671:, and therefore written sometime between 575 and 628, but this is widely disputed, and others place the work in the eighth or ninth century. Maurice's manual notes the appropriate equipping of imperial cavalry: "the saddles should have large and thick clothes; the bridles should be of good quality; attached to the saddles should be two iron steps , a lasso with a thong". Dennis notes that the lack of specific Greek word for stirrup evidences their novelty to the Byzantines, who are supposed to have adopted these from their bitter enemy the Avars, and subsequently passed them on to their future enemies, the Arabs. An early 7th-century date is secured for most Hungarian finds of stirrups with elongated suspension loops, though some of these must even be dated to before 600. Literary and archaeological evidence taken together may indicate that the stirrup was in common military use in South-Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean by the latter half of the 6th century, with the Roman Empire having them in use by the year 600.
334:
555:
540:
570:
322:
912:: have joints or hinges in the branches of the stirrups to allow for them to flex. However, one model was recalled in 2007 due to a tendency for the hinges to break. A variation on the hinged stirrup is the Icelandic Stirrup, which has the eye fixed at a 90 degree rotation to allow for less stress on the tendons, and easier retrieval should a stirrup be lost. There are a number of other patented designs with various features that are usually intended to either increase comfort or to assist proper foot position.
597:
477:. It was thinner, had a deeper toe pocket, and a longer and flatter foot shelf. This stirrup stayed in use until European style-stirrup rings were reintroduced in the late 19th century. It is not known why the Japanese developed this unique style of stirrup. These had a distinctive swanlike shape, curved up and backward at the front so as to bring the loop for the leather strap over the instep and achieve a correct balance. Most of the surviving specimens from this period are made entirely of iron,
709:
the early forms have parallel development with those in
Hungary, rather than being derived solely from the latter region". "In Scandinavia two major types of stirrups are discerned, and from these, by the development and fusion of different elements, some almost certainly of central European origin, most other types were evolved." The first main type, Scandinavian type I, appears to owe little to Hungarian forms. The earliest variety of this type can be dated to the 8th century in
726:
609:
424:
of stirrups that can be dated precisely and with confidence are from a southern
Manchurian burial of 415. However, stirrups have also been found in several other tombs in North China and Manchuria that are most likely of fourth century date. Most of these early Northeast Asian stirrups were oval in shape and made from iron, sometimes solid and sometimes applied over a wooden core, and this form would remain in use for many centuries thereafter.
513:
528:
156:
42:
866:, they may also be made of aluminum. Inexpensive stirrups may be made of nickel, which can easily bend or break. Stirrups may also be made of synthetic materials and various metallic alloys. There are many variations on the standard stirrup design, most claiming either to be safer in the event of a fall or to make it easier for a rider to maintain a proper foot and leg position.
305:, who was in service of Parthia, minted circa 39 BC depicts on its reverse a saddled horse with hanging objects. Smith suggests they are pendant cloths, while Thayer suggests that, considering the fact that the Parthians were famous for their mounted archery, the objects are stirrups, but adds that it is difficult to imagine why the Romans would never have adopted the technology.
695:. Most other stirrups found in Germany that date to the 7th century do not resemble the iron Avar style commonly found in burial assemblages from Hungary and neighboring regions. Instead, hanging mounts occasionally found in burial assemblages in southern Germany suggest the use of wooden stirrups. The scarcity of early-medieval stirrup finds in western Europe was noted by
54:
191:. The basic tactics of mounted warfare were significantly altered by the stirrup. A rider supported by stirrups was less likely to fall off while fighting, and could deliver a blow with a weapon that more fully employed the weight and momentum of horse and rider. Among other advantages, stirrups provided greater balance and support to the rider, which allowed the
625:
850:
823:, but are useful primarily in allowing a rider to lean farther to the left and right on the saddle while fighting, and simply reduce the risk of falling off. Therefore, it is argued, they are not the reason for the switch from infantry to cavalry in medieval armies, nor the reason for the emergence of feudalism.
713:
grave III in Sweden. The second principal type in
Northern Europe has, as its most characteristic feature, a pronounced rectangular suspension loop set in the same plane as the bow, as found amongst the Hungarian examples, and is predominantly centered in Denmark and England during the later 10th and
708:
The earliest stirrups in the Baltic region are replicas of those in existence in
Germany during the 7th century. In Northern Europe and Britain the metamorphosis of earlier wood, rope and leather forms of stirrups to metal forms can be seen in the archeological record, "suggesting that one or more of
423:
The very earliest
Chinese representation of a stirrup comes from a tomb figurine from South China dating to 302 AD, but this is a single stirrup that must have been used only for mounting the horse. The earliest figurine with two stirrups probably dates from about 322, and the first actual specimens
815:
territories to this use of the stirrup. It is argued that the rising feudal class structure of the
European Middle Ages derived ultimately from the use of stirrups: "Few inventions have been so simple as the stirrup, but few have had so catalytic an influence on history. The requirements of the new
835:
itself be properly designed. The solid tree of the saddle distributes the weight of the rider over a greater surface area of the horse's back, reducing pressure on any one area. If a saddle is made without a solid tree, without careful engineering, the rider's weight in the stirrups and leathers
659:. A total of 111 specimens of early Avar-age, apple shaped, cast-iron stirrups with elongated suspension loop and flat, slightly inward bent tread had been excavated from 55 burial sites in Hungary and surrounding regions by 2005. The first European literary reference to the stirrup may be in the
409:
The appearance of the stirrup in China coincided with the rise of heavily armoured cavalry in the region. Dated to 357 AD, the tomb of Dong Shou shows fully armoured riders as well as horses. References to "iron cavalry" and "iron horse" began to appear at the same time and instances of captured
259:
described the Sanchi relief as "the earliest example by some five centuries of the use of stirrups in any part of the world". This type of foot support has been called the "toe stirrup" in contrast to the later stirrup known as the "foot stirrup" seen in China during the 5th century AD. It is
418:
when the military transitioned to light cavalry. A. von Le Coo's theory on the invention of the stirrup is that it was a contraption created by either mounted people who wanted to make riding less tiring, or those unused to riding to gain the necessary skills to match their adversaries.
