1442:
with a demonstrated pattern of reckless driving which ultimately led to a fatal collision (killing themselves and a storm spotter in the other vehicle) when running a stop sign in Texas in 2017. Edwards and Rich
Thompson, among others, also expressed concern about pernicious effects of media profiteering with Matt Crowther, among others, agreeing in principle but viewing sales as not inherently corrupting. Self-policing is seen as the means to mold the hobby. There is occasional discussion among chasers that at some point government regulation may be imposed due to increasing numbers of chasers and because of poor behavior by some individuals; however, many chasers do not expect this eventuality and almost all oppose regulations—as do some formal studies of dangerous leisure activities which also advocate deliberative
1462:
activate the emergency sirens. Though lives were lost, many who survived accredited their survival to the siren. After a storm has passed storm chasers are often the first to arrive on the scene to help assist in the aftermath. An unexpected and yet increasingly more common result of storm chasers is the data they provide to storm research from their videos, social video posts and documentation of storms they encounter. After the El Reno tornado in 2013, portals were created for chasers to submit their information to help in the research of the deadly storm. The El Reno
Tornado Environment Display (TED) was created to show a synchronized view of the submitted video footage overlaying radar images of the storm with various chasers' positions.
450:
chasing after nightfall. Most chasing remains during daylight hours with active storm intercepting peaking from mid-late afternoon through early-to-mid evening. This is dictated by a chaser's schedule (availability to chase) and by when storms form, which usually is around peak heating during the mid-to-late afternoon but on some days occurs in early afternoon or even in the morning. An additional advantage of later season storms is that days are considerably longer than in early spring. Morning or early afternoon storms tend to be associated with stronger
75:
778:
966:
944:
47:
385:
vary widely, but many chasers spend a significant amount of time forecasting, both before going on the road as well as during the chase, utilizing various sources for weather data. Most storm chasers are not meteorologists, and many chasers expend significant time and effort in learning meteorology and the intricacies of severe convective storm prediction through both study and experience.
393:, an area of the Southern United States in which trees and road networks heavily obscure the storms and often large tornadoes. The combination of driving and waiting has been likened to "extreme sitting". A "bust" occurs when storms do not fire, sometimes referred to as "severe clear", when storms fire but are missed, when storms fire but are meager, or when storms fire after dusk.
438:. An annually inconsistent and substantially smaller peak of severe thunderstorm and tornado activity also arises in the transitional months of autumn, particularly October and November. This follows a pattern somewhat the reverse of the spring pattern with the focus beginning in the north then dropping south and with an overall eastward shift. In the area with the most consistent
389:
initiation. During an inactive pattern, this down time can persist for days. When storms are occurring, there is often little or no time to eat or relieve oneself and finding fuel can cause frustrating delays and detours. Navigating obstacles such as rivers and areas with inadequate road networks is a paramount concern. Only a handful of chasers decide to chase in
202:. Financial returns usually are relatively meager given the expenses of chasing, with most chasers spending more than they take in and very few making a living solely from chasing. Chasers are also generally limited by the duration of the season in which severe storms are most likely to develop, usually the local spring and/or summer.
690:. In an exceptional combination of events, the already large and rain-obscured yet partially translucent tornado swiftly swelled to 2.6 mi (4.2 km) wide as it simultaneously changed direction and accelerated. Several other chasers were also struck and some injured by this tornado and its parent supercell's
354:
has contributed to a significant increase in the number of storm chasers since the mid-to-late 1990s. A sharp increase in the general public impulsively wandering about their local area in search of tornadoes similarly is largely attributable to these factors. The 2007–2011 Discovery
Channel reality series
921:
The mid-1990s marked the development of smaller more efficient marine radars. While such marine radars are illegal if used in land-mobile situations, a number of chasers were quick to adopt them in an effort to have mobile radar. These radars have been found to interfere with research radars, such as
595:
this is to the north and to the east of a tornado). Lightning, however, is an unavoidable hazard. "Core punching", storm chaser slang for driving through a heavy precipitation core to intercept the area of interest within a storm, is recognized as hazardous due to reduced visibility and because many
388:
Besides the copious driving to, from, and during chases, storm chasing is punctuated with contrasting periods of long waiting and ceaseless action. Downtime can consist of sitting under sun-baked skies for hours, playing pickup sports, evaluating data, or visiting landmarks while awaiting convective
151:
Storm chasing is chiefly a recreational endeavor, with chasers usually giving their motives as photographing or video recording a storm, or for various personal reasons. These can include the beauty of the views afforded by the sky and land, the mystery of not knowing precisely what will unfold, the
1441:
deemed reckless storm chasers as "yahoos". Doswell and
Edwards believe poor chasing ethics at TV news stations add to the growth of "yahoo" storm chasing. A large lawsuit was filed against the parent company of The Weather Channel in March 2019 for allegedly keeping on contract storm chaser drivers
1311:
are used by those seeking crisp professional photo and video imagery and also enable chasers to tend to other activities. Other accessories include cable/remote shutter releases, lightning triggers, and lens filters. Windshield mounted cameras or dome enclosed cameras atop vehicle roofs may also be
987:
for navigation and some of those now using GPS still use these as a backup or for strategizing with other chasers. Foldable state maps can be used but are cumbersome due to the multitude of states needed and only show major roads. National atlases allow more detail and all states are contained in a
909:
technology, television sets for example could be installed with ease in most vehicles allowing storm chasers to actively view local TV stations. Mobile phones became popular making group coordination easier when traditional radio communications methods were not ideal or for those possessing radios.
717:
in West Texas in 2017. All three died at the scene, and the mother of Jaeger sued the estates of
Williamson and Yarnall, as well as TWC, as there was a history of reckless driving by the pair for which it was alleged TWC ignored warnings to them by other chasers. The suit filed in 2019 was resolved
449:
Advancing technology since the mid-2000s led to chasers more commonly targeting less amenable areas (i.e. hilly or forested) that were previously eschewed when continuous wide visibility was critical. These advancements, particularly in-vehicle weather data such as radar, also led to an increase in
353:
Various television programs and increased coverage of severe weather by the news media, especially since the initial video revolution in which VHS ownership became widespread by the early 1990s, substantially elevated awareness of and interest in storms and storm chasing. The
Internet in particular
205:
No degree or certification is required to be a storm chaser, and many chases are mounted independently by amateurs and enthusiasts without formal training. Local
National Weather Service offices do hold storm spotter training classes, usually early in the spring. Some offices collaborate to produce
1054:
systems in ensuing decades and by refinements of GPS. At first, GPS units were very costly and only offered basic functions, but that would soon change. Towards the late 1990s the
Internet was awash in weather data and free weather software, the first true cellular Internet modems for consumer use
1461:
Aside from questions concerning their ethical values and conduct, many have been accredited for giving back to the community in several ways. Just before the Joplin tornado, Storm Chaser Jeff
Piotrowski provided advanced warning to Officer Brewer of Joplin local law enforcement, prompting them to
570:
There are inherent dangers involved in pursuing hazardous weather. These range from lightning, tornadoes, large hail, flooding, hazardous road conditions (rain or hail-covered roadways), animals on the roadway, downed power lines (and occasionally other debris), reduced visibility from heavy rain
384:
Chasing often involves driving thousands of miles in order to witness the relatively short window of time of active severe thunderstorms. It is not uncommon for a chaser to end up empty handed on any particular day. Storm chasers' degrees of involvement, competencies, philosophies, and techniques
732:
in
Oklahoma while returning from a chase and in May, Martha Llanos Rodriguez, a storm chasing meteorologist from Mexico City was killed and three meteorologist colleagues were injured (two Chileans sustained non-life-threatening injuries and the other, Bradford Barrett, an American stationed in
433:
Chasers may operate whenever significant thunderstorm activity is occurring, whatever the date. This most commonly includes more sporadic activity occurring in warmer months of the year bounding the spring maximum, such as the active month of April and to a lesser extent March. The focus in the
213:
Storm chasers come from a wide variety of occupational and socioeconomic backgrounds. Though a fair number are professional meteorologists, most storm chasers are from other occupational fields, which may include any number of professions that have little or nothing to do with meteorology. A
396:
Most chasing is accomplished by driving a motor vehicle of any make or model, whether it be a sedan, van, pickup truck, or SUV, however, a few individuals occasionally fly planes and television stations in some markets use helicopters. Research projects sometimes employ aircraft, as well.
