi
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