896:. There are a number of designs intended to release the foot more easily in the event of a fall. One style has an outside branch that is curved, rather than straight. Other designs feature a breakaway outer branch which will detach with sufficient pressure, freeing the foot.
369:
period (25–220 AD). Two plaques depict horses with squares between their belly and base line, which has been speculated to represent stirrups. However in 1984, Yang Hong remarked in the same journal that the horses had no saddles and therefore the squares were only ornaments.
234:
late in the second century BC, though it may have appeared as early as 500 BC. This ancient foot support consisted of a looped rope for the big toe which was at the bottom of a saddle made of fibre or leather. Such a configuration was suitable for the warm climate of
466:
replaced it. It had a base that extended the full length of the rider's foot and the right and left sides of the toe cup were removed. The open sides were designed to prevent the rider from catching a foot in the stirrup and being dragged. The military version
393:. The stirrup depicted is a mounting stirrup, only placed on one side of the horse, and too short for riding. The earliest reliable representation of a full-length, double-sided riding stirrup was also unearthed from a Jin tomb, this time near
381:
was discovered with a saddle that had bilateral straps attached midway through the saddle tree, strongly suggesting the existence of paired stirrups. Radiocarbon dating of a strap made with horse hide gives a date of 267–535 cal AD.
401:
noble, Feng Sufu, who died in 415 AD. These stirrups were made with mulberry wood gilded with bronze and iron plates. References to stirrups appeared in
Chinese texts by the end of the 4th century. Stirrups have also been found in
764:
ordered his poorer vassals to pool their resources and provide a mounted and armed knight, though the system proved unworkable, and instead the system of distributing land to vassals based on a knight's service was developed.
836:
can create pressure points on the horse's back and lead to soreness. This is especially noticeable with inexpensive bareback pads that add stirrups by means of a strap across the horse's back with a stirrup at each end.
816:
mode of warfare which it made possible found expression in a new form of western
European society dominated by an aristocracy of warriors endowed with land so that they might fight in a new and highly specialized way."
1434:
861:
are usually made of metal. Though called "irons," they are no longer made of iron, as a rule, but instead stainless steel is the alloy of choice, due to its strength, though when weight is an issue, such as for a
686:
as booty or gifts, or were local imitations of stirrups in use at that time among Avar warriors. However, the Avar-style stirrups were not as widely adopted in western Europe. Stirrups do not appear in the
308:
In Asia, early solid-treed saddles were made of felt that covered a wooden frame. These designs date to approximately 200 BC. One of the earliest solid-treed saddles in the west was first used by the
2039:
Les équidés dans le monde méditerranéen antique. Actes du colloque international organisé par l’École française d’Athènes, le Centre
Camille Julian et l’UMR 5140 du CNRS (Athènes, 26-28 Novembre 2003)
760:
distributed seized lands to his retainers on condition that they serve him by fighting in the new manner, which some attribute to his recognizing the military potentialities of the stirrup. Later,
655:, stirrups began spreading across Asia to Europe from China. The iron pear-shaped form of stirrups, the ancestor of medieval European types, has been found in Europe in 7th century Avar graves in
377:
discovered a single iron stirrup in a cave burial. Radiocarbon dating of the human bone associated with this stirrup produced a date of 243–405 cal AD. Another cave burial at Urd Ulaan Uneet in
2042:
569:
107:
or using a simple toe loop appearing in India by the 2nd century BC. Later, a single foot support was used as a mounting aid, and paired stirrups appeared after the invention of the
777:
mention the use of stirrups and saddles in the cavalry. Stirrups resulted in the creation and innovation of new tactics, such as mass charges with thrusting spear and swords.
410:
horse armour in numbers as high as 5,000 and 10,000 are recorded. In addition to the stirrups, Feng Sufu's tomb also contained iron plates for lamellar armour. Armoured
293:
allowed development of the true stirrup as it is known today. Without a solid tree, the rider's weight in the stirrups creates abnormal pressure points that make the
406:
tombs dating to the 4th and 5th centuries AD, but these do not contain any specific date. The stirrup appears to have been in widespread use across China by 477 AD.