1266:
video from chasers using webcams. This live imagery is frequently used by the media, as well as NWS meteorologists, emergency managers, and the general public for direct ground truth information, and it promotes video sales opportunities for chasers. Also by this time, camcorders using
425:
common here, but due to the moisture profile of the atmosphere the storms tend to be more visible than locations farther east where there are also frequent severe thunderstorms. There is a tendency for chases earlier in the year to be farther south, shifting farther north with the
904:
were popular with chasers, in the morning preceding a chase for the latter and both before and during a chase for the former. Commercial radio sometimes also provides weather and damage information. The 1990s brought technological leaps and bounds. With the swift development of
764:
Storm chasers vary with regards to the amount of equipment used, some prefer a minimalist approach; for example, where only basic photographic equipment is taken on a chase, while others use everything from satellite-based tracking systems and live data feeds to vehicle-mounted
295:
project beginning in 1969. Vehicles were outfitted with various meteorological instrumentation and hail-catching apparatus and were directed into suspected hail regions of thunderstorms by a controller at a radar site. The controller communicated with the vehicles by radio.
600:(and any attendant tornadoes), which is the "bear", and to the blinding precipitation (which can include window-shatteringly large hail) surrounding some or all sides of a tornado, which is the "cage". Similarly, chasing at night heightens risk due to darkness.
793:
Historically, storm chasing relied on either in-field analysis or in some cases nowcasts from trained observers and forecasters. The first in-field technology consisted of radio gear for communication. Much of this equipment could also be adapted to receive
640:
For nearly sixty years, the only known chaser deaths were driving-related. As of 22 May 2024, there have been 4 direct storm chasing deaths and 12 indirect deaths. Nearly half of the indirect deaths are a result of hydroplaning in conditions after a chase.
371:
occurred in 1994–1995 and was soon followed by various field experiments each spring, with another large project, VORTEX2, in 2009–2010. Since the mid-1990s, most storm chasing science, with the notable exception of large field projects, consists of mobile
873:, and NWS radar summaries. Nowadays, storm chasers may use high-speed Internet access available in any library, even in small towns in the US. This data is available throughout the day, but one must find and stop at a location offering Internet access.
856:
Most meteorological data was acquired all at once early in the morning, and the rest of day's chasing was based on analysis and forecast gleaned from this; as well as on visual clues that presented themselves in the field throughout the day. Plotted
163:
Although scientific work is sometimes cited as a goal, direct participation in such work is almost always impractical during the actual chase except for chasers collaborating in an organized university or government project. Many chasers also act as
1089:
weather software. Unlike preexisting cellular based services there was no risk of dead spots, and that meant that even in the most remote areas storm chasers still had a live data feed. The second tool was a new piece of software called GRLevel3.
1358:
devices using any radio spectrum that is both available and is in contract with a service provider. Such devices may expand mobile data range beyond a single carrier's service area and typically can work on month-to-month contracts. Adoption of
307:(NSSL) began the Tornado Intercept Project, with the first outing taking place on 19 April of that year. This was the first large-scale tornado chasing activity sponsored by an institution. It culminated in a brilliant success in 1973 with the
1042:
and Apple Maps. To ensure mapping availability without an active internet connection, these solutions all require downloading maps locally ahead of time. GPS receivers may still be used with other software, such as for displaying radar data.
1409:, are frequently applied to windshields to dispel water when driving as well as mud and small detritus, which boosts visibility and image clarity on photographs and videos shot through glass (which is particularly problematic if
611:
which can compete for a chaser's attention, such as driving, communicating with chase partners and others with a phone and/or radio, navigating, watching the sky, checking weather data, and shooting photos or video. Again here,
1218:. Rulers or baseballs may be brought along for measuring hail and for showing as a comparison object. Vehicle mounted cameras, such as on the roof or more commonly on the dash, provide continuous visual recording capability.
3750:
1106:(SN), which uses GPS data to plot real time position of participating spotters and chasers, and allows observers to report significant weather as well as GIS layering for navigation maps, weather products, and the like.
344:, a Hollywood blockbuster which provided an action-packed but heavily fictionalized glimpse of the hobby. Further early exposure to storm chasing resulted from notable magazine articles, beginning in the late 1970s in
798:
data which was useful for receiving basic observational and analysis data. The primary users of such technology were university or government research groups who often had larger budgets than individual chasers.
1113:. These are used for both voice and data connections. External antennas and amplifiers may be used to boost signal transception. It is not uncommon that chasers travel in small groups of cars, and they may use
421:, with many hundred individuals active on some days during this period. This coincides with the most consistent tornado days in the most desirable topography of the Great Plains. Not only are the most intense
3608:
1457:
procedures, it is not uncommon for tornado chasers to be first on a scene and tending to storm victims or treating injuries at the site of a disaster in advance of emergency personnel and other outside aid.
561:
from these and other countries around the world (especially from the UK). The number of chasers and number countries where chasers are active expanded at an accelerating pace in Europe from the 1990s–2010s.
930:
and mapping devices also became available and the first online radar data was offered by private corporations or, at first with delays, with free services. A popular data vendor by the end of the 1990s was
1371:(MILCs) began in the mid-2010s. Usage of DSLR for video capture, called HDSLR, is common, although HD camcorders remain popular due to their greater functionality (many chasers still shoot both).
1303:
in North America) in usage as prices came down and performance increased (initially there were low-light and sporadic aliasing problems due to chip and sensor limitations). By the mid-2010s
861:
were often analyzed by hand for manual diagnosis of meteorological patterns. Occasionally chasers would make stops at rural airstrips or NWS offices for an update on weather conditions.
591:
and following strategies including always having an open escape route, maintaining a safe distance, and avoiding placement in the direction of travel of a tornado (in most cases in the
198:
and professors. An increasing number sell storm videos and pictures and manage to make a profit. A few operate "chase tour" services, making storm chasing a recently developed form of
1343:
became a commonly used app in the 2020s. Other apps may be used as are browsers for viewing meteorological data and accessing social networking services. Some handsets can be used as
1066:
units began to emerge offering wireless broadband service in many cases for free. Some places (restaurants, motels, libraries, etc.) were known to reliably offer wireless access and
3053:
152:
journey to an undetermined destination on the open road, intangible experiences such as feeling one with a much larger and more powerful natural world, the challenge of correctly
446:
is intense but is relatively brief whereas central to northern and eastern areas experience less intense and consistent activity that is diffused over a longer span of the year.
3742:
176:
and other research (which ultimately boosts forecast and warning skill). Additionally, many recreational chasers submit photos and videos to researchers as well as to the U.S.
100:
phenomenon, regardless of motive, but most commonly for curiosity, adventure, scientific investigation, or for news or media coverage. A person who chases storms is known as a
2751:
2698:
1004:" series originally by Shearer Publishing, which first included Texas but expanded to other states such as Oklahoma and Colorado. Covering every state of the union are the
2862:
272:
storms in 1956, systematically using data from area weather offices and airports. He is widely considered the pioneer storm chaser and was the founder and first editor of
833:
data; and during the first years this wasn't available on any connection over telephone lines, anyway. Some raw data could be downloaded and plotted by software, such as
745:
887:
cameras. While the quality of the first VHS consumer cameras was quite poor (and the size somewhat cumbersome) when compared to traditional film formats, the amount of
2000:
Xu, Shuangyu; C. Barbieri; S.W. Stanis; P.S. Market (2012). "Sensation-Seeking Attributes Associated with Storm-Chasing Tourists: Implications for Future Engagement".
