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563:, which is a single-celled circulation, spanning from the tropics up to the poles, consisting of the tropical upwelling of air from the tropical troposphere and the extra-tropical downwelling of air. Stratospheric circulation is a predominantly wave-driven circulation in that the tropical upwelling is induced by the wave force by the westward propagating
1681:
327:, releasing heat. The rapid photolysis and reformation of ozone heat the stratosphere, resulting in a temperature inversion. This increase of temperature with altitude is characteristic of the stratosphere; its resistance to vertical mixing means that it is stratified. Within the stratosphere temperatures increase with altitude
597:
Another large-scale feature that significantly influences stratospheric circulation is the breaking planetary waves resulting in intense quasi-horizontal mixing in the midlatitudes. This breaking is much more pronounced in the winter hemisphere where this region is called the surf zone. This breaking
396:
Sydney
Chapman gave a correct description of the source of stratospheric ozone and its ability to generate heat within the stratosphere; he also wrote that ozone may be destroyed by reacting with atomic oxygen, making two molecules of molecular oxygen. We now know that there are additional ozone loss
65:
This image shows the temperature trend in the lower stratosphere as measured by a series of satellite-based instruments between
January 1979 and December 2005. The lower stratosphere is centered around 18 kilometers above Earth's surface. The stratosphere image is dominated by blues and greens, which
374:, may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. Overall, the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the
273:
from
Germany, in separate but coordinated publications and following years of observations, published the discovery of an isothermal layer at around 11–14 km (6.8-8.7 mi), which is the base of the lower stratosphere. This was based on temperature profiles from mostly unmanned and a few
546:
became the record holder for reaching the altitude record for a manned balloon at 135,890 ft (41,419 m). Eustace also broke the world records for vertical speed skydiving, reached with a peak velocity of 1,321 km/h (822 mph) and total freefall distance of 123,414 ft
240:
about 7 km (23,000 ft; 4.3 mi). Temperatures range from an average of −51 °C (−60 °F; 220 K) near the tropopause to an average of −15 °C (5.0 °F; 260 K) near the mesosphere. Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the
606:. The resultant breaking causes large-scale mixing of air and other trace gases throughout the midlatitude surf zone. The timescale of this rapid mixing is much smaller than the much slower timescales of upwelling in the tropics and downwelling in the extratropics.
617:
in the stratosphere, can be observed in approximately half of winters when easterly winds develop in the stratosphere. These events often precede unusual winter weather and may even be responsible for the cold
European winters of the 1960s.
526:
Because the temperature in the tropopause and lower stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude, very little convection and its resultant turbulence occurs there. Most turbulence at this altitude is caused by variations in the
401:(•OH) with ozone. •OH is formed by the reaction of electrically excited oxygen atoms produced by ozone photolysis, with water vapor. While the stratosphere is dry, additional water vapor is produced in situ by the photochemical oxidation of
500:. Stated another way, it allows the airliner to fly faster while maintaining lift equal to the weight of the plane. (The fuel consumption depends on the drag, which is related to the lift by the
378:, the temperature minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried; the stratosphere is a very dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the
1087:
559:, and chemical processes, in which the horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than does vertical mixing. The overall circulation of the stratosphere is termed as
444:
Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood
Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work describing the formation and decomposition of stratospheric ozone.
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The ozone layer in the stratosphere blocks harmful UV radiation from reaching the surface of the Earth. A gamma ray burst would deplete the ozone layer, allowing UV radiation through.
311:
region, at wavelengths shorter than about 240 nm. Radicals produced from the homolytically split oxygen molecules combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Ozone in turn is
713:. In 2001, dust was collected at a height of 41 kilometres in a high-altitude balloon experiment and was found to contain bacterial material when examined later in the laboratory.
397:
mechanisms and that these mechanisms are catalytic, meaning that a small amount of the catalyst can destroy a great number of ozone molecules. The first is due to the reaction of
236:, the lower edge of the stratosphere is as high as 20 km (66,000 ft; 12 mi), at mid-latitudes around 10 km (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi), and at the
1527:
441:. The chlorine atoms are recycled when ClO reacts with O in the upper stratosphere, or when ClO reacts with itself in the chemistry of the Antarctic ozone hole.