876:: The most common stirrup iron, consisting of a tread, with two branches, and an eye at the top for the leather to run through. The main styles seen today include:
737:
kings, many leading Danes were buried with military honors and equipped with stirrups, bits and spurs, in what are called cavalry-graves, found mostly in north
539:
554:
485:. In some examples there is an iron rod from the loop to the footplate near the heel to prevent the foot from slipping out. The footplates are occasionally
943:
301:
studies on "treeless" and flexible-tree saddle designs have found that there is considerable friction across the center line of a horse's back. A coin of
714:
11th centuries. A variant of this type, called the north
European stirrup, has been dated to the second half of the 10th century in Sweden, found at the
2106:
1276:
2153:
741:. Into England, it is argued, stirrups were not introduced by the Scandinavian settlers of the 9th century but are more likely related to later
434:
The earliest stirrups in Japan were unearthed from 5th century tombs. They were flat bottomed rings of metal-covered wood. Cup-shaped stirrups (
223:
in approximately 4000 BC, and the earliest known saddle-like equipment were fringed cloths or pads with breast pads and cruppers used by
1593:
1568:
1486:
1011:
263:
A pair of first century BC double bent iron bars, approximately 17 cm in length with curvature at each end, excavated from a grave near
596:
255:
dating back between the 1st and 2nd century BC feature horsemen riding with elaborate saddles with toes slipped under girths. Archaeologist
2037:
Lazaris, Stavros, "Considérations sur l’apparition de l’étrier : contribution à l’histoire du cheval dans l’Antiquité tardive", in:
203:
adversaries. Contrary to common modern belief, however, it has been asserted that stirrups actually did not enable the horseman to use a
3067:
333:
3057:
2087:
1813:
171:
The stirrup, which gives greater stability to a rider, has been described as one of the most significant inventions in the history of
3042:
3015:
2077:
2055:
2012:
1990:
1971:
1940:
1869:
1789:
1546:
1459:
1296:
1157:
1130:
1103:
1015:
608:
115:
during the 4th century, was in common use throughout China by the 5th century, and was spread across Eurasia to Europe through the
1310:
795:
warfare, but may have initiated complex and far-reaching social and cultural changes in Europe. Some scholars credit the birth of
640:
2111:
1068:
444:, the base of the stirrup which supported the rider's sole was elongated past the toe cup. This half-tongued style of stirrup (
1332:
2028:
1865:
1153:
1126:
1099:
389:
by the early 4th century AD. A funerary figurine depicting a stirrup dated 302 AD was unearthed from a Western Jin tomb near
674:
By the 8th century stirrups began to be adopted more widely by Europeans. The earliest stirrups of western Europe, those of
506:
In the 6th century AD and later, earlier wooden and composite stirrups were replaced with cast iron versions in East Asia.
2146:
256:
512:
3008:
2717:
3047:
1449:
1350:
1045:
3052:
220:
386:
112:
786:
397:, dating to the Eastern Jin period, 322 AD. The earliest extant double stirrups were discovered in the tomb of a
264:
2139:
35:
321:
2206:
750:
527:
100:, increasing the animal's usefulness to humans in areas such as communication, transportation, and warfare.
1830:
Law, Robin (1976). "Horses, Firearms, and Political Power in Pre-Colonial West Africa, Past and Present".
1517:
660:
632:
248:
2543:
1401:
Gawronski, R. S. (2004). "Some Remarks on the Origins and Construction of the Roman Military Saddle".
2785:
2426:
2600:
1538:
1027:
725:
2952:
2523:
2242:
1435:"The origins of saddles and riding technology in East Asia: discoveries from the Mongolian Altai"
1721:
Seaby, Wilfred A.; Woodfield, Paul (1980). "Viking Stirrups from England and their Background".
819:
Other scholars dispute this assertion, suggesting that stirrups may provide little advantage in
1476:
882:: A design with a heavy tread, and branches that rise to the eye in a rounded triangular shape.
219:
The invention of the stirrup occurred relatively late in history, considering that horses were
3037:
2702:
2665:
2471:
2380:
2073:
2051:
2024:
2008:
1986:
1967:
1936:
1861:
1785:
1781:
1589:
1564:
1542:
1482:
1455:
1292:
1253:
1149:
1122:
1095:
1007:
668:
180:
1143:
1116:
1089:
260:
speculated that they may have spread to China and were the precursors of the "foot stirrup".
80:. Stirrups are usually paired and are used to aid in mounting and as a support while using a
3062:
2675:
2618:
2528:
2211:
1886:
1839:
1730:
696:
692:
636:
561:
302:
46:
1236:"The rise of the European continent: Old theories and new hypotheses related to innovation"
440:) that enclosed the front half of the rider's foot replaced the earlier design. During the
2863:
2816:
2811:
2801:
1336:
1072:
652:
120:
116:
2122:"The History of Western Leather Spurs and Spur Straps, Cuffs, Chaps, Chinks and Saddles."
2007:(Volume 1). Edited by Amalananda Ghosh (1990). Massachusetts: Brill Academic Publishers.