1429:
in storm chasing featuring safety, courtesy, and objectivity as the backbone. Storm chasing is a highly visible recreational activity (which is also associated with
587:
winds may push automobiles around, especially high-profile vehicles. Tornadoes affect a relatively small area and are predictable enough to be avoided if sustaining
3600:
2786:
3577:
2602:
1191:
also used to share imagery. Social networking services largely (but not completely) replace forums and email lists, which complemented and eventually supplanted
2066:
1008:"Atlas and Gazetteer" series. DeLorme also produced early GPS receivers that connected to laptops and for years was one of two major mapping software creators.
728:
Two separate fatal accidents occurred in 2022. In April three OU meteorology students, Drake Brooks, Nicholas Nair, and Gavin Short, died after hydroplaning on
2969:
2946:
2624:
2672:
1699:
583:. Most directly weather-related hazards such as from a tornado are minimized if the storm chaser is knowledgeable and cautious. In some situations severe
2154:
2114:
876:
With the development of the mobile computers, the first computer mapping software became feasible, at about the same time as the popular adoption of the
866:
2888:
430:
as the season progresses. Storms occurring later in the year tend to be more isolated and slower moving, both of which are also desirable to chasers.
2914:
2839:
1059:
Level 3 radar data. In conjunction with all of this, GPS units now had the ability to connect with computers, granting greater ease when navigating.
315:
morphology that proved the efficacy of storm chasing field research. The project produced the first legion of veteran storm chasers, with Hoadley's
1055:
also emerged providing chasers access to data in the field without having to rely on a nowcaster. The NWS also released the first free, up-to-date
624:
either by chase partners covering the other aspects or by the driver pulling over to do these other things if he or she is chasing alone. Falling
2650:
1368:
469:, with the biggest successes in November and December. A handful of individuals are also known to be chasing in other countries, including the
3033:
2511:
2383:
2187:
1637:
1532:
3049:
1229:
gained prominence by the 1990s into the early 2000s but a resurgence of photography occurred with the advent of affordable and versatile
214:
relatively high proportion possess college degrees and a large number live in the central and southern United States. Many are lovers of
2562:
1975:
744:
There are other incidents in which chasers were injured by automobile accidents, lightning strikes, and tornado impacts. While chasing
3883:
3857:
3774:"Crowdsourcing the El Reno 2013 tornado: a new approach for collation and display of storm chaser imagery for scientific applications"
2422:
183:
Storm chasers are not generally paid to chase, with the exception of television media crews in certain television market areas, video
322:
Storm chasing then reached popular culture in three major spurts: in 1978 with the broadcast of an episode of the television program
3662:
1893:
1230:
1214:
systems are subject to various problems, however, so such casually collected data must be considered tenuously. Others use handheld
782:
304:
78:
51:
3635:
1783:
1737:
1078:
appeared called SWIFT WX. SWIFT WX allowed storm chasers to seamlessly position themselves accurately relative to tornadic storms.
683:, his photographer son Paul, and meteorologist Carl Young were killed on a rural road by the tornado while doing in situ probe and
168:, reporting their observations of hazardous weather to relevant authorities. These reports greatly benefit real-time warnings with
2702:
2477:
2132:
2092:
825:
to download batches of raw surface and upper air data from payphones. The technology was too slow for graphical imagery such as
1355:
989:
434:
summer months is the Central or Northern Plains states and the Prairie Provinces, the Upper Midwest, or on to just east of the
814:
to communicate directly with spotters and other chasers, allowing them to keep abreast of what they could not themselves see.
3290:"The "U-Tube": An Improved Aspirated Temperature System for Mobile Meteorological Observations, Especially in Severe Weather"
1495:
1296:
1211:
806:
and storm spotters so as to determine where the most active or dangerous weather was located. A number of chasers were also
1918:; A.R. Moller; H.E. Brooks (August 1999). "Storm Spotting and Public Awareness since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948".
3539:
3509:
3457:
1877:
1660:
1438:
1099:
628:
while driving is a chase hazard, especially on long trips back. This also is exacerbated by nocturnal darkness and by the
31:
2812:
2782:
1367:
has been adopted when available and can be especially useful for uploading HD video. A gradual uptick of those selecting
3935:
3547:
3517:
1118:
1014:
3569:
1449:
As there is for storm chaser conduct, there is concern about chaser responsibility. Since some chasers are trained in
834:
652:
accident when swerving to miss a rabbit in 1984. Other incidents included Jeff Wear driving home in East Texas from a
329:
324:
259:
199:
38:
2997:
1832:
Robertson, David (October 1999). "Beyond Twister: A Geography of Recreational Storm Chasing on the Southern Plains".
721:
Another fatality occurred in 2019 when Dale Sharpe, an Australian, struck a deer and subsequently became disabled on
360:
produced another surge in activity. Over the years the nature of chasing and the characteristics of chasers shifted.
284:(1914–1972) subsequently brought research chasing to the forefront in the 1950s and 1960s, enlisting the help of the
3601:"$ 125 million lawsuit filed against Weather Channel for 'horrific' crash that killed 3 during a 2017 tornado chase"
2725:
1664:
1210:
data. Many choose to mount weather stations atop their vehicles. Even professionally installed and scientific grade
2936:
1487:
1332:
1160:
734:
2616:
3940:
3487:
2389:
1503:
1454:
1406:
1241:
1047:
974:
956:
948:
906:
786:
729:
697:
While chasing severe storms, a vehicle driven by Randall Yarnall for Kelley Williamson, who were contracting for
665:
439:
356:
334:
3116:
3086:
2279:
2254:
2235:
2210:
1949:
1691:
1608:
1583:
2676:
1627:
1443:
714:
710:
660:
in Iowa in 2009. A wrong-way driver resulted in a head-on collision that killed Andy Gabrielson who was on the
177:
2442:
2031:
3206:
1364:
1313:
870:
285:
172:
information, as well as science as a whole by increasing the reliability of severe storm databases used in
3930:
3351:
2835:
1935:
1915:
1553:
1434:
915:
807:
645:
625:
300:
274:
192:
671:
On 31 May 2013, an extreme event led to the first known chaser deaths inflicted directly by weather when
3384:
1542:
1292:
722:
657:
607:, which is made more dangerous by the severe weather. Adding still more to this hazard are the multiple
588:
184:
2326:; D. Dowell; Y. Richardson; P. Markowski; E. Rasmussen; D. Burgess; L. Wicker; H. B. Bluestein (2012).
1974:. Newtown Square, PA: U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-276.
3266:
1129:
for inter-vehicle communication. More commonly, many chasers are also ham radio operators and use the
883:
began a rapid growth phase. Prior to the mid to late 1980s most motion picture equipment consisted of
3785:
3301:
3236:
3176:
2339:
2301:
2266:
2222:
1927:
1843:
1595:
1308:
1255:
1140:
1122:
1051:
691:
672:
661:
435:
308:
292:
291:
The first coordinated storm chasing activity sponsored by institutions was undertaken as part of the
2646:
1940:
405:
Storm chasers are most active in the spring and early summer, particularly May and June, across the
288:
to study storms. His work pioneered modern storm spotting and made institutional chasing a reality.
3719:
2584:
2536:
2206:
1834:
1759:
1472:
1394:
1280:
1133:
1114:
927:
698:
617:
592:
340:
173:
153:
74:
3146:
2863:"Three storm chasers died in a violent Texas collision. One mother now blames the Weather Channel"
2503:
1339:
was a dominant early choice on Android devices but which discontinued development in August 2018.