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typically cruise at altitudes of 9–12 km (30,000–39,000 ft) which is in the lower reaches of the stratosphere in temperate latitudes. This optimizes
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much more rapidly than molecular oxygen as it has a stronger absorption that occurs at longer wavelengths, where the solar emission is more intense. Ozone (O
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Stratospheric warming of the polar vortex results in its weakening. When the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high-pressure air masses
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is recycled to OH by reaction with oxygen atoms or ozone. In addition, solar proton events can significantly affect ozone levels via
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in the stratosphere can far exceed those in the troposphere, reaching near 60 m/s (220 km/h; 130 mph) in the
Southern
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is in contrast to the troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude, and between the troposphere and stratosphere is the
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is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high
17:
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O) is produced by biological activity at the surface and is oxidised to NO in the stratosphere; the so-called NO
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Some bird species have been reported to fly at the upper levels of the troposphere. On
November 29, 1973, a
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molecules are photolysed in the stratosphere releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone giving ClO and O
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heats the stratosphere, making conditions stable. The stratosphere is also the altitude limit of jets and
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is a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal
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in this part of the atmosphere. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic
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and storm clouds. Upper-atmospheric lightning is believed to be electrically induced forms of luminous
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The mechanism describing the formation of the ozone layer was described by
British mathematician and
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DasSarma, Priya; DasSarma, Shiladitya (2018). "Survival of microbes in Earth's stratosphere".
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and other local wind shears, although areas of significant convective activity (
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323:. The oxygen atom product combines with atmospheric molecular oxygen to reform O
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cruised at Mach 3 at 85,000 ft (26 km), all within the stratosphere.
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A stratospheric influence on the winter NAO and North
Atlantic surface climate
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that is important for the global stratospheric transport of tracers, such as
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777:(projectile was the first artificial object to reach the upper stratosphere)
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75:
30:
1390:"Collision between a Vulture and an Aircraft at an Altitude of 37,000 Feet"
1336:
937:
480:, as air is roughly a thousand times thinner there than at the troposphere.
729:) was ingested into a jet engine 11,278 m (37,000 ft) above the
1138:"Parachutist's Record Fall: Over 25 Miles in 15 Minutes (Published 2014)"
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682:
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512:
497:
485:
187:
50:
1193:
Quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone in a coupled chemistry-climate model
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Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change
402:
233:
555:
The stratosphere is a region of intense interactions among radiative,
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border that demarcates the beginning of the temperature inversion.
74:
Diagram showing the five primary layers of the Earth's atmosphere:
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535:) in the troposphere below may produce turbulence as a result of
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451:
344:
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69:
60:
25:
1501:
Current map of global winds and temperatures at the 10 hPa level.
1088:"The Stratosphere - overview | UCAR Center for Science Education"
308:
250:
1509:
1283:"How Sudden Stratospheric Warming Affects the Whole Atmosphere"
1190:
N.Butchart, A.A. Scaife, J. Austin, S.H.E. Hare, J.R. Knight.
191:
175:
134:
1470:
Thomas
Alerstam; David A. Christie; Astrid Ulfstrand (1993).
335:; the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270
1170:"Google's Alan Eustace beats Baumgartner's skydiving record"
1000:
Jacob, Daniel J. (1999). "CHAPTER 10. STRATOSPHERIC OZONE".
709:
life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the
570:
An interesting feature of stratospheric circulation is the
143:
122:
860:(2003) , Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.),
433:
radical cycles also deplete stratospheric ozone. Finally,
116:
1364:
Time, Space, Stars & Man: The Story of the Big Bang
547:(37,617 m) – lasting four minutes and 27 seconds.
456:
Aircraft typically cruise at the stratosphere to avoid
307:. Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the
245:
change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the
1633:
1259:
A.A. Scaife, J.R. Knight, G.K. Vallis, C.K. Folland.
1239:
Stratospheric Harbingers of Anomalous Weather Regimes
382:, above which the temperature decreases with height.
131:
128:
125:
107:
574:(QBO) in the tropical latitudes, which is driven by
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119:
113:
110:
104:
794:, world record for highest recorded jump 2012-2014
788:, world record for highest recorded jump 1961-2012
918:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
745:, whose summit is 8,848 m (29,029 ft).
504:.) It also allows the airplane to stay above the
953:
951:
186:of the Earth). The increase of temperature with
978:Der Wettermann - Leben und Werk Richard Aßmanns
906:
904:
567:, in a phenomenon called Rossby-wave pumping.
519:at about 60,000 ft (18 km), and the
303:in 1930, and is known as the Chapman cycle or
1521:
413:radical produced by the reaction of OH with O
182:) and the cooler layers lower (closer to the
23:Layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
8:
1218:Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere
1476:. Cambridge University Press. p. 276.
828:"Atmospheric Temperature Trends, 1979–2005"
1528:
1514:
1506:
1111:Cheng, Daniel (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
938:"NWS JetStream - Layers of the Atmosphere"
681:into the stratosphere is referred to as
1640:
1113:"Altitude of a commercial jet airplane"
1038:Seinfeld, J. H.; Pandis, S. N. (2006).
819:
578:that are convectively generated in the
959:"Nasa Ozone Watch: Polar vortex facts"
1388:Laybourne, Roxie C. (December 1974).
1092:National Center for Science Education
1003:Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry
838:from the original on 5 September 2015
609:During northern hemispheric winters,
464:. The blue beam in this image is the
421:with the subsequent formation of OH.
190:is a result of the absorption of the
7:
1042:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1064:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995"
1237:M.P. Baldwin and T.J. Dunkerton. '
1203:, Journal of Geophysical Research.