1375:"The History of Western Leather Spurs and Spur Straps, Cuffs, Chaps, Chinks and Saddles"
103:
In antiquity, the earliest foot supports consisted of riders placing their feet under a
2770:
2575:
2390:
2365:
2331:
2257:
2201:
2196:
987:
937:
858:
812:
800:
774:
757:
746:
683:
378:
268:
164:
97:
3031:
2990:
2858:
2775:
2515:
2499:
2456:
2451:
2370:
2321:
2121:
1952:
The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India
1774:
1374:
1235:
1065:
932:
902:: usually have a slightly larger eye to accommodate the thicker stirrup leather on a
664:
411:
160:
81:
958:
361:
journal (1981) speculated that stirrups may have been used in China as early as the
2590:
2565:
2237:
1734:
1324:
820:
742:
648:
628:
583:
474:
451:
415:
398:
342:
310:
298:
294:
183:, the stirrup is often called the third revolutionary step in equipment, after the
104:
96:). They greatly increase the rider's ability to stay in the saddle and control the
719:
155:
2883:
2806:
2765:
2697:
2560:
2553:
2441:
2355:
2341:
2290:
2221:
2082:
1513:
761:
715:
688:
546:
518:
486:
441:
366:
362:
338:
272:
252:
236:
208:
108:
1889:(1970), "Charles Martel, Mounted Shock Combat, the Stirrup, and Feudalism", in
699:: "Out of 704 eighth century male burials excavated in Germany until [
230:
The earliest foot support was a toe loop that held the big toe and was used in
41:
2707:
2446:
2375:
2216:
2162:
2126:
1670:
1389:
903:
679:
579:
313:
as early as the 1st century BC, but this design did not have stirrups either.
283:
947:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 928–929.
791:
The introduction of the stirrup not only made the mounted warrior supreme in
2919:
2914:
2878:
2821:
2692:
2580:
2538:
2466:
2461:
2400:
2326:
2298:
2262:
1843:
796:
675:
176:
2131:
691:
and Italo-Lombard milieu in large numbers, nor as frequently as within the
365:(206 BC–220 AD) based on representations of horses believed to date to the
53:
1478:
Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art
325:
A funerary figurine with a mounting stirrup, dated AD 302, unearthed near
2962:
2873:
2868:
2780:
2608:
2503:
2416:
2395:
2385:
2350:
2252:
1963:
792:
403:
390:
374:
350:
326:
240:
200:
68:
is a light frame or ring that holds the foot of a rider, attached to the
58:
2116:
2088:
Medieval Technology Pages: Paul J. Gans, The Great Stirrup Controversy"
1902:
1040:
647:
By the late 6th or early 7th century AD, primarily due to invaders from
624:
489:
to let water drain out when crossing rivers, and these types are called
17:
2957:
2924:
2902:
2853:
2712:
2570:
2476:
2360:
2267:
1586:
The other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
808:
738:
734:
656:
482:
394:
346:
279:
224:
184:
385:
The earliest known paired stirrups first appeared in China during the
2760:
2751:
2585:
2533:
2316:
2294:
2188:
2175:
1982:
1817:
863:
832:
710:
575:
500:
290:
244:
192:
188:
89:
69:
31:
414:
would dominate Chinese warfare from the 4th century AD to the early
1642:, Volume 2, Part 2. Harvard, Massachusetts: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 575.
1075:; for a concise argument for the common view, see Lynn White, Jr.,
849:
495:. There are stirrups with holes in the front forming sockets for a
2722:
2680:
2633:
2628:
2436:
2421:
848:
804:
724:
623:
587:
496:
478:
337:
The earliest extant double stirrup, from the tomb of Feng Sufu, a
332:
320:
231:
204:
196:
154:
85:
73:
52:
40:
211:
had used lances since antiquity), though the cantled saddle did.
2687:
2670:
2623:
2613:
2548:
2431:
1355:
LacusCurtius – Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
93:
30:
This article is about the piece of equipment. For the bone, see
2979:
2941:
2900:
2842:
2739:
2654:
2497:
2288:
2173:
2135:
936:
733:
In Denmark from the 920s to the 980s, during the reign of the
701:
172:
163:
divinity using an early platform-style stirrup, circa AD 150.
239:
and central India where people used to ride horses barefoot.
831:
For the comfort of the horse, all stirrups require that the
481:
with designs of silver or other materials, and covered with
1312:
Treeless vs. Conventional Saddles: Back Pressure Evaluated
1671:"The Stirrup and its Effect on Chinese Military History"
1518:"Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan"
988:"The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Military History"
139:, i.e. a mounting or climbing-rope. Compare Old English
271:, have been postulated as either full foot stirrups or
1999:
The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Military History
1220:"16.17.4: Stirrups". In Amalananda Ghosh, ed. (1990).
199:
more efficiently without falling, especially against
2041:, A. Gardeisen (ed.), Lattes, 2005, p. 275-288
2794:
2750:
2599:
2514:
2409:
2340:
2309:
2230:
2187:
1773:
635:and his son Leo on horses with stirrups (from the
131:The English word "stirrup" stems from Old English
27:Light frame or ring that holds the foot of a rider
2070:Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.