160:. Pecuniary interests and competition may also be components; in contrast, camaraderie is common.
3701:
3329:
2778:
2596:
2253:; J. M. Straka; R. Davies-Jones; C. A. Doswell; F. H. Carr; M. D. Eilts; D. R. MacGorman (1994).
2168:
1859:
1137:
1082:
862:
738:
621:
608:
462:
120:
932:
3879:
3853:
3843:
3414:
3029:
3025:
3019:
2418:
2379:
2250:
2183:
2148:
2108:
1633:
1547:
1516:
1288:
1272:
1244:
1071:
923:
830:
803:
753:
676:
613:
2558:
2180:
2173:
1155:
are often used to monitor spotter, sometimes public safety communications, and can double as
3867:
3793:
3693:
3319:
3309:
2438:
2347:
2274:
2230:
2009:
1964:
1945:
1851:
1814:
1775:
1721:
1603:
1559:
1352:
1035:
822:
725:. As he fled the vehicle, an oncoming vehicle struck him and he later died at the hospital.
653:
629:
367:
were occasionally conducted in the Great Plains during the spring. The first of the seminal
364:
265:
136:
89:(which operated in the seasons of 1994 – 1995), equipped with surface measurement equipment.
55:
943:
777:
135:, and seeing what skyscapes unfold. A smaller number of storm chasers attempt to intercept
3684:
Olivier, Steve (2006). "Moral Dilemmas of Participation in Dangerous Leisure Activities".
3427:
1537:
1511:
1387:
1360:
1344:
1152:
1103:
1095:
766:
368:
86:
67:
59:
3658:
1881:
1094:
utilized both free and subscription based raw radar files, displaying the data in a true
454:
and thus most often happen earlier in the spring season or later during the fall season.
3847:
3789:
3631:
3305:
2343:
2270:
2226:
1931:
1847:
1763:
1725:
1599:
733:
Chile, sustained life-threatening injuries) when they stopped for downed power lines on
3872:
3570:"Docket for Piazza v. Weather Group Television, LLC, 5:19-cv-00060 – CourtListener.com"
2469:
2128:
2088:
1398:
1383:
1374:
Chasers also carry common travel articles and vehicle maintenance items, and sometimes
1263:
1207:
1086:
997:
911:
687:
530:
470:
443:
207:
165:
157:
97:
2970:"Three OU meteorology students die in car crash Friday on way home from storm chasing"
3924:
3705:
3333:
3229:"WxWorx | Pilot & Marine Weather | Storm Chasers | Huntsville, AL"
2974:
2915:"Woman resolves $ 125 million lawsuit against Weather Channel for storm chaser crash"
2756:
2412:
2328:"The Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment: VORTEX2"
2323:
2054:
1623:
1375:
1304:
1284:
1276:
1248:
1156:
1075:
970:
826:
811:
656:
chase in 2005, and Fabian Guerra swerving to miss a deer while driving to a chase on
558:
418:
410:
373:
195:
63:
3899:
1401:(battery power) from the vehicle electric system. Water repellent products, such as
821:
computer would begin to revolutionize storm chasing. Early on, some chasers carried
3015:
1579:
1390:
1323:
increased in usage, with radar viewing applications frequently used. Particularly,
1234:
1130:
1110:
1039:
993:
900:
649:
546:
406:
281:
269:
169:
116:
1818:
1779:
1198:
In-field environmental data is still popular among some storm chasers, especially
965:
596:
tornadoes are rain-wrapped. The "bear's cage" refers to the area under a rotating
46:
1425:
A growing number of experienced storm chasers advocate the adoption of a code of
891:
which could be shot with a minimal amount of resources was much greater than any
3905:
3441:
1520:
1481:
1268:
1251:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1199:
1126:
1031:
1019:
1018:
were used by most chasers until their discontinuations in 2013. Chasers now use
858:
680:
554:
510:
494:
390:
346:
3445:
3050:"Television cameraman photographing severe weather shot and critically wounded"
2889:"Storm chasers react to the wrongful death lawsuit against the Weather Channel"
2836:"Tornado Scientist Tim Samaras and Team Killed in Friday's El Reno, OK Tornado"
1764:"A Passion for Prediction: There's more to chasing than intercepting a tornado"
1397:(indoor/wall outlet) power, although some devices may be powered directly with
1175:
for the same and with forecast conversations occurring on both platforms, with
3798:
3773:
3697:
3314:
3289:
2808:
2499:
2352:
2327:
1477:
1433:) that is vulnerable to sensationalist media promotion. Veteran storm chasers
1414:
1379:
1320:
1215:
1203:
1067:
1027:
892:
684:
597:
572:
550:
451:
427:
188:
140:
3543:
3513:
1062:
2001 marked the next great technological leap for storm chasers as the first
1000:
also used. The preferred atlases due to great detail in rural areas are the "
3910:
1450:
1410:
1348:
1188:
1034:
on mobile devices as no comparably robust mapping software emerged although
888:
884:
880:
706:
584:
542:
466:
422:
312:
247:
132:
17:
3915:
3199:"Weather Defender – Weather software, live weather radar for your desktop"
1081:
In 2004 two more storm chaser tools emerged. The first, WxWorx, was a new
865:(NWR) could provide information in the vehicle, without stopping, such as
2255:"Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment: VORTEX"
1668:
1168:
1091:
984:
795:
580:
534:
522:
518:
3324:
1430:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1148:
1144:
1005:
604:
538:
526:
506:
502:
498:
490:
458:
243:
231:
227:
112:
82:
3743:"The day that should change tornado actions and storm chasing forever"
3479:
2811:. Skip Talbot's Storm Chasing Chronicles (YouTube). 13 November 2013.
2373:
1863:
1805:
Clary, Mike (1983). "The Thrill of Confrontation… Chasing Tornadoes".
3108:
3078:
1426:
1402:
1347:
and wireless cards may also be used to avoid committing a handset to
1184:
1102:
layering abilities. Since 2006 a growing number of chasers are using
1056:
818:
514:
486:
474:
414:
239:
235:
215:
2013:
668:) in Oklahoma returning to Luverne, Minnesota from a chase in 2012.
2752:"Storm chaser is killed in collision on Oklahoma's Turner Turnpike"
2446:
2027:
1855:
3198:
1180:
1063:
964:
942:
817:
It was not until the mid- to late 1980s that the evolution of the
776:
482:
478:
264:
The first person to gain public recognition as a storm chaser was
223:
219:
124:
73:
45:
3814:
2617:"'It Sounded Like a Freight Train': The Dangers of Storm Chasing"
2941:
1965:"Tornado chasing: an introduction to risk tourism opportunities"
1382:
are strongly preferable to "donut" emergency replacement tires.
1300:
1023:
952:
752:
television photographer Bill Merickel was shot and injured near
749:
576:
128:
3480:"The Online Storm Chasing FAQ by Roger Edwards and Tim Vasquez"
3347:
713:
and struck a vehicle driven by Corbin Lee Jaeger going west on
363:
From their advent in the 1970s until the mid-1990s, scientific
3406:
1328:
877:
156:
and intercepting storms with optimal vantage points, and pure
3376:
2998:"Storm chaser killed, four people injured in Minnesota crash"
1195:
magazine, for conversing about and sharing images of storms.
115:
is the single biggest objective for most chasers, many chase
58:
show staff and instrument chasing tornadoes during the first
2378:(2nd ed.). Garland, TX: Weather Graphics Technologies.