1027:– via acmg.seas.harvard.edu.
167:. The stratosphere is composed of
14:
1367:. World Scientific. p. 388.
980:, Neuenhagen, Germany: Findling,
174:zones, with the warmer layers of
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1434:from the original on 2014-02-22.
1180:from the original on 2014-10-25.
677:. Lightning extending above the
100:
1452:from the original on 2011-09-14
1309:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1272:, Geophysical Research Letters.
1006:. Princeton University Press.
894:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
862:English Pronouncing Dictionary
641:Lightning extending above the
613:, caused by the absorption of
274:manned instrumented balloons.
90:. The layers are not to scale.
66:indicates a cooling over time.
1:
912:"The Stratosphere - overview"
685:, and that reaching into the
611:sudden stratospheric warmings
319:) photolysis produces O and O
18:Stratosphere (disambiguation)
1136:Markoff, John (2014-10-24).
508:weather of the troposphere.
53:, such as in this case of a
808:Upper-atmospheric lightning
667:Upper-atmospheric lightning
662:Upper-atmospheric lightning
633:Upper-atmospheric lightning
1754:
866:Cambridge University Press
659:
572:quasi-biennial oscillation
389:
281:
178:located higher (closer to
15:
1608:
1576:
1543:
1321:10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.002
976:Steinhagen, Hans (2005),
741:) sometimes migrate over
645:into the stratosphere as
561:Brewer-Dobson circulation
468:, beaming further to the
386:Formation and destruction
1736:Meteorological phenomena
963:ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov
1448:. Audubonmagazine.org.
372:supercell thunderstorms
267:Léon Teisserenc de Bort
151:) is the second-lowest
832:NASA/Earth Observatory
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649:and reaching into the
551:Circulation and mixing
481:
293:
198:(UV) radiation by the
91:
67:
58:
1359:Michael Mark Woolfson
640:
584:secondary circulation
542:On October 24, 2014,
455:
390:Further information:
331:temperature inversion
291:
282:Further information:
223:temperature inversion
73:
64:
29:
1117:The Physics Factbook
602:region known as the
582:. The QBO induces a
537:convective overshoot
515:aircraft cruised at
159:, located above the
86:, stratosphere, and
16:For other uses, see
1731:Atmosphere of Earth
1397:The Wilson Bulletin
1249:, Science Magazine.
600:potential vorticity
157:atmosphere of Earth
1537:Earth's atmosphere
1267:2014-05-18 at the
1244:2014-01-12 at the
1223:2017-03-17 at the
1198:2014-05-18 at the
1142:The New York Times
897:. Merriam-Webster.
658:
502:lift-to-drag ratio
482:
435:chlorofluorocarbon
392:Ozone–oxygen cycle
305:ozone–oxygen cycle
294:
219:a cyclical fashion
92:
68:
59:
1631:
1630:
1483:978-0-521-44822-2
1374:978-1-84816-933-3
1049:978-0-471-72018-8
987:978-3-933603-33-3
875:978-3-12-539683-8
786:Project Excelsior
723:Rüppell's vulture
399:hydroxyl radicals
368:overshooting tops
184:planetary surface
47:atmospheric entry
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798:RQ-4 Global Hawk
792:Red Bull Stratos
765:Overshooting top
735:Bar-headed geese
478:weather balloons
364:eruption columns
269:from France and
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45:(dark) at which
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1289:. 20 March 2018
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1269:Wayback Machine
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1246:Wayback Machine
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1225:Wayback Machine
1215:, T.N. Palmer.
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834:. 6 July 2007.
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803:Service ceiling
770:Ozone depletion
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490:fuel efficiency
460:rampant in the
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448:Aircraft flight
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1473:Bird Migration
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1403:(4): 461–462.
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1068:NobelPrize.org
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350:This vertical
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731:Ivory Coast
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643:troposphere
592:water vapor
580:troposphere
484:Commercial
466:ozone layer
462:troposphere
380:stratopause
284:Ozone layer
278:Ozone layer
247:polar night
200:ozone layer
196:ultraviolet
180:outer space
172:temperature
161:troposphere
88:troposphere
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1726:Atmosphere
1720:Categories
1623:Ionosphere
1618:Turbopause
1581:Tropopause
1558:Mesosphere
1456:2011-11-08
1293:2020-07-21
1155:2020-10-20
1122:2022-01-21
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1073:2020-07-21
1024:2020-10-20
814:References
687:mesosphere
651:mesosphere
529:jet stream
470:mesosphere
458:turbulence
419:radiolysis
376:tropopause
370:in severe
360:turbulence
356:convection
313:photolysed
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211:photolyzed
169:stratified
165:mesosphere
84:mesosphere
55:spacecraft
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1674:Astronomy
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1568:Exosphere
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261:Discovery
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702:Bacteria
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647:blue jet
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