1814:"World Decade for Cultural Development 1988–1997"
1533:Blair, Claude and Tarassuk, Leonid, eds. (1982).
1306:
1304:
998:
996:
1612:, p. XVI; for contrary views, Lynn White, Jr.,
1289:Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship
421:
1680:
1678:
490:
468:
461:
455:
445:
435:
2147:
2048:Ancient Transportation: From Camels to Canals
1979:Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations
1758:
1756:
1616:Oxford University Press, 1964, notes, p. 144.
1535:The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons
8:
2046:Woods, Michael & Woods, Mary B. (2000).
1935:. Massachusetts: Brill Academic Publishers.
1640:Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century
1451:The Armies of Ancient Persia: The Sassanians
1385:
1383:
1891:Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History
1588:. Kononklijke Brill N.Y. p. 316, map.
1004:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
473:) of this stirrup was in use by the middle
2976:
2938:
2897:
2839:
2747:
2736:
2651:
2511:
2494:
2306:
2285:
2184:
2170:
2154:
2140:
2132:
2072:Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition 1998.
2023:. Warfare and History. London: Routledge.
1746:
1744:
1195:
1193:
111:. The stirrup was invented in the Chinese
2107:"The invention and influences of stirrup"
1429:
1427:
1079:, Oxford University Press, 1964, pp. 1–2.
927:
925:
921:
508:
1614:Medieval Technology and Social Change,
1006:. Cambridge University Press, p. 103.
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
373:Excavations at Khukh Nuur in northern
2083:John Sloan, "The Stirrup Controversy"
1858:Medieval Technology and Social Change
1501:
1208:
1145:Medieval Technology and Social Change
1077:Medieval Technology and Social Change
729:10th century stirrup found in England
179:. As a tool allowing expanded use of
7:
1954:, State University of New York Press
1418:
1240:SNEE European Integration Conference
749:and others during the reign of King
614:Traditional Japanese stirrups in use
286:with developing the first stirrups.
2656:Tack accessories and training tools
1481:. Barnes & Noble. p. 227.
1448:Farrokh, Kaveh (28 February 2014).
1254:"horse bridle-bit | British Museum"
1222:Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology
1178:Woods & Woods (2000), pp. 52–53
705:] 1967, only 13 had stirrups."
2005:Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology
1881:See, e.g. Bullough, D. A. (1970),
1561:The Hun: Scourge of God AD 375–565
1325:"AAEP 2004: Evaluating Saddle Fit"
1323:West, Christy (February 4, 2005).
25:
3016:Category:Horse tack and equipment
2096:New York: Harper Perennial, 1994.
2094:Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel.
2050:. Minnesota: 21st century Books.
2021:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
450:) remained in use until the late
282:Central Asian group known as the
2844:Historic or ceremonial equipment
1966:: University of Nebraska Press.
1933:An Early History of Horsemanship
1121:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1094:. University of Oklahoma Press.
663:, traditionally ascribed to the
607:
595:
568:
553:
538:
526:
511:
2410:Component parts and accessories
888:: A rounder and lighter design.
799:and its subsequent spread into
682:, were either brought from the
602:Samurai's equipment, circa 1670
578:horse statuette, complete with
345:dynasty, 415 AD. Discovered in
267:in the central Indian state of
45:A modern working stirrup on an
1977:Chamberlin, J. Edward (2007).
1960:The State at War in South Asia
1776:The Norsemen in the Viking age
1735:10.1080/00766097.1980.11735422
1:
1905:Web site accessed Feb 2, 2008
641:Biblioteca Nacional de España
545:Horse figurine with stirrup,
3009:Glossary of equestrian terms
2718:Draw reins and running reins
2178:, components and accessories
1816:. World Decade Secretariat,
1608:See George T. Dennis (ed.),
1392:. Accessed February 2, 2008.
1377:. Accessed February 2, 2008.
1339:. Accessed February 2, 2008.
2112:"Saddle, Lance and Stirrup"
1860:. Oxford University Press.
1772:Christiansen, Eric (2002).
1349:Thayer, Bill (2013-09-04).
1148:. Oxford University Press.
1066:"Saddle, Lance and Stirrup"
1046:Online Etymology Dictionary
582:and stirrups, 6th century,
491:
469:
462:
456:
446:
436:
289:The invention of the solid
243:carvings in the temples of
123:by the 7th or 8th century.
3084:
3068:Warfare of the Middle Ages
2231:Components and accessories
2092:Gies, Frances and Joseph.
1931:Azzaroli, Augusto (1985).
1914:"Stubben Stirrup Recall,"
1291:(1st ed.). Amigo. p. 100.
1169:Chamberlin (2007), page 80
784:
29:
3003:
2986:
2975:
2948:
2937:
2910:
2896:
2849:
2838:
2746:
2735:
2661:
2650:
2510:
2493:
2305:
2284:
2183:
2169:
1883:English Historical Review
1187:Azzaroli (1985), page 156
1115:Russel H. Beatie (1981).
1088:Russel H. Beatie (1981).