1584:"A Mobile Mesonet for Finescale Meteorological Observations"
3258:
2280:
10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<0995:VOTOOR>2.0.CO;2
2236:
10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2
1950:
10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0544:SSAPAS>2.0.CO;2
1609:
10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0921:AMMFFM>2.0.CO;2
1259:
914:(WWW) in 1993 hastened adoption of the Internet and led to
3228:
3168:
785:
chase vehicle showing air conditioning unit, compass, and
620:
the risk. Chasers ideally work to prevent the driver from
2559:"Storm Chasing with Safety, Courtesy, and Responsibility"
2201:
2199:
737:
in southwestern Minnesota and their vehicle was hit by a
3021:
Weathering the Storm: Tornadoes, Television, and Turmoil
845:) and similar software or for upper air soundings using
37:"Tornado chaser" redirects here. For the TV series, see
2504:"Weather from hell is heaven on earth for storm troops"
2414:
Big Weather: Chasing Tornadoes in the Heart of America
2294:
955:
camera, and featured in the Discovery Channel series,
918:
access to some of the first university weather sites.
802:
Radio scanners were also heavily used to listen in on
457:
Some organized chasing efforts have also begun in the
210:
workshops oriented toward operational meteorologists.
3024:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp.
2179:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp.
1972:
Proc. 2000 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium
926:(DOW) utilized in field projects. The first personal
898:
In the 1980s and 1990s The Weather Channel (TWC) and
632:
of driving through precipitation and on slick roads.
3139:"RAOB: The Universal RAwinsonde OBservation program"
2211:"A History of Severe-Storm-Intercept Field Programs"
1351:
or operating as a hotspot. Some hotspots operate as
1291:(linear) and has no moving parts. Late in the 2000s
1109:
The most common chaser communications device is the
96:
is broadly defined as the deliberate pursuit of any
3138:
2445:. National Severe Storms Laboratory. Archived from
1515:, a 2024 film and sequel to the 1996 film starring
557:; although many people trek to the Great Plains of
3871:
2172:
319:magazine bringing the community together in 1977.
30:"Stormchaser" redirects here. For other uses, see
3874:Tornado Alley: Monster Storms of the Great Plains
2783:"The El Reno tornado – unusual & very deadly"
2552:
2550:
2441:; P.R. Concannon; C.A. Doswell (29 August 2003).
1632:(2nd ed.). American Meteorological Society.
1171:for sharing images and discussing chase reports,
1046:A major turning point was the advent of civilian
338:; and in May 1996 with the theatrical release of
191:mostly, but some staff), and researchers such as
2591:. David Hoadley (illust.) (4th ed.). Texas.
1692:"The thrill of the chase, the fury of the storm"
1070:located other availabilities. In 2002 the first
3778:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
1582:; Rasmussen, E. N.; Fredrickson, S. E. (1996).
311:tornado providing a foundation for tornado and
3916:NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory Field Projects
3849:Adventures in Tornado Alley: The Storm Chasers
2937:"Australian man killed in Harper County crash"
1275:had been around for years but was recorded on
1143:bands to communicate between vehicles or with
1085:based system utilizing a special receiver and
1074:-based package to combine GPS positioning and
3079:"Software Download Center – Weather Graphics"
2531:
2529:
1588:Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
973:", featured in the Discovery Channel series,
8:
401:Geographical, seasonal, and diurnal activity
3544:"Irresponsible Media Storm Chase Practices"
3169:"Boltek | Lightning Detection Systems"
2726:"Remembering Andy Gabrielson 3 Years Later"
2367:
2365:
2363:
603:In reality, the most significant hazard is
442:tornado activity, the Southern Plains, the
3815:"El Reno TED: Tornado Environment Display"
2601:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1262:data networks became fast enough to allow
1050:in 1996, which was followed by additional
648:(OU) undergraduate student, who died in a
62:from 1994 to 1995. The first photo was in
3797:
3323:
3313:
2351:
2278:
2234:
2030:. National Weather Service. 10 May 2011.
2002:International Journal of Tourism Research
1963:Cantillon, Heather; R.S. Bristow (2001).
1939:
1607:
1258:cameras. In the late 2000s, mobile phone
3371:
3369:
2557:Doswell III, Charles A. (4 April 2009).
2175:The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
951:" used to film inside a tornado with an
3109:"Digital Atmosphere – Weather Graphics"
3073:
3071:
2476:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
2468:McLaughlin, Murray (17 December 2003).
1571:
1369:mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras
27:Pursuit of any severe weather condition
3423:
3412:
2594:
2480:from the original on 28 September 2009
2153:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2146:
2113:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2106:
1417:and sunglasses are commonly employed.
644:The first was Christopher Phillips, a
3878:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3387:from the original on 22 November 2012
3149:from the original on 17 February 2012
2034:from the original on 24 February 2012
1271:to record video began to be adopted.
147:Nature of and motivations for chasing
7:
3354:from the original on 19 January 2013
3119:from the original on 6 February 2012
3089:from the original on 7 February 2012
2842:from the original on 31 October 2013
2789:from the original on 24 October 2013
2653:from the original on 26 January 2013
2627:from the original on 29 October 2013
2565:from the original on 21 January 2009
2392:from the original on 28 January 2012
2135:from the original on 15 January 2018
2095:from the original on 14 January 2018
2059:Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques
1981:from the original on 20 October 2011
1533:53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
328:; in 1985 with a documentary on the
3514:"The Reality of Storm Chase Yahoos"
3460:from the original on 2 October 2019
2069:from the original on 6 October 2021
2053:Barge, B. L.; Isaac, G. A. (1973).
1896:from the original on 4 October 2013
417:) in an area colloquially known as
3753:from the original on 7 August 2017
3611:from the original on 28 March 2019
3580:from the original on 28 March 2019
3239:from the original on 3 August 2019
3209:from the original on 2 August 2019
3056:from the original on 13 April 2014
2514:from the original on 5 August 2009
1740:from the original on 12 March 2012
1726:"Commentary: Why Chase Tornadoes?"
1307:cameras were increasingly in use.
1254:were mostly used, along with some
1117:(declining in use) or inexpensive
701:(TWC) as stars of their own show,
127:structures, watching a barrage of
25:
3772:Seimon, Anton (1 November 2016).
3550:from the original on 22 July 2011
3520:from the original on 22 July 2011
3269:from the original on 9 March 2009
3179:from the original on 30 July 2019
2949:from the original on 20 June 2019
2815:from the original on 7 March 2016
2724:Reimer, David (4 February 2015).
2443:"Severe Thunderstorm Climatology"
2304:from the original on 31 July 2019
2055:"The Shape of Alberta Hailstones"
1882:"What You See Really Does Matter"
305:National Severe Storms Laboratory
218:with interests that also include
52:National Severe Storms Laboratory
3665:from the original on 18 May 2011
3638:from the original on 18 May 2011
3490:from the original on 5 July 2019
2887:Livingston, Ian (1 April 2019).
1786:from the original on 18 May 2011
1702:from the original on 6 July 2012
1663:; Tim Vasquez (13 August 2002).
810:, and used mobile (or portable)
673:the widest tornado ever recorded
3852:. London: Thames & Hudson.
2996:Livingston, Ian (12 May 2022).
2861:Flynn, Meagan (27 March 2019).
1507:, a 2007–2011 reality TV series
1221:Chasers heavily utilized still
268:(born 1938), who began chasing
3906:Storm Spotters Guides: Chasing
3741:Samenow, Jason (1 June 2013).
3630:Rich Thompson; Roger Edwards.
1665:"The Online Storm Chasing FAQ"
1167:most used for ongoing events,
869:, surface weather conditions,
66:, and the second southeast of
1:
3599:Rice, Doyle (26 March 2019).
2968:Hayes, Jana (30 April 2022).
2834:Masters, Jeff (2 June 2013).
2809:"Safety Lessons From El Reno"
1819:10.1080/00431672.1986.9927045
1780:10.1080/00431672.1993.9930229
1667:. Storm Track. Archived from
1393:) power devices that require
1363:expanded by the early 2010s.
1015:Microsoft Streets & Trips
303:(OU) in cooperation with the
2295:"Vortex2 Welcome You! ..::."
1312:used, and a few chasers use
867:weather watches and warnings
835:surface weather observations
571:(often wind blown), blowing
180:(NWS) for spotter training.
3731:@Jeff_Piotrowski on Twitter
3407:https://www.radaromega.com/
2470:"Storm chasers hit Top End"
1038:later implemented the apps
260:History of tornado research
39:Tornado Chasers (TV series)
3957:
2913:Burt, Brad (2 June 2021).
2543:. David Hoadley (illust.).
1161:social networking services
257:
36:
29:
3799:10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00174.1
3698:10.1080/02614360500284692
3315:10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0008.1
2750:Staff (5 February 2012).
2353:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00010.1
949:Tornado Intercept Vehicle
853:, and similar software.
787:Global Positioning System
3294:J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol
1187:for sharing videos, and
1010:DeLorme Street Atlas USA
715:Farm to Market Road 2794
711:Farm to Market Road 1081
178:National Weather Service
3288:Waugh, Sean M. (2021).
2838:. Weather Underground.
2332:Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc
2259:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
1916:Doswell III, Charles A.
1629:Glossary of Meteorology
1476:, a 1996 film starring
1163:may also be used, with
910:The development of the
286:Oklahoma Highway Patrol
119:and delight in viewing
3900:The Meaning of Chasing
3846:; Eric Nguyen (2008).
2411:Svenold, Mark (2005).
2375:Storm Chasing Handbook
1690:Blass, Eileen (2008).
1554:NOAA Hurricane Hunters
1335:platforms is favored.
1159:. Since the mid-2000s
980:
962:
790:
646:University of Oklahoma
301:University of Oklahoma
90:
85:vehicles on the first
71:
2372:Vasquez, Tim (2008).
1543:Landscape photography
1225:since the beginning.
1076:Doppler weather radar
968:
946:
780:
589:situational awareness
374:Doppler weather radar
77:
49:
3868:Bluestein, Howard B.
3659:"Some Chase Musings"
3446:"Storm Chase Ethics"
3259:"GRLevelX Main Page"
1880:(March–April 1994).
1052:satellite navigation
709:while northbound on
692:rear flank downdraft
662:Will Rogers Turnpike
630:defatigating demands
465:and in southeastern
436:Colorado Front Range
309:Union City, Oklahoma
293:Alberta Hail Studies
3936:Observation hobbies
3911:NSSL Field Projects
3790:2016BAMS...97.2069S
3747:The Washington Post
3720:The Weather Network
3512:(7 February 2002).
3306:2021JAtOT..38.1477W
3203:weatherdefender.com
3113:weathergraphics.com
3083:weathergraphics.com
3002:The Washington Post
2893:The Washington Post
2867:The Washington Post
2730:Texas Storm Chasers
2344:2012BAMS...93.1147W
2271:1994BAMS...75..995R
2227:1999WtFor..14..558B
2169:Grazulis, Thomas P.
1932:1999WtFor..14..544D
1848:1999GeoRv..89..533R
1835:Geographical Review
1600:1996JAtOT..13..921S
983:Chasers used paper
928:lightning detection
871:convective outlooks
699:The Weather Channel
593:Northern Hemisphere
380:Typical storm chase
187:and photographers (
111:While witnessing a
3844:Hollingshead, Mike
3542:; Doswell, Chuck.
2679:on 29 October 2013
2589:Storm Chase Manual
2417:. New York: Holt.
2251:Rasmussen, Erik N.
1762:(April–May 1993).
1466:In popular culture
1319:Late in the 2000s
1295:began to overtake
1151:spotter networks.
1083:XM Satellite Radio
988:single book, with
981:
963:
863:NOAA Weather Radio
843:Digital Atmosphere
804:emergency services
791:
748:on 13 March 1990,
746:a tornado outbreak
739:semi-trailer truck
463:Northern Territory
91:
72:
3784:(11): 2069–2084.
3718:Burgess, Cindy. "
3422:Missing or empty
3052:. 14 March 1990.
3035:978-0-8061-2823-8
2699:"Andy Gabrielson"
2561:. Michael Graff.
2449:on 4 October 2012
2385:978-0-9706840-8-0
2207:Bluestein, Howard
2189:978-0-8061-3258-7
1639:978-1-878220-34-9
1624:Glickman, Todd S.
1548:Hurricane hunters
1517:Daisy Edgar-Jones
1289:sequential access
1237:. Prior to this,
1136:and, less often,
1036:operating systems
924:Doppler on Wheels
823:acoustic couplers
769:and hail guards.
754:Lindsay, Oklahoma
723:Kansas Highway 42
677:El Reno, Oklahoma
137:tropical cyclones
16:(Redirected from
3948:
3941:Research methods
3889:
3877:
3863:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3657:Crowther, Matt.
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3317:
3300:(9): 1477–1489.
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2701:. Archived from
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2675:. Archived from
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2215:Weather Forecast
2203:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1920:Weather Forecast
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1580:Straka, Jerry M.
1576:
1560:Weather spotting
1388:surged protected
1361:tablet computers
1353:mobile broadband
1299:(which had been
1202:, moisture, and
969:An SRV, a.k.a. "
841:(predecessor to
767:weather stations
654:Hurricane Dennis
413:(extending into
56:Norman, Oklahoma
21:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3921:
3920:
3896:
3886:
3866:
3860:
3842:
3839:
3837:Further reading
3834:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3813:Seimon, Anton.
3812:
3811:
3807:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3686:Leisure Studies
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3632:"Cancer Within"
3629:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3348:"Base Velocity"
3346:
3345:
3341:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:(4 June 2013).
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2705:on 8 April 2014
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2673:"Fabian Guerra"
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2623:. 24 May 2010.
2615:
2614:
2610:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2508:Fairfax Digital
2502:(4 July 2004).
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2474:The 7.30 Report
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2265:(6): 995–1006.
2249:
2248:
2244:
2209:(August 1999).
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2129:"Archived copy"
2127:
2126:
2122:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2089:"Archived copy"
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:10.1002/jtr.860
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1941:10.1.1.583.5732
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1671:on 9 April 2014
1659:
1658:
1647:
1640:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1538:Eclipse chasing
1529:
1468:
1455:first responder
1423:
1384:Power inverters
1104:Spotter Network
941:
775:
762:
703:Storm Wranglers
638:
568:
403:
382:
369:VORTEX projects
325:In Search of...
262:
256:
149:
68:Shamrock, Texas
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:(T.J. Turnage)
3895:
3894:External links
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:978-0195105520
3884:
3864:
3859:978-0500514047
3858:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3819:El Reno Survey
3805:
3764:
3733:
3724:
3711:
3676:
3649:
3622:
3591:
3561:
3540:Edwards, Roger
3531:
3510:Edwards, Roger
3501:
3484:stormtrack.org
3471:
3444:(March 1992).
3433:
3398:
3381:pykl3radar.com
3365:
3339:
3280:
3250:
3220:
3190:
3160:
3130:
3100:
3067:
3041:
3034:
3007:
2988:
2960:
2928:
2905:
2879:
2853:
2826:
2800:
2770:
2742:
2716:
2690:
2664:
2638:
2608:
2576:
2546:
2525:
2491:
2460:
2439:Brooks, Harold
2430:
2424:978-0805076462
2423:
2403:
2384:
2359:
2338:(8): 1147–70.
2324:Wurman, Joshua
2315:
2286:
2242:
2195:
2188:
2160:
2120:
2080:
2045:
2019:
2008:(3): 269–284.
1992:
1955:
1907:
1878:Edwards, Roger
1869:
1856:10.2307/216101
1824:
1797:
1751:
1724:(March 1982).