1028:Dictionary.com definition
869:Some variations include:
787:Great Stirrup Controversy
781:Great Stirrup Controversy
756:In what today is France,
57:Metal stirrup in use for
3043:Ancient Roman technology
2163:Horse equipment and tack
2127:"History of the Saddle."
2019:Graff, David A. (2002).
1997:Dien, Albert E. (1986),
1856:White, Lynn Jr. (1964).
1234:Frankelius, Per (2011).
1142:White, Lynn Jr. (1964).
1002:Hobson, John M. (2004).
990:, Ars Orientalis (1986).
36:Stirrup (disambiguation)
2207:Australian stock saddle
1958:Barua, Pradeep (2005).
1390:"History of the Saddle"
1199:Barua (2005), pp. 16–17
944:Encyclopædia Britannica
227:cavalry around 700 BC.
2539:Bearing rein/overcheck
1950:Baber, Zaheer (1996),
1918:, October, 2007, p. 22
1584:Curta, Florin (2007).
1563:. Osprey. p. 50.
854:
853:Modern fillis stirrups
845:English-style stirrups
730:
644:
633:Basil I the Macedonian
432:
354:
330:
168:
61:
50:
34:. For other uses, see
3058:Jin dynasty (266–420)
1844:10.1093/past/72.1.112
1780:. Blackwell. p.
1638:Irfan Shahîd (1995),
1610:Maurice's Strategikon
1409:) vol. 55. pp. 31–40.
1287:Bennett, Deb (1998).
852:
728:
627:
336:
324:
158:
56:
44:
2427:Mechanical hackamore
1985:: Olma Media Group.
1887:Bachrach, Bernard S.
1723:Medieval Archaeology
1559:Fields, Nic (2006).
1539:Simon & Schuster
1475:Woolf, Greg (2007).
1437:. December 12, 2023.
900:Side-saddle stirrups
827:Weaknesses in design
533:Han mounting stirrup
2601:Horse-drawn vehicle
3048:Chinese inventions
2117:"Treeless Saddles"
2063:Additional sources
1903:"Treeless Saddles"
1693:Curta, pp. 315–317
1335:2012-07-29 at the
1258:The British Museum
1242:. 13th Annual: 13.
1071:2012-08-23 at the
855:
731:
645:
355:
341:nobleman from the
331:
207:more effectively (
169:
62:
51:
3053:Indian inventions
3025:
3024:
2999:
2998:
2971:
2970:
2933:
2932:
2892:
2891:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2731:
2730:
2703:Longeing cavesson
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2544:Blinders/blinkers
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2417:Noseband/cavesson
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
1595:978-9-00-416389-8
1570:978-1-84603-025-3
1488:978-1-4351-0121-0
1454:. Pen and Sword.
1039:Harper, Douglas.
1012:978-0-521-54724-6
857:Stirrups used on
521:mounting stirrup.
181:horses in warfare
135:, Middle English
76:, often called a
16:(Redirected from
3075:
2977:
2939:
2898:
2840:
2748:
2737:
2652:
2566:Collar and hames
2512:
2495:
2307:
2286:
2212:McClellan saddle
2185:
2171:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2034:
2001:
1955:
1946:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1832:Past and Present
1827:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1556:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1522:Psychology Press
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1346:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1224:, Vol. 1. p. 336
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1140:
1134:
1113:
1107:
1086:
1080:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1000:
991:
984:
967:
966:
955:
949:
948:
940:
929:
773:Accounts of the
697:Bernard Bachrach
693:Carpathian Basin
637:Madrid Skylitzes
611:
599:
572:
562:Gaya confederacy
557:
542:
530:
515:
494:
472:
465:
459:
449:
439:
430:
303:Quintus Labienus
278:Some credit the
143:"to ascend" and
47:endurance riding
21:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
2995:
2982:
2967:
2944:
2929:
2906:
2888:
2864:Abumi (stirrup)
2845:
2826:
2817:Livestock crush
2790:
2742:
2741:Other equipment
2727:
2657:
2638:
2595:
2506:
2481:
2405:
2336:
2301:
2272:
2226:
2179:
2165:
2160:
2103:
2068:Bennett, Deb.
2065:
2031:
2018:
1996:
1949:
1943:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1880:
1876:
1855:
1851:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:Shahîd, p. 612.
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1627:The Strategikon
1624:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1532:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1357:. Thayer's Note
1348:
1347:
1343:
1337:Wayback Machine
1322:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1141:
1137:
1114:
1110:
1087:
1083:
1073:Wayback Machine
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1001:
994:
985:
970:
963:Merriam-Webster
957:
956:
952:
938:"Stirrup"
931:
930:
923:
919:
894:Safety stirrups
859:English saddles
847:
842:
840:Modern stirrups
829:
789:
783:
771:
622:
615:
612:
603:
600:
591:
573:
564:
560:Iron stirrups,
558:
549:
543:
534:
531:
522:
516:
470:shitanaga abumi
431:
428:
319:
217:
159:Depiction of a
153:
137:stirop, styrope
133:stirap, stigrap
129:
121:Central Eurasia
117:nomadic peoples
78:stirrup leather
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:Transportation
2980:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:(horseshoeing)
2901:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2786:Leg protection
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Grooming tools
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Harness saddle
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Bit mouthpiece
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Kimblewick bit
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2332:Bitless bridle
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Saddle blanket
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:English saddle
2199:
2197:Western saddle
2193:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2101:External links
2099:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2016:
2002:
1994:
1975:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1895:
1874:
1849:
1838:(1): 112–132.
1822:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1674:
1669:Dien, Albert.
1662:
1653:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1601:
1594:
1576:
1569:
1551:
1526:
1506:
1494:
1487:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1423:
1411:
1394:
1379:
1367:
1341:
1316:
1300:
1280:
1269:
1245:
1226:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1135:
1108:
1081:
1058:
1031:
1020:
992:
986:Dien, Albert.
968:
950:
935:, ed. (1911).
933:Chisholm, Hugh
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
907:
897:
891:
890:
889:
883:
846:
843:
841:
838:
828:
825:
801:Northern Italy
785:Main article:
782:
779:
775:Empire of Mali
770:
767:
758:Charles Martel
747:Cnut the Great
684:Avar Khaganate
651:, such as the
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
606:
604:
601:
594:
592:
574:
567:
565:
559:
552:
550:
544:
537:
535:
532:
525:
523:
517:
510:
447:hanshita abumi
426:
379:Khovd Province
318:
315:
269:Madhya Pradesh
216:
213:
165:British Museum
152:
149:
147:"rope, cord".
128:
125:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3080:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2992:
2991:Horse trailer
2989:
2988:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Kura (saddle)
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Horse blanket
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Breast collar
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2516:Horse harness
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:Horse harness
2496:
2492:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Bit converter
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Liverpool bit
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:and bit parts
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Double bridle
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:0-9658533-0-6
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2056:0-8225-2993-9
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2013:90-04-09264-1
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1991:1-904955-36-3
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:0-8032-1344-1
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1942:90-04-07233-0
1938:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1916:Horse Journal
1911:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:9780195002669
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1791:0-631-21677-4
1787:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:0-671-42257-X
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1504:, p. 42.
1503:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1461:9781473883185
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:, p. 44.
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:0-9658533-0-6
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1211:, p. 69.
1210:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:9780195002669
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:9780806115849
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:9780806115849
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:0-521-54724-5
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
954:
951:
946:
945:
939:
934:
928:
926:
922:
916:
911:
910:Other designs
908:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
875:
874:Standard iron
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
860:
851:
844:
839:
837:
834:
826:
824:
822:
821:shock warfare
817:
814:
811:and into the
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
780:
778:
776:
768:
766:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
727:
723:
721:
717:
712:
706:
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
610:
605:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
566:
563:
556:
551:
548:
541:
536:
529:
524:
520:
514:
509:
507:
504:
502:
498:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
464:
463:musashi abumi
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
425:
420:
417:
413:
412:heavy cavalry
407:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
380:
376:
371:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
328:
323:
316:
314:
312:
306:
304:
300:
297:sore. Modern
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
261:
258:
257:John Marshall
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
228:
226:
222:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
166:
162:
157:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:riding animal
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3014:
3007:
2247:
2093:
2069:
2047:
2038:
2020:
2004:
1998:
1978:
1959:
1951:
1932:
1915:
1910:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1857:
1852:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1809:
1800:
1775:
1767:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1514:Friday, Karl
1509:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1354:
1344:
1329:TheHorse.com
1328:
1319:
1311:
1288:
1283:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1239:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1204:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1144:
1138:
1117:
1111:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1044:
1034:
1023:
1003:
962:
953:
942:
909:
899:
893:
885:
879:
873:
868:
856:
830:
818:
790:
772:
755:
753:(978–1013).
743:Viking raids
732:
718:cemetery at
707:
700:
673:
649:Central Asia
646:
584:Kofun period
505:
475:Heian period
457:fukuro abumi
452:Heian period
433:
422:
416:Tang dynasty
408:
399:Northern Yan
384:
372:
358:
356:
343:Northern Yan
307:
299:thermography
295:horse's back
288:
277:
262:
229:
221:domesticated
218:
170:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
109:treed saddle
102:
92:, such as a
77:
65:
63:
2943:Occupations
2884:Hipposandal
2807:Picket line
2698:Bitting rig
2624:Sled/sleigh
2561:Horse brass
2554:Shadow roll
2549:Lines/reins
2442:Mecate rein
2356:Snaffle bit
2243:Breastplate
2222:Pack saddle
1885:(1970) and
1750:Seaby, p 91
1711:Curta p.317
1702:Curta p.299
1684:Curta p.315
1651:Curta p.309
1407:Archaeology
1403:Archeologia
1351:"Ephippium"
769:West Africa
762:Charlemagne
716:boat-burial
689:Merovingian
661:Strategikon
547:Western Jin
519:Han dynasty
492:suiba abumi
442:Nara period
437:tsubo abumi
429:David Graff
387:Jin dynasty
367:Eastern Han
363:Han dynasty
339:Han Chinese
291:saddle tree
273:bridle bits
253:Bhaja caves
209:cataphracts
175:, prior to
113:Jin dynasty
84:(usually a
3032:Categories
2795:Restraints
2708:Side reins
2666:Martingale
2472:Tongue-tie
2447:Curb chain
2376:Pelham bit
2310:Headstalls
2299:hackamores
2217:Sidesaddle
2030:0415239559
1925:References
1866:0195002660
1804:Seaby p.87
1762:Seaby p.92
1502:Graff 2002
1361:2022-10-23
1277:"Stirrups"
1263:2022-01-12
1209:Baber 1996
1154:0195002660
1127:080611584X
1100:080611584X
1052:2019-01-24
904:sidesaddle
680:Regensburg
643:, Madrid).