1722:Hoadley, David
1713:
1682:
1661:Edwards, Roger
1645:
1638:
1626:, ed. (2000).
1615:
1594:(10): 921–36.
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1508:
1500:
1499:, a 1994 novel
1492:
1488:Into the Storm
1484:
1467:
1464:
1422:
1419:
1376:first aid kits
1264:live streaming
1179:and sometimes
1157:weather radios
1111:cellular phone
1087:Baron Services
940:
937:
912:World Wide Web
839:WeatherGraphix
808:radio amateurs
774:
771:
761:
758:
688:field research
637:
634:
567:
564:
531:Czech Republic
471:United Kingdom
444:tornado season
402:
399:
381:
378:
365:field projects
258:Main article:
255:
252:
208:severe weather
196:meteorologists
166:storm spotters
158:thrill seeking
148:
145:
98:severe weather
87:VORTEX project
60:VORTEX project
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3953:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Storm chasing
3929:
3928:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3765:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:(1): 95–109.
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3623:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3592:
3579:
3575:
3574:CourtListener
3571:
3565:
3562:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:"PYKL3 Radar"
3372:
3370:
3366:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3016:England, Gary
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2975:The Oklahoman
2971:
2964:
2961:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2757:The Oklahoman
2753:
2746:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2585:Marshall, Tim
2580:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2537:Marshall, Tim
2532:
2530:
2526:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:(4): 558–77.
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2033:
2029:
2028:"NWS Skywarn"
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:(4): 544–57.
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:(4): 533–53.
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1813:(3): 136–45.
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:Marshall, Tim
1755:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:Storm Chasers
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:Heavy Weather
1493:
1491:, a 2014 film
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1444:self-policing
1440:
1439:Roger Edwards
1436:
1435:Chuck Doswell
1432:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:. Full sized
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:WiFi hotspots
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:random access
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Digital video
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:medium format
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
978:
977:
976:Storm Chasers
972:
971:The Dominator
967:
960:
959:
958:Storm Chasers
954:
950:
945:
938:
936:
934:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
908:
903:
902:
896:
895:at the time.
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
812:amateur radio
809:
805:
800:
797:
788:
784:
779:
772:
770:
768:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
726:
724:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
606:
601:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
565:
563:
560:
559:North America
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
431:
429:
424:
420:
419:Tornado Alley
416:
412:
411:United States
408:
400:
398:
394:
392:
386:
379:
377:
375:
370:
366:
361:
359:
358:
357:Storm Chasers
351:
349:
348:
343:
342:
337:
336:
331:
327:
326:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:In 1972, the
297:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:David Hoadley
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
211:
209:
203:
201:
200:niche tourism
197:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
159:
155:
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:thunderstorms
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Storm chasing
88:
84:
80:
76:
69:
65:
64:Graham, Texas
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3873:
3848:
3822:. Retrieved
3818:
3808:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3746:
3736:
3727:
3714:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3604:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3573:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3453:
3449:
3442:Moller, Alan
3436:
3424:|title=
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3380:
3356:. Retrieved
3342:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3263:grlevelx.com
3262:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3233:WxWorx Store
3232:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3202:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3142:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3082:
3058:. Retrieved
3044:
3020:
3010:
3001:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2973:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2940:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2892:
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2866:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:the original
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2588:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2540:
2539:(May 1995).
2516:. Retrieved
2507:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2473:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2433:
2413:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2374:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2297:
2289:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2218:
2214:
2174:
2163:
2137:. Retrieved
2123:
2097:. Retrieved
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2062:
2058:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2022:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1971:
1958:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1892:(3): 10–11.
1889:
1885:
1872:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1771:
1767:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1733:
1729:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1628:
1618:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1471:
1460:
1448:
1424:
1391:power strips
1386:(often with
1373:
1340:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1316:("drones").
1287:rather than
1269:memory cards
1252:film formats
1220:
1197:
1192:
1127:transceivers
1108:
1098:format with
1080:
1061:
1045:
1040:Windows Maps
1013:
1009:
1001:
996:followed by
994:Rand McNally
992:favored and
982:
975:
957:
947:An armored "
920:
901:A.M. Weather
899:
897:
875:
859:weather maps
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
816:
801:
792:
763:
743:
727:
720:
702:
696:
675:struck near
670:
650:hydroplaning
643:
639:
622:multitasking
609:distractions
602:
569:
547:South Africa
456:
448:
432:
407:Great Plains
404:
395:
387:
383:
376:intercepts.
362:
355:
352:
345:
339:
333:
323:
321:
316:
298:
290:
282:Neil B. Ward
280:
273:
270:North Dakota
263:
212:
204:
182:
170:ground truth
162:
150:
123:and related
121:cumulonimbus
110:
105:
104:or simply a
102:storm chaser
101:
93:
92:
50:Photos from
43:
32:Storm chaser
3669:21 February
3642:21 February
3450:Storm Track
3358:15 December
3325:11244/24679
2779:Davies, Jon
2647:"Jeff Wear"
2621:AccuWeather
2510:. The Age.
2500:Krien, Anna
2453:27 February
2396:21 February
2298:vortex2.org
2038:21 February
1985:21 February
1900:21 February
1886:Storm Track
1807:Weatherwise
1790:21 February
1774:(2): 22–6.
1768:Weatherwise
1744:21 February
1730:Storm Track
1521:Glen Powell
1482:Bill Paxton
1380:spare tires
1321:smartphones
1281:solid-state
1231:digital SLR
1227:Videography
1223:photography
1216:anemometers
1200:temperature
1032:web mapping
1020:Google Maps
1002:Roads of...
907:solid state
893:film format
681:Tim Samaras
679:. Engineer
555:New Zealand
511:Switzerland
495:Netherlands
440:significant
391:Dixie Alley
347:Weatherwise
317:Storm Track
275:Storm Track
189:freelancers
174:climatology
154:forecasting
141:waterspouts
18:Stormchaser
3925:Categories
3456:(3): 8–9.
3173:boltek.com
2846:23 October
2793:23 October
2631:23 October
2541:Storm Talk
2139:14 January
2099:14 January
2073:14 January
1566:References
1556:(aircraft)
1478:Helen Hunt
1415:Binoculars
1341:RadarOmega
1325:RadarScope
1279:, whereas
1212:instrument
1204:wind speed
1193:Stormtrack
1125:hand-held
1068:wardriving
1028:Apple Maps
933:WeatherTAP
685:infrasonic
618:minimizing
616:is key to
598:wall cloud
551:Bangladesh
452:wind shear
428:jet stream
423:supercells
350:magazine.
278:magazine.
54:(NSSL) in
3706:144215919
3605:USA Today
3334:134944456
2819:26 August
2597:cite book
2518:4 October
2484:4 October
2065:: 11–20.
1936:CiteSeerX
1696:USA Today
1453:and even
1451:first aid
1411:autofocus
1349:tethering
1208:direction
1189:Instagram
1030:or other
1026:, and/or
885:8 mm film
881:camcorder
831:satellite
781:Top of a
760:Equipment
718:in 2021.
707:stop sign
636:Incidents
585:downburst
543:Argentina
467:Australia
313:supercell
248:astronomy
232:volcanoes
185:stringers
133:lightning
3870:(1999).
3824:27 March
3751:Archived
3722:". 2011.
3663:Archived
3636:Archived
3615:28 March
3609:Archived
3584:3 August
3578:Archived
3554:21 April
3548:Archived
3524:21 April
3518:Archived
3494:3 August
3488:Archived
3464:21 April
3458:Archived
3415:cite web
3391:3 August
3385:Archived
3352:Archived
3273:3 August
3267:Archived
3243:3 August
3237:Archived
3213:3 August
3207:Archived
3183:3 August
3177:Archived
3153:3 August
3147:Archived
3143:raob.com
3123:3 August
3117:Archived
3093:3 August
3087:Archived
3060:12 April
3054:Archived
3018:(1996).