487:perforated
284:Sarmatians
215:Precursors
2920:Hoof boot
2915:Horseshoe
2879:Caparison
2822:Rein hook
2754:equipment
2693:Surcingle
2581:Surcingle
2529:Breeching
2504:carriages
2467:Lip strap
2462:Bit guard
2401:Bit shank
2381:Spade bit
2327:Hackamore
2263:Saddlebag
1625:Maurice,
1419:Dien 1986
959:"stirrup"
917:Footnotes
797:feudalism
751:Aethelred
720:Valsgärde
676:Budenheim
454:when the
317:East Asia
195:to use a
177:gunpowder
127:Etymology
88:or other
3038:Stirrups
2963:Strapper
2925:Caulkins
2903:Farriery
2874:Shabrack
2869:Frentera
2781:Fly mask
2609:Carriage
2396:Bit ring
2386:Ring bit
2351:Curb bit
2253:Tapadero
1964:Nebraska
1629:, p. 13.
1537:. p.17.
1524:. p. 98.
1516:(2004).
1333:Archived
1133:. p. 28.
1106:. p. 18.
1069:Archived
886:Prussian
793:medieval
667:emperor
631:emperor
427:—
404:Goguryeo
391:Changsha
375:Mongolia
351:Liaoning
327:Changsha
265:Junapani
251:and the
241:Buddhist
225:Assyrian
201:infantry
187:and the
59:dressage
18:Stirrups
3063:Saddles
2958:Hostler
2854:Barding
2713:Chambon
2571:Crupper
2477:Sallong
2361:Gag bit
2295:bridles
2268:Pannier
2248:Stirrup
2189:Saddles
2176:Saddles
1160:. p. 14
1118:Saddles
1091:Saddles
965:. 2009.
809:Germany
745:led by
739:Jutland
735:Jelling
669:Maurice
657:Hungary
483:lacquer
395:Nanjing
347:Beipiao
280:nomadic
249:Mathura
185:chariot
173:warfare
151:History
66:stirrup
2812:Twitch
2802:Hobble
2761:Halter
2752:Stable
2586:Terret
2534:Bridle
2452:Fiador
2317:Bridle
2076:
2054:
2027:
2011:
1989:
1983:Moscow
1970:
1939:
1864:
1818:UNESCO
1788:
1729:: 90.
1592:
1567:
1545:
1485:
1458:
1295:
1152:
1125:
1098:
1041:"rope"
1010:
880:Fillis
864:jockey
833:saddle
813:Slavic
711:Vendel
620:Europe
580:saddle
576:Haniwa
501:banner
479:inlaid
311:Romans
245:Sanchi
193:knight
189:saddle
161:Kushan
141:stīgan
90:equine
70:saddle
49:saddle
32:stapes
2953:Groom
2723:Gogue
2681:Quirt
2634:Wagon
2629:Sulky
2619:Coach
2591:Trace
2437:Romal
2432:Reins
2422:Bosal
2238:Girth
805:Spain
665:Roman
653:Avars
629:Roman
588:Japan
497:lance
359:Wenwu
237:south
232:India
205:lance
197:sword
105:girth
98:mount
86:horse
74:strap
72:by a
2766:Lead
2688:Spur
2676:Crop
2671:Whip
2614:Cart
2502:and
2342:Bits
2297:and
2291:Bits
2074:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2025:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1008:ISBN
678:and
357:The
94:mule
1840:doi
1782:175
1731:doi
702:sic
499:or
460:or
145:rap
119:of
3034::
2293:,
1981:.
1962:.
1868:,
1836:72
1834:.
1784:.
1755:^
1743:^
1727:24
1725:.
1677:^
1541:.
1520:.
1426:^
1382:^
1353:.
1327:.
1303:^
1256:.
1238:.
1192:^
1156:,
1129:,
1102:,
1043:.
1014:,
995:^
971:^
961:.
941:.
924:^
807:,
803:,
722:.
639:,
586:,
503:.
349:,
275:.
247:,
64:A
2155:e
2148:t
2141:v
2058:.
2033:.
2015:.
1993:.
1974:.
1945:.
1893:.
1872:.
1846:.
1842::
1820:.
1794:.
1737:.
1733::
1598:.
1573:.
1549:.
1491:.
1464:.
1405:(
1364:.
1331:.
1266:.
1055:.
1018:.
906:.
590:.
467:(
353:.
329:.
167:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