2947:Archived
2840:Archived
2813:Archived
2787:Archived
2709:3 August
2683:3 August
2657:3 August
2651:Archived
2625:Archived
2587:(1998).
2569:21 April
2563:Archived
2512:Archived
2478:Archived
2390:Archived
2308:3 August
2302:Archived
2171:(2001).
2149:cite web
2133:Archived
2109:cite web
2093:Archived
2067:Archived
2032:Archived
1976:Archived
1894:Archived
1784:Archived
1738:Archived
1736:(3): 1.
1700:Archived
1527:See also
1512:Twisters
1413:is on).
1293:HD video
1169:Facebook
1153:Scanners
1131:2 meters
1115:CB radio
1092:GRLevel3
998:Michelin
796:radiofax
773:Historic
705:, ran a
614:prudence
581:hail fog
535:Slovakia
523:Slovenia
519:Bulgaria
244:eclipses
193:graduate
3786:Bibcode
3757:11 July
3302:Bibcode
2953:20 June
2763:28 June
2735:28 June
2340:Bibcode
2267:Bibcode
2223:Bibcode
1928:Bibcode
1844:Bibcode
1706:8 April
1675:8 April
1596:Bibcode
1550:(crews)
1473:Twister
1431:science
1407:Aquapel
1333:Android
1327:on the
1309:Tripods
1235:cameras
1233:(DSLR)
1177:YouTube
1173:Discord
1165:Twitter
1149:Canwarn
1145:Skywarn
1072:Windows
1006:DeLorme
939:Current
694:(RFD).
605:driving
566:Dangers
539:Estonia
527:Hungary
507:Austria
503:Germany
499:Finland
491:Belgium
461:of the
459:Top End
409:of the
341:Twister
332:series
254:History
240:meteors
228:geology
113:tornado
83:mesonet
81:mobile
3882:
3856:
3704:
3332:
3032:
2921:1 June
2917:. KCBD
2898:1 June
2872:1 June
2421:
2382:
2186:
1938:
1864:216101
1862:
1636:
1427:ethics
1421:Ethics
1403:Rain-X
1365:4G LTE
1185:TikTok
1096:vector
1057:NEXRAD
837:using
819:laptop
626:asleep
553:, and
529:, the
515:Poland
493:, the
487:France
475:Israel
415:Canada
246:, and
236:aurora
216:nature
106:chaser
3702:S2CID
3330:S2CID
3026:182–5
2981:1 May
1979:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1860:JSTOR
1337:Pkyl3
1249:slide
1245:print
1239:35 mm
1181:Vimeo
1138:70 cm
1064:Wi-Fi
889:video
847:SHARP
827:radar
483:Spain
479:Italy
224:fauna
220:flora
125:cloud
3880:ISBN
3854:ISBN
3826:2022
3759:2017
3671:2012
3644:2012
3617:2019
3586:2019
3556:2008
3526:2008
3496:2019
3466:2008
3428:help
3393:2019
3360:2012
3275:2019
3245:2019
3215:2019
3185:2019
3155:2019
3125:2019
3095:2019
3062:2014
3030:ISBN
2983:2022
2955:2019
2942:KAKE
2923:2022
2900:2022
2874:2022
2848:2013
2821:2016
2795:2013
2765:2024
2737:2024
2711:2019
2685:2019
2659:2019
2633:2013
2603:link
2571:2008
2520:2008
2486:2008
2455:2012
2419:ISBN
2398:2012
2380:ISBN
2310:2019
2184:ISBN
2155:link
2141:2018
2115:link
2101:2018
2075:2018
2040:2012
1987:2012
1902:2012
1792:2012
1746:2012
1708:2014
1677:2014
1634:ISBN
1519:and
1480:and
1437:and
1356:MNVO
1331:and
1314:UAVs
1301:NTSC
1277:tape
1247:and
1206:and
1119:GMRS
1024:Waze
985:maps
953:IMAX
922:the
851:RAOB
829:and
783:NSSL
750:KWTV
735:I-90
730:I-35
666:I-44
658:I-80
579:and
577:hail
573:dust
335:Nova
139:and
131:and
129:hail
79:NSSL
3794:doi
3694:doi
3320:hdl
3310:doi
2348:doi
2275:doi
2231:doi
2010:doi
1946:doi
1852:doi
1815:doi
1776:doi
1604:doi
1405:or
1329:iOS
1283:is
1242:SLR
1183:or
1141:UHF
1134:VHF
1123:FRS
1100:GIS
1048:GPS
1012:or
990:AAA
916:FTP
878:VHS
330:PBS
3927::
3817:.
3792:.
3782:97
3780:.
3776:.
3749:.
3745:.
3700:.
3690:25
3688:.
3661:.
3634:.
3607:.
3603:.
3576:.
3572:.
3546:.
3516:.
3486:.
3482:.
3454:15
3452:.
3448:.
3419::
3417:}}
3413:{{
3383:.
3379:.
3368:^
3350:.
3328:.
3318:.
3308:.
3298:38
3296:.
3292:.
3265:.
3261:.
3235:.
3231:.
3205:.
3201:.
3175:.
3171:.
3145:.
3141:.
3115:.
3111:.
3085:.
3081:.
3070:^
3028:.
3000:.
2972:.
2945:.
2939:.
2891:.
2865:.
2785:.
2754:.
2728:.
2649:.
2619:.
2599:}}
2595:{{
2549:^
2528:^
2506:.
2472:.
2388:.
2362:^
2346:.
2336:93
2334:.
2330:.
2300:.
2273:.
2263:75
2261:.
2257:.
2229:.
2219:14
2217:.
2213:.
2198:^
2182:.
2151:}}
2147:{{
2131:.
2111:}}
2107:{{
2091:.
2061:.
2057:.
2006:14
2004:.
1970:.
1944:.
1934:.
1924:14
1922:.
1890:17
1888:.
1884:.
1858:.
1850:.
1840:89
1838:.
1811:39
1809:.
1782:.
1772:46
1770:.
1766:.
1732:.
1728:.
1698:.
1694:.
1648:^
1602:.
1592:13
1590:.
1586:.
1446:.
1399:DC
1395:AC
1305:4K
1297:SD
1260:3G
1147:/
1121:/
1022:,
935:.
849:,
756:.
741:.
575:,
549:,
545:,
541:,
537:,
533:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
250:.
242:,
238:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
143:.
108:.
3888:.
3862:.
3828:.
3802:.
3796::
3788::
3761:.
3708:.
3696::
3673:.
3646:.
3619:.
3588:.
3558:.
3528:.
3498:.
3468:.
3430:)
3426:(
3409:.
3395:.
3362:.
3336:.
3322::
3312::
3304::
3277:.
3247:.
3217:.
3187:.
3157:.
3127:.
3097:.
3064:.
3038:.
3004:.
2985:.
2957:.
2925:.
2902:.
2876:.
2850:.
2823:.
2797:.
2767:.
2739:.
2713:.
2687:.
2661:.
2635:.
2605:)
2573:.
2522:.
2488:.
2457:.
2427:.
2400:.
2356:.
2350::
2342::
2312:.
2283:.
2277::
2269::
2239:.
2233::
2225::
2192:.
2157:)
2143:.
2117:)
2103:.
2077:.
2063:7
2042:.
2016:.
2012::
1989:.
1952:.
1948::
1930::
1904:.
1866:.
1854::
1846::
1821:.
1817::
1794:.
1778::
1748:.
1734:5
1710:.
1679:.
1642:.
1612:.
1606::
1598::
979:.
961:.
789:.
664:(
70:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
